Title: The Challenge of Crafting a Thesis on Coronary Artery Disease

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Cardiologists need to be aware of these entities and investigate any patient who has cardiac
symptoms especially with exertion. With this test, your doctor and technician can assess. The main
cause of hardening (plaque formation) in the vessels is the accumulation of fatty or fibrous materials
on the inner walls of the vessels, also called atherosclerosis. Cholesterol is present in many areas of
the body and is used to produce hormones, vitamin D and the bile acids that help to digest fat. We
use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. In developing countries,
researchers project an 81% to 100% increase in respiratory cancers because of pollution and smoking.
If you have diabetes, carefully managing your blood sugar can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
Next Article in Journal Common Mental Disorders in Smart City Settings and Use of Multimodal
Medical Sensor Fusion to Detect Them. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of a
heart attack. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). Specificity
is the ratio of correct negative predictions to the total number of negatives. They can also reveal
characteristic changes on an electrocardiogram or echocardiogram—findings that strongly suggest
blockages are present. The four components were labeled cA, cH, cV, and cD. Healthline Media does
not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The table includes the feature extraction
methods, classifier names, and evaluation metrics used in existing studies. If the heart attack affects a
large area of the heart, it could prove fatal. (2). This chapter will focus on the last three areas,
discussing current concepts as well as controversies. The Area Under Curve (AUC) is the area under
the ROC curve. TB is one of the top causes of death in people who have HIV. Rockville (MD):
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Mar. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews,
No. 171.) Introduction. The IDO method can accurately determine the inner and outer borders of the
iris by using different values of pupil and sclera color. Samant and Agarwal conducted a study to
diagnose diabetes using various machine-learning techniques by analyzing the texture of the iris
pancreatic region. When this occurs, the heart doesn’t receive the amount of oxygen and nutrients it
needs to function efficiently, leading to coronary heart disease and often fatal stoppages of the heart.
These habits protect against coronary artery disease and its complications, including heart attack and
stroke. Sensitivity is the ratio of correctly predicted positive observations to all observations in the
actual positive class. Stent primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction study group. Journal of
Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Effects of ramipril on coronary events in high-risk
persons: results of the heart outcomes prevention evaluation study. These medicines and lifestyle
changes seem to offer some form of protection against coronary heart disease, and therefore many
cases of coronary heart disease could be said to be self inflicted through a lack of personal care.
Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.
A tiny balloon is inflated to help widen the blocked artery and improve blood flow. In Figure 8, cA
describes the approximation coefficients matrix, and cH, cV, and cD describe the detail coefficients’
matrices (horizontal, vertical, and diagonal, respectively). If you've had a heart attack, beta blockers
may reduce the risk of future attacks. An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a non-invasive electrical test
that can look for evidence of heart muscle weakness and heart rhythm irregularities. National Center
for Complementary and Integrative Health. Read on to see 10 of the deadliest diseases worldwide. 1.
Ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease Share on Pinterest The deadliest disease in the
world is coronary artery disease (CAD). The information provided is for educational purposes only.
Muscles, for example, especially if they are not being used, remain unharmed even when they are
deprived of their blood supply for many minutes, whilst an interrupted blood supply to the brain can
cause malfunctions within seconds causing loss of consciousness and if the flow of blood is not
restored within a few minutes then irreversible damage can be the result. People who have a family
history of coronary heart disease also generally suffer from other, controllable risk factors. ALA
contains smaller amounts of omega-3 fatty acids than do fish and fish oil. Other risk factors for these
cancers include family history and exposure to environmental factors such as diesel fumes. It can be
due to: influenza, or the flu pneumonia bronchitis tuberculosis (TB) Though viruses usually cause
lower respiratory infections, they can also be caused by bacteria. Feature papers represent the most
advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. The most
concerning factor of coronary artery disease is that the plaque could rupture causing heart attack
which might cause sudden cardiac death due to congestive heart failure. The dye helps create
detailed pictures of the heart arteries. This causes dehydration, which can be fatal in severe cases.
You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different
ways. This approach helps to accurately identify the performance effects of sub-bands and methods.
2.6. Classification In classification, there are two main types: supervised and unsupervised. NOTE:
We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that
you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. Association between gastroesophageal reflux
disease and coronary heart disease: A nationwide population-based analysis. Computed tomography
(CT) scans and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are both noninvasive imaging tests that
can assess the anatomical structure of the heart. You may need more-frequent checks if you have a
history of high blood pressure. Primary PCI for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation.
Iridology is the study of the changes in pattern, texture, color, and structure that occur in the special
regions of the iris and their relationship with various diseases. This allows others to look up the
resources you have used. The gray-level run length is the number of image points in the array. To stop
bleeding when the laser is finished and the surface of the heart reaches the air the blood clots and
within 2 days scar tissue will have formed. The heart itself, much like the brain, is dependent on a
constant supply of blood. It can be said that the SVM method’s classifiers gave better performance
metrics results than other methods. Out of the 198 volunteers, 94 were diagnosed with CAD, while
104 were healthy individuals without the disease.
Children whose parents suffer from coronary heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves.
You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different
ways. If you smoke, consider quitting and drink only in moderation, as these activities increase your
risk of stroke. 3. Lower respiratory infections Share on Pinterest A lower respiratory infection is an
infection in your airways and lungs. The data used in the study were collected from 198 volunteers,
including 94 individuals with CAD and 104 control individuals, from the Cardiology Polyclinic of
Giresun University Health Practice and Research Hospital. This may be a sign of coronary artery
disease or other conditions. While most are familiar with an EKG being used to monitor heart
function, an imaging test, such as an ultrasound, may be used during the test to see how your heart
responds when demand increases. Coronary Heart Disease, A Self Inflicted Condition. Journal of
Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). A clinical trial of the angiotensin-
converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial
infarction. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Your doctor can
distinguish between the conditions with a physical examination and diagnostic tests. Note that from
the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. First, take care of
the obvious factors like high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol. Some of these conditions,
like CAD, also require medical management. Some of them include Calcium Channel Blockers,
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Diuretics, and Nitrates. However, since CAD is serious, it's
important to get it checked out to be sure. For more information on the journal statistics, click here.
There were 13 features in total with a correlation value above 0.6, three features with values between
0.5 and 0.6, two features between 0.4 and 0.5, 24 features between 0.3 and 0.4, and 27 features
between 0.2 and 0.3. Among the 10 features with the highest correlation coefficients, there were
three features in the cA component, two in the cH component, two in the cV component, and three
in the cD component. Remember that nothing you do to improve your health is ever too little. The
third area can be simply called “living with angina” and also includes the psychosocial adjustments
of asymptomatic persons with coronary artery disease and silent myocardial ischemia. This
application is strictly for patients with a prescription for nitroglycerin spray. Medically reviewed by
Dr. Payal Kohli, M.D., FACC Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the
United States. You may need more-frequent checks if you have a history of high blood pressure.
Moderating your alcohol intake and quitting smoking, if applicable, can also help. In addition, this is
a direct way to view the structure of the coronary arteries. Blueprints in Cardiology. 2nd ed.
Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several
techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. Optimal treatment, in addition to the early
detection of CAD, can improve the prognosis for these patients. Read the story behind this event in
an interview with founder Ned Buskirk. The artery becomes more rigid and narrow, thus restricting
the smooth flow of blood to the heart.
They employed the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix
(GLCM) methods to extract features in the system they developed, and they performed the
classification process using neural networks. Verywell Health's content is for informational and
educational purposes only. These monocycles will penetrate between the endothelium cells and inside
the tunica media, where they develop into macrophages, which will accumulate the fatty materials
such as cholesterol and triglycerides. Effects of ramipril on coronary events in high-risk persons:
results of the heart outcomes prevention evaluation study. These habits protect against coronary
artery disease and its complications, including heart attack and stroke. But there are several steps that
everyone can take to lower their risk. Subjects Between 1994 and 2008, the hearts of 1647 people
undergoing SCD were referred for pathological assessment to ascertain the precise aetiology of SCD.
Medically reviewed by Dr. Payal Kohli, M.D., FACC Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading
cause of death in the United States. Several tests can assess whether you have a high likelihood of
developing (or already have) CAD. Features were extracted using wavelet transform, first-order
statistical analysis, a Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM), and a Gray Level Run Length
Matrix (GLRLM). Some of the main risk factors for coronary artery disease — high cholesterol, high
blood pressure and diabetes — have no symptoms in the early stages. The relationship between the
136 features obtained from the iris images and the target variable was first investigated. Stroke Share
on Pinterest A stroke occurs when an artery in your brain is blocked or leaks. Keywords Coronary
Artery Disease Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Rehabilitation Myocardial Infarc Coronary Care Unit
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. When this occurs in the heart we
have a condition called ischaemia. The proposed model was compared with existing models and was
more successful in detecting CAD. 2. Materials and Methods In the study methodology, a standard
design was carried out to diagnose CAD through a non-invasive procedure. Platelet function
analysis: at the edge of meaning. A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. You
can prevent CAD with medications and by taking steps to improve heart health. African Americans,
Mexican Americans, American Indians, Hawaiians and Asian Americans seem to be more at risk
than other races. (3). Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial
infarction. Calcium channel blockers can help improve symptoms of chest pain. Over time, however,
the disease progresses, and you may not have memory of large periods of time. The heart region is
located in the left iris between the 2 and 4 o’clock positions. NOTE: We only request your email
address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it,
and that it is not junk mail. The problem with composite end points in cardiovascular studies: the
story of major adverse cardiac events and percutaneous coronary intervention. Furthermore, people
who have HIV are 18 times more likely to develop active TB. In this study, more comprehensive and
qualified results were obtained compared to the existing studies for the diagnostics of CAD by
increasing the number of features to be extracted using the wavelet transform and the number of
classifiers. 1.3. Contribution of This Paper In this study, a new diagnostic approach is proposed using
iris images for the non-invasive detection of CAD. Blood glucose levels can determine whether you
have diabetes, which is among the causes of atherosclerosis and CAD. You will be able to get a
quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
Diagnostic accuracy of coronary calcium score less than 100 in excluding coronary artery disease.
The blood pumped by the heart first carries oxygen to the heart muscles through the coronary
arteries. Example images for both healthy and CAD volunteers are provided in Figure 3. 2.3. Eye
Image Pre-Processing After obtaining the eye images, they needed to go through several pre-
processing steps to prepare them for analysis. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately
available worldwide under an open access license. No special. Alberta provincial project for outcome
assessment in coronary heart disease (APPROACH) investigators. Coronary arteries are the arteries
on the surface of the heart that supply the heart with blood. The first page of the PDF of this article
appears above. Zorca Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard
Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA K.
The imaging tools used for these tests include ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI. Visit our dedicated
information section to learn more about MDPI. Find support for a specific problem in the support
section of our website. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). If you experience
this symptom, seek emergency medical attention until you have a diagnosis and a treatment plan.
This class is suitable for patients who have had a heart attack, those who have coronary artery
disease, and their families. Other conditions, such as stroke, COPD, lower respiratory infections, and
respiratory cancers, also account for a significant portion of deaths each year. Journal of
Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). The mathematical expressions for
these parameters obtained from the gray-level ROI are provided in Table 2. You will be able to get a
quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. Platelet function
analysis: at the edge of meaning. According to the results of the other classifiers, it can be said that
the CAD classification of the values of accuracy and other metrics yielded successful results. A
coronary bypass or a balloon angioplasty are instigated to combat against this potential threat, these
are seen as the last resort if medication and diet are unable to control the progressive coronary heart
disease and if the myocardial damage is not too extensive. The GLCM attribute also had the highest
correlation coefficient. Iris images of the ( a ) CAD and ( b ) control group in the data set. While
most are familiar with an EKG being used to monitor heart function, an imaging test, such as an
ultrasound, may be used during the test to see how your heart responds when demand increases. If
you have anemia, it can be diagnosed with a blood test. The smooth muscle cells begin to reproduce
in response to the growth substances the macrophages produce. Healthline Media does not provide
medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. After repeated attacks the results are the progressive
destruction of the myocardium. The information provided is for educational purposes only. If any
questions arise about your health, put them in your smartphone, so you'll have them the next time you
have your visit with your doctor.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access
license. No special. It is also possible that you could have CAD in addition to one of the following
conditions. It is important to research a science based essay so that you can make sure that you get
the facts right. Blood glucose levels can determine whether you have diabetes, which is among the
causes of atherosclerosis and CAD. Determination of Iris Symptoms of Systemic Diseases by Iris
Analysis Method. However, many of these types of diseases don’t rank in the top 10 causes of
worldwide deaths. The training and test data were divided into five groups using the fivefold cross-
validation technique for the classification process. The attributes of the extracted features are
described in the following headings. 2.4.1. Statistical Features The study calculated and used the
ROI’s five first-order statistical features: mean density, standard deviation, entropy, skewness, and
kurtosis. If these tests indicate CAD, further imaging tests may be necessary. The smooth muscle
cells begin to reproduce in response to the growth substances the macrophages produce. But, if it is
high, it could be a false reading that needs to be verified. Estimating attributes: Analysis and
extensions of RELIEF. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
(EJIHPE). If the heart attack affects a large area of the heart, it could prove fatal. (2). Adding more
fiber to your diet can also help with controlling blood sugar levels. 7. Alzheimer’s disease and other
dementias Share on Pinterest Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory,
interferes with decision making, and interrupts normal cognitive functions. Impact of respiratory
cancers around the world A 2015 study reports that there are around 18 million new cases of lung
cancer annually. Coronary Heart Disease, A Self Inflicted Condition. First, take care of the obvious
factors like high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol. Sensitivity is the ratio of correctly
predicted positive observations to all observations in the actual positive class. The second area is the
effect of emotional upheaval—with its corresponding neurohormonal stimulation leading both to
increased myocardial oxygen demand and to greater vasomotor tone—as a cause of angina. The
highest correlation value of 0.6734 belonged to the 134th feature, RP, which is a GLRLM attribute
of the cD sub-band. The Medium Gaussian SVM method had the highest accuracy value for this
feature group, with a value of 0.93. This value was also the highest value among all analyses. Our
website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. A
CT scan of the heart can show calcium deposits and blockages in the heart arteries. When creating
the GLCM, the grayscale value of each pixel in the image was calculated as given in Equation (5).
Frequently asked questions How many rare diseases are there. Anatomical reasons for the
discrepancies in atrioventricular block after inferior myocardial infarction with and without right
ventricular involvement. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). In this study, iridology, a
method of analyzing the iris to diagnose health conditions, was combined with image processing
techniques to detect the disease in a total of 198 volunteers, 94 with CAD and 104 without. Get at
least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week, or
a combination of moderate and vigorous activity.