 Manufacture,

Interchangeable
Terminology for Limits & Fits
 Outcomes

After studying this unit, you should be able to
 Identify the necessity of the Interchangeable
Manufacture
 Explain the basic principles of fits and tolerances,
 Explain various types of fits and their applications,
 Analyse the various types of tolerances and
applications, and
 Know the fundamental of the systems of fits.
Interchangeable Manufacture

The interchangeable manufacture implies
that, the parts that are for practical purposes
identical. They are made to specifications by
processes that ensure that they are so nearly
identical that they will fit into any device of
the same type
Examples of Interchangeable Manufacture

Bottle caps Rims Tires

 Advantages For Interchangeable
Manufacture

 Replacement: One such part can freely replace
another, without any custom fitting (such as filling).
 Easy to Assembly: This interchangeability allows easy
assembly of new devices
 Repairing: Easier repair of existing devices.
 Minimizing time and cost :Minimizing both the time
and skill required of the person doing the assembly or
repair.
 Rapid Manufacturing :Machine tool enables the
components to be manufactured more rapidly
 Terminology for LIMITS & FITS

 Terminology:- The terms related to limit system

are as below:
 Size:- It is a number expressed in
a particular unit in the

Hole
measurement of length.

 Basic Size:- It is the size based on

Basic Size

Shaft
which the dimensional
deviations are given.

 Actual Size:- It is the size of the component by actual

measurement after it is manufactured. It should lie
between the two limits of size.
 Terminology for Limits and Fits Cont.
 Limits of size:- These are the maximum and minimum permissible
sizes of the part.


 Maximum limit:- Is the maximum size permitted for the part.
 Minimum limit:- it is the minimum size permitted for the part limit
of size.

 Hole:-Refers to diameter of a circular hole as

well as to any internal dimension of
Hole component .it is referred as “female”
Basic
size

Shaft

 Shaft:-Limits and fits, all external features of a component including

those which are not cylindrical are designated as ‘Shaft'. It is referred
as “male”
Terminology for Limits and Fits Cont.
Tolerance :Tolerance is the difference between maximum limit of size and
minimum limit of size.
Tolerance
zone

Upper limit =  28 . 2

Zero line

Lower limit =  27. 8

Ø28
 0.2
(Basic)

Hole
 Allowance
 between the maximum
 It is an intentional difference
material limits of mating parts, For shaft, the
maximum material will be it’s high limit and for
hole, it will it’s low limit
 Different Types of limit

 Unilateral Limit: In this
method of presenting the
limits, both the limits of size
are on the same side of the
zero line.

Bilateral Limits: Here one Zero line

of the limits is on one side
of the zero line And the
other limit of size is on the
other side of the line.
 Deviations
Lower Deviation

Upper Deviation
 Deviation:- It is the algebraic
difference between a size, to its
corresponding basic size. It may be
positive, negative or zero.
Hole

 Upper Deviation:- It is the

Max.dia.

Min.dia.

algebraic difference between


Max.dia.
Min.dia.

Shaft
maximum limit of size and its
corresponding basic size.

 Lower Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between

minimum limit of size and its corresponding basic size.

 Actual Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference

between actual size and its corresponding basic size.
Terms related to Metric Limits & Fits


 Fit
 Fit is the relationship 
that exists between
two mating parts, a
hole and shaft with
respect to their
dimensional difference
before assembly. Interference Fit Transition Fit
 Three types of fit are
given hereunder;
 Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit : In clearance Fit shaft is always smaller than the
hole. A positive allowance exists between the largest possible shaft
and smallest possible hole.

Minimum Clearance : It is the difference between the maximum

size of shaft and minimum size of hole.

Maximum clearance: It is the difference between the minimum size

of the shaft and the maximum size of hole
Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit

 Fit Cont.
 Interference Fit: It is also called Press or force fit, In

this fit shaft is always larger than the hole

 Minimum interference: it is the difference

between the maximum size of hole and the
minimum size of shaft prior to assembly

 Maximum Interference: It is the difference

between the minimum size of the hole and the
maximum size of the shaft prior to assembly.
Interference Fit

Interference Fit

 Fit Cont.
 Transition Fit: it is called sliding Fit . It occurs when

the resulting fit due to the variations in size of the
male and female components due to their tolerance,
varies between clearance and interference fits. The
tolerance zones of shaft and hole overlap
Transition Fit

Transition Fit

 Hole Basis System
 Hole is keep constant and the shaft
diameter is varied
the low limit 
 The basic size of the hole is taken as
 The high limit of the size of the hole
and the two limits of size of the shaft
are selected to give the desired fit
 The actual size of the hole is within
the tolerance limit.
 In this system Hole gets the letter H
and the shaft gets letter o decide the
position of tolerance
Shaft Basis System
 Shaft is kept constant and the hole
diameter is varied.


The basic size of the shaft is taken as one of
the limits(maximum) of size of shaft
The other limit of size of the shaft and the
two limits of hole are then selected to give
the desired fit
 The actual size of a hole that is within the
tolerance limits is always less than the
basic size.
 In this system Shaft gets the letter h and the
hole gets different letter o decide the
position of the tolerance zone to obtain
desired fit
 International Tolerance Grade (IT):

They are a set of tolerances that varies according to the basic size and
provides a uniform level of accuracy within the grade.

 ?

 For a particular application where the basic size is 50
mm, an H7 fit has been selected for the hole and a k6
fit for the shaft. Find the upper limit and lower limit
for the hole and also for the shaft using the Hole
basis system.
 Solution

 Using the Table for the Hole basis system:
The tolerance quoted are for the hole and for the
shaft.
Hence,
 The upper limit for the hole will be (50.00 + 0.025) mm.
 The lower limit for the hole will be (50.00 + 0) mm.
 The upper limit for the bush will be (50.00 + 0.018) mm.
 The lower limit for the bush will be (50.00 + 0.002) mm.
 TOLERANCE OF FORM AND POSITION
It defines the zone within which a geometrical element should be


specified in geometrical features, in addition to linear tolerance.
Table 3.1 specifies tolerance of form and Table 3.2 specifies tolerance of
position.

 Geometrical Dimension & Tolerances (GD & T)
 Geometric means geometric forms such as a plane,
cylinder, square, etc.

 Geometrical features are : flatness, straightness,
squareness etc.
 Geometrical tolerances refer to the shape of the
surfaces (tolerance of form) as well as the relative
location of one feature to another (tolerance of
position).
 Data about the tolerances on the shape and location of
surfaces are indicated on drawings in a rectangular
box divided into two or three parts.
 For example “Lack parallelism between two surfaces
is within 0.1 mm” can be written as
 Examples of geometrical tolerances

 Parallelism (Figure a) - It indicates the requirement,


“Surface A is parallel to opposite face within 0.1 mm”.
2

 Straightness (Figure b) - It indicates the requirement,

“Straightness within 0.02 mm”.
 Examples of geometrical tolerances

 Squareness (Figure c) - It indicates the requirement,


“Square within 0.03 mm total”.

 Roundness (Figure d) - It indicates the requirement,

“Taper round within 0.01 mm”.
 

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