Nanang Ali Sutisna

Engineering Drawing
Module 5

Drafting Studio
President University
 General Objectives

The general objectives of Engineering Drawing

are:

1. To develop the ability to express ideas and

describe objects by means of drawing
2. To interpret norm and symbols used in
engineering drawing and in daily life
3. To develop skills in lettering and hand drawing
using traditional drawing equipment
4. To read and understand simple drawing
 Module 5
Tolerance and Fits

TOPICS
Introduction
Tolerance
Fits Between Mating Parts
Geometric Tolerance
 Specific Objectives

After you have studied this course and completed

all the exercises you will be able to:

1. Understand the purpose of tolerance and fits used

in engineering drawing
2. Correctly specify and place tolerance on drawing of
simple objects
3. Identify different types of fits and specify tolerance
according to fits
 Contents

General Objectives ........................................................................................................... 2

Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................... 1
Contents ........................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6
What will we learn ? ...................................................................................................... 6
Tolerances ........................................................................................................................ 7
Tolerance Dimensioning ................................................................................................ 7
Specifications of Tolerances.......................................................................................... 8
1. Limit Dimensioning................................................................................................. 8
2. Plus-or-minus Dimensioning .................................................................................. 9
3. Cumulative Tolerances .......................................................................................... 9
Size Designations ....................................................................................................... 11
International Tolerance (IT) Grade .............................................................................. 13
Tolerance Zone ........................................................................................................... 13
Tolerance symbols ...................................................................................................... 14
Basic Systems for Fit Specification .............................................................................. 15
Basic Hole System................................................................................................... 16
Basic Shaft System.................................................................................................. 16
Fits Between Mating Parts .............................................................................................. 18
Specification for the Fits .............................................................................................. 20
Fundamental Deviations (Letter Specification) ......................................................... 22
Tolerance on the Fit ................................................................................................. 22
Classes of Fit .............................................................................................................. 27
Geometric Tolerance ...................................................................................................... 31
Why GD&T Important?............................................................................................. 32
When to use GD&T ? ............................................................................................... 32
Terminology ............................................................................................................. 32
Feature control frame............................................................................................... 34
Applications of Material Condition Modifiers............................................................. 35
 Introduction
The most important information on an engineering drawing are
the dimensions,, they specify the size and location of features
that make the part useful.
Deviations from the exact dimensions are unavoidable due to
the nature of manufacturing processes. These deviations must
not be so large that the part is useless. Designer specifies
upper and lower limits to the dimensions

What will we learn ?

We will learn about tolerancing and how important this technique
is to mass production.

Key points
 If a feature’s size is toleranced, it is allowed to vary within a
range of values or limits.
 Tolerancing enables an engineer to:
 design interchangeable or replacement parts.
 specify combination of allowances and tolerances in
mating parts (fits)

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 Tolerances
Tolerance is the difference between the maximum and
minimum size limits of a part:

d  d max  d min

Too tight tolerance  High manufacturing cost

Too large tolerance Part may not function as expected

Tolerance Dimensioning
Tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is
permitted to vary; It is the difference between the maximum and
the minimum limits for the dimension.
For Example, a dimension given as 50mm ± 0.1 means that the
manufactured part may be 50.1mm or 49.9mm, or anywhere
these limit dimensions. Figure 2 shows how to write tolerance
dimensioning.

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Specifications of Tolerances
1. Limit Dimensioning
The high limit is placed above the low limit.

In single-line note form, the low limit precedes the high limit
separated by a dash

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2. Plus-or-minus Dimensioning
• Unilateral Tolerance

• Bilateral Tolerance

3. Cumulative Tolerances

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 Tolerances Related to Machining Processes and
International Tolerance Grade

Tolerance IT
Application,Process (mm) Grade

Slip blocks, reference gages 1-2 1

High quality gages, plus gages 2-3 2

Good quality gages, gap gages 3-5 3

Fits produced by lapping 4-10 4

Ball bearings, Diamond or fine boring,
fine grinding 5-12 5

Grinding, fine honing 6-20 6

High quality turning, broaching 12-35 7

Center lathe turning and boring,
reaming 14-50 8

Horizontal or vertical boring machine 30-80 9

Milling, slotting, planing, metal rolling
or extrusion 50-100 10
Drilling, rough turning and boring,
precision tubing 70-140 11

Light press work, tube drawing 120-240 12

Press work, tube rolling 150-500 13

Die casting or molding, rubber
moulding 250-1000 14

Stamping 400-1400 15

Sand casting, flame cutting 500-2000 16

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Size Designations
Nominal Size:
It is the designation used for general identification.
Basic Size or Basic dimension:
It is the theoretical size from which limits of size are derived by
the application of allowances and tolerances.Basic sizes, usually
diameters, should be selected from a table of preferred sizes
Allowance:
is the minimum clearance space (or maximum interference)
intended between the maximum material condition (MMC) of
mating parts, i.e. largest shaft in smallest hole.
Max Clearance:
is the maximum clearance space intended between the minimum
material condition (LMC) of mating parts, i.e. smallest shaft in
largest hole

Deviation:
is the difference between the basic size and the hole or shaft size.
 Upper Deviation: is the difference between the basic size
and the permitted maximum size of the part.
 Lower Deviation: is the difference between the basic size
and the minimum permitted size of the part.

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 Fundamental Deviation: is the deviation closest to the
basic size. Tolerance zones for the hole and the shaft are
prescribed by IT numbers. Note that we also need the
fundamental deviation for the shaft to completely specify the
fit. ISO standard uses tolerance position letters with capital
letters for the holes and lowercase letters for the shafts.

• Letters are combined with tolerance grades to establish a

preferred fit.
• Specification for the holes: H7, D8, J6
• Specification for the shafts: h6, b8, k7

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International Tolerance (IT) Grade
They are a set of tolerances that varies according to the basic
size and provides a uniform level of accuracy within the grade.

Tolerance Zone
Tolerance zone refers to the relationship of the tolerance to basic
size. It is established by a combination of the fundamental
deviation indicated by a letter and the IT grade number. In the
dimension 50H8 as in below figure, for the close running fit, the
H8 specifies the tolerance zone.

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Tolerance symbols
Tolerance symbols are used to specify the tolerance and fits for
mating parts. For the hole-basis system, the 50 indicates the
diameter in millimeters; the fundamental deviation for the hole is
indicated by the capital letter H, and for the shaft it is indicated by
the lowercase letter f. The numbers following the letters indicate
this IT grade. Note that the symbols for the hole and shaft are
separated by the slash.

Tolerance symbols for a 50-mm-diameter hole may be given in

several acceptable forms. The values in parentheses for
reference only and may be omitted.

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Basic Systems for Fit Specification
In order to standardize dimensioning of fits, two basic systems are
used.

1) Basic Hole System (BHS)

Minimum hole diameter is taken as the basis. Lower deviation
for the hole is equal to zero. Dmax is prescribed according to the
specified tolerance.

2) Basic Shaft System (BSS)

Maximum shaft diameter is taken as the basis. Upper deviation
for the Shaft is equal to zero. dmin is prescribed according to the
specified tolerance.

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Basic Hole System
Minimum hole is taken as the basic size, an allowance is
assigned, and tolerances are applied on both sides of and away
from this allowance.

1. The minimum size of the hole 50mm is taken as the basic size.

2. An allowance of 0.009mm is decided on and subtracted from

the basic hole size, making the maximum shaft as 49.991mm.
3. Tolerances of 0.025mm and 0.016mm respectively are applied
to the hole and shaft to obtain the maximum hole of 50.025mm
and the minimum shaft of 49.975mm.

Minimum clearance: 50.000 – 49.991 = 0.009 mm

Maximum clearance: 50.025 – 49.975 = 0.050 mm

Basic Shaft System

Maximum shaft is taken as the basic size, an allowance is
assigned, and tolerances are applied on both sides of and away
from this allowance.

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1. The maximum size of the shaft 50mm is taken as the basic
size.

2. An allowance of 0.009mm is decided on and added to the

basic shaft size, making the minimum hole as 50.009mm.

3. Tolerances of 0.016mm and 0.025mm respectively are applied

to the hole and shaft to obtain the maximum hole of 50.025mm
and the minimum shaft of 49.975mm.

Minimum clearance: 50.009 – 50.000 = 0.009 mm

Maximum clearance: 50.025 – 49.975 = 0.050 mm

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 Fits Between Mating Parts
Fit is the general term used to signify the range of tightness or
looseness that may result from the application of a specific
combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.
There are three types of fits between parts

1. Clearance Fit: The shaft maximum diameter is smaller than

the hole minimum diameter. An internal member fits in an
external member (as a shaft in a hole) and always leaves a
space or clearance between the parts.
The mating parts have such limits that the lowest shaft
diameter is larger than the largest hole diameter

Dmax  26.03 mm
Dmin  26.00 mm

d max  25.95 mm
d min  25.93 mm

Allowance of the fit corresponds to maximum material condition

(Cmin). Allowance can be calculated by considering tightest fit.

2. Interference Fit: The shaft minimum diameter is larger than

the hole maximum diameter. The internal member is larger
than the external member such that there is always an
actual interference of material. The smallest shaft is
25.02mm and the largest hole is 25.01mm, so that there is
an actual interference of metal amounting to at least -0.1
mm. Under maximum material conditions the interference
would be -0.4mm. This interference is the allowance, and in
an interference fit it is always negative.
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 The mating parts have such limits that the lowest shaft
diameter is larger than the largest hole diameter.

d max  25.04 mm
d min  25.02 mm

Dmax  25.01 mm
Dmin  25.00 mm

Allowance of the fit corresponds to maximum material

condition (Imax).

3. Transition Fit: The shaft maximum diameter and hole

minimum have an interference fit, while the shaft minimum
diameter and hole maximum diameter have a clearance fit,
may result in either a clearance or interference condition. In
the figure below, the smallest shaft 25.02mm will fit in the
largest hole 25.02mm, with 0.1mm to spare. But the largest
shaft, 25.04mm will have to be forced into the smallest hole,
25.00mm with an interference of metal of 0.04mm.
Either a clearance or an interference may result depending
on the exact value of the dimensions of the machined shaft
and hole within the specified tolerance zones

d max  25.04 mm
d min  25.02 mm

Dmax  25.03 mm
Dmin  25.00 mm

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Specification for the Fits
Below is the example of specification for the fit. In this example it
is Sliding fit.

• H…/ (a-z)…  in BHS fund. dev. for the hole is zero

• (A-Z)…/ h…  in BSS fund. dev. for the shaft is zero
• Letters I, L, O, Q, W, i, l, o, q, w are not used.

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Example 1

What are the max. and min. limits for the hole and the shaft
for the given fit spec.?

Solution:
From tabel 1,

Hole Ø34 H11 :

Shaft Ø34 c11 :

Hole: Shaft:
Dmin = 34 mm dmax = 34 – 0.12 = 33.88 mm

Dmax = 34.16 mm dmin = 34 – 0.28 = 33.72 mm

Fund. Dev. for the shaft according to BHS is:

𝛿F = 33.88 – 34 = - 0.12 mm
Tolerance zone for c11 :

Ts = 0.28 – 0.12 = 0.16 mm

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In Basic Shaft System (BSS), fund. dev. of the shaft is given by h
and it is equal to zero. (Upper limit of the shaft is on datum line).

Fundamental Deviations (Letter Specification)

BHS: H…/(a-g)… (negative) BSS: (A-G)…/h… (positive)
H…/(j-k)… (depends on size) (J-K)…/h… (depends on size)
H…/(m-z)… (positive) (M-Z)…/h… (negative)

Tolerance on the Fit

Tolerance on the fit is defined as the sum of the tolerance on the
hole and tolerance on the shaft.

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 T f  Th  Ts  Dmax  Dmin   d max  d min 

Clearance Fit example

Consider G7/h6, D = 20 mm.
From the table we read:
Cmax  41 m
clearence fit.
Cmin  7 m

 28 m 0 m
G7  h6 
 7 m  13 m

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Interference Fit example
Consider H7/m6, D = 20 mm
From the table we read:
Cmax  13 m
clearence fit.
I max  21 m
+21 m m
H7  m6  
 m
0

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92
Example 2
For a nominal diameter of 25 mm and for a fit specification of
H7/j5
determine the following:
a. Type of the tolerancing system

b. Tolerance on the hole

c. Tolerance on the shaft

d. Upper and lower limits of the hole (Dmax, Dmin)

e. Upper and lower limits of the shaft (dmax, dmin)

f. Type of the fit

g. Tolerance on the fit

h. Allowance

Solution:
a. H7/j5  Basic Hole System

b. D = 25 mm, from table 1:

c. Ts = 9 μm

d.
Dmin  0, (Basic Hole System)
Dmax  25  0.021  25.021 mm

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 e.
dmin  25  0.004  24.996 mm
dmax  25  0.005  25.005 mm
f. Interference Fit

g. Tolerance on the fit:

T f  Th  Ts  21  9  30 m

I max  5 m, T f  I max  Cmax  30 m.

Cmax  21  4  25 m.
h. Allowance = Imax= 5 mm.

Classes of Fit
The limits to sizes for various types of fit of mating parts are
defined by the standard ISO.
The three types of fit are:

1. Clearance: The hole is larger than the shaft, enabling the

two parts to slide and / or rotate when assembled.

2. Location / transition: The hole is fractionally smaller than the

shaft and mild force is required to assemble / disassemble

3. Interference: The hole is smaller than the shaft and high

force and / or heat is required to assemble / disassemble

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Clearance fits

Example
Category Description and usage
fit

Larger clearance where accuracy is not essential - e.g. pivots,

Loose latches, H11/c11
running
parts affected by corrosion, heat, or contamination

Large clearance where accuracy is not essential and involves

high running speeds,
Free running H9/d9
large temperature variations, or heavy journal pressures

Moderate clearances with minimal requirements for accuracy -

e.g. high running speeds,
Easy
H9/e9
running large temperature variations, high journal pressures, long shafts,
pump or fan bearings

Small clearances with moderate requirements for accuracy - e.g.

Close moderate running speeds
H8/f7
running
and journal pressures, shafts, spindles, sliding rods

Minimal clearances for high accuracy requirements, which can be

easily assembled
Sliding H7/g6
and will turn & slide freely - e.g. guiding of shafts, sliding gears,
crankshaft journals

Very close clearances for precise accuracy requirements, which

can be assembled without
Location H7/h6
force and will turn & slide when lubricated - e.g. precise guiding of
shafts

For example, using an H8/f7 close-running fit on a 50 mm

diameter:
 H8 (hole) tolerance range = +0.000 mm to +0.039 mm

 f7 (shaft) tolerance range = −0.050 mm to −0.025 mm

 Potential clearance will be between +0.025 mm and

+0.089 mm

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Transition fits

Example
Category Description and usage
fit

Negligible clearances which can be assembled or disassembled by

Tight fit hand - e.g. hubs, H7/j6
gears, pulleys, bushings, frequently removed bearings

Negligible clearance or interference fit which can be assembled or

disassembled with a rubber
Similar fit H7/k6
mallet - e.g. hubs, gears, pulleys, bushes, bearings

Negligible clearance or small interference fit which can be assembled

or disassembled with light
Fixed fit H7/n6
pressing force - e.g. plugs, driven bushes, armatures on shafts

Interference fits

Example
Category Description and usage
fit

Light interference which can be assembled or disassembled with cold

Press fit pressing - e.g. hubs, H7/p6
bearings, bushings, retainers

Medium interference which can be assembled with hot pressing or

cold pressing with large
Driving fit H7/s6
forces - e.g. permanent mounting of gears, shafts, bushes (tightest
possible with cast iron)

High interference shrink fit requiring large temperature differential of

parts to assemble,
Forced fit H7/u6
permanent coupling of gears and shafts that cannot be disassembled
without risking destruction

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30
 Geometric Tolerance
There are two types of tolerancing:
- Limit Tolerancing
- Geometric Tolerancing
Geometric Dimension & Tolerancing (GD&T) is a means of
dimensioning & tolerancing a drawing which considers the
function of the part and how this part functions with related parts.
This allows a drawing to contain a more defined feature more
accurately, without increasing tolerances.
Consider the following example, the left drawing contains only
Limit Tolerancing and the right drawing contains Geometric
Tolerancing. A drawing can have both Limit tolerancing and
Geometric tolerancing.

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Why GD&T Important?
 Saves money
– For example, if large number of parts are being made –
GD&T can reduce or eliminate inspection of some
features.
 Ensures design, dimension, and tolerance requirements as
they relate to the actual function
 Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at the assembly

 Provides uniformity

 It is a universal understanding of the symbols instead of

words

When to use GD&T ?

 When part features are critical to a function or
interchangeability
 When functional gaging is desirable

 When datum references are desirable to ensure consistency

between design
 When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already
implied
 When it allows a better choice of machining processes to be
made for production of a part

Terminology
 Datum – Theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived
from the true geometric counterpart. In the above drawing
example, they are Datum A , Datum B , and Datum C

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 Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The condition where
a size feature contains the maximum amount of material
within the stated limits of size. I.e., largest shaft and smallest
hole.
 Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition where a
size feature contains the least amount of material within the
stated limits of size. I.e., smallest shaft and largest hole.
 Tolerance: Difference between MMC and LMC limits of a
single dimension.
 Allowance: Difference between the MMC of two mating
parts. (Minimum clearance and maximum interference)
 Basic Dimension: Nominal dimension from which
tolerances are derived
Geometric Tolerance symbols

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Feature control frame
We use feature control frame to indicate tolerance, here is the
example.

Reads as: The position of the feature must be within a .003

diametrical tolerance zone at maximum material condition
relative to datums A, B, and C.

Symbols used in a "feature control frame" to specify a feature's

description, tolerance, modifier and datum references
Unicode
Symbol Modifier Notes
character
Ⓕ Free state Applies only when part is otherwise restrained
U+24BB

Ⓛ Least material
Useful to maintain minimum wall thickness
U+24C1 condition (LMC)
Ⓜ Maximum material Provides bonus tolerance only for a feature of
U+24C2 condition (MMC) size
Ⓟ Projected tolerance
Useful on threaded holes for long studs
U+24C5 zone
Ⓢ Regardless of
U+24C8 feature size (RFS)
Ⓣ Tangent plane Useful for interfaces where form is not required
U+24C9
Identifies a group of features that should be
Continuous feature
treated geometrically as a single feature
Appears in the 1994 version of the standard,
Statistical tolerance
assumes appropriate statistical process control.
Refers to unequal profile distribution. Number
Ⓤ Unequal bilateral after this symbol indicates tolerance in the "plus
U+24CA
material" direction.

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The following drawing example contain both limit tolerancing and
geometric tolerancing.

Applications of Material Condition Modifiers

 Maximum Material Condition M
M
 Used for clearance application.

 Least Material Condition L

2
 Used for location applications.
1
 Used to protect wall thickness.

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Applications for Least Material Condition
The purpose of the hole is to locate the PLP pin below.

Worst Case Scenario

Hole diameter at .503 (LMC)
Pin diameter at .499 (LMC)
Clearance is .004
Pin can shift .002 in any direction
Tolerance for hole location is Ø .002 at LMC
Hole can be off location .001 in any direction
Pin can be off location .003 in any direction

Hole at MMC – Pin at LMC

Hole diameter at .501 (MMC)
Pin diameter at .499 (LMC)
Clearance is .002
Pin can shift .001 in any direction
Tolerance for hole location is Ø .004 at MMC
Hole can be off location .002 in any direction
Pin can be off location .003 in any direction

Hole at MMC – Pin at MMC

Hole diameter at .501 (MMC)
Pin diameter at .500 (MMC)
Clearance is .001
Pin can shift .0005 in any direction
Tolerance for hole location is Ø .004 at MMC
Hole can be off location .002 in any direction
Pin can be off location .0025 in any direction

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Exercise:
Label the elements of the feature control frame using the
following terms:
Datum Modifier Geometric Characteristic
Diameter Symbol Primary Datum
Feature Modifier Secondary Datum
Feature Tolerance Tertiary Datum

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