Habitat International 144 (2024) 103017

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Habitat International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/habitatint

Artificial terrariums as urban habitats innovative solutions for

environmental, economic, and social development
Eric Vaz
Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto, ON, Canada

A B S T R A C T

This article examines the potential of repurposing abandoned indoor retail spaces into artificial landscapes as terrariums. By transforming these neglected areas,
which would otherwise contribute to the proliferation of brownfields, into large virtual terrariums, a novel and unexplored utilization of extinct vegetation is made
possible. This article investigates the educational and experiential benefits of such artificial landscapes, highlighting their role in enhancing understanding of regional
impacts of change in the Anthropocene. Additionally, it explores the potential for environmental optimization and interaction within these terrariums, considering
temperature calibration, climate conditioning, and the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The GIS dimension is particularly emphasized, as it
enables spatial analysis and landscape preservation, regional decision support systems, and further contributes to exploring this concept. This study further aims to
provide insights into the impact and reception of artificial terrariums while considering their potential for future expansion and innovation. By delving into the
intersection of indoor exploration, education, and environmental optimization, the contribution explores the broader understanding of the possibilities presented by
artificial landscapes as terrariums in times of profound regional change.

1. Introduction independently of city compactness (Tian et al., 2014). Such a concept

Urban landscapes throughout the country are undergoing a signifi­
cant transformation, particularly in the context of retail space utilization
(Luck & Wu, 2002; Cox & Rodway-Dyer, 2023). A growing trend of retail
abandonment, accelerated by the advent of e-commerce and changes in
consumer preferences, has led to an increase in vacant retail spaces
(Daunfeldt et al., 2022; Sadler, 2019). These spaces, often situated in
central urban locations, present both a challenge and an opportunity
from an urban planning and environmental perspective (Wolch et al.,
2014). There is a need to consider an innovative approach to address this
issue by repurposing these abandoned retail spaces into artificial eco­
systems conceptualized as large-scale terrariums, which is a seldom
assessed avenue from a regional and urban habitat perspective. Recent
years have witnessed an intensification in the abandonment of large
retail spaces, a phenomenon that contributes significantly to the
expansion of urban brownfields (Jigoria-Oprea & Popa, 2017; Kaufmann
et al., 2020; Thomson et al., 2017). These underutilized or abandoned
land parcels, sometimes contaminated, pose environmental, economic,
and social challenges. The decay of such urban spaces necessitates
innovative solutions beyond conventional commercial redevelopment
or urban renewal strategies. Converting abandoned retail spaces into
artificial landscapes or terrariums on a grand scale represents an un­
charted approach with potential benefits extending to urban revitali­
zation, environmental sustainability, and educational enhancement,
would entail the transformation of indoor spaces into ecosystems that
replicate natural environments, creating habitats for a variety of plant
life and, potentially, fauna. Such artificial ecosystems are envisaged as
aesthetic enhancements to the urban landscape and as dynamic, inter­
active educational environments that facilitate learning about biodi­
versity, ecology, and environmental responsibility within the concept of
regional intelligence (Vaz, 2016).
While small-scale terrariums are typical, applying this concept on a
larger scale, particularly in retail spaces, is novel. Such large-scale
artificial landscapes could serve as research platforms, offering in­
sights into cultivating and maintaining diverse plant species, including
those extinct or endangered in their natural habitats. This could prove
invaluable for research in plant biology, conservation efforts, and the
study of ecological interactions within controlled environments.
The conversion of retail spaces to artificial landscapes aligns with
sustainable urban development principles. It leverages existing struc­
tures, reducing the need for new construction and its associated envi­
ronmental impacts and efficient repurpose (Saha & Eckelman, 2017).
Additionally, this approach can contribute to mitigating urban heat
islands and improving air quality, given the potential cooling effects and
air-purifying properties of indoor plant ecosystems and urban
agriculture.
The educational potential of these artificial terrariums is noteworthy
and has only seldom been discussed. In an era where environmental

E-mail address: evaz@torontomu.ca.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2024.103017
Received 28 November 2023; Received in revised form 15 January 2024; Accepted 22 January 2024
Available online 27 January 2024
0197-3975/© 2024 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
E. Vaz
education is increasingly critical, these terrariums offer an experiential
learning platform, enabling interaction with and understanding
ecological systems. This practical approach to education can deepen
knowledge of ecological principles and underscore the importance of
environmental stewardship. Integrating Geographic Information Sys­
tems (GIS) into these environments can further enhance the educational
experience by providing data-driven insights and interactive learning
opportunities (Hochschild et al., 2020; Schwarzmueller et al., 2017).
Through this exploration, a contribution to the discourse on urban
renewal, environmental sustainability, and educational innovation. It
examines the potential of repurposing abandoned urban spaces in an
environmentally responsible and educationally enriching manner, of­
fering insights into urban space utilization in the Anthropocene era. This
paper explores the environmental, educational, and technological di­
mensions of converting abandoned retail spaces into artificial land­
scapes. It will investigate the feasibility and implications of such
transformations, including aspects of climate control, GIS integration for
spatial and landscape management, and the broader implications for
sustainable urban development (Javadian et al., 2011; Chen et al.,
2023).
2. Urban landscape transformation: environmental and social
dynamics
The phenomenon of brownfields, defined as underutilized or aban­
doned urban properties potentially hindered by environmental
contamination, has become increasingly prevalent in the urban land­
scape of North America. This trend is significant in North American
cities, mainly influenced by the shift in consumer behaviour towards
online shopping, leading to retail abandonment (Adams et al., 2010).
Such sites, often erstwhile retail establishments, pose numerous envi­
ronmental challenges wherein the risks associated with contaminants
such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and various chemical residues from
commercial activities, which can persist in the soil and structures,
posing risks to human health and the environment (Haninger et al.,
2017). The importance of environmental justice should also not go un­
noticed, which a sink effect of these contaminated sites may have a
deleterious impact on urban populations (Pasetto et al., 2019), partic­
ularly those within regions that combine a more significant accumula­
tion of environmental injustice geographically (Vaz et al., 2017). The
trade-offs in making land-use decisions for these areas and balancing
sustainability principles with practical requirements are essential issues
that must be monitored extensively and require novel techniques to
rebuke unprecedented growth (Bartke & Schwarze, 2015). Advocating
for integrating sustainable principles and practices in the remediation of
these sites, underscoring the importance of sustainable approaches in
addressing the challenges posed by brownfields is thus paramount (Ellis
& Hadley, 2009). It requires cities to carefully consider available options
and innovative techniques for sustainable regional decisions.
The environmental impact of these brownfields extends beyond soil
contamination. They often become sources of urban blight, contributing
to the deterioration of surrounding areas and reducing the quality of life
for residents. Moreover, these abandoned spaces can exacerbate urban
heat island effects, where the lack of vegetation and predominance of
concrete and asphalt lead to higher temperatures in urban areas
compared to surrounding regions. This effect not only impacts local
climates but also contributes to higher energy consumption due to
increased air conditioning usage, thereby amplifying the carbon foot­
print of these urban areas.
The abandonment of retail spaces has broader ecological and social
implications. Ecologically, the lack of maintenance and care often leads
to the degradation of local ecosystems, negatively affecting biodiversity
and disrupting local wildlife habitats (Anderson & Minor, 2017). So­
cially, these abandoned spaces contribute to a sense of neglect and
decay, impacting community morale and potentially leading to
increased crime rates and social disintegration. Studies have shown that
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Habitat International 144 (2024) 103017
the absence of nature and green spaces in urban environments can in­
crease the frequency of self-harm and well-being (Vaz et al., 2020), and
neglected urban areas with poor vegetation are often associated with
higher crime rates (Shepley et al., 2019).
The loss of these spaces as community engagement centers and
economic activity further exacerbates the issue (Bottero et al., 2019).
Retail spaces historically have served as social hubs and community
gathering points. Their abandonment represents a loss of economic ac­
tivity and a diminution of social cohesion and community identity.
Urban planning and economic resilience emphasize retail outlets’ social,
economic, and environmental impacts on urban systems and their sus­
tainability within an integrative approach, where the decline of tradi­
tional city-center retailers and the increasing number of vacant retail
venues highlight the challenges, the status quo maintaining the vitality
and viability of city centers (Fernandes, J. R., & Chamusca, 2014).
Public spaces, including retail areas, are crucial in enhancing commu­
nity well-being, providing spaces for social interaction, and supporting
local businesses (Ouf & El-Zafarany, 2018). However, the benefits of
these spaces are not evenly distributed, often failing to serve low-income
residents and businesses, particularly in neighbourhoods with fewer
public spaces or where public spaces are poorly maintained (Larson,
2018). The disparity in access to quality public spaces can exacerbate
social divides, leading to diminished community cohesion. Effective
urban planning and policy development should enhance social inclusion
and sustain social vitality in local shopping spaces. The location of retail
outlets often determines the level of community engagement, where the
exclusion of certain social groups due to location disadvantages can lead
to social marginalization (Bolt et al., 1998). Thus, strategies for revi­
talizing and repurposing abandoned retail spaces must include efforts to
bridge social divides, promote social cohesion, and reflect communities’
diverse culture and history (Tamini, 2018).
Hence, the exploration of alternative uses for abandoned retail
spaces is of paramount importance. Repurposing these spaces presents a
unique opportunity to address environmental and social concerns. By
transforming these areas into artificial landscapes or terrariums, there is
potential to remediate environmental damage, enhance urban biodi­
versity, and create new community engagement and education centers.
The concept of converting retail spaces into eco-friendly environments
aligns with the principles of sustainable urban development and the
circular economy, where the focus is on repurposing and reusing exist­
ing structures rather than constructing new ones. This approach helps
reduce the environmental impact associated with new construction but
also aids in preserving urban architectural heritage. In this sense, the
adaptive reuse of abandoned structures is acknowledged as the most
sustainable option when considering buildings’ life cycle and embodied
carbon. This strategy extends the lifespan of buildings and offers positive
social and financial effects (Itard & Klunder, 2007; Abdallah, 2023).
Repurposing can transform abandoned buildings into various functional
spaces such as offices, schools, parks, or apartments, thereby contrib­
uting to the revitalization of urban areas (Melhem et al., 2023; Naghibi
et al., 2023).
Furthermore, the adaptive reuse of buildings conserves energy by
avoiding demolishing old structures and constructing new components.
It also fosters a dynamic, forward-thinking culture in workplaces,
contributing to developing a unique corporate identity. This approach is
practical in single-building workplaces and significantly impacts larger
scales like campuses and cities, where it can revitalize charming in­
frastructures of various sizes.
The utilization of existing buildings and the need for new land
development is reduced (Ghabouli et al., 2023). These structures usually
have established connections to utilities, transportation, and sewage
systems, which lowers infrastructure costs. This facilitates more acces­
sible access to locations and enhances neighbourhoods, offering op­
portunities for community development to reconsider traditional
industrial heritage (Cercleux et al., 2012). The integration of artificial
landscapes, such as large-scale terrariums, into urban environments
E. Vaz
presents a viable model for promoting environmental sustainability.
This approach symbolizes a transformative step in urban design,
emphasizing the incorporation of green spaces to enhance ecological
balance in densely populated areas (Stokes & Seto, 2019).
The integration of artificial landscapes into urban environments,
serving as green spaces, offers a multifaceted approach to mitigating
urban challenges. Such terrariums could significantly contribute to the
reduction of the urban heat island effect (Oke, T. R., 1981). Further­
more, an optimization of air quality could provide vital habitats for local
fauna, aligning with biodiversity conservation efforts concerning urban
expansion on fragile biodiversity and coastal regions where urban
pressure is more evident (McDonald, Kareiva, & Forman, 2008; Vaz
et al., 2012). These green spaces can act as catalysts for community
revitalization and urban renewal, a concept supported by the United
Nations’ 2018 report on urbanization prospects (United Nations, 2018).
Such projects stimulate local economies by attracting visitors and
creating new job opportunities in environmental management, educa­
tion, and tourism.
Furthermore, these spaces can serve as educational hubs, offering an
engaging platform for urban dwellers to learn about environmental
conservation and sustainable living practices (Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, 2015). From an urban renewal standpoint, repur­
posing abandoned retail spaces into terrariums can drive community
revitalization. These initiatives boost local economies by drawing visi­
tors and creating employment in environmental management, educa­
tion, and tourism. Moreover, these terrariums function as educational
centers, providing urban residents a distinct platform for learning about
environmental conservation and sustainable practices (National Acad­
emies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016).
3. Innovations and prospects in urban regeneration
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are indispensable in con­
verting urban spaces into ecologically sustainable terrariums in urban
regeneration. GIS facilitates complex geospatial analyses, essential for
designing and planning these spaces (Longley et al., 2015). This includes
topographical assessments, infrastructure mapping, and environmental
condition evaluations, pivotal for urban ecological design. The ongoing
advances of GIS technology are instrumental in monitoring the micro­
climates within terrariums. It enables precise tracking of environmental
variables such as soil moisture, light levels, and temperature, which are
crucial for maintaining specific ecological conditions conducive to
diverse plant species (McLennan, 2012). By facilitating extensive
research in urban biodiversity and ecosystem services, these systems
provide a fundamental framework for developing predictive models for
urban ecological dynamics, contributing significantly to urban biology
and conservation science (Turner et al., 2015). Equating from educa­
tional initiatives in environmental science and urban planning, leading
engaging tools to observe urban ecological processes, fostering a deeper
understanding of biodiversity and sustainable urban practices (Wu &
Hobbs, 2002). GIS would enable urban terrarium functionality, creating
an intersection of technology, urban ecology, and education, promoting
an integrated approach to urban environmental sustainability (Beatley,
2011).
Technology is pivotal in repurposing urban spaces into sustainable
terrariums in urban regeneration. As discussed, GIS’s advanced spatial
data analysis capabilities are integral to the design and planning of these
terrariums, involving comprehensive geospatial analysis such as topo­
graphical assessments, infrastructure mapping, and environmental
condition evaluations (Sullivan and Unwin, 2014). This level of analysis
is crucial for ensuring sustainable urban ecological design. Embedded
GIS technologies may lead to critical monitoring of the microclimate
within terrariums, enabling the precise tracking of environmental vari­
ables, such as soil moisture content and photosynthetically active radi­
ation levels, essential in maintaining diverse plant species. Locational
strategies role in ecological research, may provide vital insights into
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Habitat International 144 (2024) 103017
urban biodiversity patterns and ecosystem services (Wu, 2014), where
such insights contribute to the development of predictive models for
urban ecological dynamics, enhancing research in urban biology, con­
servation science, and environmental sustainability (Elmqvist, 2013).
The educational value outlined in the previous section nurtures the
potential of educational initiatives in ecological science, urban planning,
and ecology by providing a detailed spatial analysis of urban ecosystems
(McHarg, 1992). Such an integrative approach builds a deeper engage­
ment with urban ecological processes while fostering a greater appre­
ciation for biodiversity and sustainable urban practices (Miller & Hobbs,
2002).
Overall, the use of technology and particularly of GIS in creation of
urban terrarium exemplifies the synergy of technology, urban ecology,
and education, promoting a comprehensive approach to urban envi­
ronmental sustainability (Batty, 2013; Congalton & Green, 2019).
4. The rise of urban terrariums
The holistic concept of urban terrariums epitomizes a possible future
direction of integrating ecology, technology, and environmental science
with locational awareness and monitoring. It focuses on creating and
maintaining optimal conditions within terrariums, which is crucial for
sustaining extinct or endangered vegetation. The process involves two
primary aspects: meticulous temperature calibration and comprehensive
climate conditioning, which are quantifiable and analytical character­
istics that can be measured through technological integration and self-
monitored by embedding artificial intelligence and machine learning
systems. For one, temperature calibration is pivotal in replicating the
natural habitats of the terrarium inhabitants, where a precise balance of
heat, humidity, and light, which can be achieved through advanced
sensors and automated systems, is paramount (Jones et al., 1997).
The articulation of climate conditioning extends beyond mere tem­
perature control. It encompasses regulating air flow, humidity levels,
and gas composition, aiming to create specific habitat conditions. Plants,
especially those with unique climatic needs, could substantially benefit
from controlled environments and further integrate ongoing climate
change in line with preservation (Kadereit et al., 2004). The preserva­
tion of extinct or endangered vegetation within these terrariums is of
critical importance. Such controlled environments maintain diverse
plant species, acting as sanctuaries and research platforms (Mabberley,
2017). Furthermore, understanding the growth patterns and environ­
mental needs of these plants in controlled settings, as suggested by Reich
(2014), is essential for their conservation. Envisioning, the role of these
artificial ecosystems as genetic reservoirs for endangered species is vital
in the context of global biodiversity conservation leads to the environ­
mental optimization of artificial terrariums, integrating principles of
ecological engineering and plant science, is crucial in the preservation
and study of vulnerable plant species, illustrating the intersection of
technology and environmental stewardship.
The opportunity for future expansion and innovation in artificial
terrariums enables a fascinating avenue in urban ecology and environ­
mental science, merging geographical analysis and place-based strate­
gies (Turner et al., 2015). Probing the scalability and adaptability of the
concept to various urban environments and settings may lead to more
integrative visions of regional interactions within urban areas. Such
infrastructural advances with spatial analysis and location strategies
may significantly enhance the effectiveness and appeal of novel eco­
systems as a product for abandoned spaces in future cities (Riffat et al.,
2016). At the core of this exploration is the concept that terrariums,
initially perceived as small-scale, controlled environments, hold
immense potential when considered in more significant urban
landscapes.
The adaptability of this concept to different urban settings is a crucial
area of focus (Wakefield, 2022). Integrating terrarium-like ecosystems
into public and private buildings can provide much-needed ecological
and aesthetic benefits in densely populated cities, where green space is
E. Vaz Habitat International 144 (2024) 103017

often a luxury. These installations could range from small, individual importance of biodiversity. Environmentally, artificial terrariums
units in residential spaces to large-scale, communal ecosystems in public contribute to urban ecosystems by promoting biodiversity, supporting
areas like parks, transport hubs, and community centers. The scalability pollinators, and even aiding in microclimate regulation. They can
of terrariums also extends to educational and research institutions, become small-scale models for sustainable practices, demonstrating the
where they can serve as living laboratories for studying ecological feasibility and benefits of integrating natural elements into urban
processes and promoting environmental awareness. The prospect of planning (Fig. 2)
future technological advancements further amplifies the potential of Public reception of these projects is generally positive, particularly in
artificial terrariums in urban settings. Innovations in materials science, urban areas where green spaces are valued for their rarity. The novelty
for instance, could lead to developing more efficient and sustainable and innovation inherent in well-designed terrariums often attract media
materials for terrarium construction, enhancing their longevity and attention and public interest, which can be leveraged to garner support
reducing their environmental footprint. Advancements in sensor tech­ for larger environmental initiatives. However, this reception is not
nology and automation could enable more precise and responsive con­ without its challenges. Some stakeholders may question the cost-
trol over ecological conditions within terrariums, making them easier to effectiveness or practicality of integrating terrariums into urban infra­
maintain and more effective in simulating natural ecosystems. Inte­ structure. Others might express concerns about maintenance or the long-
grating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning could further term viability of these installations. Stakeholder interest in artificial
improve how these terrariums are monitored and managed. AI-driven terrarium projects varies across different sectors. Environmental and
systems could predict and respond to changes in the internal and educational organizations are likely to show strong support, recognizing
external environments of the terrarium, ensuring optimal conditions for the multiple benefits these systems offer. Urban planners and architects
plant and animal life. These systems could also provide valuable data might be intrigued by the potential of terrariums to enhance building
and insights into the complex interactions within ecosystems, contrib­ designs and urban landscapes. However, commercial stakeholders may
uting to broader environmental science research. require evidence of the economic benefits, such as increased property
Another exciting frontier is incorporating virtual and augmented values or tourism attraction, before investing in such projects.
reality technologies in terrarium design and maintenance. These tech­ These novel infrastructural and technological solutions can make
nologies could provide interactive and educational experiences, allow­ significant social, educational, and environmental impacts in urban
ing individuals to engage with and learn about different ecosystems in habitats. While public reception is generally favourable, the success of
an immersive manner. This aspect could be particularly beneficial in these initiatives depends on addressing the practical and economic
educational settings, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation concerns of various stakeholders. As urban environments continue to
of environmental science among students. As urban areas expand and evolve, these artificial landscapes could play a pivotal role in shaping
evolve, artificial terrariums could also play a pivotal role in urban more sustainable, resilient, and vibrant cities.
planning and design. Incorporating elements of these ecosystems into
building designs and urban landscapes can contribute to creating more 5. Conclusion
sustainable, resilient, and livable cities. This approach aligns with the
growing emphasis on green infrastructure in urban development, This exploration into the transformation of abandoned retail spaces
recognizing the importance of integrating natural elements into the built into artificial landscapes as terrariums, set against the backdrop of the
environment. Anthropocene era, unravels a narrative rich in innovation, sustainabil­
The potential for future expansion and innovation in artificial ter­ ity, and educational potential. The journey through various facets of this
rariums is vast and multidimensional. As we venture into an era where concept – from environmental optimization and GIS integration to the
urbanization, technological advancement, and environmental con­ broader implications for urban renewal – culminates in a vision that
sciousness converge, the adaptability and scalability of terrariums offer
a promising avenue for enhancing urban environments. Coupled with
future technological innovations, this concept stands at the forefront of a
new wave of urban ecological design, paving the way for more sus­
tainable and harmonious coexistence between urban life and the natural
world. The impact and reception of artificial terrariums, when inte­
grated into urban environments, extend far beyond their aesthetic ap­
peal, touching upon social, educational, and environmental facets. The
assessment of these artificial landscapes reveals a tapestry of potential
benefits and challenges, accompanied by varied public reception and
stakeholder interest (see Fig. 1).
From a social standpoint, artificial terrariums can significantly
enhance the quality of urban life. In areas where natural green spaces are
scarce, these installations offer a respite from the concrete jungle,
providing urban dwellers a connection to nature. This connection is not
merely visual; it encompasses the psychological and emotional benefits
of being close to nature, such as reduced stress levels and improved
mental well-being. Additionally, community-based terrarium projects
can foster a sense of ownership and pride among residents, strength­
ening community bonds and encouraging collective responsibility for
environmental stewardship. The educational impact of these ecosystems
is equally profound. In schools and universities, terrariums serve as
dynamic educational tools, offering hands-on learning experiences in
biology, ecology, and environmental science. They can stimulate curi­
osity and engagement in students, making abstract ecological concepts
tangible and relatable. Moreover, public installations can raise aware­
ness about environmental issues among the broader population, spark­ Fig. 1. Terrarium integration in abandoned retail spaces (authors vision using
ing interest and dialogue about sustainability, conservation, and the DALL-E).

4
E. Vaz
Fig. 2. Large scale integration of urban terrariums (authors vision using DALL-
E 3).
redefines our interaction with the urban ecosystem. The concept of
converting retail spaces into eco-friendly terrariums emerges as a solu­
tion to the proliferation of urban brownfields and as a beacon of sus­
tainable urban development. It leverages existing structures, thereby
reducing the environmental impact of new construction, and contributes
to mitigating urban heat islands and improving air quality. The educa­
tional potential of these terrariums, particularly when augmented by
GIS, transforms them into dynamic, interactive environments that
facilitate learning about biodiversity, ecology, and environmental re­
sponsibility. Moreover, the adaptability and scalability of this concept to
various urban environments highlight its potential for wide-ranging
applications. Incorporating advanced technologies such as AI, machine
learning, and virtual reality in designing and maintaining these terrar­
iums hints at a future where urban ecology is seamlessly integrated with
technological innovation. These advancements promise enhanced arti­
ficial terrarium’s effectiveness and a more engaging and educational
experience for the public. The social, educational, and environmental
impacts of integrating artificial terrariums into urban settings are pro­
found and offer a potential solution to urban sprawl, enhancing the
quality of life and fostering community engagement. The public recep­
tion and growing interest among various stakeholders indicate a readi­
ness to embrace these innovative solutions, with several examples
already being part of modern urban landscapes through initiatives that
consider eco-design (Bamidele et al., 2023). However, the success of
such initiatives depends on addressing practical and economic concerns,
ensuring their viability and sustainability while also responding to the
potential economic and social alternatives of natural habitats and their
preservation. Within the intersection of urbanization, technological
advancement, and environmental consciousness, artificial terrariums
jointly bring a novel approach to the current regional ecological and
environmental challenges.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Eric Vaz: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project
administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data
curation, Conceptualization.
5
Habitat International 144 (2024) 103017
Declaration of competing interest
There are no conflicts of interest in this paper. The author, Eric Vaz.
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