KULIAH PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM, MINGGU 14

INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENTIAL

ABDU F. ASSOMADI
LABORATORIUM PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM (LPPUPI)
FTSPK-ITS
GENERAL PERSONAL
PEOPLE
EXPOSURE OF AIR
POLLUTANT PERSONAL EXPOSURE AMBIENT LEVELS

SMOKERS NON SMOKERS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

OTHER
CHILDREN COMMUTER CONTROL HOMES
LOCATIONS

CITY
SCHOOLS BACKGROUND
PERSONAL PUBLIC WALK OR
CAR TRANSPORT CYCLING OFFICES AND
SHOPS HOT SPOTS
BUS
BARS
TRAM

METRO
 INDOOR EMISSIONS

• Outdoor  indoor
• Evidence base stronger than for
other approaches
• Implementation practicality – via
design, production, standards,
etc
• Some options (clean fuels), are
relatively independent of user
behaviour.
MODEL LINKING EMISSIONS TO AIR QUALITY
Inputs:
• Emission rates: Outputs:
• PM2.5 • Predicted
• CO
average
concentrations
• Kitchen volume of:
• Air exchange • PM2.5
rate • CO
• Duration of use
(hours per day)

Assumes uniform mixing of pollutants

and air in kitchen
INDOOR AIR QUALITY?

• How long did you in closed room or indoors-in of yours day? (at
home, classroom, your base-camp, or etc.)
• Some studies have indicated that indoor air pollutant concentration
often 5 – 10 x level contaminant than average of outdoor pollutant
concentration
• indoor air may dirtier than outdoor air  Asthma-related illnesses
• poor indoor air quality  may reduce a person’s ability to perform
specific tasks requiring concentration, calculation, or memory.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), define the parameter in IAQ as
parameters of the air inside a building
• The temperature,
• humidity,
• ventilation and
• chemical or biological contaminants
IAQ  quality of the air inside buildings that affect the health, comfort, and
performance of occupants
• concentrations of pollutants and
• thermal (temperature and relative humidity) conditions
• Noise and lightening
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ), ESSENTIALLY

• People breathe air  continuous and regularly, as long as their lives

• Most adults probably inhaling more mold, mildew, asbestos, harsh chemicals, and
other pollutants  health effects (respiratory system)
• Growing developing lungs of children are especially sensitive to toxic environmental
pollutants
• Consequences of Poor IAQ
• Increased potential for short and long term health issues.
• Decreased comfort, performance, and attendance.
• Accelerated deterioration and reduced efficiency of buildings and equipment.
PRIMARY SOURCES OF IAQ PROBLEMS

• Ventilation  poor of temperature, air borne contaminant/filtering,

light control system

• Contaminants generated indoors

• Infiltration of outdoor contaminants

• Unidentified sources
BASIC VENTILATION SYSTEM BY RECYCLE AND
FILTERING
100% Supply
Air 10% Outside Air

90% Recycled Air

Ventilated Space

10% Exhausted Air

100% Return Air
VENTILATION PROBLEMS  IAQ PROBLEMS
• Temperature  if too high sometimes make it seem “stuffy”
• Humidity  if too low, it can result in allergy-like symptoms, if too high it can result airborne
spore, microbial organism, etc.
• Glare  if too much, it can result in headaches, or discomfort
• Inadequate Amount of Fresh Air  accumulate the CO2 or O3 level in indoor
• Normal Outdoor CO2 Levels is 350 ppm
• Indoor CO2 Levels Can Be 600-800 ppm
• > 1000 ppm CO2 Levels – Tired/Sleepiness
• Cal/OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit for CO2 is 5000 ppm
• Ozone Levels: <0.001 ppm to 0.016 ppm
• Cal/OSHA permissible exposure limit for ozone < 0.1 ppm
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANT TYPES
• COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
• VOLATILE CHEMICALS & MIXTURES
• RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
• RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS
• BIOLOGICS & BIOAEROSOLS
• RADIONUCLIDES
• ODORS
INDOOR CONTAMINANT SOURCES
• Dust and Dirt
• CO2 (Primarily from Occupants)
• Perfumes, Colognes, Air-Fresheners
• Cleaning/Disinfecting Products
• Plants and Flowers, pollen
• Off gassing of new materials
• Mold (From intrusion of moisture)
• Stale air from unventilated areas
• Science and Art Supplies
• Hydro-carbon unburn, CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, etc.
particulate from stove activity
• Asbestos, fiber/fiberglass
• Any toxic gas, PAH
• Tobacco smoke
• Viruses, protozoa, fungi
• Bacteria, spore, form Old Food –
Forgotten, degraded foods
• Ozone and particulate from
printer/copying machine
• Etc.
OUTDOOR CONTAMINANT SOURCES, INTRODUCE TO
INDOOR
• Exhaust vents located near make-up air intakes
• Vehicles idling near open windows and doors  wrong
behavior in warming up vehicle
• Pollen from outdoor plants
• Pollution from nearby facilities and construction
• Infiltration of general outdoor contaminants
ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
(ASHRAE)

Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as

determined by authorities and at which a substantial majority (80% or more) of
the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction
• Buildings exist to protect people and support human activity
• Buildings should not make people sick, cause them significant discomfort, or otherwise
inhibit their ability to perform
HEALTH EFFECTS OF POOR IAQ

• Sick Building Syndrome-Building occupants experience acute health

and comfort effects that are apparently linked to the time working
indoors.
• Difficult to trace to a specific source
• Relief occurs upon leaving the building

• Building-Related Illnesses-A relatively small number of occupants

experience health problems accompanied by physical signs that are
identified by a physician and/or laboratory findings, and can be
attributed to environmental agents in the air.
• Physical signs of exposure to chemical or biological substances
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS) VS. BUILDING-
RELATED ILLNESS (BRI):
Building-Related Illness
Sick Building Syndrome
• Symptoms: • Symptoms:
• Headaches • Eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract irritation
• Eye, nose, throat irritation • Skin irritation or rashes
• Dry or itchy skin • Chills, fever, cough, chest tightness, congestion,
sneezing, runny nose
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Dizziness
• Nausea • Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
• Loss of concentration • Asthma
• Chemical Sensitivity
• Legionnaires’ Disease
MONITORING FOR IAQ ISSUES
• Q-Trak Indoor Air Quality Monitor
• Temperature and Humidity
• Carbon Monoxide
• Carbon Dioxide
• ppb RAE Detector
• Various Chemical Substances Down to the
Parts per Billion Range
•
MONITORING FOR IAQ ISSUES

Monitoring for Chemical Hazards

• Odors  Don’t use Odor as an Indicator of Hazard
• Some chemicals have a very low odor threshold or very high
• have a high permissible exposure limit or very low
• Certain Individuals May Be More Susceptible to Certain Chemicals than others
• All Chemicals Do Not Have a Permissible Exposure Limit
• Toxicological data
• MSDS of chemical
CONTROL APPROACHES FOR RESIDENTIAL EMISSIONS

• Residential emissions Categories (Bunce, 1994):

• Indoor sources  kerosene heating, wood burning, tobacco
smoke, asbestos and formaldehyde
• Outdoor sources  combustion products, typically from petrol and
vapours from residential vehicle garages
 PENGELOLAAN PENCEMARAN RESIDENSIAL/INDOOR

INDOOR EMISSION CONTROL

SOURCES POLLUTION
LEGISLATION VENTILATION
CONTROL

Pengendalian
Pengendalian
Emisi Edukasi Regulasi Ventilasi Air Cleaning
Sumber
Pembakaran
SOURCES CONTROL

• REMOVAL of the pollutant source

• MODIFICATION of the pollutant source
• SUBSTITUTION of the pollutant source
• Asbestos and formaldehyde can be controlled by regulations in manufacturing
of products
• Emissions from outdoor sources  controlled by tightening the interface
between the garage and the house
CONTROL OF COMBUSTIBLE EMISSIONS

• improvements to the stove that is utilized for combustion in indoor

• old kerosene space heaters that burn fuel at higher temperatures and therefore
release more pollutants, should be replaced
• installation of catalytic converters, fluidized beds or secondary combustion
chambers
NEW INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES
(WHO)

Household energy fuels and technologies used for cooking,

heating and lighting

1. Use only very efficient cookstoves (following emission rates

provided by WHO)
2. Don't use Kerosene
3. Don't use Coal
4. Use clean fuels – LPG, Biogas, ethanol
HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Good human activity or personal activity

• Smoking, Cooking, Personal hygiene (body odors), perfume, cosmetic odors
• Housekeeping, cleaning material, procedure, etc
• Maintenance  cooling towers, paint, pest control, storage, etc.
• Prevent of spill, flooding, fire damage, etc
VENTILATION

• Ventilation is a means of diluting or eliminating contaminated air and also

serves as a way to properly distribute outside air in the building.
• Houses may not receive adequate air due to airtight designs,  mechanical
ventilation in order to flow of outside air into the building.
• Filters, ion generators, humidification system
• Exhaust  to flow inside air to the outer building
• ASHRAE STANDARDS (ASHRAE 62-1989)
• CO2 level < 1000 ppm
AIR CLEANING

• Technological devices can be used to eliminate or reduce

pollution emissions
Exp: FILTRATION DEVICES
• The use of such devices of air cleaning is most effective
when there is source control and adequate ventilation
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

• POPULATION DENSITY
• NOISE
• ERGONOMICS SYSTEM
• LIGHTING
PUBLIC EDUCATION

• This approach would be an economically viable and effective

method to controlling pollution
• The public to be educated and made to fully understand the origin
of pollutants and the effects these pollutants could potentially have
on their health
• reduce their exposure to the pollutants
• REDUCE THEIR Pollutant Emission
LEGISLATION
• Legislative controls be implemented to meet safety concerns
• recycling and composting must alter the open burning
• Prohibition of Outdoor wood-fired boilers and furnaces
• Standard for IAQ
• OSHA IAQ STANDARD, pending
• NEW JERSEY IAQ STANDARD
• specific temperature 68 – 79 F, 30-60 % RH, 20 cfm outside air per person
• SMOKING ROOM AIR ON SEPARATE SYSTEM
TERIMA KASIH