methicillin-resistant

• Introduction
staphylococcus aureus
Bakteri Escherichia coli

• IHC and IAQ Definition

• Mold Basics and Pollutants
• Moisture Sources
• SBS and BRI
• Outside View
• Occupant Comfort (Visual, Thermal, Acoustic)
• IAQ Management and Investigation
• How You Can Help
 3

We breathe about 10,000 liters of air each

day, that's over 20,000 breaths. We are
breathing air at home, work, and play.
Some of it is filled with tiny fine particles
or gases. Some are toxic to our health.
❑ Most people spend 90% of their time
indoors
❑ Buildings/Homes built green can be
better for your health
❑ People with allergies and asthma
generally have less symptoms
❑ Infants, elderly and infirm spend most
of their time indoors
❑ Homes now are built “tight” and are
usually constructed with toxic materials
 Example of AQI Values
• Whereas the Ventilation Air Quality Index
(AQI) Values
Levels of Health
Concern
Colors

Rate Procedure of When the AQI

is in this
...air quality
conditions
...as symbolized
by this color:
range: are:
ASHRAE standard 62.1- 0 to 50 Good Green

2007 focuses on assuring 51 to 100 Moderate Yellow

acceptable IAQ, the IAQ 101 to 150 Unhealthy for

Sensitive
Groups
Orange

Procedure provides a 151 to 200 Unhealthy Red

way to reduce HVAC 201 to 300 Very Unhealthy Purple

301 to 500 Hazardous Maroon

system operating costs
while still providing a
healthy environment.
https://aqicn.org/city/jakarta/ 5
https://aqicn.org/city/jakarta/ 11 April 2020 jam 19:00 6
 7

Air pollutants are

2-5X higher
inside than outside
Even 100X in
some cases
 8

▪ According to the
US EPA: the level
of pollutants in
the room can
reach 2-5 times
higher or extreme
100 times higher
than outdoors
▪ 5 top-level
cause a risk to
public health
 9

• IAQ - Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA):

– Indoor air quality (indoor environmental quality) describes
how inside air can affect a person's health, comfort, and
ability to work.

• IAQ - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE Standard 62.1 - 2019):
– Acceptable Indoor Air: air in which there are no known
contaminants at harmful concentrations, as determined by
cognizant authorities, and with which a substantial majority
(80% or more) of the people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.
• IHC – GBCI
– Indoor Health and Comfort = IAQ + Outside View + Room
Comfort (Visual, Thermal, Noise level)
 10

Frequently complaints in problem buildings

are related to mucous membrane and/or
respiratory irritation, headache, or fatigue.
Irritation of mucous membranes of the eye,
nose, and throat are commonly reported by
office workers. Eye symptoms include
itching, redness, and irritation. Respiratory
symptoms include nasal congestion, itching,
coughing, and runny nose. Throat symptoms
include feelings of dryness and irritation.
Abnormal physical signs and/or positive
laboratory tests are not necessarily
associated with individuals having these
symptoms.
 11

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is used to describe situations in

which building occupants experience acute health and
comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a
building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified.
Symptoms:
▪ Acute discomfort, e.g.,
headache; eye, nose, or
throat irritation; dry cough;
dry or itchy skin; dizziness
and nausea; difficulty in
concentrating; fatigue; and
sensitivity to odors.
▪ The cause of the symptoms
is not known.
▪ Most of the complainants
report relief soon after
leaving the building.
 12

"building related illness" (BRI) is used when symptoms of

diagnosable illness are identified and can be attributed
directly to airborne building contaminants.
Symptoms:
▪ Building occupants complain of
symptoms such as cough, chest
tightness, fever, chills, and muscle
aches.
▪ The symptoms can be clinically
defined and have clearly identifiable
causes.
▪ Complainants may require
prolonged recovery times after
leaving the building.
13
 14

To put this size in perspective, the width of a human hair is about 50 to 200
microns. Most of us can’t see particles smaller than 10 microns.
Source: http://www.abatement.com/residential/air_quality.htm
 15

❑ Virus adalah makhluk Tuhan yang istimewa. Ukurannya luar

biasa kecil, jauh lebih kecil dari bakteri yang dengan mata te-
lanjang tidak akan mampu dilihat
❑ Berukuran sekitar 100 nm = 0,1 µm. Perbandingan dg orang = 1: 18.000.000
❑ Bakteri dan amuba masih tergolong makhluk hidup seluler (unisel) yang masih
butuh makan melakukan fotosintesis atau kemosintesis untuk menyusun zat
makanannya sendiri. Sedangkan Virus tidak punyavorganel dan tidak punya alat
gerak.
❑ Tubuhnya yang utama cuma terdiri dari materi genetik (DNA= Deoxyribonucleic
Acid atau RNA= Ribonucleic Acid) yang dibungkus oleh lapisan protein
(nukleokapsid)
❑ Mengingat bentuknya yang super sederhana, transisi antara makhluk hidup dan
sebentuk senyawa kimia (yang tidak hidup), ilmuwan menyebut virus sebagai "a
kind of borrowed life".
❑ begitu ada kesempatan bertemu sel inang yang cocok barulah virus akan
melakukan replikasi/memperbanyak diri dengan cara memanfaatkan fasilitas
(baca: membajak) berupa organel dan sistem metabolisme yang ada di dalam sel
inang tersebut.
Source: http://www.abatement.com/residential/air_quality.htm
 16

Source: http://www.lakeair.com
 17

Source: http://www.lakeair.com
 18

Source: Mukesh Khare; Indoor Air Pollution – Lecture 1; 2010

 19

• Biological Contaminants
– Mold and Mildew
– Dust
• Chemical Contaminants
– Carbon Monoxide (CO)
– Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
– Radon
• Respirable Particles
 20

HVAC Equipment:
• microorganisms growing in drip pans, ductwork, coils,
and humidifiers
• improper venting of combustion products
• dust, debris or fibres in or from ducts or duct linings
• plumbing traps or sumps
Non-HVAC Equipment:
• emissions from office equipment (volatile organic
compounds, ozone)
• emissions from shops, labs, cleaning processes
• custodial practices
• atria, planters, and other wet areas
• Housekeeping and Maintenance Activities
• Building Components and Furnishings
• Unsanitary conditions and water damage
• Chemicals released by building components
• Other Sources
 21

Polluted Outdoor Air:

• pollen, dust, fungal spores
• industrial emissions
• vehicle emissions
Nearby Sources:
• loading docks
• vehicle parking or loading
• odors from dumpsters
• unsanitary debris or building exhausts
near outdoor air intakes
Underground Sources:
• radon
• pesticides
• leakage from underground storage tanks
• soil gases
 22

• Temperature and/or Humidity

• Too Much Glare
• Inadequate Fresh Air - Lead to
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Build-up
– Normal Outdoor CO2 Levels is 350 ppm
– Indoor CO2 Levels Can Be 600-800 ppm
– > 1000 ppm CO2 Levels –
Tired/Sleepiness
– Cal/OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
for CO2 is 5000 ppm
23
 24

Pollutants Concentration Concentrations Concentration Remarks

reported of limited or no of concern
concern
Respirable 0.05 – 0.7 <0.1 >0.15 Japanese standard 0.15
particulates mg/m3
CO 1-1.5 <2 >5 Indicator for eye
irritation(only from passive
smoking)
NO2 0.05 – 1 <0.19 >0.32 ----

---- 2% COHb 3% COHb 99.9%

CO
1-100 <11 >30 Continuous exposure

Formaldehyde 0.05 – 2 <0.06 >0.12 Long- and Short- term

SO2 0.02 – 1 <0.5 >1.35 SO2 alone, short-term

CO2 500 – 5000 ppm <1000 ppm >1000 ppm Occupancy indicator

O3 600-9000 <1800 >12000 Japanese standard 1800

mg/m3

Asbestos <10 fibres/m3 0 105 fibre/m3 For long Exposure

25
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27
28
29
30
31
32
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➢ CO2 Monitoring / Fresh air

➢ Chemical Pollutant
➢ Outside View
➢ Visual Comfort
➢ Thermal Comfort
➢ Noise Level
34
35
36
37
 39

• A healthy indoor environment is one which the surroundings

contribute to the productivity, comfort and sense of health
and well being.
• A healthy environment may be achieved by proper building
maintenance and communication.
• ASHRAE 62 IAQ Procedure is a Great Way to Save First Cost,
Operating Costs & Energy, i.e.:
– lower life cycle costs (LCC)
– lower total cost of ownership (TCO)
• IAQ Procedure May Be Used With The VRP to Control
Contaminants
• Provide Acceptable IAQ While Saving Energy
 40

1. Kim Chapital; Tulane University - Office of Environmental Health &

Safety (OHS); 2010
2. Totok Sulistiyanto at all; Indoor and Health Comfort GA-Green
Building Materials; 2014
3. John Budi H Listijono; Energy Recovery Technologies (Indoor Air
Quality); Conference on HVACR Design and Operation for Green
Buildings; 2011
4. Abatement Technology; How Indoor Airborne Pollutants and Allergens
Can Affect our Health; 2016
5. Human Resources Service Group; Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Program
Guideline; 2016
6. Aiden M. Cohen; Green Purchasing & Sustainable Supply Chains;
City of Austin; 2009
7. Trina Redford; IAQ - Industrial Hygienist National Naval Medical
Center IH Services North; 2010
8. Various ASHRAE Journals and Standards