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    7 views22 pages

    Physics Gravitation Improve

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    mdlimonislam49
    Physics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    7.1 Introduction For a long time, many scientists and philoshphers thought about the-motion of celestial bodies such as the moon, the earth, the plantets etc. Famous astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johnanse Kepler studied the planetary motion in great detail. Kepler formulated the important laws of planetary motion. But it was not clear about the nature of the force. In 1681, Newton discovered the law of gravitation and succefully explained the motion of the planets around the sun. We will discuss in this chapter Newton's law of gravitation. gravity, acceleration due to gravity, kepler's laws ete. 2 Sravitation and Gravity Gravitation : The force of attraction between two bodies or particles in the universe 1s called gravitation. Example : The force of attraction between the sun and the moon Is called gravitafion. Varantty : The force of attraction between the earth and any other body Is called gravity. Example gravity. Due to force of attraction of the earth all the bodies fall towards the earth when released from a height. ‘The force of attraction between the earth and the moon is called 7.3 Newton's Law of Gravitation Every body or particle in this universe attracts every other body or particle. For exampje, two marbles lying on the ground attract each other but the force of attraction between them is small and we do not sce any motion. If-one of the bodies 1s the earth which has a large mass, the gravitational force becomes large and we see when we drop a marble from a height it falls towards the earth. ‘ Newton's law of gravitation is stated below : Statement : Every body in the universe attracts every other body force which is directly proportional to the product of their mas inversely propertional to the square of the distance between them. The: acts along the line joining contres of the two bodies. Explanation : Let two:bodies of mi mes masses m, and m, be separated by a distance d (fig. 7.1) and let the force J DY between two bodies be F, According two the Newton's law of -——— g ——+ gravitation, ey Fig. 7.1 Fe mm, — when d ts constant F « + when m, and m, are constants when mj, mg and d vary (7.9% Where G is a constant of proportionality a is known as “universal gravitational constant.” 7.4 Definition, Unit and Dimension of G Definition of G : _omm F=G dy Exd) 7 Ge ee NS or, GaESGs , ¢ If, my = m2 = 1 kg and d = 1m then, G = F us, (the gravitational constant ‘G is numerically equal to the fore a attYaction which exists between two bodies of unit masses kept at a distance from each other. Unit of G = From equ (7.2) we get, So, untt‘of G is Newton x meter? Dimension Parr kexkg To] = air or. Newton.meter*kg-? a mah or, Nam@kg? Dimension of G bikg” 2 — Exd wa v mmg Dimension of 2 x 12 to) = PAH] or, (G] = [ML?T] 7.8 Value of G . ‘The value of gravitational constant, G determined by experiments’ using Newton's Bravitatignformulal as 6.67 x 10-4 Nm@kg?. (gnificance : The value of G is 6.67 x 10-1! Nmkg-? means that if two bodies. each of mass 1 kg are separated by a distance of Im, they will attract each other with a force of 6.67 x 10.N. _ 7.6 Universality of G 1. Newton's law of gravitation 1s applicable to all bodies from minute particles to huge heavenly bodies. 2. It depends only on the masses of the bodies and not on any properties of the bodies. 3. If does not depend on the medium between the two bodies. 4, If does not depend on any physical condition (Temperature, pressure etc.) 5. The value of G-always remains constant, For the above reasons, the law is regarded as universal law. 7 on of Gravitational Constant, G on method : The first succesful measurement of G was made by dish. The method used by him ts known as Cavendish method. Description of the apparatus : In this method two small balls of equal mass A and B are attached at the two ends of a light rod to frm a dumb. The rod 1s suspended’ "< vertically by a fine quartz wire (fig. 7.2). A small plane mirror (E) 1s attached to the « vertical wire. If. light beam, incident on the mirror, fall on a scale (S) after reflection. - @ If the wire:rotates,/the reflected beam rotates And the spot on the scale moves. measuring the displacement of the spot the angle of deviation can + [two large spheres of equal mass C and D are placed near the smialler spheres in such way that the four spheres are on a same horizontal plane, feedure : A light beam Is allowed to fall on the mifror E and the reading of the light spot from the scale is taken inttially. Then thejspHeres C and D are attached with A and B. The gravitational force of attraction acts between’ the small and large spheres at the two ends of the rod. ‘The two forces of equal_magnitude and opposite in direction create a-deflecting\rauple. This couple makes the rod to rotaththrough’a small angle. As the rod rotates the vertical wire gets twisted. Due to the twist on the wire an opposite co fo yestering couple will be produced because of the elastic properly of the wire. restoring couple tends to bring back the rod to its original position. 4 Due to the action of these two couples the rod comes to a equilibriym positia this condition, the reading of the reflected light on the scale is taken. The diffe the second and first readings give the angle of deflection 0:4 Again, the angle of deflection of the wire is masured by inverting the position the two large spheres. The average value of the angle of deflection (6), of the wil found out. Calculation: Let, The mass of each large spheres = M~ {® ‘The mass of each small sphere = m The distance between the centres of a Fig. 7.2(a) large sphere and the small sphere placed close zentth 2 to it = d, Length of the rod = | (Ng. 7.2 b) Fig. 7.2(b) So, force of attraction between any pair of spheres is Mm FeG ee ‘-mament of the deflecting couple of the rod Mm a Let. the angle of rotation of the suspension’ wire = @ and moment of couple for each degree of-deflection = t So, the moment of the restoring couple in the wire = 10 In equilibrium, G MM 110 a8 ; or, G= ini: & ~ While, the two large spheres are taken away the rod will oscillate. Let, T, the time period of oscillation of the rod. fi Then, T=2n- V7 or, Te 4mt 2 or ot ant woe Here, I is the mortient of inertia of the whole rotating system (spheres’A, B and the horizontal rod) : Putting the value of-t in equ (3) we get. apes fee ag eat e 02D All the quantities ‘on the right hand side are experimentally known. So G can be calculated. The value of G obtained by cavandish fs (6.754 + 0.041} x 10 Nm@kg? 7.8 Acceleration due to Gravity tJ When a body. falls downward its velocity increases at a constant.rate, So due to gravity a falling body possesses an acceleration. This acceleration. is known as the accéleration due to, gravity. So, The acceleration produced due to the force of gravity is called the acceleration due to gravity. It ts denoted by g. ‘Unit and Dimension of g : Unit of g is ms and its dimension is |LT-?). Calculation of the value of Acceleration due to Gravity Expression for g : Let a body of mass m !s,dropped from a distance d from the . centre of the earth of mass M. ‘Then the force of attraction is F-GxMEm wot boa, TO This force exerted by the earth produces acceleration, g in the body. From Newton's second law of motioi Force = Mass x Acceleration ramp © From equation (1) x (2) we get, vt GMm e we know, mg = or, g-c¥ Let, the radius of the earth = R M TT B=GR ‘This Is the expression of g on the surface of the earth. Gravitational constant, G = 6.7 x 107! Nm?kg? Mass of the earth, M = 6 x 10% kg Radius of the earth, R= 6.4 x 108m g =Gx _ 6.7 x 10-11 x 6 x 104 (6.4 x 109)? or, g =9.8ms? So, the valueof g on the surface of the earth is about 9.8 ms. The value of the moon fs about fne-sixthlpf the value of gon the earth. Gar? 3.8x ) Significance of g “0 1. The value of g is 9.8 ms~. It means that when a body falls from a height i to the surface ‘under the action of gravity, its velocity increases at the constant’ 9.8 ms“ for every.second of time. That As, {t falls with an acceleration of 9.8 ms 2: Weight of a body having mass-1 kg is 9.8 N. Because, weight = mass x g x 9.8 ms? =9.8N 3. g is the effective force of attraction of the earth on a body having.unit mi 7.11 Characteristics of g “ 1. Acceleration due to gravity does not depend upon the mass, shape or of the body. Alll the bodies fall with the ‘same acceleration towards the surface of the ea 2. g varies from place to place. g is not constant at all the places on the surfa the earth. Because. the earth is not a perfect shpere. So the radius R is Rot the sz all places on the earth. 7.12 Variation of the Acceleration Due-to Gravity, ¢ The value of g may vary. because of the fallowing reasons. (1) Altitudinal effect, (2) Non-spherical shape of the earth, (3) Rotational motion of the earth. (2) artitu effect: ‘Body above the surface of the earth : Let, R be the radius and M, the mass of the earth. Let, a body is gituated at a height h from the surface of the earth (fig. 7.3). So, the distance of the body from the centre of the earth = R +h. Then, the acceleration due to gravit Jat the - height h ts g-c™“ a) h _M_ mi On the surface of the earth B= o&% wow Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get, g ._R_ g Te + hy? “|; was Fig. 7.3 ed © et . wos 6B) Ihe< The distance’from the been shown in fig 7.4 (b). centre of the earth . Fig, 7.4(b) 4 Conclusions : “Above the surface of the earth g decreases. L-2¢5xow the surface of the earth g decreases. Cal the centre of the earth g = 0. in the surface of the earth the value of g s maximum. (2) Non-spherical shape of the earth : The shape of the earth 1s not exactly spherical. It is flattered at the poles. Hence, the equatorial radius is greater than the “ ep That is, lower the radius,;the higher is the value of g. Hence, the value of g at the poles, is greater than the value of g at the equator. Conclusions : 1. If'we go from the equator to the pole, g will increase. I. ¢.. g increases with the increase pf latitude. one value of g at the pole is maximum. . Sas value of g at the equator is minimum, A @fRorational motion of the earth we kngw, the earth is rotating about its own axis (NS) (Ng. 7.5). Due to this motion, all the bodies on the surface of the earth rotate except those on the poles. Hence. all the bodies on the surface of the earth experience” centrifugal force. The part of the gravitational force Is spent to balance the centrifugal force. Let, a body of mass m be placed at P of Iaistude 2 (north). Let the angular velotty of the earth =(@)-— Mass of the earth = M Radius of the earth’= R : . ne? 75 Let’ the body rotate with unifori angular velocity w-arround the a circular path of radius| i 7 cal IF the earth were at rest, the welght of of the body, F, = SM™ would act along PO. ‘The centrifugal force due to rotation F, = mo*r mu?Rcosh Along PO: the component of Fy 1s F,cosh = mu?R cos* = Resultant force along PO. GMm : F = Fy ~ Fy cosh = e ImaPReosth gos No ‘be the acceleration due to gravity at P, then. : F = ig * 7 From (1) and (2) mg’ = SME _ mo?Reosth ig = mg - mo?Rcos?) or, g’ = g-w®Rcos% At the equator, i deo | g Se - oR ite cos’ = 1) At the poles. A= 90° GM oe é That 1s, ther is no rotation at. the poles. So, the value of g 1s maximum at the ples and minimum at the equator. Conclusions : . \dtilude = i. With the increase of_lattitude, the value of g increases. | 2. The value of g is maximum at the poles. "9 3. The value of g 1s minimum at the the equator. Ky 7.13 Variation of Weight of a Body ‘The quantity of force by which a body is attracted towards the centre of the earth is called its weight. The weight of a body of mass m = mg ‘The weight of a body depends on g, the acceleration due to gravity. ° a Gravitation 265 with the change of the value of g, weight of a bady changes.”* In the poles g is large. so weight of a body is more there. At the equator, the value of g is minimum, the weight of a body is less at the equator than at the poles. At the centre of the earth weight isGeieg=D The weight of a body fs less at the top at a mountain than at the surface of the earth. ‘The weight of a body at the surface of the moon will be one sixth of the weight at the surface of the earth. Way zWert (4 Determination of Mass and Density of the Earth @ ‘We know, & GM oR aR or, Mae a ase 79 Me Here, Re g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms M. R = Radius of the earth = 6.37 x 10° m $ G = Gravitational constant = 6.673 x 10-!! N-m?kg-? Re M = Mass of the earth = ? From equation (7.9) 4 M x (6.37 x 1092 Mex Gxt g 6.673 x 10-1! z = 5,96 10 kg Pex GGnio im Ms = ZxId a Densjty of the earth = -Mass___M__gR,_3 P= volume 4ops G * 4nR? 3 = 3h of P= anGR (7.10) So, the value of ! sh 3x 9.8 ® =4x3.14 x 6.673 x 10-7 x 6.37 x 108 = 5.5 x 103 kgm Neca 7.15 Centre of Gravity and.Centre of Mass ‘The point through which its weight acts is called its centre of gravity. Explanation : A body may be considered to be composed of many small particles each of which is being attracted by the gravitational force towards the centre of the earth. Thus, a number of small parallel force act on the body (fig. 7.6). The sum of these forces 1s the total weight of the body acting through a single point. That point is called the centre of gravity. In fig. 7.6. G is w the centre of gravity of the body. Fig. 7.6 ‘The centre of gravity of some regular bodies is given in table 7.1. Table 7.1 Body Position of centre of gravity Circular ring or sphere Geometrical centre (fig. 7.7 (a) Rectangular or square plate | Intersection of diagonals (7.7b & 7.7(c) A triangular sheet Point of intersection of medians (7.7¢) linder Mid point along the axis 7.7(¢) NN Qe) (a) o © @ c) ‘ Fig. 7.7 1, The centre of gravity of a body is fixed. 2. The centre of gravity of a regularly shaped body is located at the geometrical centre of the body. 3. If the body is solid throughout, the centre of gravity lies inside the material of the body. If the body is hollow then its centre of gravity Is located outside the material of the body. For example, centre of gravity of a ring is located outside the material of the ring. Centre of mass : The centre of mass of a body is that point where the whole mass of the body can be thought to be concentrated ‘The centre of mass of a regularly shaped body is located at the geometrical centre . of the body. If a’single force acts on a body and the line of action of the force passes through the centre of mass, the body will have only linear acceleration but no angular acceleration. 7.16 Determination of Centre of Gravity of a Triangular Sheet ‘The sheet suspended by the help of a stand through one end A (fig. 7.8). A plumbline L is suspended from the same point A.-Keeping the sheet at rest, a straight line AD ts drawn. Similarly, by suspending the sheet through ends B and C a ad lines BE and CF are drawn. Fig. 7.8 ‘The intersection point G of the lines AD, BE and CF ts the centre of gravity of, sheet. : TAT (tational field and Intensity ) Gravitational fleld : The space around a body where any other body experience a gravitational attraction is called the gravitational fleld. NN 1b) Gravitational field intensity : The intensity of gravitational fleld.of 4 body at any point is defined as the force experienced by a untt mass placed at that point. It is denoted by E.” ~ ‘ athe, donee, asind a body «soe ttn toody experience a eviction, 7 tee + Let us consider:a mass m is placed at a point P,’in_the witationial field of a box si MIfig. 7.9). Let, the distance between the point P and the centre of mass of M be be r. m ° Pp M — + ——___——— ms Fig. 7.9 So, the gravitational force of attraction, 2 = p-oMm . =ou : So, intensity of the field E=F =£_,SM e-£ 9% we (TAD) E Is a vector quantity. Its direction 1s along PO i.e. The direction of gravitational intensity E is towards the centre of gravity of the greater mass, F _ Newton Unit : Unit of E = 7 = SSE et ~ Earth's gravitational field intensity and acceleration due to gravity : Earth's gravitational field intensity is related to the acceleration due to gravity. Let, the acceleration. due to gravity be g and m, the mass of a body. So, the gravitational force on the body = mg. . . .. The gravitational intensity E on the earth’s surface me. or, B= MB. g hs Hence, gedvitational intensity at a point on the surface of the carth and the a fu wi at point aré same. Pas acceleration flue to gravity at that point aré same, geese he iy = 7.18 Gpafitational Potential ( J daaticry finition :/"The gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational field is the amount of work done in moving a unit mass from infinity to that point. It is denoted by V. It is a Gcala}) quanity. ost bh te ye ven If the amount of work done in bringing a body from infinity to a point in the gravitational ficld be W and m. the mass.of the body, then the gravitational potential, sles (7.12) one point to another point in the gravitational field is called gravitational potential differehcé. If the displacement is along the direction of gravitational force the potential difference is negative and if the displacement is opposite to the attractive force then it is positive. favitational Potential due to a point mass: Let a body of mass M be placed at point A. (Fig 7.10). Let P be a point at’a distance r from A. The gravitational potential at point P is to be determined. At point P the attractive force on unit mass is, F= GMT. SM | i acts along PA. Let, potential at the point P be V. —_—" he amount of work done4,¢: potential in ar Tnoving the unit mass by a smiall distance > dris - P dV = Far cos0® = Far: So, Total work done in bringing the M unit més from infinity to point P is. Fig. 7.10 Vv or, V =GM on V wee (18) ‘The gravitational potential at infinity is maximum and is equal to zero. Potential is negative or less than zero towards the field. Escape velocity : If we throw a body vertically upwards. {t-returns to the ground due to the earth's gravitational attraction. If the body is projected with such a velocity that tt overcomes the gravitational attraction and never comes back. to the” earthy velocity is known as the escape velocity. : inition : The minimum velocity with which a body is projected as to pase it just to overe: ¢ gravitational attraction and does not comeback at Go the earth ie called escape-velocity. Expression for escape women ci FE a . Let, the mass of the body = m ‘The mass of the earth =M" dw= eae w ‘The distance of the body from the earth's centre ve Radius of the earth = R ‘The force of attraction on the body, F = oMm If the body is raised a distance @rlagainst the force of attraction, the work done. ' GMm 7 ( aW)=F dr =o dr . ‘ So, total work done for taking the body out of the earth's attraction {.e. work . done to throw the body to infinity from the surface of the earth w = faw=JS¥m R dr or, W =GMm/4 F one [Hh Let, the escape velocity be vz. So, its initial kinetic energy = 5 mv,?. The body escapes the gravitational pull by spending this amount of energy. i or, or. el Or. Ve sx (7-18) \ ‘This is the exprestlon of escape velocity. Equation (7.20) shows that the escape velocity does not depend on mass of the body. That fs, the escape velocity at a place is same for all bodies. The value of escape velocity on the earth : Radius of the earth, R =6.4x10* m g=9.8 ms? F Ve 2 V2x98x64x 108 = 11.20 x 103 ms"! = 11.20 kms . So, if a body is projected upward with minimum velocity 11.2 kms-!, it will not come back to the earth. Artificial satellites : The satellites launched from the earth and put in stable put in stable orbit round the earth is called artificial satellites. The scientists of Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite (sputnik 1) on 4th October, 1957. It is found thatif a body Is raised to km from the surface of the earth between @.05 kms" to 11.1 kms“) then it will be a satellite and will move round the earth as the moon does. . Moon Artificial satellite Fig. 7.11 eed of the satellite Let the mags of the earth be M and that of the satellite under study be m. Let the rans the orbit be r at a height h and the speed of she satellite In the orbit be v. a aoa centripetal force on the satellite es i) centripetal force e gravitational attraction between the earth and the satelite = jy Ts. ++ (2) ‘The gravitational attraction between the earth and the satellite provides the centripetal force, centripdal force = congue From (1) and (2), GMm. <) , ime period : The time taken by a satellite in completing one revolution is its time period 7 Fig. 7.12 In gne revolution it covers a linear distance 2n(R + h) at speed v. ‘Thus, ava & = 2a(R + hy . distance) ° y, Te (since. time = velocity po? amt jeight of the satellite : From equation (7.18) = ot -4@ T= Gyre he = GMT? or, (Reh =SF GMT?" or, R+h= (4 4 ours); wal ¥ 4 : _ (9MT)3_ soy or, h “4n2 R (7.19) 4 ‘This Is the relation between the height and time period of the satellite. 4 j Geostationary satellite-: The earth rotates about its own axis once in 24 hours.’ Suppose the height is such that the time period of the satellite is 24 hours and it} moves in the same sense as the earth. The satellite will appear to be stationary in the { same place from the earth. Such a satellite {s called a geostationary satellite. The orbit in which the satellite appears to the stationary Is called parking orbit. °, Height of the parking orbit : Putting the values of G, M (6 x 10% kg) and T (24 hours) in equation (7.19) the height of the parking. orbit comes out to be, h = 3.6 x 104 km and the orbital velocity v = 3.1 kms Uses of artificial satellite : (1) To survey the natural geography of the earth. (2) To collect and transfer information about weather. (3) In radio and video telecast it acts as a relay station. (4) To collect information about cosmic rays and other radiations. (5) To make inter-continental communication. (6) Used in research about astronomy. {7) To determine the temperature. pressure and other information about upper atmosphere. Weightiesness in orbiting satellite : A body always tends to fall because of the attraction of the earth, If it is prevented to do so, It exerts a force on the support on which it is placed or by which it is hanging. ‘The force with which a body pushes or pulls a support is known weight. i When we stand on a support. our weight exerts force on the surface of the support downwards. According to Newton's third law that surface also exerts an equal and opposite reaction upwards. That is why we feel weight. Weight of a body of mass m, W = mass x acculeration due to gravity. its A satellite moves round the earth in a circular orbit under the action of gravity. The centripetal acceleration of the satellite is same as the celeration due to gravity at that height = ou #Ibacts towards the centre of the earth, Here, M = mass of the earth r = radius of the orbit of the satellite Fig. 7.18 y Let an astronaert of mass m_be situated on a surface inside a satellite moving round the carth. - ‘The forces on the astronaut are (1) The gravitational pull of the earth, F oun (2) The reaction force R by the surface. From Newton's Law \ Min t GM GMfr - R= mx acceleration due to gravity = m x"Pe or, R=O ‘Thus, the surface does not exert any force on the body and the astronaud will fee! himself weightless. ‘The mass of the satellite, radius of the orbit and the velocity of the satellite st adjusted that the centrifugal force m (4) exactly balances the weight of the astronaut which is SMT . This {s the condition of weightlessness inside a satellite. \ Kepler's law : From the obsorvations of Tycho Brahe, kepler formulated the laws of planetan motion. ‘Then laws are known as kepler’s laws. The laws are stated below : ee First law (law of orbit) : The path of a planet is elliptical with the sun at : fo . Explanation : Let F and F’ are two foci of an elliptical orbit PQRS (Fig. 7.14). Le the sub is at the forcus F, According to the first law of kepler each planet rotate around the ellipse keeping sun at F. 2. Second law (law of area) : The line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out: efual area in equal time. Explanation : Let, a planet take time, t in moving from position P to Q. If the planet travels ir the same time from position R to S. Then the area PE@ must be equal to the area of RFS. hird law (law of time period) : The square of the time period of a planet is Fig. 7.14 ® proportional to the cube of a semimajor axis, The Explanation : The path of a planet is elliptical around the sun. plnal Ne So, the distance of a planet from sun is different in different time. Let, the length of the sem! major axis be R, T. the time period of the planet. Then, according to third law T? « R®. , D. Nuyesfjcal problems : Hy | Calculate the force of gravitation due to a woman of mass 60 kg on her child mass 10 kg standing at a distance of | m from her (a = 6.7 x 10°) Nm? kg?) | _ o, Leer 8 . Fe Ga ntorty pre Ae? IAns. 4.02 x 10 < Calculate the force of gravitation due to earth on a body of mass 10. | standing on the ground. [Mass of the earth = 6x 1024 kg ; Radius of the Earth = 64 103 ky: G=G.7 x 10-1) Nm? ky} Fe qa [Ans. 98 * 40 kg attached by another sphere of mass 80 kg. when th by a.foree equal to the weight of 0.25 mg, Calculate the val of G. [g = 9.8 ms*} [Ans. 6.87 x 107!) Nm? kg 4. The w 3A sphere of mass centres are 30_¢m api of a planet is twice that of carth and the radius of that‘planet is times that of the carth. What will be the weight on the surface of the planet of a be of mass J0 kg. [ans. 21.7 The mass of a planet and its diameter are half those of Earth's. What is | accelergtion due to gravity on the surface of the planet ? [Ans. 19.6 mi The radius of the Moon is 1.7 x 106 m and its mass 7.35 x 102 kg. What is acceleration duc to gravity on the surface of the Moon? Q = @M™ fans. 1.7 ml 7. The mass of Jupiter is 1.9 x 1027 kg and that of the sun 1.99 x 109° kg. mean distance of sun from Jupitar is 7.8 x 10! m, Calculate the speed of Jupiter < the gravitational force that the sun exerts on Jupiter. [Ans. 1.3 x 104 mg 4.146 x 102 @ ote (ESE v5 ¥ 17k WF x9 Be cy eae | =_— she a4 | iy aXe | ‘The mass and diameter of a planet are twice those of Earth, What will beriod of oscijlation of a pendulum or this planet, If it is a second pendulum on Kart ! lAns, 2.824 At what height above the surface of the Earth the value of acceleration due Gravity will bg-25% of its value at the Earth's surface. (Ans.’h = R = radius of the Eart -Bihd the value of gin a mine 100 km below the earth's surface. (Ans. 9.66 ms “The radius of the Earth is 6.37 x 10° m, its mean density is 5500 kg m8 ar gravitational constant is 6.66 x,10-!! Nm?-kg-. Assuming the whole mass of the Eart to be concenfated at the,centre, calculate'the Earth’s surface potential. (Ans. 6.22 x 107 Jk 2/an artificial satellite at a height of 700 km above the earth's surface 1 revolving around the earth. Calculate-the speed of the satellite. [Radius of the Earth id g= 9.8 ms] ge [Ans. 7.454 kms" 19 The mass and radius of the Earth are 6 x 102 kg and 6.4 x 108 m respectively Calculatg- escape velocity. (Ans. 11.2 kms"! othe radius and acceleration du6to gravity are respectively 6.4 x 106 m and 9.8 ms~ respeetively. Calculate escape velocity. Verge lAns. 11.2 kms 15¢“Calculates the increase in potential energy of a body of mass m raised fron the surface of the Earth to a height equal to the radius R of the Earth. —_[Ans. 3 mgR Compare the escape velocity on moon with that on Earth from the following aaa: seme Mass of Earth = 6 x 10% kg \ Mass of Moon = 7.35 x 1022 kg Radius of Earth = 6.4 x 106m : dius of Moon = 1.7x 10%m_[Ans. The escape velocity for Earth is 2.16 times + the escape velocity for Moon.] . ¥. An artificial satellite is revolving round the earth at a height of 3400 km from the Earth's gurface calculate its orbital velocity of the satellite and period of revolution. i [ans. 6.4 kms"! ; 1604 min.]

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