Implications at multiple scale (Household – community - local –regional – National level)

Food security and Agriculture policy in sri lanka – Goverenment revenue and Tax policy in sri lanka – Economic
development and Education policy in Sri Lanka – Living standards and housing/land/environmental management
policy in Sri Lanka

Why the Policies are important for us

Policy process

In Policy Formulation Evidence- based Policy Formulation is important. However, it is important to question the real
practices; – the use of ‘evidence’ / ‘facts’ in Policy making? – in cooperating Public Opinion in Policy making?

Difference Between policy analysis and policy Evaluation

Analysts and evaluators are essential for making evidence-based policymaking a reality, which will lead to a stronger
economy, lower poverty and inequality, and better lives for the general population.

01. Forward vs Backward: analysis often is focused on “projection”. Policy evaluation, is focused
on whether a current policy is working or whether a past policy worked
02. Microeconomics vs Econometrics : policy analysis such as cost-benefit analysis is heavily
rooted in microeconomic analytical techniques, such as models for supply and demand or the theory
of the firm. Evaluators use data available from implementation of a policy to estimate the impact of
the policy on a population.
03. Internal vs External Validity: Evaluators are focused on the evaluation of a program. Thus, the
internal validity of their work is very important.

THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLANNING POLICY AND THE PLAN – 2050

The main objective of the National Physical Planning Policy is to provide a broad national level guidance for all
development agencies for the planning and execution of development activities, which will directly impact upon the
physical environment of the country and to establish facilities, amenities and service related infrastructure incidental
upon the development of the physical environment.

Guiding future physical developments of the

country in a desirable direction with due

considerations on the scarce land, water,

human and other resources, invaluable natural

and cultural heritage, and strategic global

positioning.

2. Making a physical environment that is attractive

for local and foreign investments in highly productive sectors of the economy aiming to generate more employment
opportunities for the upcoming generations.

3. Directing future government investments on infrastructure into most appropriate and strategic locations in the
most economical manner ensuring their optimum utility.

4. Attraction of the slowly growing, but rapidly urbanizing future populations into better serviceable areas of the
island which are free from hazards and less vulnerable to disasters and climate change effects

Time Horizons: Short term horizon: Five-year period (2020-25) Planning for the future is based on current
development trends, policies, and projects.

2. Medium term horizon: Ten to fifteen-year period (2030-35), Planning team considers quality of life, social
status, political affairs, technology, and likely consequences of changes.
3. Long term horizon: Twenty-five to thirty-year period (2050), Values, expectations, and objectives must be
preserved to achieve objectives at any cost.

The Vision Statement

Planned (a Built Environment that will facilitate an uncompromised growth in the economy,
continuous improvements to social well-being, and the optimum utility of the physical, social,
economic and environmental resources)
2. Sustained (a Development that will ensure the prolonged use of the land, ocean, water, human,
wildlife and other resources of the island)
3. Adored (a Landscape whose unique physical characteristics and the socio-cultural
manifestations are retained amidst new developments)
4. Mannered (Providing the ambiance appropriate for Peace and Harmony among people)
5. Geared (Providing opportunities for improved Health, Wealth (Employment,)
Knowledge(Education), Skills (Training) and Power (Equity))
6. Smart (Pave the way for innovative, progressive and embraced State-of-the Art Technology
and good practices)

Short Term Goals: Spatial structure, which consists of accommodative land uses, harmoniously integrated
with the natural geographic settings and an attuned distribution of human settlements with a hierarchy of
service centers, connected through a widely spread road, rail and other infrastructure, etc, to facilitate an
unhindered growth in the economy, by means of convenience, efficiency and safety for business and
employment.

b. Development directives for an integrated and well-coordinated physical development projects and
programs to promote the optimum utility and the efficient use of the available land and other physical
resources, infrastructure, and human resources; and pay high regard towards the unique landscape of the
island.
 c. Regulatory framework for all physical developments throughout the island to ensures the sustainable use of
the land, water, and other resources, natural eco-systems, cultural landscapes and traditions of the
inhabitants,

Medium Term Goals: Spaces that facilitate the smooth transformation of the national economy from its
orientation in conventional agriculture, plantation and traditional industries, towards high-tech, knowledge
and innovation based industries and increased international trade.

Development initiatives that will promote the timely exploration of new opportunities and untapped
resources in land, ocean locations and in inhabitants.

c. Physical environments and supportive physical, social and economic infrastructure that will
increase the attraction of investments and trade.

Long Term Goals : Sustainable Use of land, water, ocean and other resources of the Island,
preserving agriculture, unique indigenous industries, cultural landscapes and the practices.

b. Responsiveness to the effects of climate change and natural hazards

c. Balanced development across the Island that will provide for equity, equal opportunities and
accessibility to resources for all

Guideline Policies :

01. Conservation of the ‘Critical’ and the ‘Unique’

The strategic conservation and improvement of existing environmental systems and physical settings is
essential for a physically and economically sustainable development in Sri Lanka. Critical environments
such as coastal areas and the fragile central hills are highly sensitive, while unique and attractive
landscapes are the bases of the economy and act as icons of the culture and traditions of the nation. The
mandatory conservation of these ecosystems, fragile areas and unique landscapes should be a guiding
policy for the planning of future physical developments.
02. Promotion of the ‘Livability’ for Human
The long sustained development of a country can be expected only with a healthy nation, who enjoys a
high quality of life associated with many indicators as set out by the United Nations. The quality of the
physical environment that promotes ‘livability’ is an important factor in this regard.
03. Exploration of the ‘Potentials’, ‘Opportunities’ and the ‘Enhancement’ of the Use
Sri Lanka has many potential resources, including the Exclusive Economic Zone that extends to 250,000
square kilometers into the Indian Ocean, wind, ocean waves, petroleum and gas deposits, human resource,
and tourism. Future developments must be supportive of exploration and enhancement of potentials and
untapped resources, and providing maximum opportunities for exploration and enhancement is proposed
as a policy.
04. Optimization of the Utility of the ‘Available’
Sri Lanka will have to lead its future development with many constraints, such as debt servicing and
improvements in priority sectors.
  Plan: The spatial structure presents the most preferred scenario, among many other possibilities
considered, to promote, regulate and to coordinate future physical developments, executed by different state
and private sector organizations and individuals indistinct spatial entities over the three time horizons.
Therefore, the structure proposed herein, shall be viewed as a live image of a spatial process, evolving through
the effectuation of the four guiding policies in responding to the emerging demands and needs of ongoing
economic and social developments, rather than a static end-state, conventionally understood by a plan of this
nature. strategy highlights strategic development interventions in specific spatial entities that would support
the envisaged pattern of growth, making the best use of the existing potentials, while demoting physical
developments in locations where such developments are inappropriate due to sensitivity, safety and the need
for conservation.
Corridors: The Development Corridors given in figure 8 are expected to make the largest contribution to the
National Economy, mainly by means of value addition to both local commodities as well as import-export
based global supply chains, capitalizing upon the three international ports in Colombo, Trincomalee and
Hambanthota and the small ports in Oluwil and Jaffna, international airports in Katunayake, Mattala and
Hingurakgoda (to be developed), the expressways and improved high speed railway links. They thus, shall be
the main sources to attract investments and to provide employment opportunities.

The Implementation of the spatial structure shall be assured by the following actions taken
by the relevant agencies:
a. Investment on strategic projects that will generate more attractive employment and business opportunities
(mainly in the manufacturing and service sector) for the next generation entering the labor force, at locations
proposed by this plan.
b. Increasing the availability of land/houses and urban infrastructure (especially water supply and public
transportation) at affordable prices at locations identified for residential developments within the proposed
urban agglomerations.
c. Providing high performing social infrastructure (especially primary and secondary schools, high quality
health services and recreation facilities) associated with the main urban areas proposed in this plan

Attractive and Livable Conditions (Safe and Secure Localities, Smart and Convenient Facilities, Green and Sustainable
Environments)
Improved Public Transport modes
High Quality Utilities
Augmented Social Infrastructure
Improved Pedestrian Spaces
Increased and Improved Recreation Facilities
More Space for Physical Developments
A wider Choice of Employment Opportunities
NPP. Includes;
1) Spatial Structure
2) Urban development strategy
3) Transport development
4) Physical Infrastructure Provision
5) Social Infrastructure Provision(Convenience to the Public, Strategic Investments for Optimum
Utility,}
6) Industrial Developments
7) Agriculture and Plantations
8) Fisheries
9) Digital Infrastructure

Policies and Plans in Need At the same time, it is also observed that the following areas need National Level Policies
and Plans in order to support the development envisaged in this Plan.

Generally,
Objectives of Physical Planning:
1. To enhance economic development.
2. To plan cities and towns.
3. To facilitate the provision of infrastructure, utilities and services
4. To create order where there is chaos.
5. Creation of beauty.
6. To reduce psychological stress.
7. To create a conducive environment for all.
8. Conservation of aesthetics.
Functions of Physical Planning:

1. To initiate, formulate and review the National Land Use Policy.

2. National and regional planning
3. Standard setting.
4. Technical support to local authorities
5. Technical and administrative support to the Town and Country Planning Board
6. Review of the legal framework for physical planning in the country.
7. Inspection and monitoring all land based developments in the country to ensure that they conform to approve planning
schemes, laws and regulation.
8. To monitor the manner of utilization and development of land by various ministries and organizations to ensure
compliance with national policies, standards and plans.
9. To liaise with local and international organizations including NGOs that have relevance to physical planning.
Importance & Benefits of Physical Planning:

1. Helpful in the fight against urban and rural poverty.

2. Helps to address environmental problems.
3. Helps to maximize the use of land and other resources.
4. Facilitates orderly development.
5. Introduces beauty in our settlements.
6. Separates incompatible land uses.
7. Eases service provision.
8. Plans can be used as a fundraising tool.
9. Helps to improve property values.
10. Deals with natural selfishness among developers and thus reduces nuisances.
11. Helps conserve/preserve important features/areas.
 12. Sensitization of the public in support of development efforts.
13. Protects water catchment areas and protects underground water reserves.
Threats

 Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty, with local governments unable to provide services for
all people.
 Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant impact on human health.
 Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air.
 Large volumes of uncollected waste create multiple health hazards.
 Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding.
 Pollution and physical barriers to root growth promote loss of urban tree cover.
 Animal populations are inhibited by toxic substances, vehicles, and the loss of habitat and food sources.

Solutions
 Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation.
 Involve local community in local government.
 Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems.
 Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal and housing.
 Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element in urban planning.

Policy
Policies provide guidance, consistency, accountability, efficiency, and clarity on how an organization
operates. This offers members of the co-operatives guidelines and principles to follow.

Role of planner
Professional planners help create a broad vision for the community. They also research, design, and develop programs; lead public processes;
effect social change; perform technical analyses; manage; and educate. Some planners focus on just some of these roles, such as transportation
planning, but most will work at many kinds of planning throughout their careers.
The basic element is the creation of a plan. Planners develop a plan through analysis of data and identification of goals for the community or the
project. Planners help the community and its various groups identify their goals and form a particular vision.
In the creation of a plan, planners identify the strategies by which the community can reach its goals and vision. Planners are also responsible for
the implementation or enforcement of many of the strategies, often coordinating the work of many groups of people. It is important to recognize
that a plan can take a variety of forms including: policy recommendations, community action plans, comprehensive plans, neighborhood plans,
regulatory and incentive strategies, or historic preservation plans.

Tourism Policy

 It increases income and jobs from tourist spending

 It helps preserve cultural and natural heritage for tourists
 It increases understanding of other cultures
 It builds new facilities such as sewage for whole communities or new roads Needs

In order to achieve sustainable growth and a sector that is more inclusive for all stakeholders, Sri Lanka needs
comprehensive national policy on tourism that is coherent, integrated, and aligned aligned with the relevant sectoral
polices. It should also take into account the trans-sectoral nature of tourism.

Tourism- related spending boosts both income and employment.

 It helps tourist preserve their cultural and natural heritage.

 It makes people more aware of other cultures.
 It constructs new roads and facilities like sewage systems for entire communities

Background

Tourism development is currently governed by guidelines, frameworks, and codes of the Tourism Act No
38 of 2005 which came into effect in October 2007, replacing the Sri Lanka Tourist Board Act No. 10 of
1966.

This new act introduced the Tourism Development Levy and established the Sri Lanka Tourism
Development Authority (SLTDA), replacing the previously existing Sri Lanka Tourist Board.
Subsequently, the Third Tourism Master Plan was introduced.

A Tourism Strategic Plan 2017-2020 was developed as a framework to help move the destination towards
Sri Lanka’s Tourism Vision 2025, but ultimately this was not fully implemented.

Under the guidance of the Ministry of Economic Development, a Tourism Development Strategy 2011-
2016 was launched and included environmental, social, cultural, economic, institutional, and

promotional components that aligned with the National Development Agenda The 2005 Tourism Act
remains to this day as the only legal reference for a sector that has profoundly transformed on both
demand and supply side Other policies and legislation relevant to the tourism sector ,

The Finance Act, No 25 (2003), a)The National Environment Act, No 47 (1980) b)The National Heritage
Wilderness Area Act (1988) c)The Civil Aviation Act, No 14 (2010) d)The Greater Colombo
Commission Law, No 4 (1978, and amendments in 1980, 1983, 1992 e)A National Cultural Policy
(proposed in 2007, but not implemented) f)The Foreign Exchange Act (2017) g)The Labour Code of Sri
Lanka (including National Minimum Wage of Workers Act, No. 3 OF 2016) h)The Land Development
Ordinance 1935 (No. 19 of 1935, amended regularly, including 2010 and 2012) i)The National Civil
Aviation Policy for Sri Lanka (2016) j)The Finance Act, No 25 (2003)

Rationale

Indeed, even before the COVID 19 pandemic, international tourism was undergoing major economic, societal and
technological transformations, and tourism was also being led into a new environmental paradigm as a
consequence of climate change and the sustainable development discourse:

 Mutations induced by the new social and environmental paradigm of tourism

 Mutations induced by technological transformations
 Negative externalities cause by the continued development of both international and domestic
tourism

Procedure
 (1) identifying the issue to be addressed by the proposed policy (2) placement on the agenda (3) formulation
of the policy (4) implementation of the policy (5) evaluation of the policy.

Strategy

The National Tourism Policy aims to transform the tourism industry into a more sustainable industry
attracting high-yield markets. To propel and position the industry for this transformation, several
strategies have been devised under the four thrust themes.

 Reform of the tourism governance frameworks

 Re alignment of the private sector representation and role in the sector.
 Reform of information management process.
 Repositioning and reform of the market environment.

Policy Effectuation

Tourism is a product that requires an integrated effort.

 Successful implementation of the NTP will require the contribution and collaboration of various state
and non-state actors.
 It is essential that key tourism stakeholders act in unison in a spirit of cooperation and partnership.
 This is only possible when each actor fully understands their responsibilities and plays their role.

main stages in tourism development planning

 the analysis of previous tourist development;

 evaluation of the position of tourism in the area including competition;
 formulation of relevant tourism policy by Government;
 the defining of a development strategy and the formation of a programme of action.

Government Intervention
 Planning
 Legislation and regulation
 Facilitation of Tourism Development:
 Tourism Taxation
 Education and Training
 Marketing

Impact of the policy

 The tourism development stresses the need to attract the right kind of tourists and poverty alleviation
through equal distribution spatially, socially and ethnically.
 The tourism development stresses the need to attract the right kind of tourists and poverty alleviation
through equal distribution spatially, socially and ethnically.
 Destinations predominantly focus mainly on international tourism volumes and expenditure, yet
international tourism is only one part and certainly in number of arrivals, domestic tourism is several
times larger than international. On the other hand the challenge with domestic tourism is tracking
movements and expenditures.
  No actions taken to increase the the diverse nature of the tourism product, easy hassle free online
visa, cheap accommodation could pave opportunity for mass tourism.
 Need to develop harbors and airports in the South, tourism development projects in the North and
East. Tourists can visit the North and some ‘home stay’ tourism has gained popularity. For a region,
that was completely restricted.
 “Sri Lanka has with all tourism projects should coming up including the ones in the North and East”.
Hence The development in the North and East has been relatively slow.
Policy Goal:
 A Sustainable, climate resilient and inclusive tourism product to achieve SDGs and economic growth and
to attract responsible international visitors and investors;
 2.Effective governance of the sector by improved coordination, collaboration and/ or cooperation
between the central and sub –national levels, and between public and private stakeholders.
 A people – centric industry that provides safeguards against exploitation, provides protection to informal
workers who are vulnerable, and ensures that tourism benefits reach all workers in the industry and in
turn, all citizens of the country.
 Improved accountability by ensuring all local and foreign operators are registered and accountable and
transparent on operational aspects and tourism incomes in accordance with the law
 An industry that fosters tourism entrepreneurship and innovation with associated incentives/
opportunities for micro -, small -, medium and large business, and new tourism niches, products and
services
 Develop new domestic markets/ products and strategically promote responsible local tourism
Que. 5
Several policies have been taken for domestic tourists. They have filed policies under the
following.
1. Survey on the quality and satisfaction of tourist information for the awareness of local
tourists.
2. Increasing the number of new tourism products.
3. Color quality minimum requirement and quantity guidelines are set to align with promotional
campaigns.
4. Workshop launched to promote new products to good practices.
5. Products and services ideal for domestic tourists.
6. Increasing opportunities for Sri Lankan citizens to contribute to their country.
7. More efficient promotional campaigns.

Promote women’s participation in the industry through partnerships and facilitations through awareness
creation, training and capacitating and an industry-wide survey

Sri Lanka Has a Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka Tourism 2022-2025
1. Identify new attractions in the Country for foreign tourists
2. Facilitate to hold business conferences, festivals, exhibitions and seminars to attract tourists
3. Provide investment and other facilities to the private sector to develop tourism
4. Introduce more efficient immigration and emigration process
5. Modernize internal airports
6. Set up tourist service centers at the road junctions connecting main tourist cities
7. Streamline the process of approval of tourist facilities while setting up regional offices
8. Establish tourist training schools in main tourism cities and
also introduce attractive skills development courses
9. Introduce e-based facilities for reservation of hotels, transport, guides, domestic air tickets and admission
card (single booking software system and electronic gate system)
10. Increase the number of workers up to one million in the tourism industry
11. Initiate a strategic marketing and advertising programme to promote tourism
12. Provide incentives to set up high quality tourist hotels and increase number of hotel rooms currently
available up to double
13. Initiate an enabling environment for local performers to attract tourists
14. Revise labour laws governing tourist sector workers
15. Develop household related and community-based tourism
16. Register, train and certify all tourists guides and drivers to prevent unnecessary harassment of tourists,
ensure security and protection for the tourists
17. Establish tourist police service near tourist centers.

Sri Lanka is a gorgeous tropical paradise island in the Indian Ocean located close to India, with a diversity of
attractions ranging from historical to archeological and natural. Thirty years of separatist war by the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) had devastated the Northern and Eastern areas of the country, creating a lack of
conducive environment for any business. To re-build the nation from this post conflict scenario, government has
identified the development of tourism industry as a vital role. There are many spots readily available to promote
tourism and a special strategy has been developed to identify and develop the tourist potential in the North and
East. This can be used to strengthen the peace and stability and to win the hearts and minds of the people who had
suffered immensely due to the gory of war.

There were certain steps and actions were taken by the government for the development and promotion
of tourism in these areas. Some of them are as fol.

a. First Tourism Master Plan (1967-1976).

` b. Second Tourism Master Plan (1992-2001).

c. Trincomalee Ocean City Development Plan.

d. Strategic Tourism Development Plan for North and East.

Should be correct

 Tourist hotels in Sri Lanka should be developed to support rapid economic development, increase
room capacities,

 Political risk increases the risk of capital loss and negatively affects the timing and pricing of tourism
production.ncrease occupancy rates, and upgrade service.
 Political factors such as revolution, civil war, factional conflict, ethnic violence, religious turmoil,
riots, terrorism, nationwide strikes, protests, cross-national guerrilla warfare, world public opinion,
repatriation restrictions, bureaucratic politics, leadership struggle, high inflation, border conflicts,
high external debt service ratio, and creeping nationalization all affect the tourism industry.

 Singapore has been an innovative country since the tourist boom and the change of policy by the
government to ease the policy by letting foreigners into Singapore and having the decision to be
converted into PR (Permanent Resident). In 2009, the Integrated Resort (IR) was made where there
are 2010 hotel rooms and a casino. Tourism industry is one of the most important sectors in
boosting the economy of Singapore. With the increasing number of tourist each year, more hotels
are building and upgraded to accommodate to the needs. In order to cater to the tourism sectors,
the board of tourism has created much sight for tourist to visit. Tourist attraction such as the
Singapore Zoological Garden and Singapore Night Safari located at Mandai, Sentosa Island, Marina
Bay Sands Singapore and Garden By the Bay.
 In Singapore, products are differentiated from other country. Buyers are afraid of purchasing fake
goods. The chances of buying a fake product in Singapore are very low as the immigration is very
strict on imitation goods. Service provided is of higher quality compared too much other country.
They would rather profit at customer satisfaction. Goods may be also being in demand as they are
cheaper. Prices may vary due to many reasons like tax or shipping.
 Even though the economics of travel and tourism manly emphasise on the benefit of tourism. There
is much negative impact on the economy such as over-dependence on tourism. Many countries
might be over-dependence on the tourism sector, these results in negligence on other sectors of
income. Singapore has no natural resources to rely on and therefore they rely on largely tourism
sector. Leakages of expenditure are due to spending on foreign based company. For example, Hilton
hotel is a foreign based company and all the money earns are leakage to other country.

there are many positive economic impact on the tourism sector such as taxes collected from
the visitors visiting Singapore. Those taxes collected manly used to fund the needy and the
school, building proper roads and upgrading of facilities. As tourism increases, more jobs for
locals at the Tourism sector and F&B sectors. As more jobs are created, locals would be able
to spend more. As demanded, it would also lead to an increase in the import and export
trade.

Singapore is known for its Night Race for Formula One, Universal Studios Singapore, Marina Bay
Sands, Garden By The Bay, Marine Life-Park, and S.E.A. Aquarium. Tourism planning is plans to
attract tourist from other countries to visit Singapore for leisure, holiday, backpacking, recreation, or
even business. It requires a systematic approach, such as defining goals and objectives, identifying the
tourism system, generating and evaluating alternatives, selecting and implementing, and monitoring
 and evaluating. Planning an event in Singapore involves identifying the tourism system, generating and
evaluating alternatives, selecting and implementing meaning, contacting event management, setting up
lights and electrical works, monitoring the progress of each department, evaluating the impact of tourist
on the locals and environment, and developing positive experiences for local people, tourist, foreigners
and tourism companies. Sustainable tourism aims to make a low impact environment and local culture
while generating future employment for the locals.

Urban planning

The major challenges of the 21st century are currently leading to a world-wide return to planning: Rapid
urbanization, climate change, global recession, and resource shortages.

● These are issues that have significant implications for the spatial structure and functioning of urban areas.

● Essentially, they demand state intervention to fundamentally change the nature of cities, and this implies a need
for planning.

● Planning can be an important tool in addressing some of the issues that confront cities, especially sustainable
urbanization (environmental, economicand social), slums and poverty, urban crime and violence, and postconflict
and post-disaster situations. and social), slums and poverty, urban crime and violence, and post-conflict and post-
disaster situations

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERNIST PLANNING

● Modernist planning emerged in the latter part of the 19th century, in response to rapidly growing and polluted cities
in Western Europe, brought about by the industrial revolution.

● it was influenced by two sets of factors: technical and ideological.

● The first set of factors accounted for planning’s efforts to combat the negative externalities of industrialization and
urbanization.

● Planning was used as a tool for attaining political and ideological goals by the state, or by the ruling class. It was not
uncommon for middle and higher income groups to use planning as a way of maintaining their property values and
excluding ‘less desirable’ low-income residents, ethnic minorities and traders from their areas. Three components
characterized planning for most of the 20th century