WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF COOPERATIVE
PROGRAM of COOPERATIVE ACCOUNTING AND
AUDITING
ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICAL ATTACHMENT AT SHEGER
SACCO

PREPARED BY
GABRIEL MASENYORO MAGAI
ID.NO: WU1307309

ADVISOR: ABDISA TOLSEA FUFA

FEBRUARY, 2024
NEKEMTE, ETHIOPIA
ACKNOWLEGMENT

With deep sense of gratitude I would wish to acknowledge the efforts of the Country Director
of Co-operatives in finding me a place at Sheger Sacco ltd to carry out my field study. Th e
entire Sheger Sacco ltd Management Committee for their warm welcome and struggle to
ensure I had a good stay and experience at the society. Thanks to Mr. Zewdu for continued
support day by day. Thanks to the Sacco staffs whom I worked close with and exposed me to
the kind of training I had anticipated for. Finally, It was a great team to work with.

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ACRONYMS

SACCO : Savings and credit Co-operative Society.

SHG : Self Help Group.
EUSCCO LTD : Ethiopia Union of Savings and Credit Co-operatives L imited.
S MIS : Sacco Management Information System.
USDA : United States Department of Agriculture.
CDI : Co-operative Development Institute.
E.O.R : Extra Ordinary Reports.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Contents Pages
ACKNOWLEGMENT.............................................................................................................i
ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1
1.2. Sheger Sacco Historical Backgrounds............................................................................1
1.3. Location..........................................................................................................................1
1.4. Business..........................................................................................................................2
1.5 Management Structure and Systems................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................3
2.ACTIVITTIES UNDERTAKEN DURING FIELD ATTACHMENT............................3
2.1 Participation.....................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Structured Interviews................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Observation and Enquiry...........................................................................................3
2.1.3 Description of Activities Undertaken........................................................................3
2.1.5 The Audit And Accounting Committee/Department- Attached Department............4
2.1.6 Membership and Shares............................................................................................5
2.1.7 Savings......................................................................................................................5
2.1.8 Loans.........................................................................................................................6
2.1.9 Agency Operations....................................................................................................6
2.2 Data Entry, Verification and Validation..........................................................................7
2.2.1 Preparation of Financial Statements and Reports......................................................7
2.2.2 Welfare......................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................9
3. LESSONS, EXPRIENCES AND SKILLS........................................................................9
3.1 Lessons.............................................................................................................................9
3.2 Experiences....................................................................................................................10
3.3 Skills...............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................................13

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4. CHALLENGES, ISSUE ANALYSIS AND LIMITATIONS.........................................13
A NEW LIFESTYLE............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................................14
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................14
5.1. Conclusion....................................................................................................................14
5.2. Recommendations.........................................................................................................14
6. REFERENCES..................................................................................................................16

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ABSTRACT

This report is prepared in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor Degree in Co- operative
accounting And auditing which the attaché is studying at Wallaga University and serves to
provide an overview of what the student learnt during the attachment period at SHEGER
Sacco L td for Four (4) weeks training. This report has been prepared using the standard
format stipulated by the by the university for the qualification and award of undergraduate
Degree at the Co-operative Wallaga University. The sources used in writing this report
includes ; observations of how activities are carried out at Sheger Sacco Ltd, participation in
such activities , reading through schedules and organizational progress of the society,
enquiring and interacting with different people at different levels of the
organization ,experience obtained from activities and duties assigned and some research
carried out from the internet regarding the Sacco society itself and various texts
including ; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA ) -Understanding Co-operative
Bookkeeping and Financial Statements , and Co-operative Development Institute
(CDI)- international Co-operative principles. The report gives a discussion about history,
nature and scope of the company profile of Sheger Sacco, a complete range of its products
and organizational structure. Discussed in this report also includes the activities and
experiences gathered from the internship, challenges, issue analysis and limitations. Finally
a conclusion based on issues raised in this report will be drawn and recommendations based
on the students evaluation of the organization’s activities.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter begins with an introduction of the society’s background, nature and scope of its
business, general set up and structure including management system. It also gives a brief but
complete range of the society’s products.

1.2. Sheger Sacco Historical Backgrounds

SHEGER Sacco started off as a self-help group (S.H.G ). Usually a self-help group is a
group of people who provide mutual support for each other and share a common problem.
The today known SHEGER Sacco was thus originally a group of volunteers from and within
Addis Ababa city formed back in the year 2011 . This mutual aid group was formed by
people who realized the need to form a support group to help them financially. This group
approached Commercial Bank, who supported them with ideas on saving and borrowing.
‘’Sheger Self-Help Group ‘’by the ministry of gender and social services. Membership grew
gradually up to the year when it reached 4000 members. The Sacco held meetings once in a
year and attended by a maximum of 100 members. The attend must precede 50 members
otherwise the meeting could be call off .The Commercial Bank officials were so supportive,
cooperative and encouraging to this particular group which saw them learn savings technique
and enlightened their group micro-finance need. the group leadership during an annual
general meeting suggested to the membership the need for them to form a savings and credit
Co-operatives society which they unanimously agreed upon hence forming SHEGER
Savings and credit society limited. Sheger Sacco is now a fully-fledged savings and credit
co-operative society with its offices based in Arat kilo. The Sacco is registered under the c-
operative society’s act laws of Ethiopia and has its own by - laws.

1.3. Location

Sheger Sacco limited is located at Mexico opposite Ethiopian Federal Police officer. The
Sacco has its postal address as P.O Box C/O and operates in its own owned offices. The
Sacco work in coordination with the main office in Arat kilo.

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1.4. Business

SHEGER Sacco limited is an autonomous society owned by its registered members united
voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations
through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. As mentioned earlier
the Sac c o has a sister society(a subsidiary) Among the products offered by SHEGER Sacco
to its registered members include; Savings and credit facilities for all registered members.
Providing loan facilities to members. Welfare services to members. Provision of dividends.

1.5 Management Structure and Systems

This sub-topic gives a brief introduction of the management structure of SHEGER and its
management systems. The Sacco is basically owned and democratically controlled by its
members. It has its management committee chaired by a chairman assisted by a vice chair, a
secretary and a treasurer. Other committees under the management committee include; the
Credit committee, Insurance and welfare, Real Estate and Discipline, Supervisory, Ethics,
Audit and Accounting committees. . SHEGER societies maintain its member’s records,
accounts and operations under the Audit and Accounting Committee using a Sacco Integrated
Management Information System (SIMS).

CHAPTER TWO

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 2. ACTIVITTIES UNDERTAKEN DURING FIELD ATTACHMENT

Brief methodology. In order to ensure the success of the filed attachment and this work, the
student adopted the following methodology to gather experience while satisfying both
academic and organizational standards.

2.1 Participation.

This included reporting daily at the office and involvement in the daily duties as assigned by
the supervisor. This was used to acquire knowledge on office organization, including; office
layout, filing, office cleanliness and documents safety. Participation on daily activities ;
recording member savings, writing member passbooks, recording loan repayments and
applications, and data entry among other duties helped the student acquire knowledge and
experience.

2.1.1 Structured Interviews.

Through interaction with the staff at Mtito Andei Sacco, and various management committee
members, important information about the Sacco’s activities, services, historical background
and organizational structure were obtained.

2.1.2 Observation and Enquiry.

The contribution of carefully watching and asking for clarifications on day to day
activities of the society to this work cannot be underestimated.

2.1.3 Description of Activities Undertaken.

The emphasis of this chapter will be on a detailed account of the activities, duties and
assignments the attaché was required to carry out during his field training at Mtito Andei
Sacco. The student was attached in the Audit and Accounting department in Mtito Andei
Sacco. His duties and responsibilities briefly included; Ensuring that member’s passbooks are
up to date and in correspondence with the information in savings cashbooks and the
management information system. Recording member’s savings in the savings
cashbooks. Da i ly recording of loan applications and repayments. Agency operations

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including; CBE Bank, CO-Operative Bank, and Addis Bank. Data entry into the
SIMS Reconciliation of savings records. Recording of new shares purchases by
members. Typing, printing scanning and emailing as assigned. Office cleaning and
organization among other duties.

2.1.4 An Overview of Sheger Sacco Ltd and Organizational Structure and

Management.

Before giving a detailed account of activities I was involved in under SHEGER Sacco, it
is important, first of all, to give a glimpse of both the management staff of the society and
perhaps the organizational structure. The members of the Sacco entrust a general
Management to run the operations of both societies on their behalf. Sheger Sacco is affiliated
to the Sheger Union of Savings and Credit Co-operatives Limited (SHUSCCO LTD). The
Management Committee is chaired by a chairman assisted by a secretary and a treasurer. The
chair, treasurer and secretary are referred to as executive officers. They deal with general
management of the society. The Credit Committee has the duty of vetting loan applicants and
their guarantors and their ability to service their credit requirements. It also maintains records
of its loan deliberations to members and forwards its loan recommendations to the
Management committee for approval .Ethics Committee deals with the society’s image,
corporate social responsibility and anticorruption. Insurance and welfare Committee deals
with insurance of member loans, CIC money market activities and general well-being of
members. The Audit and Accounting Committee deals with bookkeeping and audit of society
accounts and operations.

2.1.5 The Audit And Accounting Committee/Department- Attached Department.

The society’s accounting system is a process of recording and reporting the financial results
and business transactions of the Sacco. Members, Management Committee, Creditors and
Accountants rely on this department for timely and accurate information. The Audit and
Accounting Department has its chair, treasurer and a secretary its str ucture has units as
shown below;

2.1.6 Membership and Shares.

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On a typical day the attaché would be required to explain to prospect members the
requirements ,qualifications and benefits of joining a savings and credit co-operative society.
Other activities regarding membership and shares would include recording
member’s purchases of new shares. Membership to SHEGER Sacco, just like any other
savings and credit co-operative society is open and voluntary. Membership requirements
include; An application letter filled by the prospective member showing member’s
information details ,next of kin and contact address Payment of a nonrefundable registration
fee of ETB 5000. One-time payment of ETB 10 for a group funeral cover. Must have a
minimum of ETB.20 in shares and a maximum of ETB.70, in shares. (one share is worth
ETB 500 and shares are freely transferable but non-refundable) Member benefits include;
Members can be able to borrow a loan from the Sacco as from ETB 30, Members get a
general funeral cover of ETB 150 Dividends from Sacco investments. Member is able to
bond with other members in different spheres of life, for instance, capacity building. The
Sacco helps members develop their savings culture.

2.1.7 Savings.

Members’ savings are one of the major products of Sheger Sacco.

The Sacco mobilizes savings from its registered members on a weekly basis. Member’s
contributions towards savings are recorded in the cash books wh ere each group has its own
cashbook. These entries are then transferred to the general ledger/savings cash book
maintained by the Sacco. Other information recorded in the members ‘cash books include;
contributions to housing, plot payments which are consequently transferred into the Sacco
Management Information System (SIMS) Information regarding members’ savings is also
transferred to members’ passbooks whereby each member owns and maintains their own
passbook. Late contributions towards member savings are issued with a receipt showing
amount and date of payment.

2.1.8 Loans.

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The Sacco undertakes to provide loans to its members at affordable interest rates . Interest
rates on loans advanced to members depend on loan repayment period. The repayment
periods are as follows; Repayment period Interest rate applied. 3 months 5% 6 month 10% 9
months 15% 12 months 20% All members applying for a loan are required to fill a loan
application form with at least two guarantors who are members of the society. Each loan
advanced has an insurance fee of 3%. All loan repayments are recorded in
the members’ cashbooks before being transferred into the loans cashbook. Defaulted loans
have a grace period of two weeks after which they begin attracting penalties. The
management committee from time to time reviews all defaulted loans and may decide to
offset defaulted loans against member savings. Members with defaulted loans are thus
notified of their savings withdrawal to settle their default loans.

2.1.9 Agency Operations.

The Sacco operates as an agent for Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE), Co-operative Bank.
CBE AGENCY Agency activities regarding Commercial Bank of Ethiopia include: The use
of Point of Sale (POS) Operate account opening for new CBE customers. Cash
transactions; Fees payments. Bill payments .Cash deposits . Card transactions; Fees
payments .Cash withdrawals . Funds transfer . Bill payments .1 Balance inquiry Mini-
statements. Agent transactions; Balance enquiry . Detailed reports Co-Operative Bank
agency all agency activities in regards to Co-operative Bank agency include the
following; Cash withdrawals . Agent deposits –deposits to cards and to bank
accounts . Cash collections for customers and agents including institutional
collections. Payments- includes: Payments for; Institutions Utility payments School
fees. Funds transfer- card to card and card to account transfers. Telebiir withdrawals and
deposits. Balance –balance inquiry and mini-statements. CBE transactions involve Cash
deposits to tell birr .

2.2 Data Entry, Verification and Validation.

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Data entry, for purposes of this paper, refers to electronic entry of or update of raw data from
cashbooks, shares receipts, and all relevant materials into the Sacco Management
Information Systems (SIMS) . This process of entering information included the use of
Microsoft word, Microsoft excel and Microsoft access, the main aim of data entry for the
society being; Ease access of information. Provide timely and accurate information to aid
decision making. Improve productivity. Quick access and retrieval of information among
others. The Sacco has an Integrated Management Information System which is used
for entries of all information ranging from; membership -member register- loans -
applications and repayments Finance - all receivables i.e. cash and card deposits. Reports
on; Member register Member summary statements. Sacco summary balances. Loan
register summary. Data and information verification involves careful examination of
information stored in the SIMS and source documents to see to it that they match. Sometimes
match. Sometimes the information stored in the systems may differ with that in the general
ledger or cashbooks. The purpose of verification is thus to address such discrepancies. Data
and information validation on the other hand supports verification. This process entails to
prove or confirmation that the information is true or correct. The whole process of data entry,
verification and validation helps and supports decision making of the Management
Committee. The Committee. The process also ensures accuracy and consistency of the
society’s information.

2.2.1 Preparation of Financial Statements and Reports.

Three commonly prepared financial statements in the Sacco include; The income statement,
The balance sheet and; Cash flow statements. These statements are used to report the
financial position of the society on both monthly and yearly basis and its ability to meet cash
obligations from time to time. Though each statement may contain different information, the
information is interrelated and gives a complete picture of the co-operative society and aids
in decision making on future operations. For purposes of preparing income statements, the
Sacco society has its income from such sources as; Rent income from investments in real
estate. CIC money market interest on savings. Loan interest, penalties and withdrawal
charges. Savings withdrawal charges. Agency commissions. Interest on savings from
SHUSCCO others. Expenses may include; Committee allowances. Education expenses.

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Petty cash expenses e.g. postage and communication. Plot documentation expenses. Salaries
and wages among others. Other reports which may be prepared include; member register,
housing reports, member statement balances, member summary balances, housing
construction balances, plot payment reports, loan repayment reports, savings and shares
schedules and asset registers. Extra Ordinary Reports (E.O.

2.2.2 Welfare.

The welfare of a person or a group of people refers to their health, comfort, and
happiness.The members of SHEGER Sacco are committed to their welfare and contribute
each member to help finance their welfare .This money is contributed each second week of
every month a Friday. Welfare includes CIC group insurance cover whereby in case of death
of a member, they get contributions from CIC group limited. In limited. Case of death of a
members’ depend at, CIC insurance group contributes ETB.50 biir , for this course. From the
contributed by each member on a monthly basis.

CHAPTER THREE
3. LESSONS, EXPRIENCES AND SKILLS.

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3.1 Lessons

Attachments can be a good place for students to learn and set their minds for future work
places. They" replaces. The also provide a good opportunity for those unsure of what path of
their career they would like to take or what industries they’d like to work with in the future to
make up their minds on such matters. Here are few lessons the attaché learnt from his
attachment;

SELF-MOTIVATION

It won’t be possible for people to praise you for every little task you undertake, even under
their direct supervision. However, this does not mean that you are not performing. Self -
motivation is very important in the work place, if you think you are giving your best, your
hard work will eventually be recognized. It is as well important to note that people are busy
with their work, self-minded and self-centered. This calls for people to approach each task
with optimism and push themselves along, otherwise no one else will.

PANTUALITY

Time keeping is incredibly important. Failure to keep time always leads to people straggling
to meet deadlines, a lot of pressure and frustrations. When one reports to work on time, it
gives them peace of mind, a relaxed working environment and boosts enthusiasm.

NETWORKING AND KEEPING IN TOUCH.

When it comes to networking, everyone has their story. Connecting to people is really
important. Maintaining healthy relationships is quite difficult. It is difficult.it is important to
keep connections for purposes of job hunt, but it is also more important when such people
can reverence you when the need arises.

PROFESSIONALISM

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This can range from decent dressing; professional courtesy to observing code of ethics in an
organization. It has always been said that the first impression matters, and yes, it does. It
boosts ones confidence and then confidence in others. The ability to speak to people in a
professional way and in a professional setting is a great challenge but quite fun when
embraced. It is the real world we stay in, it has to be cultivated in one-self.

PAYING ATTENTION

Bosses and supervisors can give too much information or tasks at once. Listening carefully is
an art every person needs. It is important to listen first, and then ask for clarifications later. If
you just nod and go back to your desk a waste a lot of time figuring out what they said
you should do , it will bring frustrations. The reason people listen is because they want to
understand, so it doesn’t hurt to ask for re-explanation.

INDEPENDENCE

For people to trust you, you have to prove that you can rely on yourself. When you can’t
make decisions on your own, then it follows that people will think that you want to be spoon-
fed all the time.

SELF-ENJOYMENT

The working world offers people a lot to be proud of and be happy at work. It offers
opportunities and a lot of fun every day, it is thus important for one to be willing to work and
have fun interacting with others.

3.2 Experiences.

This has been the best and exciting part of my program of study. It was an opportunity to
work with people and see what the outside working world holds. There’s nothing comparable
to real world experience.

HANDLING CUSTOMERS

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Though attached in the accounting department, I was able deal with customers from the
agency operations and members of the society at different levels. It was sometimes
challenging especially when it was conflict handling. It surely feels a lot of satisfaction when
you solve peoples’ problems or help them do the same.

EXPIRIENCE ON ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES

I had the opportunity to experience the organizational structure and operations in the
business world. The opportunity to get involved in daily operations of the society gave me
overwhelming experience. It was training far off from class work and theory.

FIELD WORK

I had a few moments which I was sent to deliver letters and parcels to other organizations.
The experience felt good to work away from office.

3.3 Skills.

The main aims and expectations were to gain as much skills and cap abilities for career
development. The following were some of the skills acquired.

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

Throughout the internship, the attaché gained the ability to be able to relate well with others
while getting job done. I was able to interact with other staff, the M anagement C ommittee
and people from the external environment.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

The ability to be able to listen carefully and give feedback was achieved through; use of
communication channels, communicating through sending emails and use of various social
media

ANALYTICAL SKILLS

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Among the tasks I was assigned, almost all of them needed close and careful collection of
information and ability to analyze it. I was able to solve minor and complex issues in the
most effective way of my knowledge. This included; records verification, records validation
and analyzing different information and data to prepare reports.

COMPUTER SKILLS

These skills were achieved through different tasks such as using SIMS, printing and
preparing reports, scanning and typing documents.

SYSTEM SECURITY/ INFORMATION PROTECTION

This was achieved through; Use of passwords, codes on hardware and software to protect
data and information. Use of system based application control. Physical control i.e. locks
and key. Human resource control (watchmen)

ABILITY TO WORK UNDER PRESSURE

Like in any organizational settings, there were good and bad days, or simply busy days and
light work days. Working under such conditions needed great skill.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. CHALLENGES, ISSUE ANALYSIS AND LIMITATIONS
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This chapter will give a description of the challenges encountered during the attachment and
how they were managed. Challenges could have been personal, work related and
organizational but they offered a good opportunity to learn and grow my experience and
capabilities. The challenges and limitations included

A NEW LIFESTYLE

The intern had the same feeling that everyone gets when they are introduced to a new
environment. The school environment had been a bit relaxed; waking up a bit late and
attending a few classes a day , then the working environment, waking up early and reporting
to work on time. However the challenge, I was willing to change, making every
activity adventurous, getting to know people and managing work and personal priorities.

SU PERVISORS FORGET THAT YOU ARE NEW TO THE FIELD.

Everyone has those moments when the supervisor gives directions that may not make sense
at all, with little or no clear guidelines. However, I understood it was my right to ask and get
things right. There are also times when the supervisors are not located in the work place, and
giving directions that must be adhered to. This demanded getting back to them on details to
ensure you are on the same page.

LITTLE FEEDBACK

Everyone has this particular challenge. You are regular at work and completing jobs well to
create a lasting impression and may be the supervisor could see the potential and capability
in you. You might get little or no feedback at all, so you’re not sure if your job is up to the
mark, whether to improve or not. There are also those moments when constructive criticism
becomes encouraging. came to learn that adapting to new work environment requires
patience and willingness to learn. With time I was able to adapt and enjoy the kind of work
daily. The most important thing was focusing on learning and increasing my capabilities.

CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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This section presents the recommendations to t =he organization and gives a conclusion of
the entire report.

5.1. Conclusion

In conclusion, the student learnt a lot from the field attachment. He was able to apply
theoretical knowledge acquired from class work into practice through the activities and duties
assigned both i n office and out in the field. The intern improved and acquired skills like;
interpersonal skills, communication skills, analytical skills, and computer skills. The most
important experiences acquired included; handling customers, experience on field work, and
the general set up of an organization. In addition, lessons learnt includes; punctuality, self-
motivation, networking, professionalism, paying attention, independence and self-enjoyment.
The attachment was fun, educative, and also challenging. The attaché thus wishes to
encourage the organization to continue giving such opportunities to other interns. This
will benefit the attachés looking for organizational experience and more benefits will accrue
to the organization in the long –run. Total and System

5.2. Recommendations.

Diversify membership. The SHEGER saving s and credit Co-operative (SACCO) sector is
among the largest in Ethiopia It accounts for 62% of the savings, 65% loans and 63% assets
according to a recent study report by the World Bank. The fact that the financial sector grows
competitive everyday renders ‘’common bond ‘’ restriction to membership old –fashioned.
Large membership broadens share capital and strengthens Sacco’s ability
to meet members ’demand for credit facilities and economic growth. The Sacco should
register a website where members can access services and information online and broaden its
membership restriction to county level. With well-established marketing strategies, it can be
achieved. Abolish guarantor ship. This may not make sense. Though guarantor ship is meant
to safeguard Sacco’s money against non-performing loans, and enables the Sacco recover
such loans from guarantors, most of the times these rules remain on the loan forms.

This could be because the guarantors are members of the Sacco among other reasons. We
cannot underestimate the impact they have on members’ financial confidentiality.

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Additionally we cannot ignore the fact that Banks and other financial loan providers e.g.
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) are offering quick access to loans. The competition is
intense, and apotentialloanee could prefer high-priced loans which meet their needs faster
and guarantee financial confidentiality. The Sacco should consider getting strict on loan
collaterals against loans advanced to members, advancing loans equal to member’ savings
and providing for bad and doubtful debts among other strategies to secure Sacco ’s money
against defaulters. Avail more opportunities .The Sacco should give the members more
reasons to feel the sense of belonging and prospective members a reason to join the Sacco if
it wants to remain competitive. Future considerations in this regard could be ; Introducing
salary advance to working members recoverable from preceding monthly salary through a
check-off system. Introducing emergency deposits accounts to mobilize members to sav e
for the unseen future instead of opting for loans since most of the times the members’ savings
are held up in projects and loans processing takes some time. Giving back to the society
- Facilitate member and community education on economic and entrepreneurship issues
considering the f act that most of the members rely on business practices.

6. REFERENCES.
SHEGER Sacco Magazine, volume 1. Sheger Sacco by-laws. SHSCCO

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Ltd, annual accounts and financial statements . CIC insurance Group Ltd,
(USDA),understanding Co - operative Bookkeeping andFinancial Statements . Co-
operative Development Institute (CDI), International Co - operative Principles .

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