Flow meter:

Rotameters is the device that measure the volumetric flow rate of liquid and gases. It is
a variable area type of flow meter. The operation of a rotameter is based on the variable
area principle. Here are some common types:

1. Variable Area Rotameter: It consists of a tapered tube and a float. As the fluid flows
through the tube, it raises the float, and the position of the float indicates the flow rate.
The area between the float and the tube wall varies, hence the name "variable area."
2. Metal Tube Rotameter: In this type, the tapered tube is made of metal instead of glass
or plastic. Metal tube rotameters are more robust and suitable for high-pressure and
high-temperature.
3. Glass Tube Rotameter: This type uses a tapered glass tube for flow measurement. It
allows for easy visual observation of the float position and fluid flow. Glass tube
rotameters are commonly used in laboratories and low-pressure applications.
4. Plastic Tube Rotameter: Similar to glass tube rotameters, plastic tube rotameters use a
tapered plastic tube for flow measurement. They are lightweight, corrosion-resistant,
and suitable for a wide range of fluids.
DO METER:

A Dissolved Oxygen (DO) meter is a device used to measure the concentration of oxygen dissolved in a
liquid, typically water. It's a crucial tool in environmental monitoring, aquaculture, wastewater
treatment, and other applications where the level of dissolved oxygen is important.

1. Portable Handheld DO Meters: These are compact and battery-operated devices suitable for
field measurements. They typically feature a probe connected to the meter by a cable. The
probe is immersed in the water, and it uses an oxygen-sensitive electrode to measure DO levels.
2. Optical DO Meters: Optical DO meters use luminescent or fluorescence technology to measure
dissolved oxygen levels. These meters typically have a sensor coated with a luminescent
material that emits light when exposed to oxygen. The rate of decay of this light is proportional
to the oxygen concentration in the sample.
3. Amperometric DO Meters: Amperometric DO meters measure the current generated by the
oxidation of a metal cathode in the presence of dissolved oxygen. These meters are known for
their fast response times and are commonly used in applications where rapid measurements are
required, such as in process monitoring and control.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Wastewater Treatment: in wastewater treatment plant, aeration unit provide oxygen to aerobic
bacteria that break down organic pollutants in sewage and industrial wastewater. Aeration
promotes the growth of these bacteria, accelerating the degradation of organic matter and
improving water quality before discharge into natural
 2. Aquaculture: In aquaculture facilities such as fish farms, shrimp ponds, and hatcheries, aeration
units are employed to oxygenate the water and create optimal conditions for aquatic organisms.
3. Industrial Processes: Aeration units play a vital role in various industrial processes where
oxygenation, mixing, or gas transfer is required.

4. Water Remediation: Aeration units are used in remediation projects to restore oxygen levels in
polluted or eutrophic water bodies suffering from oxygen depletion.

5. Food and Beverage Production: Aeration is commonly used in food and beverage production
processes, such as brewing, winemaking, and dairy processing, to introduce gases (such as
carbon dioxide or nitrogen) into liquids for carbonation, foaming, or mixing purposes. Aeration
can also be employed in food packaging to extend the shelf life of perishable products by
removing or displacing oxygen.

6. Biological Processes: Aeration is employed in various biological processes, such as composting

and bioremediation, to enhance microbial activity and accelerate the degradation of organic
materials or contaminants.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1. Always wear labcoat out in lab.

2. Wear safety mask, glasses gloves.
3. Use closed shoes.
4. Switch the apparatus when you complete the experiment.

REFERENCE:

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