11

FUNCTIONS
22

Finding Domain
33

Important Types Of Function

44

Signum Function
55

Greatest Integer Or Step up Function

66

Properties of greatest integer function

77

Fractional part Function

88

Properties of fractional part function

9 99
FUNCTION→ Domain of Function
1
Question The domain of the definition of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4−𝑥2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( 𝑥 3 − 𝑥) is :-

(A) (1, 2)  (2, ) (B) (–1, 0) (1, 2)(3, ) [JEE Main−2019]

Ans. (C) (C) (–1, 0)  (1, 2) (2, ) (D) (–2, –1) (–1, 0) (2, )

Solution
10
10
10
FUNCTION→ Domain of Function
1
Question The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = is
2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 10
(where [𝑥] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥)[JEE Main−2023]
Ans. (C) (A) −∞, −2 ∪ 5, ∞ (B) (−∞, −3] ∪ [6, ∞)
(C) −∞, −2 ∪ [6, ∞) (D) (−∞, −3] ∪ 5, ∞
Solution
11
11

RANGE DETERMINATION
12
12

Finding Range
13
13
13
FUNCTION→ Range of Function
Question 𝑥[𝑥]
Let ƒ : (1,3) → R be a function defined by ƒ(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2, where [x] denotes
the greatest integer  x. Then the range of ƒ is [JEE Main−2019]
3 4 2 3 3 4 2 4 2 1 3 4
Ans. (D) (A) , (B)( 5 , 5] ∪ , (C) (5 , 5 ] (D) , ∪ (5 , 5]
5 5 4 5 5 2

Solution
14
14
14
FUNCTION→ Range of Function
Question The range of the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
3𝜋 𝜋
5 ቀ3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
+ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
+𝑥 +
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑥 ቁ is :
4 4 [JEE Main 2021]
Ans. (D) 1
(A) 0, 5 (B) [–2, 2] (C) , 5 (D) [0, 2]
5

Solution
15
15
15
FUNCTION→ Range of Function
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Question Let 𝑓: ℝ − 2,6 → ℝ be real valued function defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 .
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 12
Then range of f is
Ans. (A) 21 21 [JEE Main−2023]
(A) (−∞, − 4 ] ∪ [0, ∞) (B) −∞, − 4 ∪ (0, ∞)
21 21 21
Solution (C) (−∞, − ) ∪ ( , ∞ቁ (D) (−∞, − )∪ (1, ∞)
4 4 4
16
16
Equal or Identical Function
17
17

Transformations Of Graph
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
FUNCTION→ Transformation of Function
Question 𝜋
The number of solutions of the equation 𝑥 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = in the
2
interval [0, 2p] is :
Ans. (A) (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 5 [JEE Main 2021]

Solution
24
FUNCTION→ Transformation of Function
Question The sum of the abosolute maximum and minimum values of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥2 – 5𝑥 + 6| – 3𝑥 + 2 in the interval [–1, 3] is equal to :
[JEE Main−2023]
Ans. (A) (A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 24

Solution
25
25

Classification of Function
26
26

One-one Function (Injective Mapping)

27
27

Many-one function (not injective)

28
28

Methods to discriminate between one-one and many one.

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝−𝐈
29
29

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝−I𝐈
30
30

Onto function (Surjective Mapping)

31
31

Into function (Not surjective)

32
32

Important Points

✓ A polynomial of degree odd defined from R→R will always be onto

E.g. 𝒇(𝒙)=𝒙𝟑+𝒙+𝟏

✓ A polynomial of degree even defined from R→R will always be into

✓ Linear by Linear is one-one

✓ Quadratic by quadratic with no common factor defined from R→R

is many one into
33
33
FUNCTION→ Classification of Function
Question 1
Let a function f : (0, ) → (0, ) be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 . Then f is :-
(A) Injective only
(B) Not injective but it is surjective [JEE Main−2019]
Ans. (Bonus)
(C) Both injective as well as surjective
(D) Neither injective nor surjective
Solution
34
34
FUNCTION→ Classification of Function
𝑥2
Question If the function ƒ : R – {1, –1} → A defined by ƒ(𝑥) = , is surjective, then
1−𝑥 2
A is equal to [JEE Main−2019]
Ans. (A) (A) R – [–1, 0) (B) R – (–1, 0) (C) R – {–1} (D) [0, )

Solution
35
35
FUNCTION→ Classification of Function
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
Question Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be a function such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
. Then
(A) 𝑓(𝑥) is many-one in (–, −)
(B) 𝑓(𝑥) is many-one in (1, ) [JEE Main−2023]
Ans. (C)
(C) 𝑓(𝑥) is one-one in [1, ) but not in (–, )
(D) 𝑓(𝑥) is one-one in (–, )
Solution
36
36

Composite functions
37
37

Definition
38
38

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :

✓ In general, the composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof ≠ fog .

✓ The composite of functions is associative.
✓ The composite of two bijections is a bijection.
39
FUNCTION→ Composite of Functions
Question If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 – 1 and (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥) = 4𝑥2 – 10𝑥 + 5, then f
5
is equal to
4
3 1 3 1
(A) 2 (B) − 2 (C) − 2 (D) [JEE Main 2020]
2
Ans. (B)

Solution
40
FUNCTION→ Composite of Functions 1
50
𝑥 25
Question Let f : R → R be a function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 1 − 2
2 + 𝑥 25 . If the

function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) , then the greatest integer less than or
Ans. (2) equal to g (1) is ______

[JEE Main 2022]

Solution
41
FUNCTION→ Composite of Functions
3𝑥+2 −3
Question Let 𝑓 1 𝑥 = 2𝑥+3 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 2
For 𝑛 ≥ 2, define 𝑓 𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓 1 0𝑓 𝑛−1 𝑥 .

𝑎𝑥+𝑏
If 𝑓 5 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥+𝑎 , 𝑔𝑐𝑑 𝑎, 𝑏 = 1, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 is equal to. [JEE Main−2023]
Ans. (3125)

Solution
42
FUNCTION→ Composite of Functions
𝑡𝑎𝑛 1𝑜 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 123
Question If 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 > 0, then the least value
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 1234 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1𝑜
4
of 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 𝑓 is [JEE Main−2023]
𝑥
Ans. (B)
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0

Solution
43
43

INVERSE FUNCTION
44
44

Inverse of a Function
45
45

Steps to find inverse of a function

46
46

Properties of inverse function

47
47

EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS

48
48

Even Functions
49
49

Odd Functions
50
50

Result to Remember
51
51

Periodic functions
52
52

Periodic function
53
53

Important points
54
FUNCTION→ Inverse of Function
Question 82𝑥 − 8−2𝑥
The inverse function of ƒ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ −1,1 , is
8 + 8−2𝑥
1 1−𝑥 1 1−𝑥 [JEE Main−2019]
Ans. (C) A 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 B 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
4 1+𝑥 4 1+𝑥
1 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑥
Solution C 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 D 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
4 1−𝑥 4 1−𝑥
55
FUNCTION→ Odd and even Function
Question Let ƒ(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) be written as ƒ(𝑥) = ƒ1(𝑥) + ƒ2(𝑥),where ƒ1(𝑥) is
an even function of ƒ2(𝑥) is an odd function.
Then ƒ1(𝑥 + 𝑦) + ƒ1(𝑥 – 𝑦) equals [JEE Main−2019]
Ans. (A)
(A) 2ƒ1(𝑥)ƒ1(𝑦) (B)2ƒ1(𝑥)ƒ2(𝑦)
(C) 2ƒ1(𝑥 + 𝑦)ƒ2(𝑥 – 𝑦) (D) 2ƒ1(𝑥 + 𝑦)ƒ1(𝑥 – 𝑦)
Solution
56
56

APPLICATION OF
FUNCTIONAL RULE
57
57

Important Points
58
FUNCTION→ Functional Equation
Question Let 𝑓 : R → R be a function which satisfies 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦Î𝑅.
(𝑛−1)

If f(1) = 2 and 𝑔(𝑛) = ෍ 𝑓(𝑘), 𝑛 ∈ 𝛮 then the value of n, for

Ans. (A) 𝑘=1
which g(n) = 20, is : [JEE Main 2020]
Solution (A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 20 (D) 4
59
FUNCTION→ Functional Equation
1 𝛽
Question If a + a = 1, b + b = 2 and 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + a𝑓 = 𝑏𝑥 + , 𝑥 ¹ 0, then the value of
𝑥 𝑥

1
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 𝑥
Ans. (2) expression is _______. [JEE Main 2021]
1
𝑥+𝑥
Solution
60
FUNCTION→ Functional Equation
Question 1
Let 𝑓 : R – {0, 1} → R be a function such that 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 = 1 + 𝑥.
1−𝑥
Then 𝑓(2) is equal to : [JEE Main−2023]
Ans. (B) 9 9 7 7
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 4 (D) 3

Solution
61
FUNCTION→ Functional Equation
22𝑥 1 2 2022
Question If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 , 𝑥 Î R, then 𝑓 +𝑓 + ⋯.…+ 𝑓
2 +2 2023 2023 2023
is equal to
(A) 2011 (B) 1010 (C) 2010 (D) 1011
Ans. (D)
[JEE Main−2023]

Solution
1

INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION
22
INVERSE TRIGONAMETRIC FUNCTION

Based on Domain & Range

3
3

Domain, Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

4
4

Domain, Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

5
5

Domain, Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

6
6

Domain, Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

7
7

Domain, Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

8
8

Domain, Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

9

Domain

(A) (C)
|𝑥| ≤ 1 |𝑥| ≥ 1

sin−1 𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 (B)

sec −1 𝑥 co𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑥∈𝑅

tan−1 𝑥 cot −1 𝑥
10
10

Range

(X) (Y)

sin−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 cot −1 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0, 𝜋 𝜋 0, 𝜋
− , − , − , − {0} 0, 𝜋 −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
11
11

Important Points

✓ All the inverse trigonometric functions represent an angle.

✓ If 𝑥 > 0, then all six inverse trigonometric functions viz
sin−1 𝑥, cos −1 𝑥, tan−1 𝑥, sec −1 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥, cot −1 𝑥 represent an acute angle, i.e.
all six have their range in 𝐼 quadrant.
𝜋
✓ If 𝑥 < 0, then sin−1 𝑥, tan−1 𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 represent an angle from − 2 to 0

(iv quadrant)
✓ If 𝑥 < 0, then cos −1 𝑥, cot −1 𝑥 & sec −1 𝑥 represent an obtuse angle. (II quadrant)
12
12

Properties Of Inverse Trigonometric Function

PROPERTY - 1

−𝟏
(A) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒙 ∈ – 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝒚 ∈ [– 𝟏, 𝟏], 𝒚 is aperiodic 𝒙 ∈ – 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝒚 ∈ [– 𝟏, 𝟏], 𝒚 is aperiodic
13
13

(B) 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙) = 𝒙,

𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒚 is aperiodic 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹; 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒚 is aperiodic
14
14
−𝟏
(C) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄(𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒙 ≥ 𝟏; 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒚 is aperiodic 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏; 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒚 is aperiodic
15
15

PROPERTY - 2
𝝅 𝝅
𝐀 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙), 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒚 ∈ − 𝟐 , 𝟐 periodic with period 𝟐𝝅
and it is an odd function.

𝝅
−𝝅 − 𝒙, −𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ −
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒙) = 𝒙, − <𝒙<
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
𝝅 − 𝒙, ≤𝒙≤𝝅
𝟐
16
16

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)

y 𝝅
𝟐

𝝅
X
𝟓𝝅 −𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 −𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟕𝝅
− − −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝝅
−
𝟐
17
17

𝑩 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙), 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒚 ∈ [𝟎, 𝝅], periodic with period 𝟐𝝅 and

it is an even function..

−𝒙, −𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒙) = ቊ
𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅
18
18

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 )

y
𝝅

X
−𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 −𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟑𝝅
− −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
19
19

𝑪 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 – ቀ𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟐 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝜤 ; 𝒚 ∈ − 𝟐 , 𝟐 , periodic with period 𝝅
and it is an odd function.

𝟑𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 + 𝝅, − <𝒙<−
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙) = 𝒙, − <𝒙<
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒙 − 𝝅, <𝒙<
𝟐 𝟐
20
20

y
𝝅
𝟐

𝟐𝝅
−𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 −𝝅 𝝅
–𝟐 O 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 x
– 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝝅
–𝟐
21
21

(D) 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙), 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹– {𝒏𝝅}, 𝒚 ∈ (𝟎, 𝝅), periodic with period 𝝅
and neither even nor odd function.

𝒙 + 𝝅, −𝝅 < 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) = ቐ 𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙<𝝅
𝒙 − 𝝅, 𝝅 < 𝒙 < 𝟐𝝅

y
𝝅

x
−𝟐𝝅 −𝝅 O 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
22
22

PROPERTY - 3

𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
(ii) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 ; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎

𝟏
tan–1 𝒙 ; x>0
(iii) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙 =
𝟏
p + tan–1 𝒙 ; x<0
23
23

PROPERTY - 4

(i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (– 𝒙) =– 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏

(ii) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (– 𝒙) =– 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒙∈ 𝑹
(iii) cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 x , 𝒙 ≤𝟏
(iv) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 – 𝒙 = 𝝅 – 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙, 𝒙∈𝑹
(v) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 – 𝒙 = 𝝅 – 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙, 𝒙 ≥𝟏
(vi) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (– 𝒙) = – 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒙 ≥𝟏
24
24

PROPERTY - 5

𝝅
(i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 = , 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝟐
𝝅
(ii) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙 = , 𝒙∈ 𝑹
𝟐
𝝅
(iii) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 = , 𝒙 ≥𝟏
𝟐

Note
p
𝟏 ; x>0
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + tan–1 = 𝟐
𝒙 p
− ; x<0
𝟐
25
25

PROPERTY - 6

𝐱+𝐲
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 , 𝐱 > 𝟎, 𝐲 > 𝟎 and xy < 1 (𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞ቇ
𝟏 − 𝐱𝐲

𝐱+𝐲
(i) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏x + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐲= 𝛑+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 , 𝐱 > 𝟎, 𝐲 > 𝟎 and xy > 1(obtuse angle)
𝟏 − 𝐱𝐲

𝛑
, 𝐱 > 𝟎, 𝐲 > 𝟎 and 𝐱𝐲 = 𝟏
𝟐
26
26

PROPERTY - 6

(ii) 𝐱−𝐲
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏+𝐱𝐲 𝒙 > 𝟎, 𝒚 > 𝟎
27
27

Note

(i) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 = 𝝅

𝝅
(ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝟑 = 𝟐
28
28

Simultaneous equations and

inequations involving I.T.F.

For 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏

𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 > 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚

𝒙>𝒚⇔൝
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 < 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒚

and For 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹
𝒙 > 𝒚 ⇔ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 > 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚
29 29
ITF → Based on Domain & Range

Question 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙
The real valued function 𝒇 𝒙 = , where [x] denotes the greatest
𝒙− 𝒙
integer less than or equal to x, is defined for all x belonging to :
(A) all reals except integers [JEE Main−2021]
(B) all non-integers except the interval [–1, 1]
Ans. (B)
(C) all integers except 0, –1, 1
(D) all reals except the Interval [–1, 1]
Solution
3030
ITF → Based on Domain & Range

Question 𝑥2 [JEE Main−2023]

The range of f 𝑥 = 4sin−1 is
𝑥2 + 1
(A) [0, 𝜋] (B) [0, 2𝜋) (C) [0, 𝜋) (D) [0, 2𝜋]
Ans. (B)

Solution
3131

Based on Properties like

𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) etc.
3232
ITF → Based on Properties like 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) etc.

Question 2𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 is equal to :
3 6 4
Ans. (A) 11π 17π 31π 3π [JEE Main−2022]
A B C D −
12 12 12 4
Solution
3333
ITF → Based on Properties like 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) etc.

Question Let (a, b) ⊂ 0, 2𝜋 be the largest interval for which

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 > 0, 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋 holds. If 𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 +
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10 = 0 and 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 𝑏 − 𝑎,
then 𝛼 is equal to :
Ans. (D) π π π π
A B C D [JEE Main−2023]
48 16 8 12
Solution
3434
ITF → Based on Properties like 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) etc.
𝛼 4 77
Question If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 0, 0 < a < 13, then sin–1(sin a) + cos–1 (cos a)
17 5 36
[JEE Main−2023]
is equal to
Ans. (A)
(A) p (B) 16 (C) 0 (D) 16 – 5p
Solution
3535

Simplification using
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 then Applying
Suitable Formula
3636
ITF → Simplification using 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 then Applying Suitable Formula

Question
If the inverse trigonometric functions take principal values,
3 4 2 4
then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 is equal to :
10 3 5 3
Ans. (C)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 [JEE Main−2022]
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
4 3 6
Solution
3737
3838
ITF → Simplification using 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 then Applying Suitable Formula

Question 1 5 1
tan 2 tan−1 + sec −1 + 2 tan−1 is equal to:
5 2 8 [JEE Main−2022]
Ans. (B) 1 5
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D)
4 4
Solution
39 39

Solving ITF Equation and

Inequation
40 40
ITF → Solving ITF Equation and Inequation

Question Given that the inverse trigonometric functions take principal values only. Then,

3𝑥 4𝑥
the number of real values of 𝑥 which satisfy 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
5 5

is equal to:
Ans. (C) [JEE Main−2021]
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 0
Solution
4141
42 42
ITF → Solving ITF Equation and Inequation

Question Let M and m respectively be the maximum and minimum values of the function
𝜋
f(x) = tan–1 (sin𝑥+ cos𝑥) in 0, , Then the value of tan(M – m) is equal to:
2
(A) 2 + 3 (B) 2 − 3 [JEE Main−2021]
Ans. (D)
(C) 3 + 2 + 2 (D) 3 − 2 2
Solution
43 43
ITF → Solving ITF Equation and Inequation
1 4
Question Let 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝛼 and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 . [JEE Main−2022]
2 3

Ans. (130) If 𝑆 = 𝛼 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑥 , then ෍ 16𝛼 3 is equal to ________

𝛼∈𝑆

Solution
4444
45 45

Based on Sum of Series

−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙−𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟏+𝒙𝒚
46 46 𝒙−𝒚
ITF → Based on Sum of Series 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝒚

19 𝑛
Question The value of cot ෍ cot −1
1+෍ 2p is : [JEE Main−2019]
𝑛=1 𝑝=1

Ans. (C) 22 23 21 19
A B C D
23 22 19 21
Solution
4747
48 48
𝒙−𝒚
ITF → Based on Sum of Series 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝒚

Question If cot–1(a) = cot–1 2 + cot–1 8 + cot–1 18 + cot–1 32 + ..... upto 100 terms,
then a is : [JEE Main−2021]
(A) 1.01 (B) 1.00 (C) 1.02 (D) 1.03
Ans. (A)

Solution
4949
50 50 𝒙−𝒚
ITF → Based on Sum of Series 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝒚

𝑛
1
Question The value of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 6 tan ෎ tan −1
is equal to
𝑛→∞ 𝑟 2 + 3𝑟 + 3
𝑟=1 [JEE Main−2022]
Ans. (C) (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6

Solution
5151
1
22

Definition of Limit of a Function at a Point

Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about x0 , not necessarily at x0

itself . If f(x) gets arbitrarily close to a finite value L for all x sufficiently
close to x0 then we say that limit of f(x) is L as x approaches x0 .
3
44

Existence of a Limit
55

Existence of a Limit
6

Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t. If for some   R – {0, 1},
Question
1 − 𝑥 + |𝑥| [JEE Main 2020]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝐿, then L is equal to :
𝑥→0 𝜆 − 𝑥 + [𝑥]

1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (4) 0
Solution 2
7

Ans. (B)
8

1−𝑥 1+ 1−𝑥 1
Question Let 𝑓(𝑥) = cos for 𝑥 ≠ 1. Then
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
(A) 𝑥→1
𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 (B) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 [JEE Advanced 2017]
𝑥→1+

(C) 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist (D) 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Solution
9

Ans. (A,C)
10
10

Five Fundamental Theorems

If Lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L and Lim 𝑔(𝑥) = M where L and M are fixed finite
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
quantities, and 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are defined on same neighbourhood of 𝑎,
then

(a) Constant Multiple rule : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 K. 𝑓(𝑥) = KL

𝑥→𝑎

(b) Sum rule : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = L + M

𝑥→𝑎
Where 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔 (𝑥)
(c) Difference rule : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑓(𝑥)– 𝑔(𝑥)) = L – M are defined on same
𝑥→𝑎
neighbourhood of 𝑥 = a
(d) Product rule : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑔(𝑥)) = L . M
𝑥→𝑎

(e) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 , M  0

Quotient rule :𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑀
11
11

Indeterminate Forms
12
12

Limit Using Series Expansion

𝑥
𝑥 ℓ𝑛𝑎 𝑥 2 ℓ𝑛2 𝑎 𝑥 3 ℓ𝑛3 𝑎
𝑎 =1+ + + +. . . , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
1! 2! 3!
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑒 = 1 + + + +. . . , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
1! 2! 3!
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
ℓ𝑛 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +. . . for − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
2 3 4
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +. . . , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
3! 5! 7!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − + − +. . . , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2! 4! 6!
𝑥 3 2𝑥 5 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 + + +. . . , 𝑥 ∈ − ,
3 15 2 2
13
14
14

Limit Using Series Expansion

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 =𝑥− + − +. . . , 𝑥 ∈ −1,1
3 5 7

12 3 12 . 32 5 12 . 32 . 52 7
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 =𝑥+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +. . . , 𝑥 ∈ (−1,1)
3! 5! 7!

𝑥 2 5𝑥 4 61𝑥 6
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 =1+ + + +. . . , |𝑥| > 1
2! 4! 6!

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2
(1 + 𝑥)n = 1 + n𝑥 + 𝑥 + ..., n ℝ, x  (–1, 1)
2!

𝑥 11 2
(1 + 𝑥)1/𝑥 = 𝑒(1 − + 𝑥 − ………………….
2 24
15
15
1 1
(𝑎 + 2𝑥)3 − (3𝑥)3
Question 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 1 𝑎 ≠ 0 is equal to : [JEE Main−2020]
𝑥→𝑎
(3𝑎 + 𝑥)3 − (4𝑥)3
1 4 4 1
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 3 9 9 3

Solution
16

Ans. (A)
17
𝑥2
𝑎− 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 4
Question Let 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 , 𝑎 > 0. If 𝐿 is finite, then −
𝑥→0 𝑥4 [JEE Advanced 2009]
1 1
(A) 𝑎 = 2 (B) 𝑎 = 1 (C) 𝐿 = 64 (D) 𝐿 = 32

Solution
18

Ans. (A,C)
19

𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) − 𝑥
Question 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is equal to : [JEE Main 2022]
1 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥)
𝑥→
2
Ans. (D) 1 1
(A) 2 (B) − 2 (C) (4) −
2 2
Solution
20
20

Sandwich / Squeeze Play Theorem

ℎ(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥)
𝑙

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎

Statement :
If 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ ℎ 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 in the neighbourhood at 𝑥 = a
and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = ℓ = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ 𝑥 then, lim 𝑔 𝑥 = ℓ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
21

Question The value of 𝑙𝑖𝑚

[𝑟] + [2𝑟]+. . . . . +[𝑛𝑟]
, where r is non−zero real number and [r]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to r, is equal to : [JEE Main 2021]
𝑟
(A) (B) r (C) 2r (4) 0
2
Solution
22

Ans. (A)
23
23

Limits of Trigonometric Functions

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1; 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1; 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑓(𝑥 ))
If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )
24
25
25

Note
sin𝑥
If 𝑥 → 0, then → 1−
𝑥
sin𝑥 sin𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0 & 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 [. ] 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
26
26

Note
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1; 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1; 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑓(𝑥 ))
If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )
27
27

Note
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
If 𝑥 → 0, then → 1+
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1 and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1,
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

where [.] denotes greatest integer function.

28
28

Limits of Trigonometric Functions

𝑦 = tan𝑥

𝑦=𝑥

𝜋
− 𝑦 = sin𝑥
2 O
𝜋
2
29

𝜋 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
Question 𝑙𝑖𝑚 equal to :
𝑥→1− 1−𝑥 [JEE Main 2019]
1 𝜋 2
(A) 2𝜋
(B) 2
(C) 𝜋
(4) 𝜋

Solution
30

Ans. (C)
31
1 1
𝑥3 3 3 2 2
𝑒 − 1 −𝑥 + 1− 𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Question If 𝛽 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 , then the value of 6b is.
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
[JEE Advanced 2022]
Ans. (5)

Solution
32

𝑎𝑥 − (𝑒 4𝑥 − 1)
Question If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 exists and is equal to b, then the value of 𝑎 – 2𝑏 is ______.
𝑥→0 𝑎𝑥(𝑒 4𝑥 − 1)

[JEE Main 2021]

Ans. (5)

Solution
33

𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Question 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 𝜋 is :
𝑥→ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + [JEE Main 2019]
4
Ans. (C) (A) 4 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (4) 4 2

Solution
34

8 2 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)7

Question 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 is equal to
𝑥→
4
2 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 [JEE Main 2022]
(A) 14 (B) 7 (C) 14 2 (4) 7 2

Solution
35

Ans. (1)
36

Question 𝛼𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝛽 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( 1 + 𝑥) + 𝛾𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥

If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 10, a, b, g  R, then
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [JEE Main 2021]
the value of a + b + g is ________.
Ans. (3)

Solution
37
37

Generalised Formula For 1¥

1
Lim 1 + 𝑥 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑥→0

Let Lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 and Lim 𝜙(𝑥) → ∞, then

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝜙(𝑥) 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝜙(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)−1]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥→𝑎
38

𝑥+2
Question If the value of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑥2
is equal to ea, then a is
𝑥→0 [JEE Main 2021]
equal to ________.

Solution
39

Ans. (3)
40

1
Question If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 + 𝑥ℓ 𝑛( 1 + 𝑏 ) 2 𝑥 = 2𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 , 𝑏 > 0 and 𝜃 ∈ (– 𝜋, 𝜋],
𝑥→0

then the value of 𝜃 is- [JEE Advanced 2011]

Ans. (D) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D) ±
4 3 6 2
Solution
41

L’ Hospital's rule :

0 ∞
✓ Indeterminate forms of the type 0 , ∞.
If the function f(x) and g(x) are differentiable in certain neighborhood of
the point ‘a’, except, may be, at the point ‘a’ itself, and g'(x) ≠0, and if

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥) = ∞

✓ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 or 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓" 𝑥

Then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = till indeterminate form vanish.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑔" 𝑥
42

Question Let 𝑓 ∶ (0, ¥) → (0, ¥) be a differentiable function such that 𝑓(1) = 𝑒

𝑡 2 𝑓2 (𝑥)–𝑥 2 𝑓2 (𝑡)
and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 1, then 𝑥 is equal to : [JEE Main 2020]
𝑡→𝑥 𝑡–𝑥
1 1
Ans. (D) (A) 2e (B) 2𝑒 (C) e (4) 𝑒

Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Question 1 1
If the function f defined on − , by
3 3

1 1 + 3𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = ൞𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 is continuous, then k is equal to
𝑘 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 [JEE Main−2020]
Solution
17

Ans. (5)
18

Question If a function 𝑓(𝑥) defined by

𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ቐ𝑐𝑥 2 , 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 be continuous for some
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 , 3<𝑥≤4
a, b, c Î R and f¢(0) + f¢(2) = e, then the value of a is :
[JEE Main−2020]
𝑒 𝑒 1 𝑒
Solution (A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
𝑒 − 3𝑒 − 13 𝑒 + 3𝑒 + 13 𝑒 − 3𝑒 + 13 𝑒 − 3𝑒 + 13
19

Ans. (D)
20

Question If the function 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
is continuous at each point in
𝑥4
1
its domain and 𝑓(0) = , then k is _________ . [JEE Main−2021]
𝑘
Solution
21

Ans. (6)
22

Question
𝜋
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
2
Let a, b Î R, b ¹ 0, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0.
𝑏𝑥 3
If f is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then 10 – ab is equal to _________. [JEE Main−2021]

Solution
23

Ans. (14)
24

Question Let ƒ : [–1,3] → R be defined as [JEE Main−2019]

𝑥 + 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
ƒ 𝑥 =ቐ 𝑥+ 𝑥 , 1≤𝑥<2 ,
𝑥+ 𝑥 , 2≤𝑥≤3
Then, ƒ is discontinuous at:
(A) four or more points (B) only one point
(C) only two points (D) only three points
Solution
25

Ans. (D)
26

𝑥
Question Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 · , for –10 < 𝑥 < 10. Then the number of points of
2
discontinuity of f is equal to ________.
[JEE Main−2020]
Solution
27

Ans. (8)
28

Question
2𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 < 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = [2𝑥 2 + 1] and 𝑔(𝑥) = ቊ .
2𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0
Then, in (−1, 1), the number of points where fog is discontinuous is
[JEE Main−2022]
equal to _____
Solution
29

Ans. (62)
30

Question Let 𝑓, 𝑔: 𝑹 → 𝑹 be functions defined by

𝑥 , 𝑥<0 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑥 , 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ and 𝑔 𝑥 = ቊ
1−𝑥 , 𝑥≥0 𝑥−1 2−1 , 𝑥≥0
Then, the function fog is discontinuous at exactly :
(A) one point (B) two points (C) three points (D) four points
Solution [JEE Main−2022]
31

Ans. (B)
32
Differentiability→ Existence of Derivative through its Geometrical meaning and Differentiability over an Interval

Question Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such that 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑦 ≤

3
1
2 𝑥 − 𝑦 , for all x, y  R. If f(0) = 1 then ‫׬‬0 𝑓 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
2

[JEE Main−2019]
1
A 0 B C 2 D 1
2
Solution
33

Ans. (D)
34
Differentiability→ Existence of Derivative through its Geometrical meaning and Differentiability over an Interval

Question Let f : R → R be differentiable at c ∈ R and f(c) = 0. If g(𝑥) = |f(𝑥)|, then at 𝑥 = c,

g is :
[JEE Main−2019]
(A) differentiable if f' (c) = 0
(B) not differentiable
(C) differentiable if f' (c) ≠ 0
(D) not differentiable if f'(c) = 0
Solution
35

Ans. (A)
36

Question 𝑘1 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 − 1, 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
If the function 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ is twice differentiable, then the
𝑘2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ,𝑥 > 𝜋
[JEE Main−2020]
ordered pair (k1, k2) is equal to :

1 1
(A) ,1 (B) (1, 1) (C) , −1 (D) (1, 0)
2 2
Solution
37

Ans. (A)
38
Differentiability→ Derivability of Function involving Sgn(x), GIF and Fractional part function

Question If [t] denotes the greatest integer £ t, then number of points, at which the
1
function f(𝑥) = 4 |2x + 3| + 9 𝑥 + –12 [𝑥+ 20] is not differentiable in the
2
[JEE Main−2022]
open interval (–20, 20), is______.
Solution
39

Ans. (79)
1

METHODS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
2

METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

First Principle of Differentiation

𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉ሻ − 𝒇(𝒙ሻ
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
3
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
Derivative of Standard Function

𝑫(𝒙𝒏 ሻ = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏

𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐

D(𝒂𝒙 ሻ = 𝒂𝒙 ℓ𝒏𝒂, 𝒂 > 𝟎

4
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
Derivative of Standard Function

𝑫(𝒆𝒙 ሻ = 𝒆𝒙

𝐃 ℓ𝒏𝒙 = 𝟏/𝒙 , 𝒙 > 𝟎

5
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

Fundamental Theorems

𝑫(𝒇(𝒙ሻ ± 𝒈(𝒙ሻሻ = 𝒇′(𝒙ሻ ± 𝒈′(𝒙)

𝑫(𝒇(𝒙ሻ . 𝒈(𝒙ሻሻ = 𝒇(𝒙ሻ . 𝒈′(𝒙ሻ + 𝒈(𝒙ሻ . 𝒇′ 𝒙

𝑫 𝒇 𝒙 .𝒈 𝒙 .𝒉 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 .𝒈 𝒙 .𝒉′ 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 .𝒉 𝒙 .𝒇′ 𝒙 + 𝒉 𝒙 .𝒇 𝒙 .𝒈′ 𝒙

𝒇(𝒙ሻ 𝒈(𝒙ሻ. 𝒇′(𝒙ሻ − 𝒇(𝒙ሻ. 𝒈′(𝒙ሻ

𝑫 = (Quotient Ruleሻ
𝒈(𝒙ሻ 𝒈𝟐 (𝒙ሻ
6

Chain Rule

𝒅
 (𝒇(𝒙ሻሻ𝒏 = 𝒏(𝒇(𝒙ሻሻ𝒏−𝟏 𝒇′(𝒙ሻ
𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝟏
 ℓ𝒏𝒇 𝒙 = . 𝒇′ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒇 𝒙

𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
 𝒅𝒙 𝒇 𝒙
=−
𝒇𝟐 ( 𝒙ሻ
𝒇′(𝒙ሻ
7
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

Derivative of Trigonometric Function

𝒇(𝒙ሻ 𝒇′(𝒙ሻ
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒙 −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝒙 −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝒙 −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
8

Logarithmic Differentiation

To find the derivative of a function of the form

𝒈 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙ሻ. 𝒈(𝒙ሻ. 𝒉(𝒙ሻ

𝒇 𝒙 𝝓(𝒙ሻ =
𝒌(𝒙ሻ. 𝒍(𝒙ሻ

✓ It is convenient to take the logarithm of the function first

& then differentiate
9
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

Parametric Differentiation

 If a function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙ሻ is defined parametrically as 𝒙 = 𝒉(𝒕ሻ & 𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒕ሻ,

then
10
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

Derivative of 𝒇(𝒙) w.r.t. 𝒈(𝒙)

 Let 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙ሻ

and 𝒛 = 𝒈(𝒙ሻ
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙
Derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 w.r.t. 𝒈 𝒙 = = =
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒈′ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
11

Differentiation In Homogeneous Equation

 Let 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚ሻ = 𝟎 is homogenous equation in 𝒙, 𝒚 then

𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= =𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
12

Standard Substitutions :

(a) For the type 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 or 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 , put 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 or 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽.

(b) For the type x2 – a2 or 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 , put 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 or a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝜽.

(c) For the type a2 – x2 or 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 , put 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 or 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽.

(d) If both 𝒂 + 𝒙, 𝒂 − 𝒙 are present, then put 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽.

13

Derivative of Inverse Function

 If 𝒈(𝒙ሻ is inverse of bijective function 𝒇(𝒙ሻ then

𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙 f 𝒈𝒙 =𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
𝒈′ 𝒇 𝒙 = f′ 𝒈 𝒙 =
𝒇′ 𝒙 𝐠′ 𝒙
14

METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Function

𝒇(𝒙ሻ 𝒇′(𝒙ሻ
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 , −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 – , −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ,𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒙 >𝟏
|𝒙| 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 − , 𝒙 >𝟏
|𝒙| 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
15

Derivative of Functions Expressed in Determinant

Form

𝒇 𝒈 𝒉
Let 𝑭(𝒙ሻ = 𝒖 𝒗 𝒘 where all functions are differentiable then
ℓ 𝒎 𝒏

' ' ' 𝒇 𝒈 𝒉 𝒇 𝒈 𝒉

𝑭′(𝒙ሻ = 𝒖 𝒗 𝒘 + ' ' ' + 𝒖 𝒗 𝒘
ℓ 𝒎 𝒏 ℓ 𝒎 𝒏 ' ' '
16

Higher Order Derivative

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙ሻ
𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Higher order derivative are denoted as = 𝟐 = 𝑫𝟐 𝒚 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒇′′( 𝒙ሻ = 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚′′
𝒅𝒏𝒚
Similarly, 𝒏th order derivatives are denoted by 𝒏 or 𝒅𝒏𝒚 or 𝒚𝒏
𝒅𝒙
17
MOD→ Derivative of Standard Function

Question If𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑦
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑥 5
, 𝑦 < 2, then :
2 5
(A) 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦′ − 25𝑦 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦′ − 25𝑦 = 0
Ans. (D) (C) 𝑥 2 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦′ + 25𝑦 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦′ + 25𝑦 = 0 [JEE Main−2022]

Solution
18
19
MOD→ Derivative of Trigonometric Function

Question 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛼 1 3𝜋 𝑑𝑦 5𝜋

If 𝑦(𝛼ሻ = 2 + ,𝛼 ∈ , 𝜋 , then at 𝛼 = is:
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 4 𝑑𝛼 6
Ans. (A) 1 4
(A) 4 (B) − (3) (D) –4
4 3
[JEE Main 2020]
Solution
20
21
MOD→ Derivative of Logarithmic Function

Question Let f : S → S where S = (0, ¥) be a twice differentiable function such that

𝑓(𝑥 + 1ሻ = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥ሻ. If 𝑔 ∶ 𝑆 → R be defined as 𝑔(𝑥ሻ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑓(𝑥ሻ, then
the value of |𝑔"(5ሻ – g"(1ሻ| is equal to :
Ans. (A) [JEE Main 2021]
205 197 187
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
144 144 144
Solution
22
23

Question Let 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥ሻ be a function of x satisfying 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑘 − 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2

1 1 𝑑𝑦 1
where k is a constant and 𝑦 = − . Then at 𝑥 = , is equal to:
2 4 𝑑𝑥 2
Ans. (B) [JEE Main 2020]
5 5 2 5
(A) (B) − (C) (D) −
2 2 5 4

Solution
24
25
MOD→ Derivative of Composite Function

Question If ƒ (1) = 1, ƒ ′(1) = 3, then the derivative of ƒ(ƒ(ƒ(𝑥ሻሻሻ + (ƒ(𝑥ሻሻ2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 is :

(1) 12 (2) 33 (C) 9 (D) 15 [JEE Main 2019]
Ans. (B)

Solution
26
MOD→ Derivative of Inverse Function

Question Let f : R → R be defined as 𝑓 (𝑥ሻ = 𝑥3 + 𝑥 – 5. If 𝑔 (𝑥ሻ is a function such

that 𝑓 (𝑔(𝑥ሻሻ = 𝑥,  𝑥  R, then g' (63) is equal to ______.
1 3 43 91 [JEE Main 2022]
Ans. (A) (A) 49 (B) 49 (C) 49 (D) 49

Solution
27

1 + 𝑥2 − 1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
Question The derivative of tan–1 with respect to tan–1
𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 2
1
at 𝑥 = is:
2
Ans. (B) [JEE Main 2020]
3 3 2 3 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 10 5 3

Solution
28
29

1−𝑥
Question Let 𝑓(𝑥ሻ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1. Then :
𝑥

(A) (1 – 𝑥ሻ2 𝑓′(𝑥ሻ – 2(𝑓(𝑥ሻሻ2 = 0 (B)(1 + 𝑥ሻ2 𝑓′(𝑥ሻ + 2(𝑓(𝑥ሻሻ2 = 0

Ans. (C)
(C)(1 − 𝑥ሻ2 𝑓′(𝑥ሻ + 2(𝑓(𝑥ሻሻ2 = 0 (D)(1 + 𝑥ሻ2 𝑓′(𝑥ሻ – 2(𝑓(𝑥ሻሻ2 = 0

Solution [JEE Main−2021]

30
31 31

MOD→ Derivative of Functions Expressed in Determinant Form

𝑎 −1 0
Question Let 𝑓(𝑥ሻ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 −1 , a  ℝ. Then the sum of the squares of all the
𝑎𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
values of a for 2𝑓 ′ (10ሻ − 𝑓 ′ (5ሻ + 100 = 0 is : [JEE Main 2022]
Ans. (C)
(A) 117 (B) 106 (C) 125 (D) 136

Solution
32
33

Question If 𝑦(𝑥ሻ = 𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0, then y’’(2) – 2y’(2) is equal to :

(A) 8 loge2 – 2 (B) 4 loge2 + 2
[JEE Main−2023]
Ans. (C) (C) 4 (loge2)2 – 2 (D) 4 (loge2)2 + 2

Solution
34
35 35

MOD→ L’Hopital’s Rule

Question Let ƒ 𝑥 be a differentiable function at 𝑥 = 𝑎 with ƒ ′(𝑎ሻ = 2 and

𝑥ƒ(𝑎ሻ − 𝑎ƒ(𝑥ሻ
ƒ(𝑎ሻ = 4. Then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 equals : [JEE Main 2021]
Ans. (B) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
(A) 2a + 4 (B) 4 – 2a (C) 2a – 4 (D) a + 4
Solution
36
MOD→ Differentiation of Series
6
3 4 𝑑𝑦
Question If 𝑦 = ෍ 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑥 , then at 𝑥 = 0 is________.
5 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑘=1
[JEE Main 2020]
Ans. (91)

Solution
37
38
11

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 2
22

Tangent & Normal to the curve at a point

33

Tangent & Normal to the curve at a point

44

Length of Tangent, Normal, Sub-

tangent & Sub-normal
55

Length of Tangent, Normal, Sub-tangent & Sub-normal

 6
66

Angle of Intersection of two Curves

Orthogonal Curves
 7
77

Angle of Intersection of two Curves

8
TANGENT AND NORMAL→ Tangent and Normal at A Point
𝑥
Question If the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑥Î R, 𝑥 ≠ ± 3 , at a point
𝑥 −3
(a, b) ¹ (0, 0) on it is parallel to the line 2𝑥+ 6y – 11 = 0, then :
(A) |6a + 2b| = 19 (B) |2a + 6b| = 11 [JEE Main−2019]
Ans. (A)
(C) |6a + 2b| = 9 (D) |2a + 6b| = 19

Solution
9
TANGENT AND NORMAL→ Tangent and Normal at A Point

Question If the tangent to the curve, y = ƒ(𝑥) = 𝑥 loge𝑥, (x > 0) at a point (c, ƒ(c)) is parallel
to the line - segment joining the points (1, 0) and (e, e), then c is equal to :
1 1 1 e−1
Ans. (C) A B e 1−e C e e−1 D
e−1 e
[JEE Main−2020]
Solution
10
TANGENT AND NORMAL→ Tangent and Normal at A Point

Question If the curve y = a𝑥 2 + b𝑥 + c, 𝑥 Î R, passes through the point (1,2) and the
tangent line to this curve at origin is 𝑦 = 𝑥, then the possible values of a, b, c
are : [JEE Main−2021]
1 1
A a = ,b = ,c = 1 B a = l, b = 0, c = 1
Ans. (C) 2 2
C a = l, b = l, c = 0 D a = – 1, b = l, c = l
Solution
11
TANGENT AND NORMAL→ Tangent and Normal in Special Cases

Question If the angle made by the tangent at the point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) on the curve
𝜋
𝑥 = 12(t + sin t cos t), 𝑦 = 12(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)2 , 0 < 𝑡 < , with the positive x−axis
2
𝜋 [JEE Main−2022]
is , then 𝑦0 is equal to
3
Ans. (C)
(A) 6 3 + 2 2 (B) 3 7 + 4 3 (C) 27 (D) 48

Solution
12
12

Monotonicity
13
13

Monotonicity of a Function at a Point

14
14

Monotonicity of a Function in an Interval

15
MONOTONICITY → Monotonicity in an Interval
Question Let ƒ : [0, 2] → R be a twice differentiable function such that
ƒ′′(𝑥) > 0, for all 𝑥 Î (0, 2). If (𝑥) = ƒ(𝑥) + ƒ(2 – 𝑥), then  is :
(A) decreasing on (0, 2)
Ans. (B) (B) decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, 2)
(C) increasing on (0, 2)
(D) increasing on (0, 1) and decreasing on (1, 2) [JEE Main 2019]
Solution
16
MONOTONICITY → Monotonicity in an Interval
Question 𝑥 𝑑−𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = − , 𝑥Î𝑅, where a, b and d are non-zero real
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑏2 +(𝑑−𝑥)2
constants. Then :-
Ans. (D) (A) 𝑓 is a decreasing function of 𝑥
(B) 𝑓 is neither increasing nor decreasing function of 𝑥
(C) 𝑓′ is not a continuous function of 𝑥
[JEE Main 2019]
(D) 𝑓 is an increasing function of 𝑥
Solution
17
MONOTONICITY → Inequalities using Monotonicity
Question Let f : R → R and g : R → R be two functions defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) =
1−2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒(𝑥2 + 1) – 𝑒 −𝑥
+ 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = . Then, for which of the
𝑒𝑥

Ans. (A) (𝛼−1)2 5

following range of a, the inequality 𝑓 𝑔 3
>𝑓 𝑔 𝛼−3 holds?

(A) (2, 3) (B) (–2, – 1) (C) (1, 2) (D) (–1, 1)

[JEE Main 2022]
Solution
 18
18
18

Concavity & Convexity

19
19
20
MONOTONICITY → Concavitiy / Convexity of a function
Question Let ƒ be any function continuous on [a, b] and twice differentiable on (a, b). If
ƒ(𝑐) − ƒ(𝑎)
for all 𝑥 Î (a, b), ƒ′(𝑥) > 0 and ƒ′′(𝑥) < 0, then for any c Î (a, b),
ƒ(𝑏) − ƒ(𝑐)
Ans. (C)
is greater than : [JEE Main 2020]
𝑏+𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎 𝑏−𝑐
Solution
21
MONOTONICITY → Concavitiy / Convexity of a function
Question Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(1 − 𝑥) and 𝑓 ″ (𝑥) > 0, 𝑥 ∈ (0,1). If g is decreasing in
the interval (0, a) and increasing in the interval (a, 1),
1 𝛼+1
then 𝑡𝑎𝑛1 ( 2𝛼) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 is equal to :
Ans. (B) 𝛼 𝛼
3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
(A) (B)  (C) (D)
2 4 4

Solution [JEE Main 2023]

22
22

Rolle’s Mean Value Theorem (RMVT)

23
23

Rolle’s Mean Value Theorem (RMVT)

24 24
24

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (LMVT)

25 25
25

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (LMVT)

26
MONOTONICITY → Rolle’s Theorem
Question For all twice differentiable functions ƒ : R → R, with ƒ(0) = ƒ(1) = ƒ′(0) = 0
(A) ƒ"(𝑥) = 0, for some 𝑥 Î (0, 1)
(B) ƒ"(0) = 0
Ans. (A) (C) ƒ"(𝑥) ¹ 0 at every point 𝑥 Î (0, 1)
(D) ƒ"(𝑥) = 0 at every point 𝑥 Î (0, 1) [JEE Main 2020]

Solution
27
MONOTONICITY → Rolle’s Theorem
Question If Rolle's theorem holds for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 – 4, 𝑥 Î [1, 2]
4
With 𝑓′ = 0, then ordered pair (a, b) is equal to :
3
Ans. (A)
(A) (5, 8) (B) (–5, 8) (C) (5, –8) (D) (–5, –8)
[JEE Main 2021]
Solution
28
MONOTONICITY → Rolle’s Theorem
Question Let f be any continuous function on [0, 2] and twice differentiable on (0, 2). If
𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(1) = 1 and 𝑓(2) = 2, then
(A) 𝑓"(x) = 0 for all x Î (0, 2)
Ans. (B) (B) 𝑓"(x) = 0 for some x Î (0, 2)
(C) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 for some x Î [0, 2]
(D) 𝑓"(x) > 0 for all x Î (0, 2) [JEE Main 2021]

Solution
29
MONOTONICITY → Lagarange’s Mean value Theorem
Question Let f be a twice differentiable function on (1, 6). If 𝑓(2) = 8, 𝑓′(2) = 5,
𝑓′(𝑥)  1 and 𝑓"(x)  4, for all 𝑥 Î (1, 6), then :
Ans. (C) (A) 𝑓(5)  10 (B) 𝑓′(5) + 𝑓"(5)  20
(C) 𝑓(5) + 𝑓′(5)  28 (D) 𝑓(5) + 𝑓′(5)  26
[JEE Main 2020]
Solution
1
2
3
4
5

Question A helicopter is flying along the curve given by 𝑦 – 𝑥3/2 = 7, (𝑥 ³ 0).

1
A soldier positioned at the point , 7 wants to shoot down the
2
helicopter when it is nearest to him. Then this nearest distance is :

1 1 7 1 7 5
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE Main 2019]
2 3 3 6 3 6
Solution
6

Ans. (C)
7

Question The shortest distance between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the

curve 𝑦2 = 𝑥 – 2 is : [JEE Main 2019]
7 7 11
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
4 2 8 4 2
Solution
8

Ans. (B)
9

Question The maximum volume (in cu. m) of the right circular cone having slant
height 3m is :

(A) 3 3 (B) 6  (C) 2 3

4
(D) 3 [JEE Main 2019]

Solution
10

Ans. (C)
11

Question A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be
made into a square and the other into a regular hexagon. Then the length
of the side (in meters) of the hexagon, so that the combined area of the
square and the hexagon is minimum, is: [JEE Main 2021]

5 10 5 10
A B C (D)
2+ 3 2+3 3 3+ 3 3+2 3
Solution
12

Ans. (D)
13

Question Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that 𝑥 = ±1 are its critical
𝑓(𝑥)
points. If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 + = 4, then which one of the following is not true?
𝑥→0 𝑥3

(A)f is an odd function

(B) 𝑥 = 1 is a point of minima and 𝑥 = – 1 is a point of maxima of f.
(C) 𝑥 = 1 is a point of maxima and 𝑥 = – 1 is a point of minimum of f.
[JEE Main 2020]
(D) 𝑓(1)– 4𝑓(– 1) = 4
Solution
14

Ans. (B)
15

Question The number of distinct real roots of 𝑥4 – 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 is :

(A)4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0 [JEE Main 2022]
Ans. (B)

Solution
16

Question 𝑥3 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑥3
If the functions 𝑓 𝑥 = + 2𝑏𝑥 + and 𝑔 𝑥 = + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 , 𝑎 ≠ 2𝑏
3 2 3
have a common extreme point, then a + 2b + 7 is equal to [JEE Main 2023]
3
(A)4 (B) (C) 3 (D) 6
2
Solution
17

Ans. (D)
18

Question The maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥3 – 18𝑥2 + 27𝑥 – 40 on
the set 𝑆 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑥 2 + 30 ≤ 11𝑥 is :
(A)122 (B) –222 (C) –122 (D) 222

Solution

[JEE Main 2019]

19

Ans. (A)
20

Question Let a function ƒ : [0, 5] ® R be continuous, ƒ(A)= 3 and F be defined as

𝑥 𝑡
: 𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑡 2 𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , where 𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 . Then for the function F,
1 1
the point 𝑥 = 1 is :
[JEE Main 2020]
(A) a point of local minima. (B) not a critical point.
(C) a point of inflection. (D) a point of local maxima.
Solution
21

Ans. (A)
22

Question Let 'a' be a real number such that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥2 + 6𝑥 – 15, 𝑥  R
3 3
is increasing in −∞, 4 and decreasing in 4 , ∞ . Then the function
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥2 – 6𝑥 + 15, 𝑥  R has a : [JEE Main 2021]
3 3
(A)local maximum at 𝑥 = – (B) local minimum at 𝑥 = −
4 4
3 3
(C) local maximum at 𝑥 = 4 (D) local minimum at 𝑥 = 4
Solution
23

Ans. (A)