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CLASS 11
SEQUENCE & SERIES

Sequence
Finite sequence Infinite sequence
Eg: 1, 3, 5, 7… upto n terms Eg: 5, 10, 15, 20… ∞ terms
Series
Finite series Infinite series
Eg: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7… upto n terms Eg: 5 + 10 + 15 + 20… ∞ terms

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
● General Form: a, a + d, a + 2d, …….

● Common Difference: d = tn – tn–1
● nth Term: tn = a + (n – 1)d
● Sum of n Terms:
OR
★ Note: nth odd number = 2n - 1

★ nth even number = 2n
★ Sum of first n odd numbers is n2.
Important Points:
● Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
● Sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end is same.
● Eg: 2, 5, 8, … 59, 62, 65.
Here 2 + 65 = 5 + 62 = 8 + 59 … = 67
● If a1, a2, a3 are in A.P ⇒ a1±k, a2± k, a3 ± k are in A.P

● If a1, a2, a3 are in A.P ⇒ ka1, ka2, ka3 are also in A.P.
● a1 + an = a2 + an-1 = … = 2 (mid term).
● Tn→ Linear: ax + b
● Sn → Quadratic: ax2 + bx + c
COMMON TERMS IN TWO OR MORE APs
● Common terms of two A.Ps with common differences d1 and d2 form an A.P
with common difference = LCM (d1, d2).
● Common terms of three A.Ps with common differences d1 , d2 and d3 form an

A.P with common difference = LCM (d1, d2, d3).
Selection of Terms in A.P

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
● General Form: a, ar, ar2, ar3, …….
tn
● Common Ratio: r =
tn–1
● nth Term: tn = a.rn – 1
● Sum of n Terms:
a
S∞ =
1 – r ; |r| < 1
Selection of Terms in G.P
Important Points:
● In a finite G.P, the product of terms equidistant from the beginning

and the end is the same.
● Eg: 2, 4, 8, … 128, 256.

Here 2 × 256 = 4 × 128 = … = 512
● If a1, a2, a3 are in G.P ⇒ ka1, ka2, ka3

● If a1, a2, a3 are in G.P ⇒ (a1)k, ( a2)k, (a3)k are also in G.P.
where, k≠0.
When AP and GP come together in a Question NOT AGP
Q.
D
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
Geometric Mean (G.M.)
If a, b, c are in H.P. then,

HARMONIC PROGRESSION
Important
Points:
●
● Equality occurs if terms are equal.
PROPERTIES
e) Multiplication and Division are Not possible
d) Sum of first n odd numbers is n2.

Sum of First n Natural Numbers
Sum of The Squares of First n Natural Numbers

Standard Results
Sum of The Cubes of First n Natural Numbers

PROPERTIES
e) Multiplication and Division are Not possible
d) Sum of first n odd numbers is n2.

Telescopic Series
A telescoping series is a series whose partial sums eventually

only have a fixed number of terms after cancellation
Vn Method ( TELESCOPIC CANCELLATION)
Q. Find the sum of series 1/1.2.3 + 1/2.3.4

+...... 20 terms.
METHOD OF DIFFERENCE
2 5 10
17 26 37
METHOD OF DIFFERENCE
2 5 10
17 26 37
1st Difference +3 +5 +7
+9 +11
2nd Difference +2 +2
+2 +2
3rd 0 0
Difference
0
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS COEFFICIENT
p + iq, p - iq
Relation b/w Roots & Coefficients for Higher Degree Equations
For Cubic Equation For Biquadratic Equation

IMPORTANT RESULTS
Sign Of Quadratic Expression
● ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 ∀ x if a > 0 and D ≤ 0.
● ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0 ∀ x if a < 0 and D ≤ 0.

LOCATION OF
ROOTS
1. Both the roots are greater than x0:
Q. Let x2 - (m - 3)x + m = 0, be a
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
quadratic equation. Find the values of m
Conditions for which both the roots are greater
than 2.
b2 - 4ac ≥ 0;
a . f(x0) > 0
( ) > x0.
2. Both the roots are less than x0:
Q. Let x2 - (m - 3)x + m = 0, be a
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
quadratic equation. Find the values of
Conditions m for which both the roots are smaller
than 2.
b2 - 4ac ≥ 0;
a . f(x0) > 0
( ) < x0.
3. One root less than and other greater than x0:
Q. If the quadratic equation
x2 + (k + 2)x - (k+3) = 0, has one
root less than and other greater than
2, then find interval of k.
Condition
a . f(x0) < 0
4. Both root between x1 and x2:
Q. Let x2 - (m - 3)x + m = 0, be a
quadratic equation. Find the values of m
for which both the roots lie in the
interval (1, 2).
5. Exactly one root between x1 and x2:
Q. The set of all real value of λ for which
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
the quadratic ( λ2 + 1)x2 - 4 λx + 2 = 0
have exactly one root in the interval (0,1)
is:
A (-3,-1)
B (0,2)
Conditions
C (1,3]
f(x1).f(x2) < 0.
D (2,4]
Solution:
6. Both roots outside x1 and x2:
Q. Let x2 - (m - 3)x + m = 0, be a
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c quadratic equation. Find the values of m
for which one root is greater than 2 and
other root is smaller than 1.
Conditions
a . f(x1) < 0.
a . f(x2) < 0.
Transformation of Equation
Q. If 𝛂, 𝜷 are the roots of equation 2x2 - 3x - 6 = 0,

find the equation whose roots are 𝛂 + 1 and
𝜷 + 1.
Given 𝛂, 𝜷 are the roots of equation 2x2 - 3x - 6 = 0.

To find the equation whose roots are 𝛂 + 1 and 𝜷 + 1.
Let x =𝛂 + 1⇒ 𝛂 = x - 1
In the given equation, replace x by (x - 1).
2(x-1)2 - 3(x-1) - 6 = 0
Q. The cubic equation x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 4 has roots 𝜶,

𝞫, 𝜸. Find the equation with roots: 2𝜶, 2𝞫, 2𝜸.
Hence, required equation is x3 - 4x2 + 12x - 32 = 0

Complex Numbers
COMPLEX NUMBERS
REAL NUMBERS COMPLEX

NUMBERS
REAL & IMAGINARY PART of COMPLEX NUMBERS
Z=x+iy
Imaginary part
Real part
Imaginary number
REAL & IMAGINARY PART of COMPLEX NUMBERS
Z = a + ib
Purely
Purely Real
Imaginary
If b = 0 & Z = a
If a = 0 & Z = bi
If a, b are positive real numbers, then

INTEGRAL POWERS OF ‘i’
e)
and ensure there is no i in the denominator.
Algebra of Complex Numbers
OPERATION DEFINITION PROPERTIES
Closure:
Z1, Z2 ∈ C ⇒ Z1 + Z2 ∈ C
Commutative:
Z1 + Z 2 = Z 2 + Z 1
If z1 = a + ib Associative:
and z2 = c + id (Z1 + Z2)+ Z3 = Z1 + (Z2+
ADDITION
⇒ z1+ z2 = (a + ib) + (c + id) Z3)
= (a + c) + i(b + d) Additive Identity:
∀ Z ∈ C, 0 = 0 + i0∈ C,
Z+0=0+Z
Additive Inverse:
Z + (-Z) = (-Z) + Z =0
Closure:
Z1, Z2 ∈ C ⇒ Z1 - Z2 ∈ C
If z1 = a + ib
and z2 = c + id Commutative:
SUBTRACTION
⇒ z1– z2 = (a + ib) – (c + id) Z1 - Z2 ≠ Z 2 - Z1
= (a – c) + i(b – d) Associative:
(Z1 - Z2) - Z3 ≠ Z1 - (Z2- Z3)
Closure:
Z1, Z2 ∈ C ⇒ Z1.Z2 ∈ C
If z1 = a + ib
and z2 = c + id Commutative:
Z1.Z2 = Z2.Z1
MULTIPLICATION
⇒ z1× z2 Associative:
= (a + ib)×(c + id) (Z1.Z2).Z3 = Z1.(Z2.Z3)
= (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
Multiplicative Identity:
Z.1 = 1.Z = Z
Closure:
If z1 = a + ib Z1/Z2 ∈ C
and z2 = c + id
DIVISION ⇒ Multiplicative inverse
for Z≠0, 1/Z ∈ C

⇒ Z.(1/Z) = 1 =
(1/Z).Z
Equality of Complex Numbers
a+bi = c+di
if and only if a = c, and b = d.
NOTE:
The complex numbers do not possess the property of order,
i.e., (a + ib) > or < (c+id) is not defined.
For example, 3 + 4i > 2 + 3i makes no sense.
Q. If (x4 + 2xi) - (3x2 + yi) = (3 - 5i) + (1 + 2yi)

then the number of ordered pairs (x, y) is/are
equal to
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
Solution:
Q. If (x4 + 2xi) - (3x2 + yi) = (3 - 5i) + (1 + 2yi)

then the number of ordered pairs (x, y) is/are
equal to
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
Representation of Complex Numbers
Imaginary axis
y P (x,y) Z = x + iy
Real axis
O x
Here P(x, y), a point P in argand plane representing

complex number Z = x + iy
Properties of Modulus
➢ |z| = 0 ⇒ z = 0
➢ z.z̄ = |z|2
can SKIP for JEE

Main 2024 as per
Reduced Syllabus
Conjugate of a Complex Number
The conjugate of a complex number is denoted by Z

If Z = a + ib then Z = a - ib.
Properties of Conjugate
Argument of a Complex Number
If Point P(x, y) represents complex number Z, then the angle that line
OP makes with real axis taken in anticlockwise direction is known as
argument or amplitude of Z denoted by arg Z = θ
Imaginary axis
y
∙ P (x, y)
∙ 𝛉 Real axis
x
O
NOTE:
If θ is argument of z then 2nπ + θ; where n∈integer, is also
an argument
Principal Argument
Principal argument of a complex number lies in the range of (-π,π]
Note : Argument and Principal argument are

same if Z lies in I or II quadrant.
Properties of Argument
arg(z) = 0 ⇔ z is a positive real number.

arg(z) = ±π/2 ⇔ z is purely imaginary and z ≠ 0.
Different Forms of Complex Number

Polar form of Complex Number
(x,y)
r y
θ
(0,0) O x
|z| Here, r cosθ is real part

and r sinθ is Imaginary
part
Polar and Euler Form of Complex Numbers
Euler form of a Complex Number
R eiθ is a complex number with

modulus = r and argument = θ
Polar and Euler Form of Complex Numbers

Demoivre’s Theorem
Example
121
2
Cube Roots of Unity
● z2 + z + 1 = 0 → roots w, w2
● z2 - z + 1 = 0 → roots -w, -w2
ω ω2 (??)
Properties of ω
● If 1, w, w2 are plotted on argand plane,
we get equilateral triangle whose side is
√3.
(6)
We can reduce powers of ω by dividing by 3

LOCUS in COMPLEX PLANE Shortcut
LOCUS in COMPLEX PLANE Shortcut
LINK
ROTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
CASE: 1 CASE: 2
CASE: 3
NOTE:
In this case nothing can be concluded by their lengths.
nth Root of Unity
Important Result
● If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle then
z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1
● If z0 is the circumcentre of the triangle then 3z0=z12 + z22 + z32 .

Limits
LIMIT AT A POINT
Indeterminate form
0 ∞ ∞–∞ ∞×0 00 ∞0 1∞
0 ∞
ALGEBRA OF LIMITS
Let
Algebra of Limit TABLE
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x).g(x) and f(x)/g(x)
Exist Exist Exist Exist
Exist Do Not Exist Do Not Exist May Exist
Do Not Exist Do Not Exist May Exist May Exist

METHODS OF SOLVING LIMIT


Trigonometric limits :
L’ HOSPITAL RULE
Newton-Leibnitz’s formula in evaluating the limits:

JEE MAIN 2022 25th July - I
A 4
B -8
C -4
D 8
Solution:
JEE MAIN 2022 25th July - I
A 4
B -8
C -4
D 8
Sandwich(Squeeze Theorem)
Statement: Let f, g and h be real functions such that f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x) for all
x in the common domain of definition. For some real number a, if
then
Q.
Solution:
Sets, Relations & Functions

Definition of a Set
A well-defined and well distinguished collection of objects
Symbol ∈
If x is a member of the set A, we write x ∈ A
(read as 'x belongs to A')
Representation of set
Roster form Set Builder form

Cardinal number or Cardinality
The number of distinct elements in a set is called as
Cardinal number of it.
Empty set or Null set

A set which has no elements is called the null set or empty
set.
A null set is generally represented with { } or φ
Singleton set
A set having only one element is called singleton set.
Finite & Infinite set

A set which has finite number of elements is called a finite
set. Otherwise, it is called an Infinite set.
Universal set is generally represented with U or μ
Universal Set
A set containing all the possible elements is called as Universal Set.
Subset
A set ‘A’ is called as subset of ‘B’ if and only if all the elements of
A are in B.
Superset
If ‘A’ is subset of ‘B’ then, ‘B’ is called as superset of ‘A’
Power set
A set containing all the possible subsets of a particular set is called
as its Power set.
The power set of a set A is represented as ‘P(A)’
Operation/Algebra of Sets
● n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A∩B )

De Morgan laws
1) (A ∩ B)c = Ac ∪ Bc
2) (A ∪ B)c = Ac ∩ Bc
Laws of Sets
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n(B ∩ C) –

n(C ∩ A)+ n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
Distributive Laws : If A, B and C are any three sets, then

* A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B)∩ (A ∪ C)
(i)
(ii) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
CARTESIAN PRODUCT of SETS
Important results
CARTESIAN PRODUCT of SETS
Important results
Venn representation of relation

A = {1, 2, 3}
R = {(1, 1), (2, 8) (3,
B = {1, 8, 27}
27)}
R : A → B (To be read as R : A mapping B)
‘1 is mapped to 1’
A B
‘8 is image of 2’
1 1 ‘3 is pre-image of 27’
2 8
3 27
Ways of Writing Relation
1. R = {(9, 3), (9, -3), (16, 4), (16, -4), (25, 5), (25, -5) }
Or,
1. R = {(a, b): a = b2, a∈A and b∈B}

Or,
1. a R b ⇔ a = b2, a∈A and b∈B

Inverse of Relation
If a relation R is from set A to set B, then inverse of relation R is
R–1 = {(y, x) : ∀ (x, y)∈R}
For example
If R = {(2,4),(3,9),(4,16)} then,
R–1 = {(4,2),(9,3),(16,4)}
Types of Relations
Empty Relation
An empty relation (or void relation) is one in which there is no
relation between any elements of a set. For example, if set A = {1, 2,
3} then, one of the void relations can be R = {x, y} where, |x – y| = 7.
Universal Relation
Each element of A is related to every element of A. i.e., R= A × A
Identity Relation
Each element of A is related to itself. i.e., R = {(a, a); a ∈ A}
Types of Relations
Difference between Identity and Reflexive
Types of Relations
Types of Relations
Types of Relations
Antisymmetric Relation
The relation R is said to be antisymmetric on a set A, if xRy and yRx
hold when x = y.
Or
it can be defined as, relation R is antisymmetric if either (x,y)∉R or
(y,x)∉R whenever x ≠ y.
NOTE:
If a relation is not symmetric that does not mean it is antisymmetric.
Function
Functions
Functions
Function
Function
DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION
RANGE OF A FUNCTION
Algebra of Function
Equal Functions
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
Q. Find the number of onto functions

from set P = {a, b, c, d } to set Q = {u, v, w}.
Solution: P = {a, b, c, d}
Q = {u, v, w}
Here n(P) = m = 4
n(Q) = n = 3
The number of onto functions
= 34 – 3C1(3-1)4 + 3C2(3-2)4
= 81 – 48 + 3
= 36.
EVEN – ODD FUNCTION
A function f(x) is said to be even function; if f(– x) = f(x) ∀ x
Graph of an even function is symmetric about y – axis
A function f(x) is said to odd; if f(– x) = – f(x) ∀ x.

PROPERTIES OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Fundamental Period:
● sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx have period π,
● Sinx → 2π
● Cosx → 2π if ‘n’ is even and 2π if n is odd or fraction.
● Cosecx → 2π ● tannx, cotnx are always periodic with period π.
● Secx → 2π
● |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |secx|, |cosecx|, |cotx| are all
● Tanx → π
● Cotx → π periodic with period π.
● {x} → 1
● Period of f(ax) = T/|a|

Find the period of tan3x + sin 5x ● Period of f(x) ± g(x) = LCM{T1, T2}
Solution:
The period of tanx is π, and the period of tan3x

= π/3.
The period of sinx is 2π, and the period of Sin5x
= 2π/5.
Period of f(x)
= (LCM of π and 2π)/(HCF of 3 and 5)
= 2π/1 = 2π.
PROPERTIES OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
● Inverse of periodic function does not exist.

● Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental
period.
● Generally, if f(x) has period T then g(f(x)) also has period T.
● If f(x) has a period T, then 1/f(x) and √f(x) also has a period T.
● If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/|a|
Properties of Periodic Function
● Period of f(ax) = T/|a|
● Period of f(x) ± g(x) = LCM{T1, T2}
● If function is complementary function
with mod or even power then
Period =
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
PROPERTIES INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
● Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function.

● Inverse of a bijection is unique.
● (f –1)–1 = f
● If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exist then (gof –1)–1 = f –1og –1
● If f : A → B is bijection then f –1 : B → A is an inverse of f .
(f –1of) = IA and fof –1 = IB.
Where, IA → Identity function on set A.
And IB → Identity function on set B.
Standard Functional Equations
akx
●
Binomial Theorem
Important observations
1. The expansion of (a+b)n has (n+1) terms.

2. In each term, sum of indices of a and b is n. (a ↑ from 0 to n and b ulta)
3. nC = nCn-r, nC0=nCn, nC1 = nCn-1
r
(Coefficient of terms are equidistant from the beginning and end.)

The Binomial Theorem
TRICK
SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSION
SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSION
(1+x)n = nC0 x0 + nC1x1 + nC2x2 +...+ nCr xr +...+ nCn xn nC x r

r
(1- x)n = nC0 x0 - nC1x1 + nC2x2 - ...+ nCr (-x)r ...+ nCn (-x)n (-1)r nCr xr
(1+x)n +(1- x)n =2.[ nC0 x0 + nC2x2 + nC4 x4+...]
(1+x)n - (1- x)n =2.[ nC1 x1 + nC3x3 + nC5x5+...]

Terms in Binomial Expansion
General Term Middle Term Independent Term

General Term in Binomial Expansion
General term = Tr+1 = nCr xn-r. yr

Constant Term/Term independent of x
➢ Write General term = Tr+1 = nCr xn-r. yr

➢ Put power of x= 0 to find ‘r’.
Middle Term in Binomial Expansion

General Term from the end
General term = Tr+1 = nCr xn-r. yr
● General Term in (1+x)n is nCr xr
● In the binomial expansion of (x+y)n , the rth term from the end is
(n-r+2)th term from the beginning.
OR,
Simply flip(x+y)n → (y+x)n
rth term from the end of (x+y)n = rth term from the beginning of (y+x)n
Multinomial Theorem
for all n ⋲ N,
where r1, r2,....., rk are all non-negative integers.

Multinomial Theorem
NOTE:
(a) The general term is
(b) The total number of terms
(c) Sum of all the coefficients is obtained by putting all the x’s equal to 1
and is kn
NOTE :
Number of terms in the expansion of

Or, (n+2)C2
Number of terms in the expansion of

Or, (n+3)C3
Binomial Theorem for any Index
If n 𝜖 rational number & ‘x’ be a real number such that |x| < 1,
Then:
Binomial Theorem for any Index

Some Special Cases:
●
GREATEST TERM
Q. Find the numerically greatest term in

the expansion of (2 + 3x)9 for x = 3/2.
Permutations and Combination

Fundamental Principle of counting :
Addition Principle Multiplication Principle

If an event can occur in m If an event can occur in m
different ways or in n different different ways, following which
ways, but not simultaneously another event can occur in n
then the total number of different ways, then the total
occurrence of the events in the number of occurrence of the
given order is m+n. events in the given order is
m×n.
Factorial Notation
For any positive integer n;n! = n(n-1)(n-2)....(3)(2)(1)
4!=4.3.2.1=24
Note: n! = n(n-1)(n-2)....3.2.1;
n! = n.(n-1)!;
0! =1!=1;
(2n)!=2n.n![1.3.5.7……(2n-1)]
n! =n(n-1)! =n(n-1)(n-2)!=n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)!
n(n-1)....(n-r+1)=
COMBINATION/SELECTION
Combination (selection of objects): Each of the different groups or

selection which can be made by some or all of a number of given
objects without reference to the order of the objects in each group is
called a combination.
Combination (selection of objects):

The number of all combinations of n objects, taken r at a time is
generally denoted by nCr or
● Clue words: group, committee, sample, selection, subset.

NOTE:
Total number of selection out of ‘n’ distinct objects is 2n.
PERMUTATIONS
Permutation (Arrangement of Objects): Each of the different

arrangement, which can be made by taking some or all of a number
of objects is called permutation.
● Permutation is denoted using symbol nPr
● Clue words: arrangement, schedule, order
PERMUTATIONS
Permutation Cases:
(i) The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a
time is
(ii) The number of all permutations of n distinct objects taken all at a
time is n!.
❖ Permutation with Repetition: The number of permutations of n

different objects taken r at a time when each object may be
repeated any number of times is nr.
Permutation of Alike Objects
❖ Permutation of Alike Objects: The number of permutations of n

objects taken all at a time in which, p are alike objects of one
kind, q are alike objects of second kind & r are alike objects of a
third kind and the rest (n-(p+q+r)) are all different, is
Permutation of Alike Objects
01 February - Shift 1-2023
Q. The number of words, with or without meaning,
that can be formed using all the letters of the word
ASSASSINATION so that the vowels occur together,
is ____
Solution
Combinations of Alike Objects

If out of (p + q + r + s) objects, p are alike of one kind, q are alike of
a second kind, r are alike of the third kind and s are different, then
total number of combinations is
(p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)2s -1
Q. There are 4 oranges, 5 apples and 6 mangoes

in a fruit basket. In how many ways can a person
select fruits from among the fruits in the basket?
Solution:
Here, we consider all fruits of the same type as identical.
But in one of these selections number of each type of fruit is
zero and hence there is no selection, this must be excluded.
∴The total number of selections when all the three types of

fruits are selected (the number of any type of fruit may be zero)
(4 + 1)(5 + 1)(5 + 1)20 -1 = 5 × 6 × 7 - 1 = 210 - 1.
∴The required number = 210 - 1 = 209.

PROBLEMS on Inclusion-Exclusion Principle
Clue word: “Either or” or “Neither nor”

● n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)
● n(Ac∩Bc) = Total - n(A ∪ B)
It is called as inclusion-exclusion principle
Formation of Groups
!
Beggar’s Method
Number of ways of distributing n alike objects among p groups
Total number of ways = n+p-1 C p-1
Number of ways of distributing n alike objects among p groups if each

gets at least one.
Total number of ways = n -1 C p-1
Q. How many ways can 3 rings be worn on 4

fingers if any number of rings can be worn on
any finger? If Rings are identical.
Solution:
Rings are identical
Here n = 3, p = 4
Using the formula from Beggar's method,
n+p-1C 3+4-1 C
p-1 = 4-1
6
= C3
=20
Circular arrangements :
Number of ways of arranging n distinct objects in a circle is
(n - 1)!
If clockwise & anticlockwise arrangements are considered (as in
necklace and Garland etc) than number of arrangements are
DERANGEMENT THEOREM
Suppose, there are n letters and n corresponding envelopes. The
number of ways in which letters can be placed in the
envelopes (one letter in each envelope) so that no letter is placed
in correct envelope is
Exponents of Prime in n!
Some Important Results for Geometrical Problems
(1) Given n points on the circumference of a circle, then

(i) Number of straight lines =n C2
(ii) Number of triangles =n C3
(iii) Number of quadrilaterals =n C4
Some Important Results for Geometrical Problems
(2) Number of total different straight lines formed by joining the n points on a
plane of which m(<n) are collinear is nC2-m C2+1.
(3) Number of total triangles formed by joining the n points on a plane of which
m(<n) are collinear is nC3-m C3.
(4) Number of diagonals in a polygon of n sides is nC2-n
(5) If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of other n parallel
lines. Then total number of parallelograms so formed is mC2×nC2 , i.e
Number of Divisors
Let
are different
primes and are
natural numbers then :
(1) The total number of divisors of N including 1 and N is
(2) The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 and N is =

STRAIGHT LINES
Distance formula
d = √(x – x ) + (y – y )
1 2
2
1 2
2
d (x2, y2)
(y – axis)
(x1, y1)
Origin(0,0) (x – axis)
Condition of Collinearity using Distance Formula
Suppose the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are
collinear, then the conditions for collinearity of three
points are:
● AB + BC = AC
Or,
● AB + AC = BC
Or,
● AC + BC = AB
Section Formula
(i) Internal division : (ii) External division :
(x1, y1) n
(x2, y2) (x, y)
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mx2 – nx1 my2 – ny1

x = y = m+n x = and y =
m+n m–n m–n
NOTE:
Mid–point Formula
If the line segment joining points (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) is bisected by point (x, y),
(x1, y1) (x, y) (x2, y2)
Then,
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
x = and y =
2 2
Area of triangle
Using determinants A (x1, y1)
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)
x 1 y1 1
1
Area of Δ = x y 1
2 2 2
x 3 y3 1
Condition of Collinearity using Area Formula
Suppose the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are collinear,
then the conditions for collinearity of three points are:
● Area of triangle ABC = 0
●
=0
Slope
Inclination of line : θ = It is the angle made by

the line w.r.t. positive
Y direction of x-axis.
Slope
θ
X
O y2 − y1
m = tan θ m = x −x
2 1
Positive Slope Negative Slope
m2 = tanθ2>0
m1 = tanθ1>0
θ2
θ1
X-axis X-axis
NOTE:
A line cutting intercepts of equal

length on the coordinate axes.
OR
If a line is equally inclined to the axes
then its slope is 1 or -1.

Condition of Collinearity using Slope Formula
Suppose the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are
collinear, then the conditions for collinearity of three
points are:
● Slope of AB = Slope of BC
Angle between two lines
m2 Acute angle(θ) between two lines having slope
π–θ
m1 and m2 is given by
θ
m1 m1 – m2
tan θ =
1 + m1m2
Conditions for Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
When two lines are perpendicular then angle
When two lines are parallel, then angle b/w b/w them = 900
them = 00 Y
Y ⇒ m1 = m2 l1
l2 m1
m2
m1 m2
θ θ 900 + α
X α
O X
O
or m2 –1
When lines are parallel, m1m2 = −1 =
m1
their slopes are equal
Various Forms of the Equation of a Line
Horizontal and vertical lines

Various Forms of the Equation of a Line
NOTE:
Slope of ax+by+c = 0 is that is

Normal form
x cos α + y sin α = p N
P cosecα
90 –α
p
α A
p = Length of the perpendicular
drawn from origin to a line. O
P secα
α = Inclination of the normal.
Parametric/ Symmetric/ Distance form
x = x1 + rcosθ
y = y1 + rsinθ
Condition of Concurrent Lines
The equation of three given lines are,

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
The condition of concurrency of the lines
is given by
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
Equation of line parallel and perpendicular to a given line
Let the given equation of line be
ax + by + c = 0
Distance of a point from a line Distance between two parallel lines
ax + by + c1 = 0
P(x1, y1)
r d
ax + by + c = 0 ax + by + c2 = 0
c1 – c2
ax1 + by1 + c d =
r = √a2 + b2
√a2 + b2
Foot of Perpendicular
Image of a Point
Area of Parallelogram (when sides equations are given)
y=m1x + c2
y=m2x + d1 y=m2x + d2
y=m1x + c1
Given sides:
y=m1x + c1, y=m1x + c2, and y=m2x + d1, y=m2x + d2
Different Centers of a
Triangle
Centroid (G) Incenter (I)
Point of Intersection of Medians. Point of intersection of internal

angle bisectors
A (x1, y1)
F E
G (x, y)
B(x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)
Orthocenter (O) Circumcenter (C)

Intersection point of Altitudes Intersection point of perpendicular
A(x1, y1) bisectors of sides of a triangle.
F E
O (x, y)
B(x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

Centroid of a triangle
Orthocentre
In Right angled triangle, orthocenter is at the vertex with and circumcenter is mid
point of hypotenuse.
Incentre
Circumcentre
Important Note:
Orthocentre, centroid & circumcentre are always collinear & centroid divides the
line joining orthocentre & circumcentre in the ratio 2:1.
In an equilateral triangle G, O, I & C coincide.
In an isosceles triangle G, O, I & C lie on the same line.

Locus Problems
Locus: it is the path or curve traced by a moving point satisfying

a given condition.
Steps to Find Equation of Locus:

(1) Let the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be found, to be (h, k).
(2) Mathematically, write the given conditions involving h and k.
(3) Eliminate the variables (if any).
(4) Replace ‘h’ by ‘x’ and ‘k’ by ‘y’ in the eliminant to obtain the equation of the
required locus.
Position of a Point Relative to a Line
The points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) will lie on The points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) will lie on
the opposite sides of the line ax + by + c = 0 the same side of the line L: ax + by + c = 0
if ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c have if ax1+ by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c have the
opposite signs. LP(x1, y1).LQ(x2, y2) <0 same signs. i.e., LP(x1, y1).LQ(x2, y2) >0
CIRCLES
Important Geometrical Properties
GENERAL EQUATION
CENTRAL FORM
P(h, k)
r
(x1, y1)
DIAMETRIC FORM
Diametric endpoints are A (x1, y1) and

B (x2, y2) has the Equation
(x - x1) (x - x2) + (y - y1) (y - y2) = 0
PARAMETRIC FORM
(a) x2 + y2 = r2
⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
(b) (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2

⇒ x = x1 + r cos θ, y = y1 + r sin θ
Some Special Circles
1. Circle touching X - axis 2. Circle touching Y - axis
(a, 0)
(a, 0)
(x - h)2+ (y - a)2= a2 (x - a)2+ (y - k)2= a2

3. Circle touching x - axis at origin 4. Circle touching y - axis at origin

and Centre Lies on y-axis and Centre Lies on x-axis
x2+ (y - a)2= a2 (x - a)2+ y2= a2

5. Circle touching both axes
(x - a)2+ (y - a)2= a2
When the circle passes through the origin and has intercepts a and b on
the x and y axes respectively, the equation of the circle is x2+y2-ax-by=0
Y- intercept
B(0,b)
O A(a,0)
X - intercept
INTERCEPTS MADE BY A CIRCLE ON THE AXES
The length of the intercept made by the circle

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
NOTE:
Whenever a circle makes an intercept on line, always draw the
following figure.
Q. The line makes intercepts with

x2 + y2 = 16. Then the sum of square of all possible
intercepts.
A 105/4
B 105
C 210
D 105/2
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Q. The line makes intercepts with

x2 + y2 = 16. Then the sum of square of all possible
intercepts.
A 105/4
B 105
C 210
D 105/2
Some Standard Notations
S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
S = 0: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1
Position of a Point with respect to a Circle

1. The point (x1,y1) lies outside, on or inside the circle x2+y2-r2=0

accordingly as the expression x12+y12-r2 is positive , zero or
negative.
● Outside : S1> 0 ⇒ x12+y12-r2 > 0
● On : S1= 0 ⇒ x12+y12-r2=0
● Inside : S1< 0 ⇒ x12+y12-r2 < 0
2. The point (x1,y1) lies outside, on or inside the circle

x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0 accordingly as the expression
x12+y12+2gx1+2fy1+c=0 is positive , zero or negative.
● Outside : x12+y12+2gx1+2fy1+c > 0
● On : x12+y12+2gx1+2fy1+c=0
● Inside : x12+y12+2gx1+2fy1+c < 0
Position of a Line with respect to a Circle
P
For a given line and a circle, either
Line cuts the circle OP < r P lies inside the circle
O
Line touches the circle OP = r P lies on the circle
Line does not meet the OP > r P lies outside the circle
circle
Minimum and Maximum Distance between point and Circle
For a circle : x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0 and Point :(x1, y1)

Minimum distance between P and O = AP = OP - r
Maximum distance between P and O = BP = OP + r
P(x1,y1)
r A
Closest to P
O(-g,-f)
B
(Farthest from P)
Positions of Two Circles
Circles have zero common points
(1) ⇒ Or separate from each other
(2) ⇒ Circle touches externally
Circles intersect at two distinct points

(3) ⇒
(4) ⇒ Circle touches internally
Zero common points

(5) ⇒ Or, one circle is inside of other
Find distance d of centre of circle from given line.

● d<r ⇒ line cuts the circle
● d=r ⇒ line touches the circle
● d>r ⇒ line does not meet circle
Solve line with circle to get a quadratic equation.

D >0 ⇒line cuts the circle
D=0 ⇒line touches to circle
D<0 ⇒line does not meet circle
Equation of chords
(1) Equation of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to P(x1, y1)
● Its equation is given by T = 0

● Length of Chord of contact =
(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)
● Its equation given by T = S1

Equation of chords
Equation of chords: Important Points
A
● OP is diameter of circumcircle of triangle APB.
θ
θ
O
B
Mirror Image of Circle in a Line
FAMILY OF CIRCLES
1. S + 𝜆L =0, (where 𝜆 is a parameter)
2. S + 𝜆S’ = 0, (where 𝜆 is a parameter, 𝜆 ≠ - 1).
But it is better to find first equation of common

S - S’ = 0 and then use
S + 𝜆 (S - S’) = 0
FAMILY OF CIRCLES
3. The equation of a family of circles touching a fixed line

y - y1= m(x - x1) at the fixed point (x1, y1) is
(x1, y1) (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 + K [y - y1 - m (x - x1)] = 0
Where K is a parameter
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1) 4. The equation of a family of circles passing through two points
L
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and a line ‘L’ is
(x - x1)(x - x2)+ (y - y1)(y - y2)+ K L = 0
Where K is a parameter
IMPORTANT POINTS:
1. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2
2. Radical Axis: S1 - S2 = 0 i.e. 2(g1 - g2)x + 2(f1 - f2)y + (c1 - c2) =0

Conics
General Equations of Conics
The equation of conics is represented by the general equation of second

degree ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0
Conditions of Conics
The equation of conics is represented by the general equation of second

degree
ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 -----(i)
and discriminant of above equation is represented by Δ, where
Δ = abc+2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2
Case I: When Δ=0

In this case equation (i) represents the degenerate conic whose nature is
given in the following table.
Condition Nature of conic
Δ = 0 and ab-h2=0 A pair of coincident straight lines
Δ = 0 and ab-h2<0 A pair of intersecting straight lines
Δ = 0 and ab-h2>0 A point

Case II: When Δ≠0
In this case equation (i) represents the non-degenerate
conic whose nature is given in the following table.
Condition Nature of conic
Δ ≠ 0 , h=0, a=b A circle
Δ ≠ 0 and ab-h2=0 A parabola
Δ ≠ 0 and ab-h2>0 An ellipse
Δ ≠ 0 and ab-h2<0 A hyperbola

Method to find centre of a Conic
Let S=ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+c be the given point. Find
Solve for x,y we shall get the required centre (x,y)

LINK
ELLIPSE ECCENTRICITY TRICK
HYPERBOLA STANDARD FORM LINK

TRICK
ELLIPSE STANDARD FORM LINK

TRICK
CONIC SECTIONS: DEFINITION
A conic is defined as the locus of a point, which moves such that its distance
from a fixed line to its distance from a fixed point is always constant.
CONIC SECTIONS: DEFINITION
● The fixed point is called the FOCUS of the conic.

● The fixed line is called the DIRECTRIX of the conic.
● The constant ratio is the ECCENTRICITY of the conic.
Conic Section according to Eccentricity
1. If e = 1, the conic is called as parabola.

2. If e < 1, the conic is called an ellipse.
3. If e > 1, the conic is called a hyperbola.
Terminology
⮚ Line passing through focus,

perpendicular to directrix is called Axis
of Conic.
⮚ Point of intersection of conic & axis is
called vertex.
⮚ Line segment joining any two points on
conic is called chord.
⮚ Chord perpendicular to axis is called as
Double ordinate.
⮚ Double ordinate passing through focus is
called as Latus Rectum.
CONIC SECTION
Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola
M P ( x , y) M
P ( x , y)
Fixed line Fixed line M P (x, y)
(directrix) (directrix)
Fixed line
(directrix)
S Fixed point
S Fixed point
(focus)
S Fixed point
(focus) (focus)
PS PS PS
=e=1 =e<1 =e>1
PM PM PM
Standard Form of Parabola
Standard Form of Parabola
Standard form y2 = 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = -4ay
Coordinates of vertex (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Focal distance of a point x+a a-x y+a a-y

P(x, y)
Parametric coordinates (at2, 2at) (-at2, 2at) (2at, at2) (2at, -at2)
Parametric equations x = at2, x = -at2, x = 2at, x = 2at,

y = 2at y = 2at y = at2 y = -at2
Standard parabolas having vertex at any point (h, k)
Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.
(1) (y − k)2 = 4a(x − h) (2) (y − k)2 = −4a(x − h)
LR = 4a LR = 4a
A (h, k) A (h, k)
S (h + a, k) S (h − a, k) Z (h + a, k)
Z (h − a, k)
x=h−a x=h+a
Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.
(3) (x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) (4) (x − h)2 = −4a(y − k)
LR = 4a S (h, k + a) y=k+a Z (h, k + a)
A (h , k )
A (h , k )
y=k−a Z ( h , k − a) LR = 4a S (h, k − a)
NOTE:
Horizontal parabola form: x=ay2 + by+c.
Vertical parabola form: y=ax2+b x+c.
NOTE:
Area of triangle inscribed in a parabola y2=4ax
NOTE:
In general, for any parabolas
(i) Distance between vertex and focus Latus Rectum
(ii) Distance between directrix and Latus rectum Latus Rectum

(iii) Vertex is always midpoint of focus and point of intersection of axis
and directrix.
Parametric Form of Parabola
1. (y-k)2=4a(x-h) ⇒ P(h+at2, k+2at)

2. (x-h)2=4a(y-k) ⇒ P(h+2at, k+at2)
Position of a point with respect to a Parabola
Position of a point with respect to a parabola: The point P(x1,y1) lies

outside on or inside the parabola S: y2=4ax , according as
y2-4ax1>,=,or < 0
● Outside : S1> 0
● On : S1= 0
● Inside : S1< 0
EQUATION OF A CHORD
1. The equation of chord joining the points

P (x1,y1) and Q (x2,y2) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is
2. The equation of chord joining

P (at12, 2at1) and Q (at22, 2at2) is y (t1+ t2) = 2 (x + at1t2)
CONDITION FOR THE CHORD TO BE A FOCAL CHORD
The chord joining (at12, 2at1) and (at22, 2at2) passes through focus if t1t2 = - 1.
LENGTH OF FOCAL CHORD
The length of focal chord joining
P (at12, 2at1) and Q (at22, 2at2) is PQ= a(t2-t1)2.
Ellipse
The sum of the focal distance of any point on an
ellipse is constant and equal to the length of the
major axis of the ellipse.
Ellipse is also defined as :

- Locus of a point which moves such that sum
of its distances from two fixed points is
constant.
- The fixed points are its foci and the constant
sum is the length of its major axis.
Ellipse
x2 y
Standard Ellipse + 2 = 1, when a > b
a b
2 2
b2 This is standard equation of ellipse
e =1 – 2
2
with focus (ae, 0) and directrix x = a/e
a
Y-axis
(x = 0)
(0, b)
II I
(–a, 0) (–ae, 0) (ae, 0) X – axis
(a, 0)
(y = 0)
(0, –b) a
a x= e
x=–
e
II I
Ellipse Y-axis b
y=
e
x2 y
Standard Ellipse + 2 = 1, when b > a
a b I
2 2 (0, be)
a2
Major axis
e2 =1 – X-axis
b2 (0, 0)
II
(0, –be)
b
y=–
e
Minor axis
Length of the Latus Rectum of Ellipse
● Latus rectum of ellipse is the focal chord

that is perpendicular to the axis of the
ellipse.
● The ellipse has two focus and hence there
are two latus rectum for an ellipse.
● The length of the latus rectum of the
ellipse having the standard equation of
x2/a2 + y2/b2= 1, is 2b2/a.
Ellipse: Important Points
Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Vertices (a, 0) and (-a, 0) (0, b) and (0, -b)
Foci (ae, 0) and (-ae, 0) (0, be) and (0, -be)
Length of the minor axis 2b 2a
Length of the major axis 2a 2b
Equations of the minor axis x=0 y=0
Equation of the major axis y=0 x=0
Equations of the directrices

Ellipse: Important Points
Eccentricity
Length of the latusrectum
Focal distances of a
a ± ex b ± ey
point (x, y)
Parametric Form of Ellipse
Parametric Form: x = acosθ, y = bsinθ

NOTE:
is the equation of an ellipse having centre
at (h,k).
NOTE:
In general, for any ellipse,
● Eccentricity =
● Latusrectum =
● Distance between foci =major axis × eccentricity
● Distance between directrices =

Focal distances
For every point P on an eclipse, sum of focal distances, that

is
PS+PS’=2a
Position of a Point with Respect to an Ellipse
Let P(x1,y1) be any point and let

is the equation of an ellipse. The point lies
outside, on or inside the ellipse as if
Reflection Property of Ellipse
An incident ray coming from focus S after striking concave

side of ellipse gets reflected towards focus S'.
S
S’
Standard Form of Hyperbola
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 (1 – Y
e 2) 2
Here, e > 1 So, a (1 – e2) is
negative
We put a2 (1 – e2) = –b2
(–ae, 0) S′ X
x2 y2 S (ae, 0)
– =1 a
a2 b 2 x=
a e
x=– e
This is standard
equation of hyperbola
Standard Form of Hyperbola
y x2
Standard Hyperbola 2 2 – 2 = 1
b a
Choice of transverse axis and conjugate axis

depends on whose sign is negative in equation
of hyperbola
x2 y2
– =1
a2 b2
where, transverse axis is along x-axis.
Transverse axis
⮚ For hyperbola Y
y2 x2
– =1
b2 a 2
Transverse axis is along y-axis.

Transverse axis
X
Conjugate
axis
Length of the Latus Rectum of Hyperbola
JEE Mains:Hyperbola:
COMPLETEImportant
MATH Formula
Points Revision
Coordinates of the centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Coordinates of the vertices (a, 0) and (-a, 0) (0, b) and (0, -b)
Coordinates of foci (±ae, o) (0, ±be)
Length of the transverse axis 2a 2b
Length of the conjugate axis 2b 2a
Equations of the directrices
Eccentricity
Hyperbola: Important Points
Length of the latusrectum

Equation of the transverse axis y=0 x=0
Equation of the conjugate axis x=0 y=0
Conjugate Hyperbolas
Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse and conjugate axes of one, are the
conjugate and transverse axes of the other, respectively, are called conjugate
hyperbolas.
Eg: are conjugate hyperbolas.
NOTE:
● If e1 and e2 are eccentricities of 2 conjugate hyperbolas then
● Foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola form a square.

NOTE:
In general, for any ellipse,
● Eccentricity =
● Latusrectum =
● Distance between foci =transverse axis × eccentricity
● Distance between directrices =

NOTE:
are hyperbolas having
centre at (h, k)
Parametric Form of Hyperbola
⮚ We have studied hyperbola

x2 y2
– =1
a 2 b 2
where, transverse axis is along x-

axis.
● Parametric Form: x = asecθ, y = btanθ
Parametric Form of Hyperbola
Transverse axis
⮚ For hyperbola Y
y2 x2
– =1
b2 a 2
Transverse axis is along y-axis.

Transverse axis
X
● Parametric Form: x = atanθ, y = bsecθ
Conjugate
axis
Position of a Point w.r.t Hyperbola
Let the hyperbola be . The P(x1,y1)

will lie inside, on or outside the hyperbola
. according as
is positive, zero or negative..

Rectangular Hyperbola
● If a = b, i.e., length of transverse and conjugate axes
are equal, then the hyperbola is called rectangular or
equilateral.
● Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is always √2.
Rectangular Hyperbola
NOTE:
xy=c2 is one of the most commonly used
rectangular hyperbolas. It's parametric form
● Length of its transverse axis =

Chords of a Conic
● Chord of contact: T = 0.
● Chords with given mid-point: T = S1
Focal Distances
Focal Distances
For every point P on a hyperbola, magnitude of the difference of

focal distances, that is |PS’ - PS| = 2a
Reflection Property of Hyperbola
If an incoming light ray passing through one focus S strikes side of

hyperbola, then it will get reflected towards other focus.
Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
1. Mean
Ungrouped Grouped
For observations x1, x2, x3, … xn For observations x1, x2, x3, … xn
n with frequencies f1, f2, f3, … fn
∑ xi
i=1
x = n
n ∑ xi fi
i=1
x =
n
∑ fi
i=1
Measures of Central Tendency
2. Median
Ungrouped Grouped
If number of observations are odd then

th
n+1
median is observation
2
If number of observations are even then median in the
th th
n n
average of and +1 observation
2 2
Relation between Mean, Median, & Mode
Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and Mode

Mode =3 Median -2 Mean
(or)
Mean - Mode =3( Mean - Median )
Variance
Ungrouped Grouped
The variance of ‘n’ observations : n

1
x1, x2, x3, __, __ , xn is given by Variance = σ2 = n i∑
=1
x i2 – x 2
n
1
σ2= n iΣ= 1 (xi–x )2
Standard Deviation
Ungrouped Grouped
The Standard Deviation of ‘n’ observations :

x1, x2, x3, __, __ , xn is given by
n
√
1
σ = n iΣ (xi – x )2
=1
Standard Deviation
Combined Mean & Standard Deviation
Combined Variance
2
Magic Table
Quantity Change of Origin Change of scale
Mean +/- a a (old) or old/a
Median +/- a a (old) or old/a

Mode +/- a a (old) or old/a
Variance same a2(old)
Standard deviation same (mod(a))(old)

Coefficient of same same
Correlation

JEE Mains Formula Revision - Class 11

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JEE Mains: COMPLETE MATH Formula Revision

JEE Mains: COMPLETE MATH Formula Revision

Foundation Sessions for starters

SEQUENCE & SERIES

Finite sequence Infinite sequence

Eg: 1, 3, 5, 7… upto n terms Eg: 5, 10, 15, 20… ∞ terms

Finite series Infinite series

Eg: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7… upto n terms Eg: 5 + 10 + 15 + 20… ∞ terms

● General Form: a, a + d, a + 2d, …….

★ Note: nth odd number = 2n - 1

● If a1, a2, a3 are in A.P ⇒ a1±k, a2± k, a3 ± k are in A.P

● Common terms of three A.Ps with common differences d1 , d2 and d3 form an

Selection of Terms in A.P

● General Form: a, ar, ar2, ar3, …….

● In a finite G.P, the product of terms equidistant from the beginning

● Eg: 2, 4, 8, … 128, 256.

● If a1, a2, a3 are in G.P ⇒ ka1, ka2, ka3

If a, b, c are in H.P. then,

d) Sum of first n odd numbers is n2.

Sum of The Squares of First n Natural Numbers

Sum of The Cubes of First n Natural Numbers

d) Sum of first n odd numbers is n2.

A telescoping series is a series whose partial sums eventually

Q. Find the sum of series 1/1.2.3 + 1/2.3.4

For Cubic Equation For Biquadratic Equation

● ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 ∀ x if a > 0 and D ≤ 0.

● ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0 ∀ x if a < 0 and D ≤ 0.

Q. If 𝛂, 𝜷 are the roots of equation 2x2 - 3x - 6 = 0,

Given 𝛂, 𝜷 are the roots of equation 2x2 - 3x - 6 = 0.

Q. The cubic equation x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 4 has roots 𝜶,

Hence, required equation is x3 - 4x2 + 12x - 32 = 0

REAL NUMBERS COMPLEX

If a, b are positive real numbers, then

OPERATION DEFINITION PROPERTIES

DIVISION ⇒ Multiplicative inverse

for Z≠0, 1/Z ∈ C

Q. If (x4 + 2xi) - (3x2 + yi) = (3 - 5i) + (1 + 2yi)

Q. If (x4 + 2xi) - (3x2 + yi) = (3 - 5i) + (1 + 2yi)

Representation of Complex Numbers

Here P(x, y), a point P in argand plane representing

can SKIP for JEE

The conjugate of a complex number is denoted by Z

Note : Argument and Principal argument are

arg(z) = 0 ⇔ z is a positive real number.

Different Forms of Complex Number

Polar form of Complex Number

|z| Here, r cosθ is real part

Polar and Euler Form of Complex Numbers

Euler form of a Complex Number

R eiθ is a complex number with

Polar and Euler Form of Complex Numbers

We can reduce powers of ω by dividing by 3

● If z0 is the circumcentre of the triangle then 3z0=z12 + z22 + z32 .

f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x).g(x) and f(x)/g(x)

Exist Exist Exist Exist

Exist Do Not Exist Do Not Exist May Exist

Do Not Exist Do Not Exist May Exist May Exist

METHODS OF SOLVING LIMIT

METHODS OF SOLVING LIMIT

Newton-Leibnitz’s formula in evaluating the limits:

Sets, Relations & Functions

Roster form Set Builder form