Low Complexity Hybrid Wideband Beamforming
for Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO-OFDM
Systems
Mohammad Assaf
Radiophysic department
Tomsk State University
Tomsk, Russian Federation
e-mail: md.moh1600@gmail.com
Abstract—In mmWave massive multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO) communication systems, the extension of low-
complexity narrowband precoding schemes to be operated on
wideband systems under frequency-selective channels
remains an important challenge at the current time. This
paper investigates a low complexity wideband hybrid
precoding scheme for mmWave massive MIMO multicarrier
systems under a single-user, fully-connected hybrid
architecture. We show that the radio frequency (RF)
precoding/combining vectors can be directly derived from the
eigenvectors of the optimal fully-digital covariance matrix
over all subcarriers in order to maximize the sum rate of
spectral efficiency. We also suggest a new method that
iteratively reduces the residual error between the covariance
matrix and the sum of products of precoding matrices over all
the subcarriers to improve the performance in the case where
the number of RF chains is higher than the number of
streams. The results of the simulation show that the proposed
schemes' complexity is low compared to the present methods,
and their performance can almost reach the upper bound
achieved by the optimal full-baseband design.
Keywords— analog/ digital precoding, Millimeter wave
communication, massive MIMO, wideband hybrid
beamforming.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the important technologies for achieving high
capacity performance in fifth-generation (5G) new radio
(NR) and beyond is the utilization of the millimeter (mm)
wave spectrum, which is commonly considered to be
between 30 and 300 GHz. It can support a large number of
users with several gigabit-per-second data rates [1]. This
technology became practical thanks to the use of a large
number of antennas, or what is currently referred to as
massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), to
mitigate the problem of large path loss at high frequencies
[2]. The benefits of massive MIMO mmWave cannot be
achieved unless using large bandwidths; for example, in 5G,
the bandwidth per carrier may reach 400 MHz according to
the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). However,
more difficulties arise when the bandwidth is increased
compared to the narrowband case, one of which is the
frequency selectivity of the channel [3]. In order to mitigate
the frequency selectivity of the channel, cyclic prefix-
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)
has been chosen for usage in wideband communication for
both uplink and downlink transmissions in 5G. Wideband
channels are split into frequency-flat subchannels by using
OFDM in order to achieve high spectral efficiency as well
as high performance in various multipath scenarios.
Numerous studies on narrowband beamforming [4]-[9], also
known as single carrier beamforming, have been observed
Oleg G Ponomarev
Radiophysic department
Tomsk State University
Tomsk, Russian Federation
e-mail: ponomarev@phys.tsu.ru
in the literature on hybrid beamforming, where the digital
and analog beamformers are assumed to remain constant
across the whole bandwidth. In a wideband multicarrier
system, precoding and combining should be performed at
each subcarrier, so in conventional multicarrier MIMO
systems, beamforming can simply be converted from
frequency flat to frequency-selective because it is
performed in the digital domain. However, this simple
adaptation cannot be used in massive MIMO hybrid systems
because it requires that the analog precoding matrix remain
constant across the whole bandwidth. This makes the design
of wideband hybrid precoding challenging.
Numerous studies are available in [10]-[15] that relate to
wideband massive MIMO beamforming, In [10], the
proposed precoding technique is based on the channel
covariance matrix to construct the analog RF matrix at the
transmitter side to maximize the sum of mutual information
over all subcarriers. In their design, the hybrid combiner
optimization is completely disregarded. Tabu-search (TS) -
based joint hybrid precoding and combining scheme is
proposed in [11] to intelligently find the nearly ideal pairing
of hybrid precoder and combiner. It is demonstrated in [12]
that the equivalent frequency-flat precoding and combining
are sufficient to reach the desired spectral efficiency when
the frequency-selective channel does not include a lot of
scattering paths. The sparsity of the mmWave channels is
exploited in [13], and it is demonstrated that since the
channel covariance matrices at various subcarriers have
nearly the same set of eigenvectors, it is possible to apply
the frequency flat precoding scheme proposed in [14] to the
average of channel covariance matrices to derive the
precoding and combining matrices. Two wideband hybrid
precoding methods were presented by the author in [15].
The first uses a multi-linear SVD to identify common
analog combiner vectors, while the second uses a
classification of beamforming vectors to maximize gain for
the equivalent baseband channel.
A. Main Contributions
As can be seen from the existing methods, high-
complexity full channel knowledge approaches are typically
used to get the required precoders/combiner matrices in
wideband multicarrier massive MIMO systems in order to
reach near-optimal performance. The usage of a channel
covariance matrix as in [10][13], a multi-linear SVD [15],
or iterative techniques [11] to increase the sum rate of the
spectral efficiency are the reasons that lead to the increased
complexity. This motivates us to study low-complexity
hybrid precoding methods in wideband mmWave massive
MIMO systems, which use less information to construct the
precoding/combining matrices. This article's major
contributions can be summed up as follows:
 Fig. 1. A block diagram of a hybrid beamforming massive MIMO-OFDM system.
 The proposed approaches do not require complete
knowledge of the high-dimension channel matrices
or antenna response vectors because they only
depend on fully digital precoding/combining
matrices over all subcarriers. Consequently, if we
assume that the channel is estimated in the receiver,
the feedback information from the receiver to the
transmitter can be significantly decreased.
 We show that the RF precoding/combining vectors
can be directly derived from the eigenvectors of the
optimal fully-digital covariance matrix over all
subcarriers in order to maximize the sum rate
spectral efficiency for all subcarriers.
 In the first proposed method, the phase angles of the
elements belonging to the ordered eigenvectors of
the covariance matrix are used to produce all the RF
precoding/combining vectors, and the baseband
precoding/combining matrices are obtained by
solving the least squares problem for each
subcarrier.
 The second proposed scheme works in an iterative
manner in order to minimize the residual error
between the covariance matrix and the sum of
products of precoding matrices over all the
subcarriers. This method uses only 𝑁𝑠 eigenvectors
of the covariance matrix, even if 𝐿𝑡 > 𝑁𝑠 , where 𝑁𝑠
is the number of streams and 𝐿𝑡 is the number of RF
chains, which means less information than the first
method.
 We show that our proposed algorithm's complexity
is in the order of   KN t2  , where K is the number
of subcarriers and N t is the number of antennas at
both transmission sides, whereas the complexity of
the related traditional techniques is in the order of
  KN t3  . As a result, the complexity and amount of
feedback information have considerably decreased.
Thus, the presented techniques are applicable to any
communication circumstance.
B. Paper Organization and Notations
The rest of this article is structured as follows: Part II
provides a brief description of the system model and
problem formulation. The suggested hybrid precoding
approach is discussed in depth in Part III. Part IV discusses
the complexity analysis of the proposed scheme. Part V
illustrates some simulation results. The last section of the
article is a conclusion.
In this paper, both matrices and vectors are bolded, with
matrices using uppercase letters and vectors using
lowercase letters. The superscripts 𝐻 and −1 represent the
conjugate transpose and inverse, respectively. ‖ . ‖𝐹
denotes the Frobenius norm of a matrix. 𝐈𝑁 is the N × N
identity matrix; 𝟎𝑀×𝑁 is the M × N all-zeros matrix;
II. SYSTEM MODEL FOR SINGLE-USER MASSIVE
MIMO
A. Signal model
An mmWave hybrid massive MIMO-OFDM system for
a single-user with K subcarriers is shown in Fig.1. The
transmitter is assumed to have N s spatial data streams per
subcarrier transmitted via N t antennas using 𝐿𝑡 RF chains,
while the receiver is assumed to use N r receive antennas
and 𝐿𝑟 RF chains for reception. To achieve the hybrid
structure's main objective of low-complexity, the number of
RF chains should be less than the number of antennas, and
hence N s  N tRF ( N rRF ) N t ( N r ).
As shown in Fig.1. the N s 1 symbol vector 𝒔[𝑘] at
each subcarrier 𝑘 = 1,2, … , 𝐾 is first precoded in the digital
domain by the baseband matrix FBB [k ]  Lt  Ns , followed
by OFDM modulation (K -point inverse fast Fourier
transforms (IFFTs) and cyclic prefix (CP) addition), then
forming the required beams in the analog domain using
high-dimensional RF precoding matrix FRF  Nt Lt . The
final transmitted signal can be written as:
x[k ]  FRF FBB [k ]s[k ], k  1, 2,..., K (1)
We will adopt an equal power allocation for all streams
in each subcarrier, so the elements of the vector 𝒔[𝑘] are
supposed to be independent with normalized power at each
subcarrier 𝐸{𝒔[𝑘]𝒔[𝑘]𝐻 } = 𝐈𝑵𝒔 . The power constraint here
will be taken into account for each subcarrier, as it is
desirable for practical systems, so the baseband matrix
FBB [k ] and RF matrix FRF are coupled through power
constraint as in F RF FBB [k ] F  pk
2

1 k  K
, where pk is the
K
total power transmitted at 𝑘 𝑡ℎ subcarrier and p
k 1
k  ptot
where ptot is the total transmit power.
The digital baseband precoding is performed before the
IFFT module in the frequency domain, allowing FBB [k ] to
be designed for each subcarrier. The analog RF precoding is
performed after the IFFT module in the time domain, so
FRF will be shared for all subcarriers in the whole
transmission bandwidth. As analog phase shifters only
adjust the signal's phase at the element antenna level, we
should assume that the elements of the two RF matrices
have a constant modulus. Therefore, contrary to single- The main objective of this paper is to design an efficient
carrier systems, which only have to deal with the problem method that can maximize the sum of the spectral efficiency
of RF matrix constant modulus, designing hybrid over all the subcarriers as in:
beamformers for OFDM wideband systems has two
challenges: constant modulus and common RF matrix for all
subcarriers. Fopt
RF
opt
, WRF , FΒΒ
opt opt
, WBB 
K

k 1  arg max
FRF , WRF ,FBB [ k ], WBB [ k ]k 1
K
R

B. Channel model
The mmWave communication has a short wavelength,

 F F [k ] 2  p
 RF BB F k
1 k  K (5)


which results in significant pathloss and less number of s.t.  FRF  i, j   1  i, j
scattering paths as compared to microwave band 
transmission. Therefore, we use the expanded Saleh-  WRF  i, j   1  i, j

Valenzuela geometric model as in [3] to model the
considered single-user frequency-selective MIMO channel. D. Problem Discussion:
It is based on the idea that Ncl scattering clusters, each with In this paper, we will refer to the fully digital optimal
N ray propagation paths, combine together to produce the unconstrained precoder 𝐅𝑜𝑝𝑡 [𝑘] at the transmitter as the
channel matrix H. The frequency-selective mmWave targeting precoding matrix at subcarrier k and the optimal
channel matrix at subcarrier k can be formulated as: unconstrained combiner at the receiver as the targeting
combining matrix 𝐖𝑜𝑝𝑡 [𝑘] at subcarrier k. They can be
N cl N ray defined by using the 𝑁𝑠 columns of left and right singular
ar ir,l  at it,l 
Nt N r
 
2 j i ,l f k *
H[k ]  i ,l e (2) vectors of channel matrix H[k] that correspond to the
N cl N ray i 1 l 1
highest singular values as in:
where  i ,l and  i , l are the complex gain and the delay of H[k ]  U[ k ]Σ[ k ]V * [ k ] and
the l ray in the i cluster. a r   and a t   are the
th th r
i ,l
r
i ,l 
V[k ]  N s principal right singular vectors of H[k ]
array response vectors at the receiver and transmitter of the 
U[k ]  N s principal left singular vectors of H[ k ]

l th ray in the i th cluster, with azimuth angles ir,l and it,l ,
respectively. The channel matrix at each subcarrier where U[k] and V[k] are N r  N r and Nt  Nt unitary
H[k ]  Nr  Nt is normalized to satisfy matrices, respectively, and 𝚺[k] is Nr  Nt diagonal


E H[k ] F  Nt N r
2
 matrix with diagonal entries arranged in decreasing order.
Then the targeting matrices Fopt [k ]  V[k ][k ] , and
C. Problem Formulation Wopt [k ]  U[k ] , where [k ] contains the power allocation
On the receiver side, the data vector x[k ] is processed for each stream at each subcarrier. Here we will suppose that
by the combiner matrix W* [k ] = WBB
* *
[k ]WRF , where the transmitter and receiver have all information about the
targeting precoding and combining matrices.
Lt  Ns
WBB [k ]  is the per subcarrier baseband combiner
Due to the constraints of a constant modulus and a
Nr  Lt
and WRF  is the RF combiner, which is common common RF matrix for all subcarriers, it is hard to obtain an
for all subcarriers. The resultant signal at the receiver is: exact solution to equation (4). Thus, various strategies are
proposed to achieve suboptimal solutions while maintaining
yˆ[k ]  WBB
*
[k ]WR* F H[k ]FRF FBB [k ]s[k ]  z[ k ] (3) a reasonable computational overhead. In our paper, we will
use the strategy proposed in [4], which divides the
Where the noise vector z[k ] is assumed to have zero- optimizations into two stages: the first is to design the two
mean and covariance matrix  2 I Nr . precoding matrices as close to the optimal unconstrained
precoding matrix as possible, and the second is to optimize
If we assume that the transmitter obtains the channel the corresponding combining matrices in the same way to
matrix information through the explicit method [16], in achieve high spectral efficiency.
which the receiver estimates the channel and then feeds that On the transmitter side, the objective of the hybrid
information back to the transmitter, then it is essential for design is to optimize the baseband matrices over all
any precoding method to minimize the feedback
information by using as little information as possible. subcarriers FBB  k 1 k  K and RF matrix FRF jointly that

One of the most important key performance criteria that approaches the targeting matrix at each subcarrier Fopt [ k ] as
should be maximized when designing the precoding and in:
combining matrices is spectral efficiency. The average of
K

F
2
spectral efficiency for all subcarriers under Gaussian max *
[k ]FRF FBB [k ]
FRF ,FBB  k 1k  K
opt
signaling can be formulated as follows [4]: k 1
F

 I Ns  R n1[k ]WBB s.t. FRF  i, j   1  i, j (6)

1 K
*
[k ]WRF*
H[k ]FRF FBB [k ] 
R   log 2   (4)
K k 1 
 ×FB*B [k ]FRF
*
H* [k ]WRF WBB [k ] 
 s.t. F RF FBB [k ]
2
F
 pk  1 k  K

Where R n [k ]   W [k ]W WRF WBB [k ] is the noise

2
n
*
BB
*
RF
It is worth noting that the transmit power per stream and
covariance matrix after combining. per subcarrier can be regulated by the baseband precoders
FBB [k ] .
 III. THE PROPOSED METHOD A. First approach:
In the case of narrowband hybrid beamforming, there is The RF precoding matrix can be directly derived as the
one channel matrix H from which baseband and RF phase angles of the matrix Fcand ’s elements, where Fcand
precoding/combining matrices have to be derived. Most of will be chosen as 𝐿𝑡 principal eigenvectors of covariance
the proposed solutions are based on the idea that the angle matrix P, so we can write
information of the analog phase shifters is first extracted
from an angle source and that the baseband matrix can then FRF  Fcand . / abs  Fcand  (10)
be derived using the least-squares method, which reduces
the sum of the squares of the differences between the chosen After obtaining the matrix FRF , the baseband precoding
RF matrix and the optimal targeted matrix. There are matrix FBB [k ] can be obtained using the least squares
different sources of RF precoding vectors, the proposed
solution at each subcarrier k:
techniques in [7][8][9] employ the phase information of the
FBB [k ]   FRF FRF  FRF
principal left singular vectors of the targeting matrix, * * 1
Fopt [k ] (11)
whereas the OMP-based approaches in [4] [5][6] use the
antenna array response vectors to construct FRF . The right B. Second approach:
singular vectors of the channel matrix are used to choose the
In this approach, The baseband and RF precoding
RF matrix's vectors in [10]. However, in the case of
wideband hybrid beamforming, there are K different matrices are divided into L parts, each part comprises N s
channel matrices that should be employed to extract the columns for the RF matrix FRF and 𝑁𝑠 rows for the
angle information of the phase shifters. It is demonstrated in baseband matrix FBB [k ] . The 𝑖 𝑡ℎ part of the two matrices
[13] that when the number of antennas at both the
transmitter and receiver is sufficiently large, the similarity FRF and FBB [k ] are calculated at the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ iteration based on
(i ) (i )
between the channel covariance matrices in various candidate matrix Fcand as in the first approach, where Fcand
subcarriers is quite high due to the sparse nature of the comprise the 𝑁𝑠 principal eigenvectors of P, and P is
calculated based on the targeting matrices Fopt  k 
mmWave channel. Based on this feature, the precoding
design problem is transformed from being for frequency- 1 k  K
selective channels to a design for flat-fading channels in after removing the contribution of the computed parts of the
which the channel covariance matrix is given by the average two matrices FRF and FBB [k ] until the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ iteration.
of the covariance matrices of frequency domain channels Algorithm 1 shows the pseudo-code for the proposed
over subcarriers. However, using the channel covariance precoder.
matrix leads to high complexity, especially for large antenna
arrays, so in this paper; the RF matrix’s phase information Algorithm 1. The proposed hybrid precoding algorithm.
will be extracted directly by using the targeting matrices Require Fopt [k ] , available power  pk 1 k  K
Fopt  k  in order to reduce the complexity and the
1 k  K
1 k  K

FRF , FBB 1 k  K are empty matrices, 𝐿 = ⌈𝑁𝑡 ⌉

𝐿
feedback information. To do that, we must select a single 1.
𝑠
candidate matrix that may optimize the following issue:
2. for 𝑖 = 1: 𝐿
1 K 3. for 𝑘 = 1 ∶ 𝐾
F
2
opt
Fcand  max *
[ k ]Fcand (7)
Fcand K k 1
opt F 4. Fres [k ]  Fopt [k ]  FRF FBB [k ]
5. end for
We can simplify (7) by using  tr .  tr  . as 1 K

follows: 6. P
K
F
k 1
res
*
[ k ]Fres [k ]

7. (i )
 N s principal eigen vectors of P
 tr  F [k ]Fcand 
1 K
1 K
Set Fcand
F
2
*
[k ]Fcand  * *
Fopt [k ]Fopt
Fˆ RF  Fcand . / abs  Fcand 
opt cand
K k 1
F K k 1 8. ( i ) (i )

 
 * 1  9. for 𝑘 = 1 ∶ 𝐾
 opt opt  cand  (8)
K
 tr  Fcand
K
 F [ k ]F *
[ k ] F
10. 
Fˆ BB [k ]  Fˆ RF
* ˆ
FRF 
1
Fˆ RF
*
Fres [k ]
 k 1 
 Ρ 
FBB [k ]  FBB [k ] | Fˆ BB [ k ]
 tr  Fcand ΡFcand 
* 11.
12. end for
As can be observed from (8), to maximize (7), the
columns of Fcand should be chosen as the 𝑁𝑠 principal 13. FRF  FRF | Fˆ RF  ,
eigenvectors of P, where P equal to the targeting covariance 14. end for
matrices over all subcarriers: 15. for 𝑘 = 1 ∶ 𝐾
FBB [k ]
 F opt [ k ]Fopt [ k ] 
K
Ρ
1 *
(9) 16. FBB [k ]  pk
K k 1
FRF FBB [k ] F
17. end for
The exact solution to (7) is not existed when 𝐿𝑡 ≠ 𝑁𝑠 ,
to generalize the solution to the case when 𝐿𝑡 ≥ 𝑁𝑠 we will 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 FRF ,FBB  k 1k  K
follow these two approaches:
 In summary, the first N s columns of the RF precoder are
computed in step 8 by setting Fˆ  F (i ) . / abs  F ( i )  ,
RF cand
where at the first iteration Fres [k ]  Fopt [k ] and P is the
(a)
Fig. 2. Spectral efficiencies with varying SNRs when 𝑁𝑡 = 64 and 𝑁𝑟 = 32. (a) Data stream 𝑁𝑠 = 1. (b) Data stream 𝑁𝑠 = 4.
between the matrix Fopt [ k ] and the product FRF FBB [k ] at
each subcarrier k is calculated in step 4 as a matrix Fres [k ] ,
then the next 𝑁𝑠 columns of FRF and N s rows of FBB [k ]
are computed to minimize the residual error.
It is not necessary for 𝐿𝑡 to be an integer of N s in the
proposed approach. In the case where 𝐿𝑡 is not a multiple of
N s , the required columns and rows are subtracted from the
two matrices Fˆ [k] and Fˆ in the last iteration to provide
BB RF
the appreciate dimensions for both matrices FBB [k] and FRF
, where the remained vectors can be ignored.
It is worth noting that the hybrid RF and baseband
combiners on the receiver side can be obtained in the same
way as the hybrid precoder design in Algorithm 1.
IV. COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS
The previous section presented two wideband hybrid
beamforming algorithms. Instead of using frequency-
domain channels that have large dimensions, the proposed
methods employ the average of the covariance matrices of
optimal unconstrained matrices. In the first proposed
technique, the common RF matrix is obtained directly using
𝐿𝑡 principal eigenvectors of the covariance matrix, and
iteratively in the second method with a relatively small
number of iterations because the number of RF chains is
often assumed to be closest to the number of data streams.
In traditional beamforming schemes, high-complexity
operations are required to find the optimal RF precoder,
especially for high-dimension channel matrices.
The total complexity of the first proposed method is:
 
  KN s2  Nt  N r   KNt2 N s  2 L2t Nt  K  L3t  2L2t Nt  Lt N s Nt  

 To calculate Fopt [ k ] Calculation P SVD for P
To obtain K matrix of FBB [ k ]
The total complexity of the second proposed
method is:
targeting covariance matrices over all subcarriers, Then the
first 𝑁𝑠 rows of the FBB [k ] is calculated based on equation
cand
(11) in step 10. In the next iteration, the residual error
(b)
  
  KN s2  Nt  N r   L  KNt2 N s  2 N s2 Nt  K  N s3  3N s2 Nt   
 
 
 To calculate Fopt [ k ]  Calculation P SVD for P To obtain K matrix of FBB [ k ] 
Considering that both transmission sides have the same
number of antennas, 𝑁𝑟 = 𝑁𝑡 and 𝑁𝑠 = 𝐿𝑡 , it can be
shown that the computational complexity of the first and
second proposed approaches is in order   KN t2  , whereas
the complexity of the current conventional methods that use
the channel's covariance matrix as in [10][13][15] is
  KN t3  . As a result, the complexity of the proposed
techniques is lower than that of traditional approaches from
one side and requiring less feedback data from the other.
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this section, we provide numerical simulation results
for both proposed approaches presented in the previous
section, as well as compare them with the algorithm
proposed in [13] and the second approach in [15] by means
of spectral efficiency as a function of signal to noise ratio
(SNR). We consider the uniform planar array antenna
(UPA) structure with half-wavelength antenna spacing. The
system's bandwidth is 𝐵 = 400 𝑀𝐻𝑧, and it operates at a
frequency carrier of 38 GHz. The number of active
subcarriers is assumed to be 𝐾 = 64, with a cyclic prefix
length of 16. The radio channel is generated based on the
following settings: the number of clusters 𝑁𝑐𝑙 = 8 , the
number of rays 𝑁𝑟𝑎𝑦 = 6, and all the rays are spread with
Laplacian distributed azimuth and elevation angles of
arrival and departure. The spread angles in the azimuth and
elevation directions are set as 20𝑜 and 60𝑜 , respectively.
Each simulation point is averaged across 1000 different
channel realizations.

 Fig. 2 illustrates the spectral efficiencies versus the
varying SNRs under the conditions of
 Nt  64, Nr  32, Lt  Lr  4 for different values of 𝑁𝑠 .
 From the simulation results in Fig. 2, the two proposed
approaches outperform the precoding schemes proposed in
[13][15] in terms of spectral efficiency over the whole SNR
range. We can also observe that when N s  1 , the second
(a)
Fig. 3. Spectral efficiency with different values of RF chains 𝐿𝑡 when 𝑁𝑡 = 64 and 𝑁𝑟 = 16. (a) 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = −20. (b) 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 0.
gap with the optimal scheme increases, but is still less
than the gap with the current scheme in [13].
In order to investigate how the number of RF chains
affects spectral efficiency, Fig.3. shows how the
performance of the proposed approaches varies with the
number of RF chains when 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = −20 and 0 𝑑𝐵 ,
Ns  2 and antenna array structure of  Nt  64, Nr  16 .
As shown in Fig. 3, the second suggested approach is
always the best in terms of spectral-efficiency performance
for all values of N tRF  N s . This is because the second
technique makes use of the extra RF chains to enhance the
system's overall performance. It works iteratively to
decrease the residual errors between the fully- digital
covariance matrix and the precoding matrices over all
subcarriers. We can also observe that when the number of
RF chains is increased, the first approach and the schemes
suggested in [13][15] do not significantly improve spectral
efficiency.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this work, we introduced a low-complexity wideband
hybrid precoding for a mmWave massive MIMO- OFDM
system under a single-user, fully-connected hybrid
architecture. The optimal fully-digital covariance matrix
over all subcarriers is used directly to derive the RF
precoding/combining matrix. The spectral efficiency was
improved by constructing the vectors of the RF and
baseband precoding matrices iteratively in order to reduce
the residual error between the covariance matrix and the
sum of products of the precoding matrices over all the
subcarriers. We demonstrated that the proposed schemes
have a complexity in the order of   KN t2  , which is less
than the present approaches, which have a complexity in the
order of   KN t3  . Finally, we presented numerical results
on the performance of the proposed schemes, showing that
the proposed methods outperform existing works. We also
noticed that the second method only uses 𝑁𝑠 eigenvectors
proposed approach performs the same as the optimal
precoding scheme, and when Lt  N s  4 , the achieved
performance is similar for the two approaches, where the
(b)
and the additional RF chains are used in an iterative process
to reduce residual error and then improve spectral
efficiency, whereas the first method uses more eigenvectors,
which means more feedback information, than the second
method with less complexity when 𝐿𝑡 > 𝑁𝑠 .
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