ELEC 6099 Wireless Communication and Networking

Homework 1

1 Topic: Principle of Wireless Propagation

1.1
Consider the scenario where a base station has 11-watt of radiation power, carrier frequency of 5 GHz,
to transmit signals and to an device with an effective aperture of 10 cm2 . The noise power is given by
-80 dBm. Reliable communication requires the received signal’s signal-to-noise ratio (signal power /
noise power) of 25. Answer the following questions by calculation:
1. What is the noise power in watts?
2. When the base station uses an isotropic antenna, does it provide reliable communication for users
with a transmission distance of 2km? (Hint: received signal power equals to transmit
power multiplied by both transmit and receive antenna gain)
3. If the base station is equipped with a directional antenna with an effective aperture ten times
that of the isotropic one, what is the maximum reliable communication distance?
Solution:
1. The noise power is Pn = 10(−80−30)/10 = 10−11 watts.
λ 2


2. The received signal power equals to Pr = 4πr Pt Gt Gr . The isotropic base station antenna
4πAr 4π
yields Gt = 1, while the receive antenna gain is Gr = λ2 = 1000λ 2 . Therefore, the received signal-

to-noise ratio is
Pt 11
SNR = = ≈ 21.88 < 25. (1)
4000πr2 Pn 16 × π × 10−2
Therefore, the answer is NO.
Pt
3. The new effective aperture gives the transmit antenna gain as Gt = 10 and thus SNR = 400πr 2 Pn .
To achieve SNR ≥ 25, the transmission distance should be smaller than
r
Pt
r≤ ≈ 5.92 km. (2)
25 × 400πPn

1.2
A device is receiving signals that compress 4 bits in each symbol and have a signal bandwidth of
10MHz. The receiver uses a filter with a bandwidth of 20MHz to process the received signals and has
a device temperature of 30 Celsius. If the required Eb/N0 for correct decoding is at least 20dB, what
is the minimum received signal power? Then changing the filter bandwidth to 10MHz, what is the
minimum power?(First calculate the signal and noise power after filtering; then compute
symbol energy based on the interval of each sampled symbol.)
Solution:
1
Denote the received signal power by P , the symbol energy with the duration of t = Bsignal is
Es = P t, yielding the bit energy as
Es P
Eb = = (3)
4 4Bsignal

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On the other hand, the noise power is given by Pn = kT Bfilter , giving
Pn kT Bfilter
N0 = = (4)
Bsignal Bsignal
Eb P
Therefore, letting N0 = 4kT Bfilter ≥ 20dB leads to

P
≥ 1020/10 = 100 (5)
4 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 303.15 × 2 × 107
The minimum power is then given as Pmin ≈ 3.34 × 10−11 ≈ −74.76dBm. When it comes to the filter
bandwidth of 10MHz, the Eb/N0 is

Eb P
= −23
≥ 100 (6)
N0 4 × 1.38 × 10 × 303.15 × 107

which gives Pmin ≈ 1.67 × 10−11 ≈ −77.76dBm.

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2 Topic: Digital Modulation

2.1
In a complex channel with attenuation 0.5 and phase rotation π2 , the complex symbol (1 + j) is
transmitted. Assume fs and fc are the symbol rate and carrier frequency respectively,
1) What is the demodulated symbol at the receiver?
2) If the receiver knows the channel, is it possible to remove the channel distortion?
Solution:
1) for 1 + j, the transmit signal is
x = cos 2πfc t − sin 2πfc t
√ π π
= 2(cos cos 2πfc t − sin sin 2πfc t) (7)
4 4
√ π
= 2 cos(2πfc t + )
4
The received signal is
√
2 π π
y= cos(2πfc t + + )
√2 4 2 (8)
2 3π
= cos(2πfc t + )
2 4
Then the integrator at receiver is used to demodulate the signal in-phase and Quadrature-phase as
Z Ts √
1 2 3π
yI = cos 2πfc t × cos(2πfc t + )dt
Ts 0 2 4
√ Z Ts
2 1 1 3π
≈ · cos dt
2 2 Ts 0 4 (9)
√ √
2 2
= ×−
4 2
1
=−
4
Z Ts √
1 2 3π
yQ = − sin 2πfc t × cos(2πfc t + )dt
Ts 0 2 4
√
2 1 3π (10)
≈ · sin
2 2 4
1
=
4
π
2) Define the channel as h = 0.5ej 2 . Channel equalization can be implemented as follows:
1 h∗
Z= · ·y
∥h∥ ∥h∥
π
= 2 · e−j 2 · (yI + jyQ )
√ (11)
−j π 2 j 3π
=2·e 2 · e 4
√ 4
2 jπ
= e 4
2

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2.2
Based on the QPSK modulator on the slide of page 8, what is the waveform expression if {an , bn } =
{+1, −1} is transmitted? Then mark it at the constellation.
Solution:
According to the QPSK modulator diagram, the waveform can be given by
an bn
s(t) = √ cos 2πfc t − √ sin 2πfc t (12)
2 2
where {an , bn } = {+1, −1}, then
1 1
s(t) = √ cos 2πfc t + √ sin 2πfc t
2 2
π π (13)
= cos cos 2πfc t + sin sin 2πfc t
4 4
π
= cos (2πfc t − )
4

Figure 1: Constellation

2.3
For a additive Gaussian channel n(t) with zero mean and power N0 , what is the received power if
r
2
φ(t) = cos(2πfc t + θ) (14)
Tb
is transmitted?
Solution: RT
φ(t) is a base function with 0 b φ2 (t) = 1. At receiver, the received signal y(t) = φ(t) + n(t) is
projected to the the same base function, given by

Z Tb
yb(t) = y(t)φ(t)dt
0 (15)
= 1 + nθ

where
Z Tb
nθ = n(t) × φ(t)dt (16)
0

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The power of yb(t) is

y 2 (t)] =E[|1 + nθ |2 ]
E[b
=1 + 2E[nθ ] + E[n2θ ]
Z Tb r Z Tb Z Tb
2 2
=1 + 2 E[n(t)] cos(2πfc t + θ)dt + E[n(t1 )n(t2 )] cos(2πfc t1 + θ) cos(2πfc t2 + θ)dt1 dt2
0 Tb 0 0 Tb
Z Tb Z Tb
2
=1 + N0 δ(t1 − t2 ) cos(2πfc t1 + θ) cos(2πfc t2 + θ)dt1 dt2
0 0 Tb
Z Tb
2N0
=1 + cos2 (2πfc t1 + θ)dt1
0 T b
=1 + N0
(17)

2.4
Consider a communication system that uses BPSK signaling, with average signal power of 125 W
and noise power at the receiver of 5 W. Based on its error probability, can this system be used for
transmission of data? Can it be used for voice? Hint: Data transmission requires Pe ∼ 10−6 . Voice
transmission requires Pe ∼ 10−3
Solutions:
The error probability of BPSK is !
r
2Eb
Pe = Q (18)
N0
N0
where signal power is Eb = 125W and noise power is 2 = 5, thus error probability of BPSK is

PeQP SK = Q(5) ≈ 2.87 × 10−7 < 10−6 (19)

Thus it can be used for transmission of data and voice.

Figure 2: Asymmetric BPSK.

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2.5
Consider the asymmetric BPSK modulation where a bit “1” is transmitted with energy Eb /3 and “0”
with energy Eb /2 (see Figure 2). Derive the bit error probability given noise variance equal to N0 = 2
R ∞ u2
and express it in terms of Q function. Hint: Q(x) = √12π x e− 2 du

Solution:
The error probability of asymmetric BPSK can be given by
Pe =Pr(“1” is transmitted) Pr (noise amplitude is smaller than Ea )+
(20)
Pr(“0” is transmitted) Pr (noise amplitude is larger than Ea )
where Ea is the threshold of detection, i.e.
p p
Eb /3 + Eb /2
Ea = (21)
2
The probability density function with noise variance (power) of N0 = 2:
1 t2
f (t) = √ e− 4 (22)
2 π
Then
Z Ea Z ∞
1 1
Pe = f (t)dt + f (t)dt
2 −∞ 2 Ea
Z ∞
1 t2
= √ e− 4 dt
Ea 2 π
√ Z ∞ (23)
u=t/ 2 1 u2
= √
√ e− 2 du
Ea / 2 2π
 
Ea
=Q √
2

2.6
Consider the octal signal point constellation shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Octal signal point constellation for problem 2.4.

a) The nearest neighbor signal points in the 8-QAM signal constellation are separated by a distance
of A. Determine the radii a and b of the inner and outer circles.

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b) The adjacent signal points in the 8-PSK are separated by a distance of A. Determine the radius r
of the circle.
c) Determine the average transmitter powers for the two signal constellations and compare the two
powers. What is the relative power advantage of one constellation over the other? (Assume that
all signal points are equally probable.)

Solutions:

Figure 4: 8-QAM with nearest neighbor signal points

a) As is√shown in Fig. √
4, ∆S1 S2 S3 is an equilateral triangle with 3 equal sides of A. Thus we have
2 1+ 3
a = 2 A and b = 2 A
2π A
b) r sin 8×2 = 2, thus we have

A
r= (24)
2 sin π8

c)

P8P SK =r2
A2
=
4 sin2 π
8
(25)
A2
= √
2− 2
≈1.707A2

4a2 + 4b2
P8QAM =
√8
3+ 3 2 (26)
= A
4
≈1.183A2

By comparison, 8-QAM is the relative power advantage over 8-PSK.

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3 Topic: OFDM Communication
3.1
Please answer:

1. What are the delay spread and coherence bandwidth?

2. What conditions will cause the frequency-selective fading?
3. What is the main effect of frequency-selective fading?
Solution:
1. Delay spread is the amount of time, denoted as τ , that elapses between the 1st arriving path
and the last arriving path while coherence bandwidth indicates the range of frequencies over which the
channel stays constant. Denote the coherence bandwidth as Bc , it is the frequency dual of the delay
spread, i.e., Bc ∼ τ1 .
2. Given the symbol duration of T and the system bandwidth of B, the condition is T ≪ τ or
B ≫ Bc .
3. It will cause inter-symbol interference (ISI), the main issue of broadband wireless systems.

3.2
There is a total channel bandwidth W = 200Hz available for signal transmission. Given a multipath
fading channel with the coherence bandwidth of Bc = 100Hz, please
1. Give the delay spread.
2. Determine if it is a frequency-selective channel and give your explanation.

Solution:
1. The delay spread is given by τ = B1c = 0.01s.
2. As the channel bandwidth satisfy W > Bc , it should be a frequency-selective channel.

3.3
Please answer:
1. What are the causes of ISI and ICI?
2. How can we suppress the ISI?
3. What are the main advantages of OFDM technology?

Solution:
1. ISI is caused by the delay spread while ICI is caused by the loss of orthogonality between
subcarriers after multi-path propagation.
2. ISI can be overcome by letting the guard time be larger than the delay spread.
3. OFDM technology can reduce the computation complexity associated with high data-rate trans-
mission over frequency-selective channels and overcome and take advantage of multipath fading.

3.4
A multi-carrier modulated symbol is written as
L−1
X T T
x(t) = bn cos (2π(fc + n∆f )t)) , − ≤t≤ , (27)
n=1
2 2

where fc = 10MHz and T = 100µs denotes the symbol duration. Please

1) Plot the spectrum of this multi-carrier symbol;

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 2) Maintaining orthogonality between sub-channels, what is the maximum number of sub-channels
that can be found in the bandwidth of 1MHz? (Hint: first determine the minimum fre-
quency spacing with orthogonality being maintained)
Solution:
(1). Let first define p(t) as (
bn , − T2 ≤ t ≤ T
2
p(t) = (28)
0, otherwise
It has a Fourier transform as
FT
p(t) −−→ bn T sinc(πf T ) (29)
FT
whose sketch of spectrum is given by Fig. 5. Furthermore, as cos (2πf0 t)) −−→ 21 δ(f + f0 ) + 21 δ(f − f0 ),

Figure 5: Illustrations of F T [p(t)].

each sub-channel symbol has a Fourier transform given by

1FT 1
bn cos [2π(fc + n∆f )t)] p(t) −−→bn T sinc[πT (f + fc + n∆f )] + bn T sinc[πT (f − fc − n∆f )],
2 2
which has a spectrum shown in Fig. 6. Then, superimposing multiple-carrier symbols gives the spec-

Figure 6: Illustrations of F T [bn cos (2π(fc + n∆f )t)) p(t)].

trum shown in Fig. 7

(2) To maintain the orthogonality between sub-channels, the following condition should be satisfied:
Z T /2
cos [2π(fc + n∆f )t)] cos [2π(fc + m∆f )t)] dt = 0, ∀m, n. (30)
−T /2

This requires
k
2π∆f T = 2 π, (31)
(m − n)
where k/(m − n) is a non-zero integer. This gives the minimum ∆f as
1
∆f = = 10kHz, (32)
T
as shown in Fig. 8. This gives the maximum number of sub-channels as 1000/10 = 100.

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 f

Figure 7: Spectrum of the multiple carrier symbol.

Figure 8: Minimum frequency spacing.

3.5
For an OFDM system with 7 sub-channels, if each sub-channel has a response of H(z) = 1 + 0.5z −1 +
+0.6z −2 , please give the circulant matrix representation sub-channel gain of this OFDM channel (Hint:
sub-channel gain is computed as the diagonal elements the diagonalized circulant matrix
as shown in lecture slides: Topic 3 OFDM, page 23).
Solution:
Each sub-channel has three paths with the channel gain h0 = 1, h1 = 0.5, h2 = 0.6. With 7
sub-channels in the OFDM system, the transmit OFDM symbol with CP is given as

s = [s5 , s6 , s0 , s1 , s2 , s3 , s4 , s5 , s6 ]T . (33)
| {z } | {z }
CP data

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Then, the transmission model, y = Hs + z, can be expressed as
 
  s5
h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0 0 0  s6 

0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0 0 s0 
  
0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0 s1 
 

0
y= 0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 s2  + z (34)
 
0 0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 s3 
 

0 0 0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 s4 

0 0 0 0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 s5 
| {z } s
6
Toeplitz
  
h0 0 0 0 0 h2 h1 s0
h1 h0 0 0 0 0 h2  s1 
  
h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0  s2 
 

0
= h2 h1 h0 0 0 0  s3  + z. (35)
 
0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 0  s4 
 

0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 0  s5 
0 0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 s6
| {z }
Circulant

Plugging into the circulant channel matrix the values of h0 , h1 , h3 gives

   
h0 0 0 0 0 h2 h1 1 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.5
h1 h0 0 0 0 0 h2  0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0.6
   
h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.5 1 0 0 0 0

 
HCirculant =  0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 0= 0 0.6 0.5 1 0 0 0. (36)

0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.5 1 0 0

 
0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 0  0 0 0 0.6 0.5 1 0
0 0 0 0 h2 h1 h0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.5 1

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