French Revolution

Ek toxic Yug ki shuruat, jaha aapko apke

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ghar se zyada ladaiya dekhne ko milengi..

In 1789, France faced economic hardships and social unrest. The storming of the
Bastille in Paris symbolized public discontent, marking the onset of the French
Revolution. The revolution involved widespread protests and the eventual execution
of King Louis XVI, transforming France's political and social landscape.
18th century me france ke kya halchal the
French Society during the late eighteen century
Louis XVI became the King of France in 1774, inheriting financial
troubles due to wars.
France supported American colonies in their fight for independence
from Britain during Louis XVI's reign.
Taxes were increased to cover government expenses, including
maintaining the army and running the state.
French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates.

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Peasants, comprising 90% of the population, lacked land ownership.
60% of land was owned by nobles, the Church, and wealthier members
of the third estate.
The first two estates, clergy and nobility, had birthright privileges,
such as tax exemptions and feudal perks.
The third estate, commoners, had to pay various taxes, including a
direct tax called "taille" and indirect taxes on everyday items like salt
and tobacco.
A Society of estates
1st Estate 2nd Estate
Clergy Nobility
3rd Estate

Big businessmen,
Small peasants,
merchants, court Peasants and
landless labours
officials, lawyers artisans
etc. and servants
 War ke baad 3rd estate ne kya musibate
The Struggle to survive

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jheli?
Population growth increased the need for food grains.
Grain production couldn't meet demand, leading to rising bread prices.
Low wages exacerbated wealth inequality.
Crop failures, like drought or hail, made the situation even worse.

Mnemonic

L - Low pay made the gap between rich and poor even bigger
G - Grain production couldnt meet demand
LG-PC P - Population growth increased
C - Crop failures

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growing middle class envisages an end to privilige
Peasants protested against taxes and food shortages.
The third estate, including the middle class, became wealthier and
educated.
New groups, like the middle class, earned money through trade and
making textiles.
Lawyers and officials were part of the third estate, and they believed
social status should be based on merit, not birth.
Rousseau proposed a new government idea based on a social contract
between people and their representatives.
Montesquieu suggested dividing government power into legislative,
executive, and judicial branches.
The USA adopted this government model.
Louis XVI planned to impose more taxes to cover expenses.

Mnemonic
LAWYER - Lawyers and officials believed social status should be based
on merit, not birth
lawyer T - Third Estate Thrives
R - Rousseau's Social Contract
trump U - USA's Model
M - Montesquieu's Government
P - Peasants' Protests
 Middle class ko toxic banne par kyu

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majboor hona pada?
The outbreak of the revolution
In France, the king needed approval from the Estates-General to create
new taxes.
Louis XVI called a meeting in 1789, where the three groups sent
representatives.
The third estate wanted fair voting, but the idea was rejected, so they
left.
They promised not to disband until a new constitution limiting the
king's power was created.
A cold winter raised bread prices, and rumors of crop destruction
spread.

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Peasants looted grain and burned records of what they owed to nobles.
Nobles fled, and Louis XVI recognized the National Assembly's authority.
The Assembly abolished the old feudal system and taxes on August 4,
1789.

The tennis coart oath

Preparatory sketch for
a large painting by
Jacques-Louis David. The
painting was intended
to be hung in the
National Assembly

France become a constitutional monarchy

In 1791, the National Assembly in France created a new set of rules for how
the country would be run.
Their main goal was to reduce the king's authority and share power among
different groups.
France became a constitutional monarchy, meaning the king had limited
powers.
People could not directly vote for their leaders. Instead, they chose electors
who then picked the Assembly.
 Unfortunately, not everyone had the right to vote.

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Only men who were over 25 years old and paid taxes equivalent to at
least 3 days of a laborer's wage could vote.
The constitution started with a Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen.
This declaration listed important rights like the right to life,
freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, and equal treatment under
the law.
These rights were considered basic and could not be taken away from
any person.

Judiciary Executive

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Legislature
CONTROL
Judge King National assembly (745 members)

VETO
L
RO
NT VOTE
CO
Ministers Electors (50000 mens)
V
O
T
VOTE
E
Active citizens: entitled to vote. About 4 million of a
population of 28 million

Passive citizens: no voting rights. About 3 million men

Women childer and youth below 25

Mnemonic
National (N) - NAC (National Assembly Constitution)
National People (P) - Powers Limited
people Celebrate (C) - Constitutional Monarchy established
Day (D) - Declaration Rights
celebrate day
Night (N) - Natural Rights
and night very Very (V) - Voting Rules
long Long (L) - Natural Rights
 Poor peoples ne rights lene ke liye kya

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steps uthae?
France Abolishes Monarchy and
Becomes a Republic
In April 1792, the French government decided to start a war with Prussia
and Austria.
This war was meant to defend the French Revolution and stop other
countries from getting involved.
The song "La Marseillaise" became the national anthem of France.
While the men went off to fight in the war, the women took care of
their families and homes.
Many people in France felt that the revolution should go further

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because the 1791 Constitution only gave political rights to wealthier
people.
Political clubs were formed, and the Jacobins became the most successful
club.
The Jacobin club had members from various backgrounds, including
small shopkeepers, artisans, servants, and daily-wage workers.
These Jacobins started wearing long striped trousers like dockworkers
and were known as the "sans-culottes," which means "those without knee
breeches."
On August 10, 1792, the Jacobins stormed the Tuileries Palace and held
the king captive for some time.
Elections were held, and all men aged 21 and above gained the right to
vote.
The monarchy in France was abolished on September 21, 1792, and the
country was declared a republic.
Louis XVI, the king, was found guilty of treason by a court and
sentenced to death.

Nanine Vallain, Liberty.

This is one of the rare paintings by a woman artist. The
revolutionary events made it possible for women to train
with established painters and to exhibit their works in the
Salon, which was an exhibition held every two years. The
painting is a female allegory of liberty ñ that is, the
female form symbolises the idea of freedom.
 France ke logo ke liye sabse darawna
The reign of terror

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samay

The time between 1793 and 1794 is famously called the Reign of Terror
in the context of the French Revolution.
During this period, people considered adversaries of the republic, as
identified by figures like Maximilien Robespierre, were arrested,
imprisoned, and put on trial by a revolutionary tribunal.
If these individuals were found guilty by the court, they faced execution
by the guillotine, a device named after Dr. Guillotin. The guillotine was
used for beheadings.
The government also imposed laws to set price ceilings on wages and
goods, leading to rationing of essential items like meat and bread.

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Expensive white flour was prohibited for use, promoting more equality in
consumption.
Additionally, forms of address reflected the principles of the Revolution,
where all French men and women were addressed as "Citoyen" (Citizen).
In July 1794, Robespierre himself was convicted by a court, arrested, and
the very next day, he met the guillotine.

A Directory Rules France Napolean bhaiya be like: “Swagat nahi

karoge hamara”
The time between 1793 and 1794 is famously called the Reign of Terror
in the context of the French Revolution.
During this period, people considered adversaries of the republic, as
identified by figures like Maximilien Robespierre, were arrested,
imprisoned, and put on trial by a revolutionary tribunal.
If these individuals were found guilty by the court, they faced execution
by the guillotine, a device named after Dr. Guillotin. The guillotine was
used for beheadings.
The government also imposed laws to set price ceilings on wages and
goods, leading to rationing of essential items like meat and bread.
Expensive white flour was prohibited for use, promoting more equality in
consumption.
Additionally, forms of address reflected the principles of the Revolution,
where all French men and women were addressed as "Citoyen" (Citizen).
In July 1794, Robespierre himself was convicted by a court, arrested, and
the very next day, he met the guillotine.
Did Women have a Revolution?

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Women were actively involved in the French Revolution right from the
start, bringing about important changes in the country.
Women in the third estate, who had to earn a living, lacked access to
education and job training opportunities.
Daughters of noble families within the third estate were permitted to
study at convents, but working women had to balance their jobs with
family responsibilities.
Women generally earned lower wages compared to men, creating
economic disparities.
Women also initiated their own political clubs and newspapers to voice

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their concerns and ideas.
The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women stood out as one of
the most well-known women's clubs, advocating for equal political rights,
including the right to vote and hold political office.
The revolutionary government introduced laws aimed at improving the
lives of women, such as compulsory schooling and legalizing divorce,
allowing them to run small businesses.
However, during the Reign of Terror, women's clubs were banned, and
their political activities were restricted by the government.
Despite facing challenges, French women eventually secured the right to
vote in 1946, marking a significant milestone in their struggle for equal
rights.

Parisian women on their way to Versailles

This print is one of the many pictorial representations of the events of 5 October 1789, when
women marched to Versailles and brought the king back with them to Paris
 Jacobin government ke dwara kiya gaya
The Abolition of Slavery biggest change!

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Slavery began in the French colonies during the 17th century, with slaves
procured through the transatlantic slave trade, marked, shackled, and
transported across the Atlantic to work in the Caribbean.
The main driving force behind slavery in the French colonies was the
need for labor in the production of valuable crops like sugar, coffee, and
indigo, which were in high demand in European markets.
Throughout the 18th century, there was limited criticism of slavery in
France, as economic interests often outweighed moral concerns.
In a significant and revolutionary move, the Jacobin government, during
the French Revolution in 1794, legislated the abolition of slavery in the
French overseas possessions.

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However, approximately a decade later, Napoleon Bonaparte came to
power and reintroduced slavery in the French colonies, reversing the
earlier abolition.
It wasn't until 1848 that slavery was permanently abolished in French
colonies.
The Revolution and Everyday Life
The year 1789 in France marked a period of notable transformations
impacting the experiences of men, women, and children.
During the summer of 1789, a pivotal change occurred with the abolition
of censorship.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, also in 1789, declared
freedom of speech and expression as a fundamental natural right.
Freedom of the press was established, enabling the expression of diverse
perspectives on events and issues.
Cultural expressions like plays, songs, and festive processions became
increasingly popular, drawing large crowds of people and reflecting the
changing social and political atmosphere.
Mnemonic
T - The year 1789 in France marked a period of
The cat notable transformations
C - Cultural expressions
danced for D - During 1789, Abolition of censorship
treats F - Freedom of the press was established
T - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Conclusion
Napolean bhaiya ka khaatma or colonised

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countrys ke liye dher saare ideas

In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor of France and

enacted significant laws, such as the protection of private property and
the introduction of a uniform system of weights and measures based on
the decimal system.
Napoleon's rule came to an end with his defeat at the Battle of
Waterloo in 1815.
The enduring legacy of the French Revolution primarily centered around
the ideals of liberty and democratic rights.
These principles had a profound impact on colonized peoples, who
reimagined the concept of freedom to establish their own independent

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nation-states.

Mnemonic
T - The enduring legacy of the French
Revolution
TIN I - In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte declared
himself Emperor of France
N - Napoleans rule end, 1815 battle of waterloo
 FAQ’s

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1. What were the three estates of French society before
the Revolution?
2. What was the main cause of the French Revolution?
3. What was the significance of the storming of the
Bastille?
4. What were the main principles of the Declaration of

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the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
5. What was the Reign of Terror?
6. What was the role of Napoleon Bonaparte in the
French Revolution?
7. Describe the social and economic conditions in France
that led to the Revolution.
8. Explain the role of the middle class and the peasants
in the Revolution.
9. What were the main achievements of the French
Revolution?
10. What were the limitations of the French Revolution?
11. What was the impact of the French Revolution on the
world?
12. Evaluate the impact of the French Revolution on the
development of democracy and human rights.
13. Discuss the legacy of the French Revolution for the
modern world.
*NOTE : Worksheet [Important Questions Of All typology with
Answers) is provided as Seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com*