20ME403 - Metrology and Instrumentation

Module 1- Basics of Metrology

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 1

 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

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20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 2
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
✔The need for limits and fits for machined work pieces was brought about
mainly by the inherent inaccuracy of manufacturing methods, coupled with the
fact that “exactness” of size was found to be unnecessary for most work
pieces.
✔ In order that function could be satisfied, it was found sufficient to
manufacture a given work piece so that its size lay within two permissible
limits, i.e. a tolerance, this being the variation in size acceptable in
manufacture.
✔ Similarly, where a specific fit condition is required between mating work
pieces, it is necessary to ascribe an allowance, either positive or
negative, to the basic size to achieve the required clearance or
interference, i.e. a “deviation”.
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1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 4

1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 5

1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 6

1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 7

1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 8

1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Terms and Definitions
Interference
A fit which everyw()Fit:
hPereressporrovFiodrecse an interferers between the hole and shaft
assembled,
when i.e. the maximum size of the hole is either smaller than or, in the extreme case,
equal to the minimum size of the shaft.
Minimum interference:
In an interference fit, the negative difference, before assembly, between the
maximum limit of size of the hole and the minimum limit of size of the shaft.
Maximum interference:
In an interference or transition fit, the negative difference, before assembly, between the
minimum limit of size of the hole and the maximum limit of size of the shaft.

Max.
Min. interference

j_
+
ft
(b) Interference fit.
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

Terms and Definitions

Transition Fit:
Fit which may provide either a clearance or an interference between the hole and shaft
when assembled, depending on the actual sizes of the hole and shaft, tolerance zones i.e. the
of the hole and the shaft overlap completely or in part.

TRANSITION FIT

SHAFT

Obtained by overlapping of tolerance zones of shaft and hole

.-....Does not guarantee neither clearance nor interference fit
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

Terms and Definitions

General Terms used in limits & fits:
Shaft:
A term used, according to convention, to describe an external feature of a Workpiece,
including features which are not cylindrical
Hole:
A term used, according to convention, to describe an internal feature of a Workpiece,
including features which are not cylindrical
Basic Size:
It is the size with reference to which upper or lower limits of size are defined.
Actual size:
The size of a feature, obtained by measurement.
Zero Line:
It is a line along which represents the basic size and zero(or initial point) for measurement of upper or
lower deviations.
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

Terms and Definitions

Deviation:
The algebraic difference between a size(actual size, limit of size, etc.) and the
corresponding basic size.
Upper Deviation:
The algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size (of either hole or shaft) and the
corresponding basic size, like ES, es.
Lower Deviation:
The algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size (of either hole or shaft) and the
corresponding basic size, like El, ei.
Fundamental Deviation:
It is one of the two deviations which is chosen to define the position of the tolerance zone.
Tolerance:
The algebraic difference between upper and lower deviations. It is an absolute value.
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Upper Deviation Max. Size

Lower Deviation
Min. Size

Fundamental Deviation

International
Tolerance Grade

Basic Size
Lower Deviation
Upper Deviation

Fundamental Deviation
International
Tolerance Grade
Min. Size

Max. Size
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Terms and Definitions
Maximum Material Condition (MMC):
The condition where a size feature contains the maximum amount of material within the
stated limits of size. I.e., largest shaft and smallest hole.
Least Material Condition (LMC}:
The condition where a size feature contains the least amount of material within the stated
limits of size. I.e., smallest shaft and largest hole.

SIZE DIMENSION Tolerance:

ENVELOPE LMC
Difference between MMC and
3 PRINCIPLE
MMC
limits of a single dimension.

(2.007)
Allowance:
Difference between the MMC of two
mating parts.
(Minimum clearance and maximum
LMC interference)
(2.003)

ENVELOPE OF SIZE
 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Terms and Definitions
Systems of Fit:
A system of fits comprising shafts and holes belonging to a limit system.
There are two systems by which a fits can be accomplished -
Hole Basis System
A system of fits in which the required clearances or interferences are obtained by
associating shaft of various tolerance classes with hole of a single tolerance class.
• Hole size is kept constant and shaft is varied to give various types of
fit.
• Basic size taken is low limit of hole
• High limit of hole & two limits (HL&LL) give the desired fit
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r Hole "H"
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 1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Terms and Definitions
Shaft Basis System
A system of fits in which the required clearances or interferences are obtained by
associating holes of various tolerance classes with shafts of a single tolerance class.
• Shaft size is kept constant & hole size is varied to give various fits.
• Basic size is taken as max limit size of shaft.
• LL of shaft and two limits (HL & LL) of hole give the desired
fit.
• Method not preferred in large production
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1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

Thank You

20ME403 Metrology and Instrumentation 27