GEC 8 – Ethics

- If we feel emotion, it means it is significant

ETHICS
Ethics - is the branch of philosophy that studies
morality or the rightness or wrongness of human
conduct.
Morality - speaks of a code or system of behavior
regarding standards of right or wrong behavior
IMPORTANCE OF RULES TO SOCIAL BEINGS
Without rules, the world would be in chaos. Rules are
created to maintain peace and order which is
important to a quality life. Below are the lists of
specific benefits of rules in man.
• Rules protect social beings by regulating
behavior.
• Rules help to guarantee each person certain
rights and freedom.
• Rules produce a sense of justice among social
beings.
• Rules are essential for a healthy economic system
MORAL VS NON-MORAL STANDARDS
Not all rules are moral rules and not all standards
are moral standards.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVYcETMuJg8
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORALITY
1. Moral standards involve serious wrongs or
significant benefits.
2. Moral standards ought to be preferred to other
values.
- Kung nagbabanggaan ang dalawang tama
parehas mahalaga, mas piliin yung mas
mabigat.
3. Moral standards are not established by authority
figures.
- What is true yesterday is still true
tomorrow and for all eternity
4. Moral standards have the trait of universality.
- Whatever time or place, it will always be
right or wrong.
5. Moral standards are based on impartial
considerations.
6. Moral standards are associated with special
emotions and vocabulary.
NON-MORAL STANDARDS - are standards by which
we judge right or wrong or good or bad in a non-
moral way.
Examples: Standards of etiquettes, law, standards of
aesthetics
EXERCISE
1. color coding – non moral
2. no trespassing – moral
3. tapat mo linis mo - non moral
4. seatbelt law – non moral
5. wearing of uniform – non moral
6. curfew – non moral
7. no vandalism – moral
8. no littering – moral
9. anti-graft law – moral
10. anti-fencing law – moral
11. no travelling – non moral
12. technical foul – moral
13. checkpoint – non moral
14. no overpricing – moral
15. always keep right – non moral
16. no food/drink allowed – non moral
17. no id no entry – non moral
18. no smoking in public places – moral
19. secure business permit – moral
20. no parking – moral/non-moral
21. no cheating – non moral
DILEMMA
- Refers to a situation in which a tough choice must
be made between two or more options, especially
more or less equally undesirable ones. Not all
dilemmas are moral dilemmas
THREE LEVELS OF DILEMMA
1. Personal Dilemma – own self
- kind of dilemma which is experienced and
encounter on the personal level. Most of our
ethical decisions are drawn based on personal
encounters. Personal moral dilemmas are
commonly experienced by every individual.
2. Organizational Dilemma – an organization or
group
- refers to ethical issues experienced by social
organizations. These dilemmas are commonly
observed and experienced in business,
medical institutions, and the public sector.
- Non-moral & moral dilemma
3. Structural Dilemma – e.g. economy
- refers to cases involving a network of
institutions and operative theoretical
paradigms. This involves not only one
institutions but many other sectors making it
larger in scope.
- Involves not only one organization but several
aspects
ACTIVITY
Question
1. Is there a moral issue here? If there is, what moral
issue is involved?
2. What kind of moral dilemma is involved in this
situation? PERSONAL DILEMMA kasi you
yourself yung kailangan magdecide (tsaka siya
magiging organizational dilemma kung sa
question ay sinabing yung buong section ang
magdedecide)
3. What is your action and explain why you choose
this action?
ONLY HUMAN BEINGS CAN BE ETHICAL
1. Only human beings are rational, autonomous,
and self-conscious.
- Rational, thinking should be process
2. Only human beings can act morally or immorally
3. Only human beings are part of the moral
community.
- Humans make laws that what makes us in a
moral community.
FREEDOM AS A FOUNDATION OF MORALITY
• Mr. Khan was raised by a group of terrorists. He
was taught that their group’s cause is noble, and
so he believed that killing and terrorizing their
target community is not wrong.
• One day, he was caught by the authority and was
put on trial. During the hearing, his lawyer asserts
that he must be exempt from the death penalty
because he was taught that terrorisms are not
evil. His lawyer proved to the court that he had no
biological family and was only raised by the group
of terrorists. In other words, he had no chance to
know right from wrong because he had no other
people in his life other than these people who are
notorious terrorists.
o Is he morally responsible for his
actions? YES
o Does he deserve capital punishment?
As long as it has punishments.
It is not in our position to judge. It is
on the rule of law. In terms of
morality, no he does not deserve
death penalty pero may
punishment parin dapat
o Should he be given a chance to correct
his crime? YES, It is not in our
position to judge. It is on the rule of
law. - In terms of morality, no he
does not deserve death penalty
pero may punishment parin dapat
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
1. What sort of factors can hinder the freedom of
choice? When there is wrong information,
freedom of choice of vote. External influences
(our consideration of people around us) and
information around us
2. Try to recall when you were made to make a
wrong decision based on inadequate or
misleading information. Did you feel responsible
for the moral implications of your decision? Yes,
 take responsibility for your own mistake. You
are the one who made that mistake.
3. If an illiterate (not able to read and write) person
committed a wrong action, can we exempt him
from responsibility for the moral implications of
the decisions he makes? YES, the person can still
process the right and wrong
4. We are very much aware of some criminal suspect
turning as state witnesses against the crime to
avoid the potential punishment for the
implications of their participation. Discuss the
moral implications of authorities adopting this
option to obtain justice. They are not really
serving the justice. Hindi pwedeng mawala
ang moral accountability nung criminal na
umamin
FREEDOM OF CHOICE IS IMPAIRED WHEN:
• When decisions were based on deceiving
facts or lies.
o Learn to own our
decisions/mistakes/responsibilities.
o Morally accountable even if you do not
have any idea that there is drugs in
your things. However, there is a
possible that the sentence is reduced.
• Freedom to choose is also obstructed by a lack
of mental capacity.
o People who lacks mental capacity has
no moral accountability.
• Freedom of choice can also be diminished
when there is compulsive forces or undue
influences.
o When it is compulsive force, you are
still accountable with your mistake.
TWO COMPONENTS OF HUMAN AGENCY
1. Freedom to Choose - it involves will and it
corresponds to choose
2. Freedom to Act - involves capability or power,
and corresponds to actions.
The two roles are important for the ascription of
moral responsibility. A person is held morally
responsible for his actions because he chooses to do
them. With respect to his actions, he is not only the
performer but also a decision maker.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR MORALITY:
REASON AND IMPARTIALITY
• Reason as a requirement for morality entails that
human feelings maybe important in ethical
decisions, but they ought to be guided by reasons.
Impartiality involves the idea that everyone's
interest and point of view are equally important.
• IMPARTIALITY – it involves the idea that each
individual’s interest and point of view are equally
important.
• One immoral action I have noticed on people's
reaction during and after the election is that some
of them degraded and fought people who does not
have the same preferred candidate with him/her.
At that time, I regularly see people posting mean
things about people who have dissimilar belief,
others even ruins their friendship/connection.
Every individual has their freedom to choose, you
can fight and defend for what you stand but
neither one of us has the right to bad-mouth
anyone.
THE MORAL AGENT: CULTURE
• Just an agent, not a source
Culture
- includes all the things individuals learn while
growing up among group: attitudes, standards of
morality, rules of etiquette, perception of reality,
language, notion about proper way to live, beliefs
and ideas.
- It is the way of life- the shared, learned behavior
of people. It includes their ideas, values, beliefs,
literature, art music, religion and philosophy.
- It is an organization of learned behavior which,
together with tangible and intangible products, is
shared and transmitted among the members of
the society. It is a design for living. (Ralph Linton,
1960)
TYPES OF CULTURE
- Material
- Non-Material (beliefs – we will focus on)
Although there are differences between
moral ideas of one time or country and
those of another, the difference are not
very great – CS Lewis
• We affirm that morality of one people is better
or worse than that of another, which means
that there is a moral standard or rule by which
we measure both moralities and that standard
is real.
• Culture seems to be the source of morality (IT
IS NOT) - Culture is only an
agent/tagapaghatid to what is right or wrong
• Cultural Relativism defines “moral” as what
is socially approved by the majority in a
particular culture. It maintains that an act is
ethical in a culture that approves of it, but
immoral in one that disapproves of it.
o Nagiging morality kung ano yung
katanggap tanggap sa lipunan
o It depends on what place and group
you are referring to.
• Moral Relativism believes that no act is good
or bad objectively,
and there is no single
objective universal
standard through
which we can
evaluate the truth of
moral judgments
o Not believing in objective good and
bad
o Truth varies from place to place and
kind of authority existing into that
place.
o Its difference with cultural relativism
is that it focuses on morality
RACHEL’S EVALUATION OF CULTURAL
RELATIVISM JAMES RACHEL (1941-2003)
• The Greeks believed it was wrong to eat the dead,
whereas the Callatians (an Indian tribe) believed
it was right to eat the dead. Therefore, eating the
dead is neither objectively right nor objectively
wrong. It is merely a matter of opinion, which
varies from culture to culture.
• The Eskimos see nothing wrong with infanticide,
whereas we believe infanticide is immoral.
Therefore, infanticide is neither objectively right
nor objectively wrong. It is merely a matter of
opinion, which varies from culture to culture.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM’S ETHICAL FAULTS
1. Moral simply means “socially approved.”
• Right or wrong is based on socially
approval.
• It is right if it is socially approved and
wrong if it is not socially approved.
• Let society decide what is right and
wrong.
2. It discourages analytical thinking and
independent decision-making in Ethics as it
requires unsuspecting compliance and
subscription to social norms.
• No more processing of thoughts if it is
right or wrong
3. Cultural relativism is inconsistent in promoting
tolerance while teaching that no culture is
morally superior or more progressive than
others.
4. The theory is only applicable only if people do not
belong to more than one institution. Any ethical
theory which explicitly proposes that morality is
relative is basically unsound and untenable.
• Morality is flexible in cultural relativism
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ARGUMENT
• Different cultures have different moral codes,
therefore, there is no objective “truth” in
morality. Right and wrong are only matters of
opinion, and opinions vary from culture to
culture.

Is this statement correct? WRONG, because there
is STILL an OBJECTIVE TRUTH. Also, there is a
moral standard, not just moral relativism. There
is a fixed right and wrong. There is universal
ethics.
MAJOR – not varying from any other country
MINOR – varying from any other country
ASIAN MORAL UNDERSTANDING
FILIPINO MORAL CHARACTER
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
1. Pakikisama - It is an act of pleasing others even
sacrificing one’s pleasure or convenience.
2. Hiya - An attitude of being sensitive to a person or
group of people in order not to offend them
3. Amor Propio - A Spanish word that became part of
Filipino characteristic which is about self-worth or
self-respect that prevent a person from swallowing his
pride
4. Utang na Loob - A form of debt of gratitude for the
favored receive from an individual or from an
institution which is embedded in one’s consciousness
with the desire to reciprocate by means of loyalty or
return favor in another means.
5. Filipino Hospitality - Is a Filipino characteristic
which offers warm and generous accommodation to
visitors or strangers even at the expense of own
inconvenience.
6. Respect for Elders - An act of special recognition
and acknowledgement to elderly by being respectful
and submissive without question.
Vary in RIGHT APPLICATION
UNIVERSAL VALUES
•Telling truth OPPOSITE Telling lie
•Respect for Life OPPOSITE Killing
Characteristics of Truth is ABSOLUTE
Is white lie wrong? WRONG, but not immoral.
SMALL WRONG IS STILL A WRONG!
Is Abortion morally wrong? MORALLY WRONG
(respect for life)
Universal Values – are values observed in every
place. Wherever we go, we observe that there are
truths common to all and therefore they are
acknowledged and observe. One of the examples of
universal values observe is telling the truth and
respect for life. There is no place in this world where
telling truth is not acknowledged. Likewise, respect
for life is enforced to all. Killing is always condemned
and renounced. The existence of these universal
values prove that cultural relativism is not true.
THE MORAL AGENT
Objective:
1. To know how did our moral character develop.
2. Identify the different stages of moral development
Moral Character
- refers to the existence or lack of virtues such
as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty and
loyalty. The Greek “ethikos” (ethical) is the
adjective cognate with ethos (character), the
highlighting is not mere distinctiveness or
individuality, but on the blend of qualities that
make a person the sort of ethically admirable
individual he/she is.
- Wrong and right behavior
 - Moral character therefore refers to having or
lacking moral virtue.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT: LAWRENCE
KOHLBERG
Moral Development
- is the gradual development of an
individual's concept of right and
wrongconscious and unconscious,
religious values, social attitudes and
certain behavior.
- Kohlberg was able to demonstrate through
studies that people progressed in their moral
reasoning. He believed that there were six
identifiable stages which generally classified
into three levels such as:
• PRECONVENTIONAL
• CONVENTIONAL
• POSTCONVENTIONAL
SIX STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
MORAL DEVELOPMENT: LAWRENCE
KOHLBERG
• LEVEL 1- Pre-conventional Morality
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
• Stage1. Obedience and Punishment
Orientation
• Stage2. Individualism and Exchange
• LEVEL 2- Conventional Morality
• Stage3. Good Interpersonal Relationships
• Stage4. Maintaining Social Order
• LEVEL 3- Post-Conventional Morality
• Stage5. Social Contract and Individual Rights
• Stage6. Universal Principles
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
STAGE 1: Obedience and Punishment
- at this stage children see rules as fixed and
absolute.
- Ayaw mo parusahan
- at this stage children see rules as fixed
absolute.
• Obeys rule to avoid punishment
• Determines a sense of right and wrong by
what is punished and what is not.
• Obeys superior authority to make the rules
especially if that authority has the power to
inflict pain.
• Is responsive to rules that will affect his/her
physical well-being
STAGE 2: Naively Egotistical
- Children account for individual points of view
and judge actions based on how they serve
individual needs. Reciprocity is possible, but if
only serves one’s own interest.
- Is motivated by vengeance. An “eye for an eye”
philosophy
- Mabalik sayo yung ginagawa mo sa iba
• Is self-absorbed while assuming that he/she is
generous
• Believes in equal sharing in that everyone gets
the same, regardless of need
• Believes that the end justifies the means
• Will do a favor only to get a favor
• Expects to be rewarded for every non-selfish
deed he/she does
STAGE 3: “ Good boy-good girl” orientation.
- This stage of moral development is focused on
living up to social roles and expectations.
Emphasizes conformity and of being “nice”.
- Sasabihin ng iba o reputasyon
- Social approval
• Finds peer approval very important
• Feel that intentions are as important as deeds
and expects others to accept intentions or
promises in place of deeds.
• Begins to put himself/herself in another’s
shoes and think from another perspective.
STAGE 4: Law and Social Order.
- At this stage of moral development, people
begin to consider society when making
judgments. The focus is maintaining order by
following rules.
- Involves law
• Is a duty doer who believes in rigid rules that
should not be changed
 • Respects the authority and obeys it without
question
• Supports the rights of the majority without
concern for those in the minority
• Is part of about 80% of the population that
does not progress past stage 4
LEVEL 3: POST CONVENTIONAL
STAGE 5: Legalistic Social Contract.
- At this stage people begin to account for the
differing values, opinions and beliefs of other
people. Rules of law are important for
maintaining a society which members should
agree to these standards.
- Para sa mga nakakarami
• Is motivated by the belief in the greatest
amount of good for the greatest number of
people.
• Believes in consensus rather than majority rule.
• Respects the rights of the minority especially
individual rights. • Believes that change in law
is possible but only through the system.
STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles.
- At this stage, people follow these internalized
principles of justice, even if they conflict with
laws and rules.
- Kung ano ang nasa konsensya niya, dapat ‘yon
ang pairalin.
• Believes that there are high moral principles
than those represented by social rules and
customs.
• Is willing to accept the consequence for
disobedience of the social rule he/she has
rejected.
• Believes that the dignitiy of humanity is sacred
and that all humans have value
80% of the population are only until Stage 4.
THE HEINZ DILEMMA
• A woman was near death from a special kind of
cancer. There was one drug that the doctor's
thought might save her. It was a form of
radium that a druggist in the same town had
recently discovered. The drug was expensive
to make, but the druggist was charging ten
times what the drug cost him to produce. He
paid $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The
sick woman ’ s husband Heinz, went to
everyone he knew to borrow the money, but
he could only get together about $1,000 which
is half of its cost. He told the druggist that his
wife was dying and asked him to sell it
cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist
said: “ No, I discovered the drug and I’m going
to make money from it.” So, Heinz got
desperate and broke into the man’s store to
steal the drug for his wife.
WHAT WOULD YOU DO AND STATE YOUR
REASON WHY?
LET US PRACTICE!
Stage 1. Punishment and Orientation
Ex. “ He shouldn’t steal the drug because he might get
caught and be punished”
Stage 2. Action is based on one’s need Ex. “ It won’t
do any good to steal drug because his wife would be
dead by the time he gets out of jail.”
Stage 3. Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation
Ex. He should’nt steal the drugs because others will
think that he is a thief. His wife will not want to be
saved by stealing.”
Stage 4. Authority Orientation
Ex. “ Although his wife needs the drug, he should not
break the law to get it, His wife’s condition doesn’t
justify stealing. “ – traditional moral authority.
Stage 5. Social Contract Orientation
Ex. “He should not steal the drugs. The druggist
response is unfair but mutual respect of rights must
be maintained. “ (Social Contract)
Stage 6: Ethical Principles
Ex. “ He should steal the drugs but alert authorities he
has done it. He will have to face penalty, but he will
save human life. “ ( self chosen principle)
FOOD FOR THE SOUL
Proverbs 22: 6 Train up a child in the way he should
go; even when he is old he will not depart from it.
Romans 12: 2 Do not be conformed to this world, but
be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by
testing you may discern what is the will of God, what
is good and acceptable and perfect.
PART II: THE ACT
FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION MAKING
Feelings and moral decision - making are always
tied up to perform an action. There are at least two
theories that give focus on the role of feelings on
morality.
1. Ethical Subjectivism
2. Emotivism
TWO THEORIES IN ETHICS THAT FOCUS ON
FEELINGS:
1. ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM
- Holds that the truth or falsity of ethical
propositions is dependent on feelings, attitude
or standards of a person or groups of person.
Example is views on homosexuality and
abortion, there are at least two opposing views.
- Contrary to the belief that morality is about
objective facts, this theory states that moral
judgements simply describe our personal
feelings.
2. EMOTIVISM
- An improved version of subjectivism. A theory
developed by Charles L. Stevenson which
basically states that moral judgments express
positive or negative feelings. Moral judgments
are not statement of facts but are mere
expressions of the emotions of the speaker,
specially since they are usually based on
feelings.
These two theories are NOT reasonable & impartial
REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM
• Ethical Subjectivism and Emotivism are not viable
theories in ethics because they miss a distinction
between moral judgments and mere expressions of
human preference.
• REASON is the basis or motie for an action,
decision, or conviction.
o As a quality, it refers to the capacity for logical,
rational, and analytic though for consciously
making sense of things, establishing and
verifying facts, applying common sense and
logic, and justifying, and if necessary changing
practices, institutions, and beliefs based on
existing or new existing information.
• IMPARTIALITY involves the idea that each
individual’s interes and point of view are equally
important
o It is a principle of justice holding that decisions
ought to be based on objective criteria, rather
than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or
preferring the benefit to one person over
another for improper reasons
7-STEP MORAL REASONING MODEL
1. Gather the facts
a. Sight the facts
2. Determine the Ethical Issues
a. Ethical Issues – restating the dilemma
but different way
3. Identify the Principles that have a bearing on
the case
 o Principles – behavior or refer to
obedience, punctuality
4. List the Alternatives
a. Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4
5. Compare the alternatives with the Principles
a. Must have the same number in
alternatives
6. Weigh the consequence
7. Make a decision
EXAMPLE:
Dr. Scott B. Rae, a contemporary author,
proposed a 7-step model for making an ethical
decision. He presented his model by a case about a 20-
year-old Hispanic male who was brought to a hospital
emergency room. The man was admitted due to a
gunshot wound obtained in gang violence. The young
man had no medical insurance, and his stay in the
hospital was somewhat shorter than expected due to
his fast recovery. Physicians attending to him felt that
he could continue recover at home, so he was easily
discharged after few days of stay in the hospital.
During his stay in the hospital, he admitted to his
attending physician that he is HIV positive which was
then confirmed in his laboratory test. "When he was
discharged from the hospital. His doctor suggested
that a professional nurse visit him at home regularly
to change his bandage to ensure that an infection will
not develop. Since he had no health insurance, he was
dependent on Medicaid, a government program that
pays for necessary medical care for those who cannot
afford insurance. However, Medicaid refuse to pay for
home nursing care since there was already in the
home who was capable of providing the necessary
care." That person was the patient's 22-year-old
sister, who was willing to take care of her brother until
he was fully recovered. Their mother died years ago
and the sister was accustomed to providing care for
her younger siblings. The patient had no objection to
his sister providing this care, but he insisted that she
not be told that he had tested HIV positive. Though he
had always had a good relationship with his sister, she
did not know that he was an active homosexual. His
even greater fear was that his father would hear of his
homosexual orientation and lifestyle. Homosexuality
is generally looked upon with extreme disfavor among
Hispanics." (Rae, n.d.)
Identify the dilemma of each of the following
character:
1. Physician
2. The infected Man
3. The sister
To sufficiently address the ethical dilemma, Rae offers
a model which can be used to insure all the needed
bases of decision.
a. Gather the Facts
b. Determine the Ethical Issues
c. Identify the principles that Have a Bearing on the
Case
d. List the Alternatives
e. Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
f. Weigh the Consequences
g. Make a Decision
a. Gather the Facts
− The patient is a young man, infected with HIV
− He suffered fairly severe abdominal wounds but
is recovering well
− Homosexuality is looked down upon Hispanic
Communities
− The patient has insisted that his physician
maintain confidentiality about his HIV status
− The patient is afraid of rejection by his father if his
homosexuality is discovered, an understandable
fear given the way homosexuality is viewed in the
Hispanic community.
− He was wounded by gunfire in gang violence. It is
clear but is a reasonable assumption that he is a
gang member. As a result he likely fears rejection
and perhaps retribution from his fellow gang
members, especially if they discover that he is HIV
positive.
− He is uninsured and cannot afford home nursing
care by a professional.
− Medicaid refuses to pay for professional home
nursing care. The patient's sister is willing and
able to provide the necessary nursing care for her
brother. She is accustomed to providing,
maternallike care for her brothers and sisters.
− The patient has specifically requested that his
sister not be told of his HIV status. She does not
know that he is an active homosexual.
− The patient sister would be changing fairly
sizable wound dressings for her brother and the
chances are high that she would come into
contact with his HIV infected blood. The
probability of her becoming infected with the
virus from this contact is difficult to predict.
b. Determine the Ethical Issue(s)
− The competing interests are those of the sister
who will provide the care and the patient who will
receive it. Both of them have interests in being
protected from harm. The patient fears being
harmed in a psycho-social way. In effect, he has
put the physician in a difficult situation by
demanding his right of confidentiality. This case
is a conflict between confidentiality for the
patient and the right to know the patient's
condition for his sister due to the risk she could
possibly get if this will not be disclosed to her. To
simplify, the conflict is the need for patient
confidentiality versus the duty to warn the sister
of the risk of contracting the disease.
c. Identify the principles that Have a Bearing on the
Case
− The two principles identified first is the widely
acknowledge principle that patients have a right
to have their medical information kept
confidential, especially if the information could
harm them if it revealed. The second principle
relevant to the case is the duty of the physician to
warn interested parties other than the patient if
they are at risk of impending and considerable
harm.
d. List the Alternatives
Option 1. Tell the sister that her brother has
HIV. Option 2. Refuse to tell her the
information
Option 3. Warn the sister in general terms
about taking suitable precautions for caring
this type of wounds.
Option 4. Request that the patient inform his
sister of his condition and if he refuse, you can
suggest that the physician will be the one to
tell her.
e. Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
Option 1: It does not meet the principle of
confidentiality but able to warn the sister
Option 2: Kept confidentiality but prevents
warning the sister of possibly contacting HIV.
Option 3: Able to keep confidentiality and was
to warn the sister but not specific.
Option 4: Did not violate confidentiality and
was able to warn the sister clearly.
f. Asses the Consequences
The option of telling the sister or insisting the patient
of telling the sister has the following consequences:
− The sister would be properly warned about
the risk of taking care of her brother
minimizing the risk of her contracting HIV and
saving her from the risk of developing a fatal
illness.
− The brother', or any other one again until a
dire medical emergency. This would be
unfortunate since due to his HIV status, he will
need on going cares HIV status would be out in
the open, leaving family and gang friends to
draw their own conclusions about his
homosexuality. Should they draw the right
conclusion, which is likely, he suffers
significant psychosocial harm from his gang
members and possibly (though not certainly
from his family)
− Trust with the physician and the patient
suffers and he may refuse to see that
physician, or any other one again until a dire
medical emergency. This would be
unfortunate since due to his HIV status, he will
need an ongoing care
g. Make a Decision
− Rae offers no definite decision under this final
step but instead leaves us the following further
guiding questions: "What would you decide in
this case? Which principles are the weightiest?
Are there others that you would include? Which
alternatives are the most viable? Are there others
that you would suggest? Which consequences
 seem to you the most severe? Are there others
that you think will occur?" (Rae n.d.)
− Rae model is good because it accommodates the
different perspective it need to explore the
possibilities of the outcome. It also promotes
reasons and impartiality in ethics without
necessarily eradicating the role of feelings in
ethical deliberation.
LESSON 3: MORAL COURAGE
• Doing the right thing even at the risk of
inconvenience, ridicule, punishment, loss of job
or security or social status, etc.
• Moral courage requires that we rise above the
apathy, complacency, hatred, cynicism, and fear
mongering in our political systems, socio
economic divisions and cultural/religious
differences.
• WILL POWER
• Refers to the “inner strength to make a decision,
take action, and handle and execute any aim or
task until it is accomplished, regardless of inner
or outer resistance, discomfort, and difficulties. It
bestows the ability to overcome laziness,
temptations and negative habits, and to carry out
actions, even if they require effort, is unpleasant
and tedious or as contrary to one’s habits”
(Developing Will Power and Self-Discipline, ‘n.d.).
MORAL COURAGE STATEMENT:
• Stands to what is right despite of the
consequences.
- I strongly believe in
- That joke was offensive to women
- Let’s volunteer
- It’s not fair that
- I support your principle
- I was wrong
- You can depend on me
- Will you sign this petition
LACK OF COURAGE SOUNDS:
- It’s none of my business
- That’s nothing to do with me
- It is not for me to judge
- This is all your fault
- I might get into trouble
- Don’t make waves
- Nobody ever gives me a break (you are
blaming to other people)
- I only did it once
DEVELOPING WILL AND MENTAL COURAGE
1. Develop and practice self-discipline
2. Do mental strength training
3. Draw inspiration from people of great courage
4. Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage
and will
5. Avoid deeds that show lack of moral courage and
PART III: FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES
FRAMEWORK- a basic structure underlying a system
or concept. In ethics, it refers to a “set of assumptions,
concepts, values and practices that constitutes a way
of viewing reality.”
To be able to understand the proper application of
ethical theories in any given situation, one has to learn
how to framework the given situation. One has to
learn the basic moral theories which are possessed by
many people.
Ethical Theories
- Epistemology
- Meta-Ethics
- Axiology
Three General Subject of Morality
1. Meta-Ethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics
BEHIND OUR MORAL DISPOSITION
BASIC THEORIES AS FRAMEWORK IN ETHICS
1. META-ETHICS
- Branch of ethics that studies the nature of
morality. It talks about the meaning, reference,
and truth values of moral judgments.
- It seeks to understand the nature of ethical
properties, statements, attitudes, and
judgements. Metaethics explores as well the
 connection between values, reason for action,
and human motivation asking how it is that
moral standards might provide us with reasons
to do or refrain from doing as it demands, and it
addresses many of the issues commonly bound
up with the nature of freedom and its
significance. Meta-ethical theories are
commonly classified semantically as either
cognitivist or non-cognitivist; substantially as
either Universalist or relativist; and
epistemologically as an empiricist, rationalist,
or intuitionist.
- It deals with the questions like:
• Are there objective moral truths?
• What do words “good”, “bad”, “right”
and “wrong” mean?
• Are moral judgments a matter of
subjective personal feeling?
COGNITIVISM VS. NON-COGNITIVISM
• Cognitivism states the moral judgments convey
propositions, that is, they are “truth bearers” or
they are either true or false. Most ethical theories
are cognitivist as they contend that right and
wrong are matters of fact.The most famous form
of cognitive ethics are the moral realism and
ethics subjectivism
• Non-cognitivism denies moral judgment are
either true or false. It claims that ethical
sentences do not convey authentic propositions,
hence they are neither true nor false Ex.
Emotivism
MORAL REALISM claims that the
existence of moral facts and the truth
(falsify) of moral judgments are
independent of people’s thoughts and
perceptions. - Independent, doesn’t
need our approval
UNDER ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM holds that
COGNITIVISM
the truth (or falsify) of ethical
propositions are dependent on the
attitudes or standards of a person or
group of persons. Subjectivism is
obviously contrary to moral realism.
Dependent, you rely on your own
understanding
UNDER NON EMOTIVISM The most popular form of
COGNITIVISM non-cognitivist theory. It submits that
moral judgment are mere expressions
of our emotions and feelings.
EMOTIVISM
1. Moral Statements are meaningless
2. Moral statements only express the speakers’
feelings about the issue
3. Moral statement attempt to influence people
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIOZ7kta5Ng
UNIVERSALISM VS. RELATIVISM
Cultural relativism
− is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are
relative to the individual within his own social
context. In other words, “right” and “wrong” are
culture-specific; what is considered moral in one
society may be considered immoral in another,
and, since no universal standard of morality
exists, no one has the right to judge another
society’s customs.
Moral Universalism
− Theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to
everybody in all places. It is also called “moral
objectivism”. Moral universalism is very much
compatible with ‘moral realism’.
Moral Relativism
− Submits that different moral facts and principles
apply to different persons or group of individuals.
EMPERICISM vs. MORAL EMPIRICISM
− a meta-ethnical stance which states that moral
acts are known through observation and
experience.
RATIONALISM vs. MORAL RATIONALISM
− contends that moral facts and principles are
knowable a priori, that is by reason alone and
without reference by experience.
INTUITIONISM vs. MORAL INTUITIONISM
− submit that moral truths are knowable by
intuition
2. Normative Ethics
- Branch of ethics that studies how man ought
to act, morally speaking. It evaluates standards
for the rightness or wrongness of actions and
determined a moral course of actions.
 - It examines ethical norms, that is, those public life, the professions, health,
guidelines about what is right from wrong. technology, law, and relationship

Normative ethical Theories are categorized into o Bioethics

three kinds: Deontological, Teleogical, Virtue
Ethics
o Deontology
▪ Ethical system that bases morality on
independent moral rules or duties
▪ It came from the Greek word “deon”
which means duty, implying the
foundational nature of man’s duties and
obligations.
▪ Based sa kung ano yung duty na
ginagawa niya for example as a teacher.
Kung hindi niya nagawa nang maayos
yung duty niya
▪ Genetic engineering, abortion,
euthanasia, organ transplants, surrogacy
artificial intelligence, cloning GMO food,
stem cell
o Environmental Ethics
▪ Mining, pollution, industrial and
household waste. Waste Management,
Fuel Emissions, illegal logging
o Business Ethics
▪ Marketing, branding, advertisements,
product imitation, hoarding. Marketing
strategy, labor issues

o Teleology o Sexual Ethics

▪ Refers to the moral system that ▪ PDA, pre-marital sex, nudity,
determines the moral value by their pornography.
outcomes results
▪ It came from the Greek word “deon” o Organizational Ethics
which means duty, implying the ▪ Nepotism, favoritism, illegal activities
foundational nature of man’s duties and
obligations. o Social Ethics
▪ Based sa nagging result, kung tama ▪ Respect, language use,
yung action at tama yung results. multiculturalism. Marketing strategy,
labor issues
o Virtue Ethics
▪ A moral system, places emphasis on
developing good habits of character, like
kindness and generosity and avoid bad
character traits It came from the Greek
word “deon” which means duty, implying
the foundational nature of man’s duties
and obligations.

3. Applied Ethics
− Attempts to determine the ethically correct
course of action in specific realms of human
action.
− Refers to the practical application of moral
consideration. It is ethics with respect to
real worldactions and their moral
considerations in the areas of private and
 4. Virtue Ethics knowing the Good. To
− A moral philosophy that teaches than an know the Good requires
an austere and
action that is a virtuous person would
intellectually meticulous
perform in the same situations. Its emphasis
way of life.
on developing good habits of character and
avoiding bad character traits or vices.
happiness. Aristotle
mentions four basic moral
virtues: courage,
temperance, justice, and
prudence. He distinguishes
virtue as a virtue of
intellect and moral virtues
The phronesis is the
intellectual virtue of
practical wisdom which is
to act in accordance with
the right prescription. A
morally virtuous man is
someone who constantly
and habitually acts
according to moral virtue
and practical wisdom

− Ethics for Aristotle, is the inquiry into the human

goods. This is to say the purpose of studying ethics
is to make ourselves good, through Aristotle
assimes that we already want to become good. This
human good is eudaimonia or happiness.
− Motif, Act, and End
− He observed that wise persons seek an end that is
Examples of Virtues: self-sufficient, final and attainable over one's life.
Periodic Table of Character Strengths This end is happiness which all human beings want.
WISDO COURAG HUMAN JUSTICE TEMPERA TRANSCEND − He also considers happiness as the summum
M E ITY TURE ENCE
Creativi Bravery Love Social Forgivenes Appreciation bonum - the greatest good of all human life.
ty Persever Kindnes Responsi s Humility of Beauty
Curiosit ance s Social bility Prudence Gratitude
− He believes that the ultimate human goal is self-
y Love Honesty Intellige Teamwor Self- Optimism realization.
of Enthusia nce k Fairness Control Humor
Learnin sm Leadershi − https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDI
g p Q
Perspec
tive

Socrates and Plato’s
Moral Philosophy
Socrates’ point is that
what is good has certain
independence from the
whims of the gods’
determination of the
rightness of our actions
and mores. He believed
in the existence of
objective ethical
standards but admitted
that it is not easy to
specify them. Plato
believes that those who
comprehend Goodwill
always do good actions.
Bad actions are
performed out of not
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE
Aristotle’s Ethics
“Self-realization” when
someone acts in line with
his nature or end (telos)
and realizes his full
potential, he does moral
and will be happy.
“Aretaic” or virtue-based
wherein act-oriented
ethics is focused mainly on
what we should do, that is,
virtue ethics is interested
basically in what we
should be, that is, the
character or the sort of
person we should struggle
to become. Ethics for
Aristotle is the inquiry into
human good. This human
good is eudemonia or
− Aristotle’s complete picture of a morally virtuous
man is someone who constantly and habitually
acts according to moral virtue and practical
wisdom, ideally exhibiting a lifetime of rational
living and avoidance of vice. His comprehensive
notion of moral virtue is that it state of character
manifested in choice and in action, resting in the
golden mean.
− The moral virtue is the golden mean between the
two less extremes.
− Base kay Aristotle, dapat alam mo kung sobra ka
na sa isang attitude mo or kulang pa dahil
masama yon dapat sakto langz
− Kailangan mo ng wisdom and right application
para maattain yung sakto
− Wisdom – applying of knowledge
− Human good is to attain happiness particularly when natural law is not
− Gumagawa tayo ng mabuti upang maligayahan, observed or followed
the end goal is happiness o Most human law is derived from moral law

Aristotle’s Four Basic Moral Virtues • Divine Law

1. Courage – golden mean between cowardice o it is a law of revelation disclosed through
(deficiency) and the tactless rashness (excess) the scriptures.
2. Temperance – mean between gluttony o Refers to Special revelation- the will of
(excess) and extreme frugality (deficiency) God as reveals in the Scriptures of Old and
3. Justice – virtue of giving others right what New Testament.
they deserve o Utos ni Lord from the Bible (ex. 10
4. Prudence or Wisdom – enables us to keep us commandments)
away from excess or defect.
The type of law that is primarily significant with
THOMAS AQUINAS ETHICS Ethics is Natural Law.
Law – to put order in order to preserve good
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
− He is an Italian philosopher and theologian. He
Two kinds of Virtues According To Aquinas
believes that all actions are directed towards ends
1. Moral Virtues
and that happiness is final end.
− the object is not God Himself but activities
− True happiness is then found only in the souls of
that are less virtuous and inferior to the
the blessed heaven or in beatitude with God
end. To this kind belong the four basic
− Goodness is made for us to be with God
virtues.
o Prudence
Four Primary Types of Law by T. Aquinas
o Fortitude
• Eternal Law
o Temperance
o rational plan of God by which all creation is
o Justice
ordered.
o It is the ideal type and order of the universe
2. Theological Virtues
(kosmos) pre-existing in the mind of God
− concerned directly with God. It provide us
(Logos).
with true knowledge and desire of God
o Yung specific position ni earth sa galaxy
and his will.
o Love
• Natural Law
o Hope
o aspect of the eternal law which is accessible
o Faith
to human reason
o katawan ng tao, bakit dalawa yung tenga at
mata, isa yung bibig, etc.
o Extension of God’s eternal law

• Human Law
o refers to positive laws. This human law
includes civil and criminal laws.
o It is also called Positive laws. It refers to
“the more particular determinations of
certain matters devised by human reason.
Human law reinforces the natural law IMMANUEL KANT
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
− is one of the most influential philosophers whose
contributions to metaphysics, epistemology,
ethics, and aesthetics had an impact on many
philosophical movements. He is the most
important proponent in deontological or duty-
based ethics. “Act only according to the maxim by
which you can at the same time will that it should
become a universal law.”
KANT'S ETHICS
− He rejects that ethical judgements are based on
feelings. His ethical theory is based on moral
judgments on reason alone. Reason is what
deems an action ethical or otherwise.
− Virtue is based on act, basta tama yung action
KANT and RIGHTS THEORY
Kantian Ethics – focuses on goodwill
GOODWILL - An act accords with reason, or it does
not. If it accords with reason, we must do it, if does not,
we must avoid it
Kant’s Goodwill
− He believes that one of the functions and
capacities of our reason is to produce a will which
is good not as means to some further end, but
good in itself. For him, the good will is the highest
good and the condition of other goods.
− He does not agree that happiness is the summum
bonum or the highest good. Happiness can be
corrupting and maybe worthless when not
combine with good will.
− Kant thinks that acting from a sense of duty
means exhibiting good will even in the face of
difficulty.
UNIVERSALIZABILITY – the thesis that any moral
judgment must be equally applicable to every
relevantly identical situation. the Kantian principle
that if a course of action cannot be universally
adopted it must be morally impermissible.
Inclination refers to the feeling that pushes us to
select a par
“ACTIONS ON MAXIM FROM ACTIONS ON
IMPULSE”
Maxim – general rule or principle which serve as a
guide or action
Two Kinds of MAXIMS: (Classes of Maxim)
HYPOTHETICAL
− Only true under some conditions, and therefore
not universally true or valid.
o ex. I will allow you to go with your
friends if you will clean the house first.
o ex. I will give you my vote, if you admit
that your father did commit crime
against the Filipino People
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
− Demand actions without qualification without
any ifs, without regard to any consequence it may
produce.
o ex. I will support BBM whether the
accusations against him are true
o ex. I will vote for Leni even if she does
not win
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
8bIys6JoED
RIGHTS THEORY
− The Principle of Rights theory is the notion that
for a society to be efficacious. " Government must
approach the making and enforcement of law
with the right intentions in respect to the end
goals of the society that it governs. Members of
society agree to give up some freedoms from the
protection enjoyed by organized society, but
government cannot infringe upon the rights that
citizen have been promised.
Examples of Rights Theory
• Right to life
• Right to Liberty
• Right to pursue Happiness
• Right to a fair trial
• Right to Due process
• Right to Education
• Right to Marry
• Right to Work
• Right against Slavery
• Right to a Lawyer
• Right to Education
• Right to Privacy
• And others…
Legal Rights VS. Moral Rights
Legal Rights - Denotes all rights found within
existing legal codes
Moral Right - Rights that exist prior to and
independently from their legal counterparts.
UTILITARIANISM
Jerry Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill
(1808-73) – utilitarianism proponents.
A teleological ethical system judges the rightness of
an act in terms of an external goal or purpose. –
(Parental discipline)
• CONSEQUENTIALIST THEORY
− Proposes that actions or policies should be
ethically measured and evaluated by their
consequences, not by the intentions or
motives of the agent.
− Maganda yung act kapag gagawin sa maganda
− Maganda sa aspetong economics
− Hindi siya qualified sa ethical issue because
you cannot make use people as the means of
our end. (Hindi pwedeng gamitin yung tao sa
kasiyahan)
− May magandang resulta pero may paraan
na pangit
• Principle of Utility
− States that an action is right in so far as it tends
to produce the greatest happiness for the
greatest number. EX. Five patients and four
drugs available/one healthy homeless capable
to give all his organs to people with troubled
death. (Pipiliin mo maligtas yung five lives
kesa sa 1 lang maligtas mo.)
Ex.2 5 noble people with different sickness
− Magssacrifice ka.
− Kung sino mas maraming makikinabang.
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE OF
UTILITARIANISM
1. ACT UTILITARIANISM (CLASSICAL
UTILITARIANISM)
− The right act is one that gives best result or the
least amount of bad result,
Ex. Torture , Bribery.
− Kahit bad yung act basta good result
2. RULE UTILITARIANISM
− The principle of utility is used to decide the
validity of rules of conduct. We ought to live by
rules that in general are like to lead to the
greatest good of the greatest number,
Ex. Slavery, promise keeping, giving a
collateral, taxation
- Bagay lang ang pwedeng gamitin pero pwede
ring tao basta may contract between the two
person.
UTILITARIANISM
− States that what is useful is good, and that moral
value of actions are determined by the utility of
its consequences.
− It argues that the right course of action is one that
maximizes over all happiness. This ethical system
is basically hedonistic as it identifies happiness
with pleasure.
− Utilitarianism is essentially opposed to ethical
theories that consider God’s will or some inner
sense or faculty, like the conscience to be the
final arbiter of morality.
− Ikaw ay isang oportunista kasi utilitarianism
ka, kasi ginagamit mo yung mga tao, system.
o Ex. Politicians, businessmen, media
− Not acceptable to ethical theory kasi you are
using people.
− Kahit mali basta maging tama ang result!
− Maganda depende sa application
− More on economic term
− There are flaws
Mabuting traits:
− Tama gamitin if sa bagay
− If there is contract it is good
ACTIVITY IN UTILITARIANISM:
Case Analysis
Bob was an accountant in Toronto, Canada,
who had connections all over the city. Need a bank
loan? Call Bob. Need concert tickets? Bob is your man.
A job? Bob can help you get it. The best thing about
Bob is that he didn't ask for anything in return. He was
content. At least, that's what he told everyone who
wanted to repay him. But that wasn't completely true.
You see, Bob has wanted to become a cowboy since he
was a kid. And he believed it's impossible for him to do
so. He didn't even know if cowboys exist anymore...
Plus, he was running a business in Toronto... And he
only talked about that as a joke with his best friends
and family. Now, here's the best part... One of Bob's
friends had a co-worker whose uncle had a farm in
Oklahoma. And the uncle needed some financial
advice. So, when Bob's friend heard about that, he had
an idea. He told his co-worker about Bob and his
dream to become a cowboy. The next day, Bob got a
call from Oklahoma. The farmer told Bob he can visit
the farm and stay for a few days while they talk about
business. And he'll even pay for the flight! Bob was
shocked. But he accepted the offer and came to a visit
a month later. What's the takeaway here? First, it pays
off to be a nice guy. Not all people will remember the
good you've done, but some of them will. And you need
only one person to help you at the right time. Second,
networking is powerful. It makes impossible dreams
possible through the power of connections. You never
know who's the person you're talking to. And you
never know who their friends are. If you're currently
stuck and you think your dreams will never come true,
maybe you just don't know the right people.
Think how utilitarianism works in business!!
- There is a utilitarianism because Bob uses his
talent. There is no unethical because they have
consent.
- Walang masama sa utilitarianism basta may
boundary which is consent and contract in both
sides.
- Mali kapag you are taking an advantage to a
person.
JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
“All differences in wealth and income, all social
and economic inequalities, should work for the
good of the least favored.” John Rawls (1921-
2002)
RAWL’S 2 PRINCIPLES
1. Rawl’s First Principle of Social Justice: Liberty
Principle
Each person has the same and indefeasible
(permanent) claim to be fully adequate scheme of
equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible
with the same scheme of liberties of all”
2. Second Principle of Social Justice consisted of
“fair equality of opportunity” and the
Difference Principle”
“Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy 2
conditions, first they are to be attached to offices
and positions open to all under conditions of fair
equality of opportunity, second, they are to be the
greatest benefit to least-advantaged members of
society (the Difference Principle)
- Voting
- Qualifications of being a President
o Natural born citizen
o Able to read and write
o Resident of the Philippines for at least
10 years
o At least 40 years of age on the day of
election
o Registered voter
• Magkaroon ng social justice para lahat may
opportunity
THE THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
• An imagined gathering held under strict
conditions that allowed persons to deliberate,
only by the reason and logic.
• Assuming that you are the person
•
VEIL OF IGNORANCE
• Taking into account the value of impartiality,
Rawls added a condition to assure that the
choice of social justice principles would truly
 be unbiased. These people would know
nothing about their specific position in a
society, as though some force had plucked
them from a society and caused them to have
severe amnesia.
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
Rawls’ Justice as Fairness is an example of a social
justice concept called distributive justice
COMMON TYPES OF DISTRIBUTIVE NORMS
1. Equity
− out comes should be based upon input.
− Pantay-pantay depende sa
pangangailangan
− Kung mababa yung sahod, maliit
buwisvideo
2. Equality- regardless of inputs all members
should be given an equal share of rewards or
costs.
3. Power- those with authority should receive
more than those in lower position.
4. Need- those with greatest need should be
allocated with more resources,
5. Responsibility- members who have more
have the responsibility to share
EGALITARIANISM
- a set of closely related socio-economic-
political theories that without exemption
promote the proposition that all society
members ought to have exactly equal amount
of resources
- pare parehas lahat.
CAPITALISM/LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
- when people, businesses, and corporations
perform based on their individual self-interest
for their own benefit
- dehado yung mga mahihirap
SOCIALIST/STATE SOCIALIST DISTRIBUTIVE
JUSTICE
- is a system where the government or a central
authority controls the production of goods and
services.
TAXATION AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6HEH23W_bM
&t=144s
PLURALISM/ GLOBALIZATION
Ethics is applied everywhere.
Pluralism
- A belief in difference – a philosophy
supporting diversity, religious tolerance, and
multiculturalism.
Moral Pluralism
- The idea that there can be conflicting moral
views that are each worthy of respect.
- Moral pluralists tend to be open-minded when
faced with competing viewpoints. They analyze
issues from several moral points of view before
deciding and taking action.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL PLURALISM
• Moral Pluralism seem to advocate flexibility when
faced with competing perspective.
• It thus proposes that no single philosophical
approach will provide all the answers.
• Moral Pluralist occupy a middle ground between
“There is only one right answer” as moral
absolutist, and “There is no wrong answer” as
moral relativist claim.
AGAINST MORAL PLURALISM
1. Moral Pluralism fails to stipulate what to do when
two or more values/theories indicate consistent
practical imperatives.
2. Moral Pluralism gives us no standard.
3. There is no real solution to ethical dilemmas.
4. All possible answers are acceptable as long as
they have underlying fundamental values
5. Moral Pluralist fail to prove that the problem of
conflicting values is in principle insoluble.
GLOBALIZATION
• Worldwide integration of government policies,
cultures, social movements, and financial markets
through trade and the exchange of ideas.
• Japan, Italy, Germany – dominated themselves
• World Bank - International Reconstruction
Development Bank
CHALLENGES OF FILINNIALS AND
MILLENIALS
− Millenials are generally the children of baby
boomers and older X
o In discussion, included na rin ang GenZ
− Fillinials is a term use to denote Filipino
Millenials.

PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZATION Generation Year Born

− It uses up finite resources quickly Generation 1996-Later
− Increases world carbon dioxide emissions Z/iGen/Centennials
− It makes virtually impossible for regulators in one Millenials/Gen Y 1977-1995
Generation X 1965-1976
country to foresee the worldwide implications of
Baby Boomers 1946-1964
their actions. Traditionalist/Silent 1945 and before
− It acts to increase world oil prices Generation
− It transfers consumption of limited oil supply
from developed countries to developing Generations X, Y, and Z: Which One Are You? -
countries. YouTube

ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION WORK ETHICS

− From the consequentialist viewpoint it fails to
maximize happiness for the greatest number of
people.
− Globalization has caused radical inequality.
− From a deontological perspective, particularly
Kantian Ethics, globalization is condemnable on
the account that it exploited population s as
means to an end and not as end in itself.
− Parity Amendment – search mo ano meaning
GENERAL ETHICAL ISSUES IN
GLOBALIZATION
− States are in effect increasingly losing their
sovereignty
− The threat of environmental problems.
GLOBALIZATION AND BUSINESS ETHICS
• Ethical issues emerged from globalization are
product imitation, child labor, money laundering,
environmental issues, cybercrimes, intellectual
property and patent thefts.
• In globalizing the world, it is prudent to advocate
universal cultural values such as truth, justice,
and love.
Millennials in the Workforce, A Generation of
Weakness - Simon Sinek - YouTube
Millennials
- Self-interested, unfocused, lazy
- Millennials want to work with purpose, free
food
➢ Parenting
➢ Technology
o Peer approval
o Feels relieve if someone will hi –
releases dopamine
➢ Impatience
o Instant gratification
o Millennials need patience for things
that really matter – love, job
fulfillment, joy, love of life, self-
confidence, skill set which happens in
a slow process
➢ Environment
− Millenials who consider some behaviors as
ethical in the workplace:
o Using social networking to finds out
about company’s competitor -37%
 o “Friending” a client or customer on a
social network- 36%
o Uploading personal photos on a
company network-26%
o Keeping copies of confidential
documents -22%
o Working less to compensate for cuts in
benefits or pay- 18%
o Buying personal items using a
company credit card- 15%
o Blogging or tweeting negatively about
a company- 14%
o Taking a copy of work software home
for personal use-13%
INDIVIDUALISM
− Millenials are habitually painted as the entitled,
selfie-snapping generation, class of self-centered
and self-absorbed. - (contribute by a lack of
patience)
− They are independent, they view morality as
personal and subjective, based on feeling, and
nontransferable to others.
− They are said to be more individualistic and
materialistically motivated.
CONFLICT WITH PARENTS
Differences Between Millennials and Baby
Boomers
− Millennials are more progressive on social issues.
− Millennials are hesitant to identify themselves
with a political party.
− Millennials are less wealthy.
− Millennials are reluctant to get married.
− More millennials live at home than their parents
(Baby Boomers) did at the same age.
SECURALISM & HUMANISM
Secularism
− is basically a theistic belief system or a
worldview which does not acknowledge
supernatural or divine views of reality.
− Do not acknowledge God
Humanism
− is a system of thought which gives emphasis to
the value of human beings and favors man’s
thought over faith or religious doctrine.
SecularHumanism
− people can be good without God in the picture
or without being religious
− Subjective because strictly within human
beings
Denying supernatural and religious views as a basis of
morality and decision-making, secular humanism
affirms the notions of a human nature- human
experience, human need, and human reason as ethical
foundation.
− Human Experience as Moral basis- secular
humanism explains that moral rules are
derived from human experience
− Human Need and Reason- secular humanist
admits that Ethics is conventional, but it has a
natural basis. The natural basis of ethics, they
assert, is none less than human need and
human reason.
Human experience, human need and reason as (hindi ko
naalalaa balikan mooo)
ANALYSIS OF SECULARISM AND HUMANISM
− By removing God in the picture, secularism and
humanism, affirm that the rules of morality were
just fabricated by human beings using human
nature as basis of fabrication. Subscribing to
secularism and humanism, it is impossible
maltreatment, cruelty or corruption as morally
wrong.
− In the absence of God, it is hard to think that
human beings have nonmaterial properties such
as consciousness, reasoning power, personhood,
moral sense, and values.
“Supposing there was no intelligence behind the
universe, no creative mind. In that case nobody designed
my brain for the purpose of thinking. It is merely that
the atoms inside my skull happen for physical and
chemical reasons to arrange themselves in a certain
way, this gives me a bye-product, the sensation I all
thought. But if so, how can I trust my own thinking to be
true? It is like upsetting a milk jug and hoping that the
way the splash arranges itself will give you a map of
London. But if I can’t trust my own thinking, of course I
can’t trust the arguments leading to atheism, and
therefore have no reason to be an atheist or anything
else. Unless I believe in God, I can’t believe in thought: so
I can never use thought to disbelieve in God.”
- (CS Lewis, 1943, p.32)
WHERE DOES MORALITY COME FROM?
• Objective- that is outside of human beings.
• Subjective- strictly within human beings
There are 3 ways of looking at values when they are
taken as being totally objective
• They come from Supernatural Being
• There are moral laws somehow embedded
within nature itself
• The world and objects in it have value with
or without the presence of valuing human
beings.
Brothers Karamazov
“If you were to destroy in
mankind the belief in
immortality, not only love but
every living force maintaining
the life of the world would at
once be dried up. Moreover,
nothing then would be
immoral; everything would be
lawful, even cannibalism."
− Religions Role in Ethics:
o “ Morality cannot survive , in the long
run, if it ties to religion are cut.”
…”Without religion there can be no
real, sincere morality, just as without
roots there can be no flower”
THEISTIC ETHICS
− Believes that a supernatural being called God is
the foundation of morality. God is viewed as the
source of moral laws, and as the only plausible
cause of moral obligations which posses
overriding and binding character.
− Theist claim that unlike secularists’ ethical
theories, this moral system which is also called
moral supernaturalism can satisfactorily explain
the existence of objective ethical values and moral
law
− Believes in God, you do good because it is God’s
command

Moral Supernaturalism explain the existence of

objective ethical values and the moral laws.
THE NATURAL LAW THEORY: OBJECTIVE 1. Can justify moral values
Others believe that morality somehow is embodied in 2. Can explain moral accountability
nature that there are “natural laws.” Tomas Aquinas 3. No real accountability in non-theism
argued for this. Natural Law Theory was also central
to the ethical theory of Immanuel Kant

(Immanuel Kant is not a Christian)

Objective is fix
Subjective has someone/thing to judge

CAN WE BE GOOD WITHOUT GOD?

− If God exists, then the objectivity of moral
values, moral duties and moral accountability is
secured and if God does not exist, then morality is
just a human convention.
− If God does not exist, objective moral values
does not exist. The moral choices we make in this
life are infused with an eternal significance

ROLE OF RELIGION IN ETHICS

− Religious Ethics concerns belief and practices of

what is good or bad, right or wrong, virtuous or
vicious from a religious point of view