CHEMISTRY REVISION SESSION ENDING EXAMS

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

1 What do you mean by significant figures? What are rules for determining the number of significant figures?
2 How many significant figures are present in the following? (i) 0.0025 (ii) 208 (iii) 5005 (iv) 126,000 (v) 500.0 (vi)
2.0034
3 Round up the following upto three significant figures: (i) 34.216 (ii) 10.4107 (iii) 0.04597 (iv) 2808
4 Convert the following into basic units: (i) 28.7 pm (ii) 15.15 pm (iii) 25365 mg
5 State and illustrate the law of constant proportions.
6 State and explain the law of multiple proportions.
7 Calculate the molecular mass of the following: (i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4(iv) C6H12O6
8 Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% Dioxygen by mass.
9 A compound contains 4.07 % hydrogen,24.27 % carbon and 71.65 % chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g. What
are its empirical and molecular formulas ?
10 Define the following terms. (Write the mathematical formulas related to terms)(a) Mass percent (b) Molarity (c)
Molality (d) Mole-fraction (e) Mass percent
11 Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous solution.
(Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol–1).
12 Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1 and the
mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
13 What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L–1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to make a final
volume up to 2L?
14 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl 3, supposed to be
carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).(i) Express this in percent by mass. (ii)
Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
15 Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following (i) 52 moles of Ar (ii) 52 u of He (iii) 52 g of He.
16 Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water to form 250 mL of
the solution.
17 How does molality & Molarity depend on temperature? Out of molality & Molarity which one is better way to
express concentration?
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
1 The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in a species are equal to 18,16 and 16 respectively. Assign the
proper symbol to the species.
2 Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., those having the same number of electrons? Na +, K+, Mg2+,
Ca2+, S2–, Ar.
3 Define the terms Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isobars, Isotopes
4 Define the terms frequency wavelength & wave number (Write mathematical forms also).
5 Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and
wavenumber of the yellow light.
6 . Write a note on the Spectral Lines for Atomic Hydrogen.
7 Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He + .What is the radius of this orbit?
8 The energy associated with first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10 –18J atom–1. What is the energy
associated with the fifth orbit? (ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
9 Calculate the wavenumber for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
10 Explain Dual behaviour of matter. State de Broglie’s relation. Give its mathematical expression.
11 What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s –1?
12 The mass of an electron is 9.1 X 10–31kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 X 10–25 J, calculate its wavelength.
13 State Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Give its mathematical expression.
14 A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a distance of 0.1 Å.
What is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
15 Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers(a) n = 2, l = 1, (b) n = 4, l = 0,
(c) n = 5, l = 3, (d) n = 3, l = 2 (e) n=1, l=0 (f) n = 3 l=1 (g) n = 4; l =2 (h) n= 4; l=3.
16 What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal quantum number n = 3 ?
17 What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?
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18 An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and m l for this electron.
19 An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and m l ?
20 How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?
21 Which of the following orbitals are possible? 1p, 2s, 2p ,2d, 4f ,6d and 3f.
22 How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers? (a) n = 4, m s = – ½ (b) n = 3, l = 0
23 State (n+l) rule Aufbau rule & Pauli rule.
24 .Expalin the exceptional configuration of copper and chromium.
25 Give the electronic configurations of the following ions: Cu2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ S2- Fe2+ O2- Na+
26 Explain Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity with an example.
27 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in : (a) P, (b) Si, (c) Cr, (d) Fe and (e) Kr.
28 An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (i) the number of protons and (ii) the
electronic configuration of the element.
29 Draw the shapes of s,p,d & f orbitals.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
1 What would be the IUPAC name and symbol for the elements with atomic number 101 to 120?
2 The element with atomic number 119 has not been discovered. What would be the IUPAC name and symbol of
this element?
3 Give the electronic configuration and in terms of period group and block where would you locate the elements
with Z= 17, 19. 24,26,29 31,34,38, 40, 51,55,114 ,117 and 120 ?
4 How does the atomic radius vary in a period and in a group? How do you explain the variation?
5 Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atom? OrDescribe the theory
associated with the radius of an atom as it (a) gains an electron (b) Loses an electron
6 What do you understand by isoelectronic species? Name a species that will be isoelectronic with each of the
following atoms or ions.(i)F- (ii)Ar (iii)Mg+2 (iv)Rb+
7 Consider the following species: N3-,O2-, Na+,Mg+2, and Al+3 (a)What is common in them? (b)Arrange them in the
order of increasing ionic radii.
8 Arrange the following in order of increasing radii: (a)N,O,P (b)F,Cl,Br (c)I-,I,I+
9 Which of the following species will have the largest and the smallest size Mg, Mg 2+, Al, Al3+.
10 How does the Ionization vary in a period and in a group? How do you explain the variation?
11 Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order Li<B<Be<C<O<N<F<Ne
Explain why (i) Be has higher ionization enthalpy than B. (ii)O has lower ionization enthalpy than N and F?
12 How would you explain the fact the first ionization enthalpy of sodium is lower than that of Magnesium but its
second ionization enthalpy is higher than that of Magnesium?
13 How does the electron gain enthalpy in a period and in a group? How do you explain the variation?
14 Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less negative than the
first? Justify your answer?
15 Which of the following pairs of elements would have a more negative electron gain enthalpy? (i) O or F (ii)F or
Cl (iii) O or S.Give reason to support your answer
16 What is the difference between the terms electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity?
17 Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na2O is a basic oxide and Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide.

Chemical bonding and Molecular Structure

1. Define Covalent Bond. Explain its types with examples.
2. Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules & ions: H2S, SiCl4, BeF2, CO32−, BeCl2, BCl3,
SiCl4, AsF5,H2S,PH3,PCl5,SF6,NH3,SF4,ClF3,BrF5,XeF4,NO3-
3. What is Formal Charge? Calculate the formal charge on all elements of O3 & CO32−.
4. Define Electrovalent Bond or Ionic Bond. Write the favorable factors for the formation of ionic bond.
5. Is CaF2 linear or bent or neither of the two ? Justify.
6. Use Lewis symbols to show electron transfer between the following atoms to form Cations and anions: (a)
K and S (b) Ca and O (c) Al and N (d)Al and O
7. Define octet rule. Write its significance and limitations.
8. Discuss the shape using the VSEPR model: H2S, SiCl4, BeF2, CO32−, BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S,
PH3,PCl5,SF6,NH3,SF4,ClF3,BrF5,XeF4,NO3-
9. Draw the structure of the following : (i) BrF3 (ii) XeO3
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10. CH4, NH3 and H2O contain same number of electrons but their shapes are different ?
11. Which of the following has maximum bond angle? H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4?
12. Draw an orbital diagram showing the formation of bonds in C2H4.
13. Draw and predict the shape of (i) ClF3 molecule (ii) PCl5
14. Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is
less than that of ammonia. Discuss.
15. Define Resonance. Explain the structure of CO32– ion in terms of resonance.
16. Write the resonance structures for SO3, NO2 and NO3- , CO2
17. Explain the Dipole moment. How it is helpful in predicting polar & Non polar nature of compounds.
18. Explain why BeH2 molecule has zero dipole moment although the B-H bonds are polar.
19. Which out of NH3 and NF3 has more dipole moment and why?
20. Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules: LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3.
21. Distinguish between a sigma (  ) and a pi (  ) bond
22. What is the total number of sigma and pi bonds in the following molecules? (a) C2H2 (b) C2H4.
23. Name the type of hybridization of each C atom in a molecule of (i) propene (ii) propyne. How many
 and  − bonds are present in each case?
24. What is meant by hybridization of atomic orbitals?
25. Describe sp,sp2, sp3 hybrid orbitals using suitable examples.
26. Describe the change in hybridization (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction:
AlCl3 + Cl- → AlCl4-
27. Is there any change in the hybridization of B and N atoms as a result of the following reaction:
BF3 + NH3 → F3B.NH3
28. Predict the hybrid state of central atom in the following compounds: H2S, SiCl4, BeF2, CO23− , BeCl2,
BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3,PCl5,SF6,NH3,SF4,ClF3,BrF5,XeF4.
29. Explain the concept of hybridization in PCl5 .Why are axial bonds longer as compared to equatorial
bonds in PCl5.
30. Although both CO2 and H2O are tri-atomic molecules, the shape of H2O molecule is bent while that of CO2 is
linear.
31. How will you justify identical nature of all the C-O bonds in CO32- ion?
32. Explain the concept of hybridization in SF6 .
33. Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules? (a) CH3-CH3 (b) CH3-
CH=CH2 (c) CH3-CH2-OH (d)CH3-CHO (e) CH3-COOH (f) H2C=CH-CH2-CΞCH
34. Write the conditions for the combination of atomic orbitals.
35. Assuming Z-axis as molecular axis, label the molecular orbitals formed by the following combination of
atomic orbitals :
(i) 1s + 1s (ii) 2py – 2py (iii) 2pz + 2pz (iv) 2s + 2s (v) 2px + 2px
36. Distinguish between bonding molecular orbital & anti bonding molecular orbital.
37. Write the molecular orbital configuration and energy diagram for(i)O2+, O2, O2-, O22- (ii)N2,N2+,N2-
(iii) Be2, H2, C2
38. Draw the energy diagram for H2,Be2, N2, & O2.
39. When a magnet is dipped in a jar of liquid O2, some O2 clings to it. Why ?
40. What is meant by the term bond order. Write the significance of bond order
41. What information does MOT provide for O2, O2+ and O2- molecular species with regards to :
a. Bond dissociation energy
b. Bond length.
42. Compare the relative Stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties.
(i)O2+, O2, O2-, O22- (ii)N2,N2+,N2-
43. Use the molecular orbital theory to explain why Be2 molecule does not exist.
44. Why the He2 molecule does not exist, explain on the basis of molecular orbital theory.
45. Define hydrogen bond .Explain its types with suitable examples.
46. N and Cl have the same electronegativity, H-bonding is present in NH3 but not in HCl explain ?
47. Assign suitable reason for HF is liquid while HCl is gas ?
48. Assign suitable reasons for the following :
a. H2O is liquid at room temperature while H2S is gas.
b. o-nitrophenol is steam volatile while p-nitrophenol is not.
49. Is hydrogen bond weaker or stronger than the van der Waals forces?
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50. . Give reason (i) All P-Cl bonds in PCl5 molecule are not equal. (ii) N2 is less reactive than O2 (iii) BF3 is
non polar while NH3 is a polar molecule.

Thermodynamics
1 Define the term system and surroundings. Explain the different types of system.
2 Explain the terms: state variables, adiabatic process, work, heat & internal energy.
3 Define First law of thermodynamics. Give its mathematical expression.
4 (a) In a process, 701 J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394 J of work is done by the system. What is the
change in internal energy for the process? (b) Calculate the internal energy change when the system
absorbs 5 KJ of heat and 1KJ of work
5 Explain the term Enthalpy. Give its mathematical expression.
6 If water vapour is assumed to be a perfect gas, molar enthalpy change for vapourisation of 1 mol of water at
1bar and 100°C is 41kJ mol–1. Calculate the internal energy change, when (i) 1 mol of water is aporized at 1
bar pressure and 100°C. (ii) 1 mol of water is converted into ice.
7 The reaction of cyanamide, NH2CN (s), with Dioxygen was carried out in a bomb calorimeter, and U was
found to be -742.7 KJ/mol at 298K. Calculate Enthalpy change for the reaction at 298K
NH2 CN (s)+ 3 /2 O2 (g) → N2 (g) +CO 2(g) +H2O(l)
8 Enthalpies of formation of CO (g), CO2 (g), N2O (g) and N2O4 (g) are -110, -393, 81 and 9.7 KJ/mol respectively.
Find the value of rH for the reaction; N2O4 (g) + 3 CO (g) → N2O (g) + 3CO2 (g)
9 Given: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g);rH0 = -92.4 KJ/mol. Calculatef H0NH3 (g).
10 The enthalpy of combustion of methane, graphite and dihydrogen at 298 K are, –890.3 kJ mol–1 –393.5 kJ
mol–1, and –285.8 kJ mol–1 respectively. Calculate the Enthalpy of formation of CH4 (g).
11 For the process to occur under adiabatic conditions, the correct condition is i) ΔT = 0 (ii) Δp = 0 (iii) q = 0 (iv) w
=0
12 What is the enthalpies of all elements in their standard states.
13 Enthalpy of combustion of carbon to CO2 is –393.5 kJ mol–1. Calculate the heat released upon formation of
35.2 g of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas.
14 The combustion of 1 mol of benzene takes place at 298K .After combustion CO 2 and H2O are formed and
3267KJ/mol of heat is liberated .calculate f H0 (C6H6) Given: f H0 = -286 KJ/mol , f H0 = -393 KJ/mol
15 Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3OH (l) from the following data:
CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l); rH0 = -726 KJ/mol
C (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ; C H0 = -393 KJ/mol
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); f H0 = -286 KJ/mol
16 Calculate the enthalpy change for the process :
CCl4 (g) → C (g) + 4Cl (g) and calculate the bond enthalpy of C-Cl in CCl4 ( g) vap H0 (CCl4 ) = 30.5 KJ/mol, f
H0 (CCl4 ) = -135.5 KJ/mol
a H0 (C ) = 715 KJ/mol a H0 (Cl2 ) = 242 KJ/mol
17 Define the Extensive, intensive properties & Heat capacity.
18 (i) Separate out the following into extensive and intensive properties:
Volume, Temperature, Pressure, Boiling point, Free energy
19 (a) Give the relationship between Cp and Cv.
(b)Write a note on Bomb Calorimeter.
20 Explain the following terms with suitable examples: (a) Standard enthalpy of reaction (b)standard enthalpy of
formation (c) enthalpy of fusion (d) enthalpy of vaporization (e) enthalpy of Sublimation (f) enthalpy of
Combustion (g) )enthalpy of Hydration (h) ) enthalpy of Atomization (i)Bond enthalpy
21 Explain why the enthalpy of neutralization is always constant, i.e. 57.1 kJ/mol when a strong acid neutralizes
a strong base
22 Explain Hess’s law of constant heat summation with an example.
23 Establish a relationship between ∆H and ∆U in Haber’s process of synthesis of ammonia assuming that the
reactants and products are ideal gases.
24 Which has higher entropy – CCl4(s) or CCl4(g) and why.
25 Define Entropy. Give mathematical expressions related to it.

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26 Predict in which of the following, entropy increases/decreases : (a)A liquid crystallizes into a solid. (b)
Temperature of a crystalline solid is raised from 0 K to 115 K. (c)
2NaHCO3 (s) →Na2CO3( s)+CO2 (g) + H2O( g) (d) H2 (g) →2H(g)
27 Define Gibbs Energy. Give its mathematical expression. What is Gibbs energy criteria of Spontaneity.
28 For the reaction at 298K, 2A + B → C ,H = 400 KJ/mol and S = 0.2 KJ/mol K At what temperature will the
reaction become spontaneous?
29 Name the law which states that entropy of universe is continuously increasing due to spontaneous process
taking place in it.
30 Write a relationship between Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium Constant
31 For the reaction, 2Cl (g) → Cl2 (g), What are the signs of H and S?
32 During a process no exchange of heat between system and surrounding, name the process.
33 Derive the relation between enthalpy change(ΔH) and internal energy change (ΔU), when a system attains a
new state after change
34 For the reaction: 2A (g) + B (g) → 2D (g), U0 = -10.5 KJ and S0 = - 44.1J/K
35 Calculate bond enthalpy of Cl---Cl bond from following data. CH4(g) + Cl2 (g)--→CH3Cl(g) +HCl (g) ΔH-= --
109.3kJ mol-1 [Bond enthalpy of C—H Bond = 413kJ, C—Cl Bond =326 kJ and H—Cl Bond =431kJ mol-1 ]
36 Calculate G0 for the reaction, and predict whether the reaction will occur spontaneously.
37 The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10.Caculate G0, T =300K, R = 8.314 J/K mol
38 Calculate the value of G0 for the conversion of Oxygen to Ozone, 3/2 O2 (g) → O3 (g) at 298 K , if Kp for this
conversion is 2.47 × 10-29
39 Find out the value of equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 298 K.
2NH3(g) + CO2 (g)→ NH2CONH2(aq ) + H2O(l ) Standard Gibbs energy change, ΔrG0 at\ the given temperature is
–13.6 kJ mol–1.
40 Calculate the entropy change in surroundings when 1.00 mol of H2O(l) is formed under standard conditions. Δf
H0 = –286 kJ mol–1.
41 State the second law of thermodynamics.
42 Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction at 298 K .Given that enthalpies of formation of
are +20, 250 and 270 kJ/mol respectively.

Equilibrium
1. What do mean by law of chemical equilibrium? Explain with an example.
2. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following reactions:

3. Find out the value of Kc for each of the following equilibria from the value of Kp:

4. Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this equilibrium constant expression for a gas
reaction.

5. What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium concentration of each substance is: [SO2]=
0.60M, [O2] = 0.82M and [SO3] = 1.90M 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
6. The following concentrations were obtained for the formation of NH3 from N2 and H2 at equilibrium at
500K. [N2] = 1.5 × 10–2M. [H2] = 3.0 ×10–2 M and [NH3] = 1.2 ×10–2M. Calculate equilibrium constant.

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7. At equilibrium, the concentrations ofN2=3.0 × 10–3M, O2 = 4.2 × 10–3M and NO= 2.8 × 10–3M in a sealed
vessel at800K. What will be Kc for the reaction:N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g)
8. PCl5, PCl3 and Cl2 are at equilibrium at 500 K and having concentration 1.59M PCl3, 1.59M Cl2 and 1.41 M
PCl5.Calculate Kc for the reaction,PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
9. For the equilibrium,2NOCl(g)  2NO(g) + Cl2(g) the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc is 3.75 × 10–6 at
1069 K. Calculate the Kp for the reaction at this temperature?
10. The value of Kc = 4.24 at 800K for the reaction, CO (g) + H2O (g)  CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Calculate equilibrium
concentrations of CO2, H2, CO and H2O at 800 K, if only CO and H2O are present initially at concentrations
of 0.10M each.The value of Kp for the reaction,CO2 (g) + C (s)  2CO (g) is 3.0 at 1000 K. If initially p
CO2= 0.48 bar and p CO = 0 bar and puregraphite is present, calculate theequilibrium partial pressures of
CO and CO2.
11. A sample of pure PCl5 was introduced into an evacuated vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was attained,
concentration of PCl5 was found to be0.5 × 10–1 mol L–1. If value of Kc is 8.3 × 10–3, what are the
concentrations of PCl3 and Cl2 at equilibrium?PCl5 (g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2(g)
12. What do you mean by Lechatelier’s principle? Explain with an example?
13. Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease or remain same when each of the
following equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure by increasing the volume?

14. Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure?Also, mention whether
change will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction.

15. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following
endothermic reaction: CH4[g] + H2O [g] CO [g] + 3H2[g]
a) Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.
b) How will the values of Kp and the composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by
i) Increasing the pressure
ii) Increasing the temperature
iii) Using a catalyst
16. Describe the effect of: - a) Addition of H2 b) Addition of CH3OH c) Removal of CO d) Removal of
CH3OH On the equilibrium of the reaction: 2 H2[g] + CO[g] CH3OH [g
17. At 473 K, equilibrium constant Kc for decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5 is 8.3 ×10-3. If
decomposition is depicted as, PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) ΔrH0 = 124.0 kJ mol–1
a) write an expression for Kc for the reaction.
b) what is the value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature. c) what would be the effect
on Kc if (i) more PCl5 is added (ii) pressure is increased(iii) the temperature is increased ?
18. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives, Sucrose + H2O Glucose + Fructose Equilibrium constant Kc for the
reaction is 2 X 1013 at 300K. Calculate ΔG0 at 300K.
19. What will be the conjugate bases for the Brönsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and HCO3–?
20. Write the conjugate acids for the following Brönsted bases: NH2–, NH3 and HCOO–.
21. The species: H2O, HCO3–, HSO4– and NH3 can act both as Brönsted acids and bases. For each case give
the corresponding conjugate acid and base.

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22. What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following
species:HNO2, CN–, HClO4, F –, OH–, CO3 2–, and S2–
23. Which of the followings are Lewis acids? H2O, BF3, H+, and NH4+
24. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as Lewis
acid/base: (a) OH– (b) F– (c) H+ (d) BCl3.
25. The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 × 10 –3 M. what is its pH?
26. The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion in it.
27. For the reaction PCl5↔PCl3+Cl2 at 473K the value of equilibrium constant Kc is 8.3 x10-3 Write an
expression for Kc . What is the value of Kc for reverse reaction at same temperature. What would be
effect on Kc if pressure is increased.
28. pH of aqueous solution of NaCN is less than 7. Justify the statement
29. Calculate the pH of the following solution:
a. 10-3molar HCl aq solution
b. 10-4 molar NaOH aq solution
30. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions:(a) 0.003 M HCl (b) 0.005
M NaOH (c) 0.002 M HBr (d) 0.002 M KOH
31. Predict the acidic, basic or neutral nature of the following salt: NaCN, KBr, NaNO2, NH4NO3.
32. Calculate the pH of the following solutions: (i)2 g of TlOH dissolved in water to give 2 litre of solution.
(ii)0.3 g of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in water to give 500 mL of solution. (iii)0.3 g of NaOH dissolved in water
to give 200 mL of solution. (iv)1mL of 13.6 M HCl is diluted with water to give 1 litre of solution
33. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following biological fluids whose pH are given below:
(a) Human muscle-fluid, 6.83 (b) Human stomach fluid, 1.2 (c) Human blood, 7.38 (d) Human saliva, 6.4
34. The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8
respectively. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.
35. The ionization constant of acetic acid is 1.74 × 10–5. Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic acid in
its 0.05 M solution. Calculate the concentration of acetate ion in the solution and its pH.
36. If 0.561 g of KOH is dissolved in water to give 200 mL of solution at 298 K. Calculate the concentrations of
potassium, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. What is its pH?
37. The solubility of Sr(OH)2 at 298 K is 19.23 g/L of solution. Calculate the concentrations of strontium and
hydroxyl ions and the pH of the solution.
38. Calculate the pH of the resultant mixtures: a) 10 mL of 0.2M Ca(OH)2 + 25 mL of 0.1M HCl b) 10 mL of
0.01M H2SO4 + 10 mL of 0.01M Ca(OH)2 c) 10 mL of 0.1M H2SO4 + 10 mL of 0.1M KOH
39. The ionization constant of HF is 3.2 × 10–4. Calculate the degree of dissociation of HF in its 0.02 M
solution. Calculate the concentration of all species present (H3O+, F– and HF) in the solution and its pH.
40. The pH of 0.1 M solution of HCNOƟ is 2.34. Calculate the ionization constant for the acid and its degree
of ionization in the solution.
41. Define Buffer solution and its types with suitable examples.
42. Define Solubility Product. Calculate the solubility of A2 X3 i, assuming that neither kind of ion reacts
with water. The solubility product of A2 X3 ,K sp = 1.1 X10 -23.
43. The values of K sp of two sparingly soluble salts Ni (OH)2 and AgCN are 2.0 X 10-15 and 6 X 10-17
respectively. Which salt is more soluble? Explain.
44. Determine the solubilities of silverchromate, barium chromate, ferric hydroxide,lead chloride and
mercurous iodide at 298K. Ag2CrO4=1.1 X10-12 , BaCrO4=1.2 X10-10 Fe(OH)3 =1.0 X10-38 PbCl2 =1.6 X10-5
Hg2I2=4.5 X10 29Determine the molarities of individual ions.
45. Write a note on common Ion effect.Give an example.
46. The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively. Calculate the
pH of ammonium acetate solution.
47. Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium constant expression?
48. What happens to a reversible reaction if an inert gas is added to it at constant volume
49. pH of a soft drink is 4.0, what is H3O+ concentration present in it?
50. At a certain temperature and total pressure of 105 Pa, iodine vapour contains 40% by volume of I atoms
Calculate Kp for the equilibrium.
MAHENDRA KALRA ENJOY CHEMISTRY
 51. For a reaction, predict the direction in which the reaction will proceed If Q c = 3×10-4 M; and Kc = 7.5×10-6
M The Kp value for the reaction at 4600C is 49. If the initial pressures of both and are 0.5 bar,
determine the partial pressure of each gas at equilibrium. ⇄
52. Ionic product of water at 310 K is 2.7 X 10-14. What is the pH of neutral water at this temperature?
53. Describe the effect of following on the equilibrium of the reaction:
2H2(g) +CO(g)  CH3OH(g) (a)Addition of H2 (b)Decrease pressure
REDOX REACTION
1. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species: NaH 2PO4 NaHSO4
H4P2O7 K2MnO4 CaO2 NaBH4 H4S2O7 CO2 Cr2O72- Pb3O4 NaH, Na2O2 OF2,ICl ClF3 KAl(SO4)2.H2O Fe3O4,CrO5
2. In the reaction given below, H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S Identify (i) The species undergoing oxidation & reduction
(ii) Oxidizing agent and reducing agent
3. Identify the oxidising and reducing agent in the following reaction . Also write the change in oxidation number
. Cr(OH)3 + Br2→ CrO42- + Br—
4. Identify the substance oxidized and reduced:N2H4 + 2H2O2 → N2 + 4H2O
5. Balance the following redox reactions

(e) MnO4– + Fe2+→ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O in acidic medium.

(f) Fe+2(aq.) + Cr2O72-(aq.) →Fe+3(aq.) +Cr+3(aq.) (in acidic medium)
(g) AsO33− + MnO4− ⎯ ⎯→ AsO43− + MnO2 in basic medium
6. Balance the following equations in basic medium by ion-electron method and oxidation number methods and
identify the oxidising agent and the reducing agent.

7. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 with sodium sulphite,
Na2SO3, in an acid solution to give chromium(III) ion and the sulphate ion.
8. Permanganate ion reacts with bromide ion in basic medium to give manganese dioxide and bromate ion.
Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction.
9. Permanganate(VII) ion, MnO4– in basic solution oxidises iodide ion, I– to produce molecular iodine (I2) and
manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2). Write a balanced ionic equation to represent this redox reaction.
10. HNO3 acts only as an oxidising agent while HNO2 can act both as reducing and oxidising agent. Why?
11. While sulphur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide can act as oxidising as well as reducing agents in their reactions,
ozone and nitric acid act only as oxidants. Why?
12. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction: Zn+Ag+→Zn2++2Ag takes place. Further show:(a)Which of the
electrode is negatively charged? (b)The carriers of the current in the cell. (c)Individual reaction at each
electrode.
13. Define disproportionation reaction with suitable example.
14. In a reaction an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, name the reaction.
15. Which of the following species, do not show disproportionation reaction and why ?ClO–, ClO2 –, ClO3 – and
ClO4– Also write reaction for each of the species that disproportionate
16. Given the standard electrode potential : K+/K = -2.93 V : Ag+/Ag = 0.80 V Hg2+/Hg = +0.79 V : Mg2+/Mg = -2.37
V Cr3+/Cr = -0.74 V Arrange these in increasing reducing power with reason.
17. What is the function of salt bridge in electrochemical-cell?
18. A U-shaped apparatus is used to connect two half cells in Daniell cell, what is its role?

Organic Chemistry : Some basic principles and techniques

1 Derive the structure of
MAHENDRA KALRA ENJOY CHEMISTRY
 a) 2-Chlorohexane g) Hexane-2, 4-dione
b) Pent-4-en-2-ol h) 5-Oxohexanoic
c) 3- acid
Nitrocyclohexene i) Hexane 1, 5 –dial
d) Cyclohex-2-en-1-ol j) 2-Hydroxy 1, 2, 3-
e) 6-Hydroxyheptanal propanetricarboxyl
f) 6-Methyloctan-3-ol ic acid
2 Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethyl butanal, Heptan-4-one.
3 Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds :
a)CH − CHO b) CH − C − C H
3 3 II 2 5
O
k) O-Ethylanisole
l) p-Nitroaniline
m) 4-Ethyl -1-fluoro-2-
nitrobenzene
n) 1-Phenyl but 1-ene
o) 1- chloro propan -2
-ol
c) CH − CH = CH − CH −CH 2 OH
3 2

4 Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds: Benzaldehyde, nitrobenzene phenol &
Aniline?
5 What are nucleophiles and electrophiles. Give suitable examples.
6 Define Isomerism. Explain with suitable examples: chain isomerism, functional isomerism, position
isomers and metamerism.
7 Indicate the  &  bonds in CH2=C=CH2, HCONHCH3,C6H6. HC Ξ CCH = CHCH3 , CH2 = C = CHCH3
8 Write the state of hybridisation of carbon in the following compounds and shapes of each of the
molecules. (a) H2C=O, (b) CH3F
9 Explain the term Inductive effect with their types and examples.
10 Explain the term Electromeric effect with their types and examples.
11 Explain the term Resonance effect with their types and examples.
12 What are carbcations .How are they classified. Arrange them in order of stability.
13 Arrange the following in increasing order of their stability:(CH 3)3C+, CH3 CH2CH2+, (CH3)2CH+
also give suitable reason in support of your answer.
14 What are Alkyl free radicals .How are they classified. Arrange them in order of stability.
15 Define Hyperconjugation. Explain why alkyl groups act as donors when attached to a  System?
16 Arrange the following in decreasing order of acidity with suitable reason.
(a) Cl3CCOOH, Cl2CHCOOH, ClCH2COOH, CH3COOH (b) CH3CH2COOH,(CH3)2CHCOOH,(CH3)3C.COOH
(c) C2H5NH2,(C2H5)2NH,(C2H5)3N
17 Give a brief description of the principles of the following techniques taking an example in each case.
(a) Crystallisation (b) Distillation (c) Chromatography
18 Describe the method, which can be used to separate two compounds with different solubilities in a
solvent S.
19 What is the difference between distillation, distillation under reduced pressure and steam distillation ?
20 Explain the principle of paper chromatography.
21 Name a suitable technique of separation of the components from a mixture of calcium sulphate and
camphor.
22 Discuss the chemistry of Lassaigne’s test.
23 Explain the reason for the fusion of an organic compound with metallic sodium for testing nitrogen,
sulphur and halogens.
24 Differentiate between the principle of estimation of nitrogen in an organic compound by (i) Dumas
method and (ii) Kjeldahl’s method.
25 In the estimation of sulphur by Carius method, 0.468 g of an organic sulphur compound gives 0.668 g
of barium sulphate. Find the percentage of sulphur in the given compound. [At.mass; Ba = 137 u, S =
32 u, O =16 u
HYDROCARBONS
1 What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling point?
2 Give reactions for the following: (i) Isomerisation of alkanes (ii) Aromatization of Alkanes (iii)Pyrolysis
or Cracking of alkane (iv) Wurtz reaction (v) Kolbes electrolytic method
MAHENDRA KALRA ENJOY CHEMISTRY
3 Draw the sawhorse and Newmann projections for eclipsed & staggered conformations of ethane.
4 Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of carbon
atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.
5 What are geometrical isomers? Write the conditions necessary for geometrical isomerism to exist
6 Which of the following compounds will show cis trans isomerism (i) (CH3)2C=CH-C2H5 (ii) CHCl=CHCl
(iii)CH3CH=CClCH3
7 Draw the cis and trans structure of hex-2-ene.which isomer will have higher Boiling point and why?
8 Define Markovnikovs rule with suitable example.Also write the mechanism of reaction.
9 Define Anti- Markovnikovs rule with suitable example.Also write the mechanism of reaction.
10 Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by addition reactions of HBr to hex-1-ene in the presence
and absence of peroxide.
11 Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compound: pent-2-
ene 3, 4-dimethyl-hept-3-ene,2-Ethybut-1-ene 1-phenylbut-1-ene 2-Methylpropene , Propene.
12 An alkene ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write IUPAC name of ‘A’.
13 An alkene ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives a mixture of Propanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and
IUPAC name of ‘A’
14 .An alkene ‘A’ contains three C-C,eight C-H Sigma(  ) bonds and one C-C pie(  )bond.’A’ on
ozonolysis gives two moles of an aldehyde of molar mass 44 u.Write Iupac name of ‘A’.
15 Write chemical equations for the following :
(i) Ethyne gas is allowed to pass over (iv) Propene is treated with dilute
red hot iron tube. KMnO4.
(ii) Calcium carbide is treated with (v) Propene is treated with Acidic
water. KMnO4
(iii)Phenol is treated with zinc dust. (vi) Benzene is treated with chlorine in
presence of UV light.
16 How will you bring about the following conversions?
• Propene to 1- bromo-propane. • Sodium Benzoate to Benzene.
• Propene to 2- bromo-propane • Phenol to Benzene
• Ethyne to acetaldehyde. • Ethyne to Benzene
• Propyne to Acetone • Propyne to Propanone
• Ethene to formaldehyde. • Benzene to acetophenone.
17 Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give reason for
this behaviour.
18 In the light of Huckel’s rule explain in brief the conditions necessary for aromaticity.
19 Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reaction easily and nucleophilic substitution
with difficulty.
20 Why is benzene extra ordinarily stable though it contains three double bond
21 Explain the reaction Nitration,Chlorination Friedel craft alkylation & Friedel craft acylation in benzene.
22 Suggest the name of a Lewis acid other than anhydrous aluminium chloride which can be used during
ethylation of benzene.
23 Explain with examples Ortho-para directing & Meta directing groups.
24 Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an
electrophile,E+(a) Chlorobenzene , 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene (b) Toluene, p-H3C-
C6H5-NO2, p-O2N-C6H4-NO2
25 Give the chemical equations for the following reactions : i) Friedel –Craft’s acylation (ii) Friedel –Craft’s
alkylation
26 Complete the following reactions :
1. CH3 –Br + Na ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ 2.CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr ⎯Peroxide
⎯⎯ ⎯→ 3.CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr ⎯ ⎯→
2. CH3 CH = CH2 + Br2 ⎯ ⎯→

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