ETHICS
- the rules of conduct often formulated to
regulate
- EXTERNAL, to regulate actions
- bill of rights
medio
- person’s social environemnt
medio theraphy
- Safw safe structured group treatment record
for mental.
MORALS
- INTERNAL, sources, what is innate in us
- established by habits and adherence to
principles which emphasizes preferences on
personal sets of beliefs about what is right and
wrong conduct.
- just like what we do certain things not because
there are rules that say right actions, but
simply because we believe it is the right
thing to do.
MORAL STANDARDS (norms, the usual. You
would already know what’s good from bad)
- basic to see what is bad.
- this are norms that individual or groups have
about the kind of actions beieved to be morally
good or bad.
- normally promote “the good” that is,the welfare
and well being not only of human persons, but
also animals and environment
- VALUES AND PRINCIPLES, BELIEFS AND
HABITS
- Prescribe what humans ought to do in terms of
rights and obligations
- DO NOT FOLLOW CERTAIN RULES
- are the sum of combined norms and values. In
other words norms plus values equals moral
standads.
- ”Do not harm innocent people”, or “Don’t
steal.”
- COMES WITH OUR OWN PERSPECTIVE
NON-MORAL STANDARD
- refer to standards by which we judge what
is good or bad and right or wrong in a
normal way.
- Matter or preference
- As we can see, non-moral standards are
matters of taste and preference.
Hence,scrupulous observance of these type of
does not make one a moral person.
- ”don’t text while driving”, “don’t talk while
mouth is full.
DILEMMA
- a situation where a person is forced to
choose beteen two or more conflictiing
options neither of which is acceptable.
- ”A town mayor faces a dilemma on how to
protect a certain forest and at the same time
allow miners and loggers for economic
development in the town.
MORAL(internal factors, no certain rules but
perspective)
DILEMMMA
- Are situations where persons who are called
oral agents are forced to choose between 2 or
more conflicting options, neiher of which
resolves the situation in morally acceptable
manner.
THREE CONDITIONS FOR MORAL DILEMMA:
(must be present for situations to be considered moral
dilemma)
1. The person or agent of a moral actions is
obliged to make a decision about which
course of action is best. The moral agent
must choose the best option and act
accordingly.
2. There must be different courses of action to
choose from.
3. no matter what actions is taken,some moral
principles are always compromised. this
means that there is no perfect solution for
the problem.
TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS
1. Epistemic conflcts
 - Involves between two (or more) moral
requirements and the agent does not
know which of the conflictng
requirements takes precedence in the
situation.
- example: a moral agent who is
confronted by a siuation tell the truth
under oath but in doing so, would
endanger the life of a loved one.
2. Ontological Conflicts
- Between two or more moral
requirements, and neither is
overridden. This is not simply because
the agent does not know which
requirement is stronger, neither is.
Genuine moral dilemmas, if there are
any, are ontological.
- example: a moral agent who is trusted
by a secret society of its ideology but is
summoned by immediatee and
superior authority to persecute the said
society.
3. Self imposed dilemmas
- arise because of the agent’s own
wrogdoing.
- A moral agent made 2 conflicting
promises, then through own actions,
created a situation n which it is not
possible of dicharge both of the
promises.
- Wrong doings that we are not able to
fulfill or what we have said.
LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA
1. Individual level
- exist within the person only
- Individual is confronted by such moral
dilemma
- to cheat or not, to lie or not, to steal or not
2. organizational level
- exists within an organization or a particular
sector.
- refers to a prblem
3. Systemic or structural
- dilemmas continuously seek for a system that
is satisfactory and acceptable to all concerns.
This is because people rarely see problems
with clear cut solutions so they confront
enduring dilemmas like trade offs and
bargaining without exact solutions to offer.
- not just one person or organization only
- ethically justified.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF MORALITY(to
distinguish between right and good)
- MORAL PHILOSOPHY is an attempt to
achieve a systematic understanding of the
nature of morality and what is required of us,
“How we ought to live, and why.”
- Morality requires two basic things namely, “
reason and impartiality”.
1. REASON
- faculty that is used by man in dealing with
issues because moral judgements are not
matters of personal preferences or tastes,
rather, moral decisioning requires the support
of sound reasons or well-founded
justifications.
- moral reasoning is a process by which one
thinks about the moral dilemma in ways that:
a. Identify (as comprehensively as
possible) the morally relevant aspects
of the situation:
b. weigh the significance of the
morally relevant aspects, giving due
importance
c. identify all the possible actions that
could be pursued and their most
likely consequences, and
d. consider all of the above elements
and come to a decision about which
action is reasoned to be the most
2. IMPARTIALITY
- refers to an individual’s interests that are
equally important in the issue at hand.
Therefore, each must acknowledge that other
person welfare is equally important as its own.
- It entails