INTERSECTION-AGENCIES

GROUP 4
INTERSECTION
In most American State laws, intersection is
defined as thearea embraced within the
prolongation or connection of the lateralcurb
lines, or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of
the roadways of two highways which join one
another at, or approximately at, right angles, or
the area within which vehicles traveling upon
different highways joining at any other angle may
come in conflict. (leg.state.nv.us) It is synonymous
to crossroads junctions, or crossings.
 In a simpler language, intersection refers to the area of roadway created
when two or more roadways join together at any angle, as described in
one of the following (oregonlaws.org):

1)If the roadways have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced within the
prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines.
2)If the roadways do not have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced
within the prolongation or connection of the lateral boundary lines of the
roadways.
Classifications of Intersections According
to Number of Intersecting roads :
1. 3-WAY INTERSECTION

It is commonly known as the

T or Y crossroad which links
three roads.
2. 4-WAY INTERSECTION

It is the most common type which

involved the crossings of two
roadways. It is either a regular
intersection when the two roads
cross perpendicularly and it is called
skewed intersection when the two
roads cross at different angles.
3. 5-WAY INTERSECTION

It involves the crossing of five

roads. This type is the least
common.
4. 6-WAY INTERSECTION

It involves the crossing of three streets

most often two perpendicular roads and
one diagonal road. This type is very rare.
5. STAGGERED INTERSECTION

It involves two successive T

crossroads.
Classifications of Intersections According
to Traffic Control:
1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION

It is controlled by any
traffic control devices.
 CONTROLLED INTERSECTION

STOP-CONTROLLED
YIELD-CONTROLLED
INTERSECTION
CIRCLE TRAFFIC
INTERSECTION
A Stop sign is usually
It is usually installed. Most common
Traffic flow here
controlled by a are the two-way stops is directed by a
Yield sign or an most countries use circle, rotary
the four-way stops or island, or a
Give Way sign.
the first-to- stop first- runabout sign.
to-go rule.
C. Circle Traffict
UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION

This intersection has no

traffic signals or traffic signs.
Crossing is by observing the
right- of-way rule.
BOX JUNCTION

This type generally prohibits

entry unless the exit is clear.
CLOVERLEAF

A highway interchange at which two

highways, one crossing over the
other, have a series of entrance and
exit ramps resembling the outline of
a four-leaf clover and enabling
vehicles to proceed in either
direction on either highway.
 It is the inherent characteristic of the intersection as the
pointwhere two or more streets, roads, or highways met
which attributed to most traffic problems or conflicts. It
goes with it that when motor vehicles cross each other's
path, interlocking of traffic flows or sometimes collisions
occur because of occupying the space (intersection) at
one given time.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Traffic management is the application of the processes and skills in
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and budgeting
to traffic affairs (Bragado, 1998). Traffic Management also refers to
the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to
improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both
providers and consumers of transportation services (Sigua, 2008). It
also refers to the organization, arrangement, guidance and control of
both stationary and moving traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists
and all types of vehicles (Underwood, 1990).
Considering these two definitions, it can be concluded that traffic
management is for the attainment of traffic efficiency.
 TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. =
The two distinct types of traffic management are the used
or utilization of:

1) traditional traffic engineering 2) advanced technology like the

tools or devices, to regulate or
control traffic, such as traffic lights,
traffic signs, or pavement markings,
traffic islands, and other devices
that could control ordirect the flow
of traffic (these will be discussed in
latter chapters/modules); and
Intelligent Transportation System
(ITS). Examples of the ITS are the
installation of road sensors for
emergency cars, global
positioning devices on motor
vehicles, and road sensors
attached to traffic signal lights.
 WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS NECESSARY?
In every traffic management, three elements are necessary tobe considered.
These are the road (trafficway) system, roadusers, and the enforcement
(and/or control) procedures. Failure to coordinate these elements in a
particular highway and/or intersection may cause traffic-related problems.
With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic
facilities are introduced. However, despite of these modernizations, traffic
congestions persist to exist. The only way to at least cope up with the
prevailing traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management.
Trafficmanagement is therefore designed to make the trafficway safer for
travelers,expedite the movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the
traffic facilities' users. In short, trafficmanagement aims to attain efficiency in
the utilization of the trafficway.
 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

OVERVIEW PROPONENTS

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Presentation by Alexander Aronowitz | Business Marketing | 2024 | Rimberio University

 INTRODUCTION

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Presentation by Alexander Aronowitz | Business Marketing | 2024 | Rimberio University

 A. MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC
CONGESTION
Based on studies conducted by authorities.
1. PHYSICAL INADEQUACY
This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings,
lack of traffic facilities, etc.

2. POOR CONTROL MEASURES

This is characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices,
inefficient trafficofficers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules
and regulations.
 A. MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC
CONGESTION
3. HUMAN ERRORS
Many traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits,
pedestrian mistakes, officers' errors, poor planning, poor legislation; and
traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. POOR MAINTENANCE
. Oftentimes motor vehicles ais stalled in traffic ways because of
unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road
pavement concreting. This can be attributed to inappropriate budget for
the maintenance of the traffic facilities. On the other hand, police should
also report lights out, damage portion of the traffic way to expedite the
action from the concerned government offices.
 B. SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS

Traffic managers and traffic control officers commonly

encounter the following traffic-relatedproblems:
1. TRAFFIC BUILD UP

It is characterized by the gradual

increasing of traffic users in a
given portion of the highway or
trafficway.
2. TRAFFIC CONGESTION

These are conditions on road

networks that occurs as use
increases, and is characterized by
slower speeds, longer trip times, and
increased vehicular queuing.
3. TRAFFIC JAM(START UP)

These are situations in highways in

which the movement of traffic users
(motor vehicles or pedestrians) is very
slow or stationary.
4. BOTTLENECKS

These are narrow points o areas in

highways where traffic congestions
or traffic jams usually occur or traffic
may be held up.
5. GRIDLOCKS

A state or condition of severe road

congestion arising when continuous
queues of vehicles block an entire
network of intersecting streets,
bringing traffic in all directions to a
complete standstill. hese traffic
blockages are usually caused
interlocking of intersection grids.
6. ACCIDENTS

These are events or incidents

which may cause unintentional
damage to property, loss of limbs
and/or death
7. COLLISIONS

These are incidents or instances of

one moving traffic unit or person
striking violently against another.
 C. SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT.

In connection with theabove stated causes of congestion, authorities

conceived that asystematic and effective traffic management is
needed which includes but not limited to the following.
1. ALL PUBLIC SURFACE FACILITIES TRAVERSING AND PARKING AND ALL TYPES OF
CONVEYANCES FOR THE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND THINGS. THIS INCLUDES THE
PROVISIONS ON THE CONTROLLING TRAFFIC FLOW AS WELL AS PROVISIONS FOR
THE ALLOTMENTS OF PARKING LOTS OR PARKING PLACES.

2. ALL AGENCIES HAVING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ASCERTAINING TRAFFICFLOW

REQUIREMENTS, PLANNING, APPROVING, FUNDING, CONSTRUCTIONAND/OR
MAINTAINING THESE PUBLIC FACILITIES FOR SUCH MOVEMENTS. THIS AREA
INCLUDES TRAFFIC PLANNING COMMITTEES, THOSE INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING, AND THE LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN THE APPROPRIATIONS OF FUNDS.

3. ALL AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE F O LICENSING , APPROVING,RESTRICTING,

STOPPING, PROHIBITING OR CONTROLLING THE USE OF THESE FACILITIES. THNE
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THIS AREA ARE THE LANDTRANSPORTATION OFFICE(LTO)
AND OTHER TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES.
 D. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT.

For a successful and effective traffic management, specific roles

and responsibilities are vested on the following.
 1. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
(DOTR, FORMERLY DOTC)
The DOTr through the Land Transportation Office
(LTO)is responsible for the implementation of the Land
Transportation Code of the Philippines (R.A. 4136)
particularly on the issuance of drivers' licenses,
registration of motor vehicles, approval of franchises for
public conveyances (through the Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)), and
conducting traffic safety seminars.
 2. CITY OR MUNICIPAL ENGINEERS'
OFFICE

In the locallevel, these offices are responsible for the

planning, construction and maintenance of traffic
facilities within their respective locality.
 3. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
AND HIGHWAYS (DPWH).
This is the main executive department which is
responsible for the planning, construction and
maintenance of traffic facilities particularly those
categorized as national highways and other major
road arteries.
 4. LEGISLATIVE (CONGRESS/CITY OR
MUNICIPAL BOARDS)

The legislative bodies are not only responsible for the

passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but
also they are involved in the planning and approval of
government projects.
 5. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP)

The PNP throughits Highway Patrol Group (PNP-HPG)

(formerly the Traffic Management Group (PNP-TMG)) is
responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic
laws, rules and regulations. They also perform other
functions such as conducting of informationdissemination
campaign, submittingtrafficscheme proposals, and other
functions as the need arises.
 6. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BUREAUS
(TMBS)
These areoffices created mostly under the offices of
city/municipal mayors with the primary task of assisting
the local PNP traffic divisions/units in the enforcement of
traffic ordinances/laws. These are usually under and/or
attached with the local government's Public Utility
Services Office (PUSO).
 7. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS

Schools, both public andprivate, are responsible for the

basic traffic education by integrating in their respective
programs and curriculumsubjects or topics on traffic
safety.
 8. COURTS

The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-

related cases filed before them.
 9. PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICES

The government throughthe Philippine Information

Agency (PIA) provides the necessary updated information
to the public by creating traffic safety campaigns and
other activities relating to traffic.
 10. BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION
TEAM (BPAT) MEMBERS

In particular, the barangay tanods or barangay security

forces are the usual traffic control officers in their
respective localities particularly during times of
emergencies.
 11. CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS

The private institutions or organizations also help in the

prevention of traffic congestion by assisting government
offices in variousactivitiesparticularly during special
occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to
happen.
 12. TRI-MEDIA (INCLUDING THE
INTERNET)
Government andprivately-owned publications,
andradioandtelevisionbroadcasting companies provide
necessary and updated traffic-related information t he
public through theirrespective programs.

*With the preceding accounts, a successful traffic management is not

the sole responsibility of the government but rather a concerted effort
between the government and privateorganizations.
THANK YOU
Presentation by GROUP 4