Digital Communications Lab, KLEF Deemed to be University .

Department of ECE
Digital Communications Lab (22EC2208L) AY2023-23
Lab-7: Delta Modulation and Demodulation

Objectives:
To study Delta Modulation and Demodulation process.

Basic theory:

The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in which the step size
after quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed as delta modulation.
Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM technique, also viewed as 1-bit DPCM scheme.
As the sampling interval is reduced, the signal correlation will be higher.

Delta Modulator
The Delta Modulator comprises of a 1-bit quantizer and a delay circuit along with two summer
circuits as illustrated below. Following is the block diagram of a delta modulator.

Fig1. Block diagram of Delta Modulator

 Digital Communications Lab, KLEF Deemed to be University .

Delta Demodulator
The delta demodulator comprises of a low pass filter, a summer, and a delay circuit. The
predictor circuit is eliminated here and hence no assumed input is given to the demodulator.
Following is the diagram for delta demodulator.

Pre-lab Session:
(a) Prior to the lab experiment, understand the basic theory required for the experiment.
(b) Execute the Matlab codes prepared for the worked examples in each stage, observe the
results and show to concerned lab faculty.
(c) Work out all the project tasks and show the results.
(d) Note the results and store the necessary figures and data for the lab report.

Worked Example: Consider a sinusoidal signal with frequency of 5 Hz and unit amplitude need
to perform delta modulation and demodulation. Assume that the sampling frequency of 20 times
the signal frequency and delta step size 0.075.
Develop Matlab code for the following tasks:

Delta Modulation:
(a) Generate the sinusoidal signal with the given parameters and plot.
(b) Perform the delta modulation with the given delta step size of 0.075. Plot the delta
modulated signal.
(c) Compare the delta modulated signal with original signal. Comment on the results.
(d) Encode the delta modulated signal into binary and plot.
Demodulation of DM signal:
(e) Perform the demodulation.
(f) Filter the demodulated signal and plot.
(g) If necessary, compute propagation delay between the reconstructed signal and
original signal and accordingly plot the signal.
(h) Compare the reconstructed signal with the original signal.
(i) Comment on the results.
Solution: Matlab codes
 Digital Communications Lab, KLEF Deemed to be University .

clear; close all;clc;

Fs = 100; % Sampling rate
t=0:2*pi/Fs:2*pi; % Time Duration
x = sin(2*pi*t/5); % Define Message Signal with frequency 5Hz

figure();
plot(t,x,'r','LineWidth',2);
xlabel('---> Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original Sinusoidal Signal');grid on

del = 0.075; % Stepsize

[xr, d] = venuDM(x, del);

figure();
stairs(t,xr,'r','LineWidth',2);
hold on; plot(t,x,'k','LineWidth',2);
xlabel('---> Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('DM','Orig');grid on
title('Delta Modulation');
 Digital Communications Lab, KLEF Deemed to be University .

figure();
stairs(d,'b','LineWidth',2);
xlabel('---> Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
axis([0 100 -0.05 1.05]);grid on
title('Encoded Delta Modulation');

% Demodulation of the DM signal

xn = venuIDM(xr,del,d);

% Low pass filtering the demodulated signal

[b,a] = butter(2, 5/100);
x_r = filter(b,a,xn);

% find delay
dl = finddelay(x,x_r)

dl = 9

% Remove the delay

xd = x_r(dl:end);

figure();
plot(xd,'m','LineWidth',2);
hold on;plot(x,'k--','LineWidth',2);hold off
xlabel('---> Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('Recon','Orig');grid on
title('Detected signal');
 Digital Communications Lab, KLEF Deemed to be University .

Task1: Repeat the worked example with the following delta steps:
(i) 0.02 (b) 0.3 (c) 1.
Practice for various sampling rates.
Task2: Repeat the above for a multi tone signals consists of two sinusoidal signals (sin and
cos) with 2 Hz and 5 Hz frequencies and corresponding amplitudes are 3 V and -1V.

Viva Questions:
1. Differentiate between the DPCM and DM.
2. Outline the basic principle of DM.
3. What do you understand by the terms ‘Granular Noise’, and ’Slope Overload distortion’.
4. Mention advantages and disadvantages of DM.
5. Mention few applications of DM.
Post Lab Session:
(a) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the scheduled lab time.
(b) Answer the given viva questions.
(c) Submit the project report to the lab in-structure and get the signature in time.
(d) Type the complete description of commands used in this project.

Due date:
Date of submission:
Student Id. No: Section:
Name of the student. Signature of student

Pre-lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab session Viva Total Marks
work (15M) work (15M) work (10M) (10M) 50M
Lab experiment Project

Remarks:

Marks awarded.
Date: Signature of the Instructor