GROUP 5

EVAPORATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02 03
WHAT IS PHYSICS OF FACTORS AFFECTING
EVAPORATION EVAPORATION EVAPORATION

04 05 06
MEASUREMENT OF METHODS/PROCEDURE
DIFFERENT CAUSE AND EFFECT
FOR ESTIMATING
EVAPORATION OF EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
 INTRODUCTION
Evaporation occurs when a liquid turns into a gas.
Have you ever noticed that when a glass is left on
the counter, the water begins to evaporate? It's
evaporation, not thirsty fairies dwelling in your
kitchen.
 01
EVAPORATION

Evaporation is the process that

changes liquid water to gaseous
water (water vapor).
EXPLAIN THE EVAPORATION

HEAT

2
3

SUN

WATER
1
 WHAT IS EVAPORATION?

➢ Process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to

its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils in particular, the
process by which liquid water enters the atmosphere as water vapor in
the water cycle.

➢ Mostly from the oceans and from vegetation, replenishes the humidity of the
air. It is an important part of the exchange of energy in the Earth atmosphere
system that produces atmospheric motion and therefore weather and climate.
 WHAT IS EVAPORATION?

➢ Substances can exist in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas. Evaporation
is just one way a substance, like water, can change between these states.
Melting and freezing are two other ways.

➢ When liquid water reaches a low enough temperature, it freezes and becomes
a solid—ice. When solid water is exposed to enough heat, it will melt and
return to a liquid. As that liquid water is further heated, it evaporates and
becomes a gas—water vapor.
EVAPORATION
 EXAMPLES OF EVAPORATION
DRYING CLOTHES
UNDER THE SUN
• When the wet clothes are put under
the sun, they get heated up resulting
in the evaporation of water particles
present in wet clothes; making the
clothes dry.
MELTING OF
ICE CUBES
When the ice cubes are taken out of the refrigerator for
having drinks, we all must have noticed that after some
time the ice cubes melt and take the form of the liquid. It
changes its shape from solid to liquid.
It all happens because of the increased temperature outside
the refrigerator that evaporates the water, resulting in the
change of shape of the ice cubes.Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s really hot
and has a poisonous atmosphere
Happiness is like a cloud, if you stare at it long
enough, it evaporates.

-Sarah McLachlan
PHYSICS OF EVAPORATION
 02
PHYSICS OF EVAPORATION
 PHYSICS OF EVAPORATION
➢ Evaporation happens when a liquid substance becomes a gas. When water is heated, it
evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into the
atmosphere as molecules of water vapor.

➢ Evaporation is a very important part of the water cycle. Heat from the sun, or solar
energy, powers the evaporation process. It soaks up moisture from soil in a garden, as
well as the biggest oceans and lakes. The water level will decrease as it is exposed to
the heat of the sun
 PHYSICS OF EVAPORATION
➢ Although the level of a lake, pool, or glass of water will decrease due to evaporation,
the escaped water molecules don't disappear. They stay in the atmosphere, affecting
humidity, or the amount of moisture in the air. Areas with high temperatures and large
bodies of water, such as tropical islands and swamps, are usually very humid for this
reason. Water is evaporating, but staying in their as a vapor.

➢ Once water evaporates, it also helps form clouds. The clouds then release the
moisture as rain or snow. The liquid water falls to Earth, waiting to be evaporated.
The cycle starts all over again.
 PHYSICS OF EVAPORATION
➢ Many factors affect how evaporation happens. If the air is already clogged, or
saturated, with other substances, there won’t be enough room in the air for liquid to
evaporate quickly. When the humidity is 100 percent, the airs saturated with water.
No more water can evaporate.

➢ Air pressure also affects evaporation. If air pressure is high on the surface of a
body of water, then the water will not evaporate easily. The pressure pushing down
on the water makes it difficult for water to escape into the atmosphere as vapor.
Storms are often high-pressure systems that prevent evaporation.
 PHYSICS OF EVAPORATION
➢ Temperature, of course, affects how quickly evaporation happens. Boiling-hot water
will evaporate quickly as steam.

➢ Evaporation is the opposite of condensation, the process of water vapor turning into
liquid water
 03
FACTORS AFFECTING
EVAPORATION
FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION
1. Temperature
2. Surface Area of the liquid
3. Humidity of Air
4. Wind Speed
5. Intermolecular Attraction
6. Atmospheric Pressure
7. Depth of the Body From Where Evaporation Occurs
8. Vapor Pressure Difference
9. Presence of Solutes in Solution
10. Influence of Magnetic Field in Evaporation
 Temperature

▪ The rate of evaporation is directly

dependent on the temperature it’s
exposed to. The more the temperature,
the more liquid it’s exposed to. The kinetic
energy increases and the liquid gets
converted to vapor instead. This increases
the rate of evaporation. You must have
noticed that clothes dry at a much faster
rate during summers than in winters when
the temperatures are higher.
 Surface Area of the liquid
▪ The rate of evaporation indirectly dependent on the
area the liquid is exposed to. Let us take a look at
some practical examples. The cloth is usually
spread over the cloth line so that it gets exposed
to more surface area, and that makes the water
evaporate.
▪ Then we all put our daily cup of tea into a saucer
so that it cools down easily. It is simply because
some of the particles get evaporated, leaving the
tea at a lower temperature
 Humidity of Air

▪ Evaporation depends greatly

on the water vapor present
in the air. The lesser the
water vapor, the quicker the
cloth gets dried. The more
there is water vapor in the
air, the more time it takes for
the water to get evaporated
and make our clothes dry.
 Wind Speed

▪ The more the wind blows, the greater is

the rate of evaporation. Wind increases
the kinetic energy between the water
particles and the rate at which the water
gets evaporated. Take, for example, a
windy day better dries your clothes as
compared to a moist day
 Intermolecular
Attraction

▪ The viscosity of elements or compounds

often affects the rate of evaporation.
The molecules of water are loosely
bound, while that of hydrogen sulfide is
tightly bound. Hence, the time taken by
water to get converted to a gaseous
state is comparatively less than that of
hydrogen sulfide.
 Atmospheric Pressure

▪ It was noticed that places on earth

where the atmospheric pressure is
lesser, the process of evaporation is
more. The kinetic energy of the
particles increased, and then the
change of status was observed. Thus
the more the atmospheric pressure,
the lesser is the rate of evaporation.
 Depth of the Body From Where
Evaporation Occurs

▪ The water body from where the

water is evaporated is the main
factor in how evaporation occurs.
Thus, if the depth of a pond is too
much, the rate at which the water
will be evaporated will be more.
 Vapor Pressure Difference

○ the rate of evaporation clearly

depends on the vapor pressure of the
air or the rate at which the air leaves
the surface. The difference between
the vapor pressure of water and the
vapor pressure of air is the primary
factor that affects evaporation
Presence of Solutes in Solution

○ When salt is present inside water, the rate of

evaporation increases. The simple reason is
that the boiling point of salt is more than the
boiling point of water. As a result, the
concentration of dissolved solutes will be more
than the water itself.
Influence of Magnetic Field in
Evaporation
○ The influence of the magnetic field affects the
rate of evaporation. The magnetic field affects
the viscosity of the liquid and increases water
tension. The result is that the rate of
evaporation increases.
 04
MEASUREMENT OF
DIFFERENT FACTORS
FOR EVAPORATION
 Measurement of Evaporation

Estimation of evaporation is of utmost importance in

many hydrologic problems associated with planning and
operation of reservoirs and irrigation systems. In arid zones,
this estimation is particularly important to conserve the scarce
water resources. However, the exact measurement of evaporation from a large body
of water is indeed one of the most difficult tasks.
 Measurement of Evaporation

Evaporation is usually measured by evaporation pans and

atmometers. Evaporation pans are most widely used for
measuring evaporations. It is affected by the size, depth,
and location of the pan.
Measurement of Evaporation

This is done by the following methods;

•Using evaporimeters
•Using empirical equations
•By analytical methods
 Evaporimeter

These are pans containing water which are exposed to the

atmosphere. Loss of water by evaporation from these pans are
measured at regular intervals (daily). Meteorological data such
as humidity, wind velocity, air and water temperatures, and
precipitation are also measured and noted along with
evaporation.
Types of Evaporation Pans

1. Class A Evaporation Pan

2. ISI Standard Pan
3. Colorado Sunken Pan
4. US Geological Floating Pan
Class A Evaporation Pan
•A pan of diameter 1210mm and depth
255mm
•Depth of water is maintained between 18
and 20cm
•The pan is made of unpainted GI sheet
•The pan is placed on a wooden platform
of height 15cm above ground level to
allow free air circulation below the pan
•Evaporation is measured by measuring
the depth of water in a stilling well with a
hook gauge
 ISI Standard Pan
•Specified by IS:5973 and known as the modified Class A Pan
•A pan of diameter 1220mm and depth 255mm
•The pan is made of copper sheet 0.9mm thick, tinned inside and painted white outside
•The pan is placed on a square wooden platform of width 1225mm and height 100mm above ground level to
allow free air circulation below the pan
•A fixed point gauge indicates the level of water
•Water is added to or removed from the pan to maintain the water level at a fixed mark using a calibrated
cylindrical measure
•The top of the pan is covered with a hexagonal wire net of GI to protect water in the pan from birds
•Presence of the wire mesh makes the temperature of water more uniform during the day and night
•Evaporation from this pan is about 14% lower as compared to that from an unscreened pan
Colorado Sunken Pan
•920mm square pan made of unpainted GI
sheet, 460mm deep, and buried into the
ground within 100mm of the top
•Main advantage of this pan – its
aerodynamic and radiation characteristics
are similar to that of a lake
•Disadvantages – difficult to detect leaks,
expensive to install, extra care is needed to
keep the surrounding area free from tall
grass, dust etc.
US Geological Floating Pan
•A square pan of 900mm sides and 450mm deep
•Supported by drum floats in the middle of a raft of size
4.25m x 4.87m, it is set afloat in a lake with a view to
simulate the characteristics of a large body of water
•Water level in the pan is maintained at the same level as
that in the lake, leaving a rim of 75mm
•Diagonal baffles are provided in the pan to reduce surging
in the pan due to wave action
•Disadvantages – High cost of installation and
maintenance, difficulty in making measurements.
 05
METHODS/PROCEDURE
FOR ESTIMATING
EVAPORATION
 EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS

Most of the available

empirical equations
for estimating lake
evaporation are a
Dalton type equation
of the general form.
(1) Meyer’s Formula
 (2) Rohwer’s Formula

Accounts for
the effect of
pressure in
addition to the
wind speed
effect
 Wind Velocity
In the lower part of
the atmosphere, up
to a height of about
500m above the
ground level, wind
velocity follows the
one-seventh power
law as
Analytical Methods of
Evaporation Estimation

1.Water Budget Method

2.Energy Budget Method
(1) Water Budget
Method

can only be estimated. If

the unit of time is kept
very large, estimates of
evaporation will be more
accurate. It is the simplest
of all the methods, but the
least reliable.
(2) Energy Budget
Method
•It involves application of the law of
conservation of energy
•Energy available for evaporation is
determined by considering the
incoming energy, outgoing energy,
and the energy stored in the water
body over a known time interval
•Estimation of evaporation from a lake
by this method has been found to give
satisfactory results, with errors of the
order of 5%, when applied to periods
less than a week
(2) Energy Budget
Method
•This is the energy balance in a period of 1 day. All energy
terms are in calories/ sq.mm/day. If time periods are short,
clip_image040 can be neglected as they are negligibly small
All terms except clip_image042 can either be measured or
evaluated indirectly clip_image044 is estimated using Bowen’s
ratio
 06
CAUSE AND EFFECT OF
EVAPORATION
 1.Droughts:
Cause: Intense evaporation from
water bodies like lakes, rivers,
and soil surfaces increases
during periods of high
temperatures.

Effect: Excessive evaporation

can contribute to drought
conditions by depleting water
sources, leading to water
scarcity, agricultural losses, and
ecological stress.
 2)Wildfires:
Cause: Evaporation leads to dry
conditions in vegetation, making it
more susceptible to ignition.

Effect: Increased evaporation can

contribute to the drying of forests
and grasslands, creating favorable
conditions for the outbreak and
rapid spread of wildfires.
 3) Heatwaves:
Cause: High evaporation rates can
contribute to the formation and
intensification of heatwaves.

Effect: Evaporation from land surfaces

and water bodies contributes to the
transfer of heat into the atmosphere,
amplifying the effects of heatwaves
and leading to adverse impacts on
human health, agriculture, and
ecosystems.
 4)Storm
Intensity
Cause: Evaporation from warm ocean
surfaces provides energy for the
intensification of tropical storms and
hurricanes.
Effect: Increased evaporation rates
contribute to the formation of powerful
storms, which can result in destructive
wind, heavy rainfall, and storm surges,
leading to flooding and other
catastrophic events.
 5):Desertification
Cause: Increased evaporation, often
associated with changing climate
patterns, contributes to the expansion
of arid and semi-arid regions.
Effect: Desertification leads to the loss
of fertile land, displacement of
communities, and increased
vulnerability to extreme weather
events.
 6)Reduced Water Levels
in Lakes and Rivers
Cause: Excessive evaporation from
water bodies, driven by high
temperatures and wind.

Effect: Lower water levels in lakes and

rivers disrupt ecosystems, impact
aquatic life, and reduce water
availability for human activities.
 References;

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/evaporation/
https://studiousguy.com/examples-of-evaporation/
https://www.saltworkconsultants.com/physics-of-evaporation/
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-cagayan/bachelor-of-
science-in-mechanical-engineering/lecture-
hydrology/67548570?fbclid=IwAR2GPzqqdHs6916Qu8DwzIsHj1lieEYy8jFHGA5HVIrGL
WSf6NGbYl1bDUo
https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/evaporation-and-its-measurement/4575/
https://www.who.int/health-
topics/drought#:~:text=Drought%20is%20a%20prolonged%20dry,resulting%20in%20a%
20water%20shortage.
THANK YOU!

GROUP 5

Estrada, Razel Rose

Sontohot, Renee Ashlee
Asong, Kate Dianne
Ga-as, Jinalyn
Flores, Adrian
Villalobos, Helma Joy
Equinan, Rhona May