METROLOGY - It is the science of zero line which is conventionally chosen to define

measurement, embracing both experimental and
theoretical determinations at any level of
uncertainty in any field of science and
technology.
TOLERANCE - the amount of variation from
the specified dimension in t
ALLOWANCE - the intension difference
between the dimension of the two-mating part.
LIMIT - the maximum and the minimum sizes
indicated by a tolerance dimension.
MAXIMUM LIMIT OF SIZE - the greater of
the two limits of size.
MINIMUM LIMIT OF SIZE - the smaller of
the two limits of size.
the position of the tolerance zone in relation to
zero line.
ZERO LINE – the straight line to which the
deviations are referred. The zero line is the line of
zero deviation and represents the basic size.
STANDARD TOLERANCE UNIT – it is the
unit used to calculate the various grade of
tolerance for a given basic size. It is designated
by letter I.
For sizes up to and including 500 mm:
𝟑
𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓√𝑫 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝑫
For sizes above 500 mm:
𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝑫 + 𝟐. 𝟏

BASIC SIZE/BASIC DIMENSION – is the size 𝑫 = √𝒂 × 𝒃

referred to fix the limits of size by the application
Above (a) Up to (b)
of the allowance and tolerance. The basic size is
3
the same for each mating part.
3 6
SHAFT – the term used by convention to 6 10
designate external features of a part including part 10 18
which are not cylindrical. 18 30
30 50
HOLE – the term used by convention to 50 80
designate all internal features of a part including 80 120
part which are not cylindrical. 120 180
180 250
DEVIATION – the algebraic difference between 250 315
the size and the corresponding basic size. 315 400
ACTUAL DEVIATION – the algebraic 400 500
difference between the actual size and the General Cases
corresponding basic size. GRADE OF TOLERANCE – is an indication of
UPPER DEVIATION – the algebraic difference the degree of accuracy of manufacture and is
between the maximum limit of size and the designated by the letter IT followed by the
corresponding basic size. ES for hole es for shaft. number.

LOWER DEVIATION - the algebraic Tolerance Grade Value

difference between the minimum limit of size and 1T 5 7I
the corresponding basic size. EI for hole ei for 1T 6 10I
shaft. 1T 7 16I
1T 8 25I
FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION – the one of 1T 9 40I
the two deviations being the one nearest to the 1T 10 64I
 1T 11 100I
1T 12 160I
1T 13 250I
1T 14 400I
1T 15 640I
1T 16 1000I
Clearance Fit - In this type of fit, the largest
permitted shaft diameter is smaller than the
diameter of the smallest hole, so that the shaft can
rotate or slide through with different degrees of
freedom according to purpose of the mating
members.
Transition Fit - In a fit of this type of the
diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater
than that of the smallest shaft, but the smallest
hole is larger than the largest shaft, so that small
positive or negative clearance between the shaft
and hole members are employable.
Interference Fit - the difference between the
sizes of a hole and a shaft which are to be
assembled when the shaft is larger than the hole.
Nominal Size – the nominal size of a dimension
or part is the size by which it is referred to as a
matter of convenience.
Basic Size – It is got to be ascribed for the sake
of convenience and the size of a part in relation to
which all limits of variation are determined.
Zero Line – This line which represents the basic
size so that deviation from the basic size is zero.
Actual Size – This is the measured size
Limits – These are two extreme permissible sizes
for any dimension.
There are some considerations in deciding the
limits necessary for a particular dimension. These
are as follows:
Functional requirement – function of the
component, what it is required to do.
Interchangeability - its replacement in the event
of failure.
Economics – minimization of time and cost.
Tolerance - can be defined as the magnitude of
permissible variation of a dimension or other
measured or control criterion from specified
value.
Unilateral Tolerance - when tolerance
distribution is on only one size of basic size.
Basic Size ( 0 + 22μ)
Bilateral Tolerance - when permissible variation
is both plus and minus or on both direction of
basic size.
Basic Size ( +/-22μ)
Gauges are inspection tools of rigid design,
without a scale, which serve to check the
dimension of manufactured parts. They can only
be used in determining whether the inspected
parts are made within the specified limits.
1. The limit size.
2. The tolerance on the shaft.
3. The tolerance on the hole.
4. The upper and lower deviation on the shaft.
The upper deviation on the shaft = basic size -
maximum shaft size
The lower deviation on the shaft = basic size –
minimum shaft size
5. The upper and lower deviation on the hole.
The upper deviation on the hole = basic size –
maximum hole size
The lower deviation on the hole = basic size –
minimum hole size
6. The maximum interference.
= Maximum shaft size – minimum hole size
7. The maximum clearance.
= Maximum hole size – minimum shaft size