nydroelectric generators 8 som nydro! Plant 1 , cility at which electric energy is produced by BASIC PARTS OF HIGH HEAD HYDRi }0-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS A. MEDIUM & LOW HEAD PLANTS : REACTION TURBINE igo extuser tate le Me oe | sere sent Sg DERINITIONS stores the water coming from the uPPer river or water falls. Sead Water is the water in the reservar" % iy sa wi aa ir which alscharges excess water so that the head plant will be maintained. —Chapter 12 - Hydroelectric Power May 4 ‘xII-2 eserv Dam that encloses the r j Silt eae if erate Se ich collects the mud and through which the mut Geciarser Joses the entrance of the water into the tren Peri rect enh Oe ents the leaves, branches and other Vat contaminants to enter into the penstock. ete Penstock is the channel that leads the water from oir to the tie Chamber is a standpipe connected to the atmosphere and attach ; penstock so that the water will be at atmospheric pressure. he Generator is a device that converts the mechanical energy of the turbine inty electrical energy. Hydraulic Turbine is a device that converts the energy of water into Mechanig energy. ‘Tail Race is channel which leads the water from the turbine to the tail water, ‘Tail water is the water that is discharged from the turbine. Draft Tube is a device that connects the turbine outlet to the tail water so that turbine can be set above the tailwater level. PERFORMANCE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT 1. Gross Head, hy Gross Head is the difference between head water and tailwater elevations. ‘10s head headwater elevation * te = tallvater elevation 2. Friction Head Loss, hy Friction head loss is the head lost by the flow in a stream or conduit due to friction! disturbances set low in a intermolocaia tegY the moving Fd and its containing conduit and bY b. Using Morse equation :-— | songs Tams Eoainecring ‘ing Reviewer —ee 4 ead or Effective head, h: Mee Head or Effective head is the difference between the gross head and the friction head loss. +. Volume flow rate of water, Q Te volume flow rate of water is the product of the velocity and the cross-sectional area. 6. Water Power, P.. Water power is the Power generated from an elevated water supply by the use of hydraulic turbines, Y = specific weight of water y = 9.81 KN/m? Turbine efficiency, e, Turbine efficiency is the ratio of the turbine power output to the water Power output. teal or Generator Efficiency, egen fttttical or Generator Efficiency isthe ratio of the generator output to the lurbine power output. omen11. Head of Impulse Turbine ( Pelton ) Impulse Turbine is a power-generation prime mover in which fluid under pressure enters a stationary nozzle where its pressure (potential) energy converted to velocity ( kinetic ) energy and absorbed by the rotor.peripheral 9 a offen nt peripheral icient is the ratio of th '€ peripheral velocity (V,) to the yelocity of the jet (V,), fe Vy where: Vj O = diameter of runner N = angular aN hone hens Be wah ific speed isa ulic Turbine, Ne a number hydraulic turbines. used to predict the performance of the 2. In English units : where: N = angular speed, rpm : ae “pA h= net head, ft b. In SI units: where: = 0,2623NVKW. N = angular speed, rpm ma nt h = net head, m 15, Total efficiency, rota? ‘Lrotat = On Em where: en = hydraulic efficiency em mechanical efficiency ey = volumetric efficiency 16. Turbine type recommendation based on head pine _* as Net Head Type [orto 10k propeller of Francis TYP HO ft to 800 ft es ad P pulse 1) 1300 ft and above— Hydroelectri xaI-6 Chapter 12 — Hydroelectric Power Plant _ TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES : Impulse ntial Wheel or Pelton Wy, L Turbine (also known as Tange! eelo ‘ kt a turbine that utilizes kinetic energy of high velocity jet which acte re nal part of the creumference at: an stant j Movement of the water is tangential Suited for (very) high head plants ( 150 m and above ) & low voh No exact value for critical head , hence heads are given in range, Impulse turbine has no draft tube Typical turbine efficiencies are in the range of 80% to 90%. Higher efficiencies are associated with turbines having two or more runners, UME oF Water KSKKKK OK 2, Reaction Turbines ( Francis Type or Propeller Type ) Ya turbine which develops power from the combined action OF pressure ar Velocity of the water that completely fills the runner and the Water passages, Movement of water for reaction turbines can be radial for Francis type and axig for Propeller /Kaplan type. Reaction turbine has draft tube which keeps the turbines up to 5m (15 ft) above the tailwater. Reaction turbines’ conversion efficiency is usually higher than that of impulse turbine. Reaction turbines’ conversion efficiency is about 85 % to 95 %, Aga Acris Types of Reaction Turbines A. Francis Type - for medium head. It is named after JAMES B. FRANCIS of California, who developed such turbine type for which Conversion efficiency in range of 90-94 %. runner B. Propeller & Kaplan Type Reaction Turbines _Note: the movementis a for (very) low head, Propeller (Fixed Blade ) - a type of reaction turbine with reduced number fixed blades. The flow i is inward flow axial, Suited for low head plant and 3 usual conversion efficiency is 80 % Kaplan (Adjustable Blade) — a type of reaction turbine with a movable blades. The flow is inward flow axial. Suited for low headed and large 25, volume flow of water and usual conversion efficiency of more or less 93 Note: # the movement is axial.Se PO WER PLANT ENGINEERING f pnoBLeMs. In @Part 12:kydroelect-ic Power Plant ME Board Problem post ’ lic it 4 mia are ie AUR Whe i a reservoir at an elevation of 100 m fe ‘of 50 MW. low in kg/s to produce a steady turbine 30,247 C. 50,672 5 50,968 D. 59,465 Shae vss Flow Rate = Density x Volume flow Rate a m = 1000Q solving for Q: 2 Py = ¥Qh —- on 50,000 = 9.81Q (100 ) thus; 2 Q = 50.968 m?/s = 50,968 ka/s e is 50 cfs. Water 1, Past ME Board Problem Areaction turbine develops 500 BHP. Flow through the turbin urbine above d. The elevation of the tt enters at 20 fps with a 100 ft pressure hea the tailwater level is 10 ft- Find the effective head. A. 130.2 ft c, 110.2 ft B. 120.2 ft p. 116.2 ft > @ 2_y_e he wees 4 va Ve Y 29 0)? -(0)” i. (20)* =O) 100 +10 + “3.22 | ae ae si ae ei 7h = 116.2ftChapter 12— Hydroelectric Power Plant ‘xmI-8 2 Past ME Board babe harges water at the rate of 0.75 mils and enters A hydro-electric plant disct ressure of 275 kPa, Runner inside ameter is 5 turbine at 0.35 mps with a pr efficiency is 88%. Find the turbine Spee mm, speed is 520 rpm and the turbine no Cc. 0.836 A. 0.638 Ce B, 0.386 2. 275, (0.35) 981 2(9.81) = 28.039 m then; substituting : o= (0.55)(520/60) 2 thus; 7 > = 0.638 oo Past ME Board Problem A hydro-electri : cneacie ony Raving 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is us! con to the power ey villzed bythe yd oe tee et E over-all generation efficiency aus five hour period is 13,5 x 10° KW-hr. ™ eyo ater the Shr period, Find the fallin the height of water . 413m . 8. 132m aneyeah for the Volume, Vi energy = Power x time o® = [9.81Q(100)](0.75)(5), Q = 3669,725 m’/s 35x" afer 5 OUTS 5 V = 3669.725 ( 3600) (5) = 66,055,050 nm then; substituting : 66,055,050 = (50x 10°) h thus} # h= 1321m sees e 5 Past ME Board Problem A Pelton wheel is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under an effective head of 150 m. The ratio of the nozzle diameter to the diameter of the pitch circle is 1/12, Assuming efficiency of 84% , what is the size of the wheel in m. Assume a speed ratio of 0.45. A 1.05 c, 1.55 8. 2.00 D. 2.86Hydroelectric Power Plan, * xar-10 Chapter 12 6. Past ME Board Problem eee 45 kW of the shaft power Is developed by a bd giorhons te the ler an 2Vallabe head of 40 m. The energy vransferred from the water ts Te tuner i 359 8 ssuming @.mechanical efficiency of 95%, what is scharge throug turbine in m°/s ? A. 0.0345 Ce B. 0.135 D. 1.2 Slane Since the given power of kW is the shaft power, a hydraulic efficiency of , Say, 87% will be assumed : Shaft Power = 7. Qn€m€n 45 = 9.81 Q (40)(0.95)(0.87) thus; = Q =0.135 m/s Ene corel Cold Consider that the given energy is 350 J/kg of water: iY 10 Yom kg 45 50— | ——- | Q— =) = — (2 075 [so 5) s | soon 0.95 thus; A. = Q= 0.135 = % 7. Past ME Board Problem A vertical draft tube is installed on a Francis al head © center of the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 card Gabety ret at the! is 5 m/s. The discharge is 2.1 m’/s. The hydraulic efficiency is 0.87 and OF efficiency is 0.84. The velocities at the inlet and exit of the draft tube are : we and 1.5 m/s respectively. The top of the draft tube is.1.m below the cent of the spiral casing while the tallace (water) level is. 3 m from te tr . There Is no velacity of whir! at elther top or Bottom of 42° i id 3 and lea! ; kage losses are negligible. What is the power output of the turbin A. 746.9 wv C. 901.3 kW D. 832.6 kw B. 632.9 kW- Plant Engineering Reviewoy jon, i » Let: Pt = turbine output P= yQhe solving for h: he eazy Wray Y 2g 2 2 = 38+ (14+3)4 &) ~(1.5) ~ 28.81) = 43.16 m then; substituting : Pe = 9.81 (2.1) ( 43.16)(0.84) thus; 7 P= 746.9 kw % ee cape eee Put ME Board Problem A hydro-electric generating station is Supplied fror 6,000,000 m? at a head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of 90%. The fall in the reservoir level after a load of 15 Mw ‘as been supplied for 3 hrs, if the area of the reservoir is 2.5 km? is closest to: A 5.39 cm mM a reservoir of capacity C. 5.98 cm 8. 4.32cm D. 4.83 cm Sean, Volume = Area x Height Sing for the Volume, (V) : 5.000 = 9.81 9170 (0.80 0.90) Q = 12,492 m/s hrs, Volume of water consumed: te, Y= 12.492 (3600) (3) = 134,914 m? Borg - 6 hg, t= (25x 108) 4 = 5.39 cmxan-iz Chapter 12 - Hydroelectric Power Plant * 9. Past ME Board Problem i D = 60 in. speed N = An impulse turbine which has a diameter, ” = 35 bucket angle B = 160 degrees, coefficient of velocity C, = 0.98, relative Spee = 0.45, a generator e, = 0.90, k = 0.90, and a jet diameter from nore off inches. Compute the power input in Hp. A. 2,862 HP C. 2933 HP B. 2,512 HP D. 2366 HP Latin Power input = y Qh Solving for the net head , (h): » = 70ON v2gh 0.45 = %(60/12X350/60) : 2(32.2)h h = 643.817 V =.0.98 J2gh = 0.98 /22.2\643.817) = 199.549 f/s Q = Areax Velocity - |2(6y = [H8) |e = 39.1814 fs then; Substituting : Power Input = §2-4(39.1814)643.817) 550 thus; ‘= Power Input = 2,862 HPPlant Engineering Revi oer ewer em ME Board Problem gs pest ee enteas ; in Maria Christina Hydroelectric Project, the available head is 140 m, the water fow 5 pone os Psi Tey of the turbine is 95%, efficiency of the erat wr ' cycles, ve is geretmine the eatimaten ae oltage delivered is 4160 volts. : ly income of th Becrc energy is P60 per an 'e plant if cost of the generated a. P6,514,777.80 C. P8,514,777,80 B. P7,514,777.80 D. P9,514,777.80 Sito Yearly Income = yearly generator output x P 0.60 solving for the yearly generator Output : = ¥ Qh € € ( 8760 ) = 9.81(1)(140)(0.95)(0.95)(8760) = 10,857,963 kWH then; substituting Yearly Income = 10,857,963 (0.60) @ Yearly Income = P 6,514,777.80 % 1. Past ME Board Problem Water flows steadily with a velocity of 3.05 m/s in a horizont ital pipe having a diameter of 15.24 cm. At one section of the pipe, the temperature and Pressure of the water are 21°C and 689.3 kPa respectively. The pressure in the other Section is 516.9 kPa, and.the length of the pipe is 304.8 m. What is the friction factor? Note: Ps = 516.9 kPa , L = 304.8 m A. 0.156 C. 0.0185 8. 0.0091 D. 0.781 Slit, he We 2gD. SoWving for hy: how PanPe Y = 689.3-516.9 9.81 = 17.574mae Chapter 12- Hydroelectric Power Pian; ® then; substituting: £(304.8X3.05)? 17.574 = J giy0.1524) thus; = f = 0.0185 * 12, Past ME Board Problem A hydroelectric plant has 20 MW generator with an efficiency Of 96%, generator is directly coupled to a vertical Francis type hydraulic turbine havi an efficiency of 80%. The total gross head on the turbine is 150 m while the loss of head due to friction is 4% of the gross head. The runaway speed is not to exceéd 750 rpm. Determine the flow of water through the turbine in cfs, A. 406.59 caso. B. 5056.49 D. 945.60 Sin Generator Output = 7 Qh e €gen Solving for h : he h-hh = 150-0.04(150) =14m then; substituting : 20,000 = 9.81 Q( 144) (0.80) ( 0.96) Q = 18.435 m/s thus; = Q = 650.94 f'/s * 13. Past ME Board Problem From a height of 65 m, water flows at the rate of 0.85 m?/s and is aviv"? water turbine connected to an electric generator revolving at 160 rpm. CAs Power developed by the turbine in kW if the total resisting torque des 8 friction 's 540 N-m and the velocity of the water leaving the turbine 4.75 m/s, A. 523.42 B. 543.21 pes D. 435,21eet Plant Engineering Reviewer aa ea ee Turbine Power = Water Power — Friction Solving for Water Power, p, 2. h =65- (4.75% 20.81 = 63.85 m Pw = Qh = 9.81(0.85)(63,85) = 532.41 kw Solving for the Friction Power, p,: p, = 2aTN 60 : 2a0-50)460) =9kw then; Substituting: Pe = Py Py = 532.41-9 = P= 523.4kW % ‘s Fast ME Beard Problem A patton ine was installed 30 m below the head gate of the Fesock The ese to friction is 15% of the given elevation. The length ithe penstock is 80 m and the cocttient friction 0.00093. Determine the Power Atgzoptnat ate C. 19,242.74 12,492.74 D. 17,442.92 Power = yQh “thing for h: he ag. 0.15 (30) =25.5mChapter 12 - Hydroelectric Power Plant * x16 Solving for Q: v= \2ah = /2(9.81)25.5) = 22.368 m/s = 2fiv? he 9D 45 = 2 (0.00093) (80X22.368)* “3 68)D D = 1686m Q= av = [$.sa6? | (22.3687 = 49.94 m/s then; substituting: Power = 9.81(49.94)(25.5) = Power = 12,492.74 kW % 1s. Past ME Board Problem At a proposed hydro-electric plant site, the average elevation of headwater is 600 m, the tailwater elevation is 480 m. The average annual water flow is determined to be equal to that volume flowing through a rectangular channel 4 m wide and 0.5 m deep and average velocity of 5.5 m/s. Assuming that the Plant will operate 350 days per year, find the annual energy in kW-hr that the plant site can develop if the hydraulic turbine that will be used has an efficieny of 80% and generator efficiency of 92%. Consider a headwork loss of 4 % the available head. A. 67,458,581 C. 54,786,518 B. 76,854,851 D. 48,576,185 Shorten Annual Energy = (Gen. Output , kW ) (24 hrs/day ) ( 350 days/yr ) Solving for the generator output: Fg = Rw — Ny = 600-480Plant Engineering Reviewer = 120m Wh o= 115.2m Q= A = [4(0.5)] (5.5) = tims Gen. Output = Qhe Seen = 9.81 (11)(115.2)(0.80)(0,92) = 9,149.39 kw then; substituting ; Annual Energy = (9,149.39)(24)(350) Annual Energy 76,854,851 kW-hr % 1 Past ME Board Problem A remote community in Mountain Province plans to Put a small hydroelectric Plant to service six closely-located barangays estimated to consume 52,650,000 /min. The most favorable lowing Performance data: turbine efficiency 87%, generator efficiency is 92%, loss in head Work not exceed 3.8% of available head. In order to pinpoint the most suit ine the headwater elevation. A. 508.67 m C. 750.08 m 8. 605.87 m D. 875.06 m Sli. Paw = hy + hoy = hy + 480 Solving for hg: Annual Snergy output = Qh & egen X 8760 52,650,000 = 9.81(1665/60) h (0.87)(0.92)(8760) ho = 27.583m hy = hth hy = 27.583 + 0.038h, hy = 28.67mx18 Chapter 12 Hydroelectric Power Plant ‘thus; Fw "= 28.67 + 480 = Hw = 508.67 m % 17. Past ME Board Problem The difference in elevation between the surface of the water in a storage reservoir and the intake to a turbine was 140 ft. During a test the pressure head at the latter point was 130 ft and the discharge was 50 cfs. The inside diameter of the penstock was 35 inches. What was the efficiency of the pipeline ? A. 90.84 % C. 91.84 % B. 93,48 % D. 92.48 % Slaton The water velocity in penstock! Q v=2 A 4 tO. a8 y 4\12 V =7.48 ft/s The velocity head (h,) : 2 he 29 = 7.48? 232.2) = 0.87 ft The total head (h): h = 130+0.87 = 130.87 ft Then; the pipeline efficiency is: = 130.87 Eta thus; * & = 0.9348 or 93.48 %x Plant Engineering Revi 4 Powel ig Reviewer xis post ME Board Problem Ina hydraulic plant the difference in elevation between the surface of the water at intake and the tailrace is 650 ft when the flow is 90 cfs, the friction loss in te penstock Slee hae the head utilized by the turbine is 500 ft. The 7 irbine is 110 H i i ee eter ip, and the leakage loss is 4 cfs. Find 2 ups eae Sliitanes Hydraulic Efficiency, ey : eee 650-65 thus; we, = 0.8547 oF 85.47 % 8 18, Past ME Board Problem The difference in elevation between the source of the water supply and the centerline of the base of the nozzle of a Pelton wheel is 1300 ft. During the test the pressure at the end of the nozzle was 500 psig when the flow is 45 cfs. Inside diameter of penstock is 25 in. Compute the water horsepower at the base of the nozzle. A. 5904.76 Hp C. 7459.60 Hp B. 4509.67 Hp D. 6945.70 Hp Shitine Py = Qh Solving for h : eo] =) 412 3.41 ft? @ 45 A BAL 13,20 ft/s " "Chapter 12— Hydroelectric Power Plant ‘xmI-20 The velocity head (hy) : me ti = oa. (13.2) 29.81) = 271 ft The pressure head of nozzle (hp) : 500(144) 62.4 1153.85 ft The total head (h) : h=h +h, = 1153.85 + 2.71 = 1156.56 ft then; substituting: = fecal last? Py = («2484](« ; Jessen ft—Iby $ 3,247,620.48 = 3,247/62048 550 P IS; = Py = 5,904.76 Hp % 19. Past ME Board Problem cross A pelton wheel runs at a constant speed under a head of 650 ft. The sectional area of the jet is 0.50 f? and the nazze friction loss isto be nese“ Suppose the needle of the nozzle is to be adjusted as to reduce the area Of Es jet from 0.50 ft? to 0.20 ft? . Under these conditions the efficiency of the is known to be 70% . Find the power output of the wheel. . Sean Hp C. 3017.62 Hp _B. 2506.34 Hp D. 3462.74 Hp# Power Plant Engineering Reviewer 2 A Shite Vv 29h 2G2.2K650) 204.60 ft/s Q=av 0.20 ( 204.60 = 40.92 fe/s = 62-M(40.92¥650) 550 = 3017.62 Hp HPatpu = 0.70(3017.62) thus; 7 HPopit = 2112.34 Hp Hie - * 20, Supplementary Problem Water flows at the rate of 1.5 m:/s from a height of 100 m which drive a turbine connected to a 150 rpm generator. Determine the turbine brake power if the frictional torque is 600 N-m. A. 1862.02 kW C. 1642.80 kW B. 1462.08 kW D. 1264.08 kW Shame PL = Pwo Pr Solving for friction power, Pr + 2nTN 60 2n(0,600X159) P, = 9.42 kWChapter 12- Hydroelectric Power Plant * ‘XII-22 Solving for water power, Pw * Pw = Qh = 9.81(1.5)(100) = 1471.5 kW then; substituting : Py = 1471.5-9.42 thus; @ Pr = 1462.08 kW % 21. Supplementary Problem The mechanical volumetric and total efficiencies of a turbine are 94%, 96% ang 82% respectively. Calculate the total head if the effective head is 50 m. A. 45.43m C. 35.44 m B. 44.35m D. 53.44m Slaztonn Total head = eh Solving for e,: ' & = en ee 0.82 = 0.94(e,)(0.96) €, = 0.9087 or 90.87 % thus; Total Head = 0.9087 (50) =@ Total Head = 45.43 m 22. Past ME Board Problem * A proposed hydro-electric power plant has the following data: Elevation of normal headwater surface 194m Elevation of normal tailwater surface 60m Loss of head due to friction 6.5m Turbine discharge at full gate Opening 5 m/s ce que ila at rated capacity 90 % ate th ine is connected Neu turbine brakepower output. en re A. 6,852.5 kw C. 5,268.5 kW B. 6,528.5 kW D. 5,628.5 kWi: aes ‘xIl-23 4 Power Plant Engineering Reviewer Slaton Turbine Output = yQhe Solving for h: h 194-60 )-6.5 = 127.5m then; substituting: Turbine Output = 9.81(5)(127.5)(0.90) thus; Turbine Output = 5,628.49 kW 13, Past ME Board Problem A hydro-electric power plant consumes 60,000,000 kW-hr per year . What is the net head if the expected flow is 1500 m?/min and over-all efficiency is 63%. C. 44,33 m A. 34.34 m B. 43.43 m D. 33.44m Sliiton Py = 1Qh Solving for water power, Pw = GeneratorOutput Water Power oss = $0,000, 0008760 Pw Pw 10,871.93 kW then; substituting + 10,871.93 = 9.81 (7) h thus; wh = 44.33mtric Power Plan, 2- Hydroelec tie Chapter 1 - mre Board Problem is direct conn 24 ras at hung impulse turbine of 95% am of eadwater level i 99° ‘ A double efficiency. 30,000 KW generator Oar talater level is 1260 ft above sea level, tur ae eee rooaty of fow in penstock is equal to 0.025 Jah, loss g setting is 12 ft, vel ute the flow through the turbine iction i if gross head. Compt head due to friction is 2% of in ft/s. Cc. 413 ft/s A. 157 ft/s Lom D. 206.5 ft’ B. 314 ft'/s ’ Saran 30,000 _ 62.4 (1427.681)(0.85) 0.746(0.93) 550 fe Q = 34a then; the flow through each turbine: (Qi &Q) 314 A= Qe =" f/s = 157 ft/s thus; fe 7 %= Q = 157 — NIU ye ee a 25. Past ME Board Problem In the test of a certain turbine the Spiral-turbine case where the diameter is 30 in. was read by a mercuy manometer. At a flow of 44.5 ft2/. FES the Manometer differential reading the U- tube was 9.541 ft Hg, the top of in | the surface of the water in the tailrace. Neglecting the small velocity head | the tailrace, find the net head and the hoi the, turbine | Use turbine efficiency of 92%, rspower developed by A. 140.73 ft, 650 Hy; C. 140,73 ft, 550 B. 170.43 ft, 650 Hp D. 170,43 ft, 550 e Sloan, Consider the tailwater el levation as datum tine: At intake flange:meri Mevieyrey KIL-25 “ents tiene eetaeneter tt tree neetnnaeennanameantensto ee plant Bagl Lee w rossure hwnd = (UAL x ig) (3490 491) aot hyo potential head = 9 741 oF HO a A AAs (40 alia) = 907 ft/s vi aq (9.07) 2(32.2) 1.26 ft H,0 Velocity of flaw 7 Velocity Head = then Total Dynamic Head = 129,72 + 9,73 + 1.28 = 140.73 ft thus; Horsepower Developed = $2.44 54140.73)0,92) @ HPurting 650 Hp $$ { —___ Past ME Board Problem River flows at 30 m’/s and develops a total brake power of 5 MW. What is the j lable head if it is proposed to install two turbines with 85% efficiency each? (19.99 m C, 16.75 m 25.26 m D, 23.18 m Sea, Pe Qh Nd for water power Py: P, = 5000 4 Ogg 5,882.35 KWChapter 12- Hydroelectric Power Plan; 7 me Oe The available head (h) : 5,882.35 = 9.81 (30)h thus; = h = 19.99m i‘ . Past Board Problem : : The an brake power deyeloped by two turbines Is 6 MW. What is the ca Pacity it i i city of the other? of the smaller unit if one unit Is thrice yl ais La 3 2MW Db, 3MW Shorten We = Wi + Wo We = Wy + 3Wy 6 = 4W, thus; = Wi; = 1.5 MWor 1,500 kw % 28. Past ME Board Problem The over-all efficiency of a 10 MW hydro-electric plant is 85%. What ist ry Power could this plant deliver if the actual power received by te customer for that day is 100,000 kw-hr? A. 110,000 kW-hrs C. 124,000 kW-hrs B. 104,000 kW-hrs. D. 130,000 kW-hrs Lltane Plant Capacity = 10,000 (0.85 )( 24) 204,000 kW-hrs 204,000 — 100,000 " Secondary Power thus; a ™ Secondary Power = 104,000 kW-hrs1 Plant Engineering Reviewer xI1-27 ME Board Problem i tential hydraulic-plant site the av a erage elevation of the headwater is a ed at 1812 ft, the tailwater elevation at 1575 ft. The average annual flow was determined to be equal to that volume flowing through a ter wetengulat channel 30 ft wide with a depth of 4 ft and an average velocity of 45 fs: Find the annual electrical energy this site can produce with a water: turbine efficiency of 85% , a generator efficiency of 95%, and the loss in the works equal to 3 % of the available head. Ke» 160,468,000 KW-hrs C. 260,468,000 kW-hrs B. 247,864,000 KW-hrs D. 147,864,000 kW-hrs Shite Net Head, (h): h = (1812-1575) (1-0.03) = 230ft The Rate, Q: Q = 30(4)( 15) = 1800 ft'/s The kW output : (kW) Kw = 62.4(1800230\(0.85\0.95\0.746) 550 = 28,295 kW The Annual Energy Produced : = 28,295 ( 8760 ) = = 247,864,000 kW-hrs ——_______——__ ¥ * Past ME Board Problem A elton type turbine has a grt is the penstock diameter if friction head loss is 0.001 ( Morse). ‘oss head of 40 m and a friction head loss of 6 m. the penstock length is 90 m and the coefficient 2040 mm C. 2440 mm 8. 3120 mm D. 2320 mm hw 2fLv? gDxur-28 Chapter 12 = Hydroelectric Power Plant ® Solving for V : V = 29h = 2(6.81X40-6) * = 25.83 m/s then; substituting: he a : 6 = 2(0.001) (90) (25.83)? = OS) Des thus; = D-=2.04 = 2,040 mm A 31. Supplementary Problem The water velocity of a5 mx 1m channel is 6 m, Vs. What is the annual energy Produced if the net head is 120 m and the over-all efficiency is 80%. A. 494,247,258 kw-hrs C. 247,494,528 KW-hrs B. 247,497,582 kW-hrs D. 472,497,582 kW-hrs Serene Annual Energy Produced = 0.80 p, (8760) Solving for water Power (P,,): Q = av = (5x1)(6) ='30 m/s Py= 9.81 (30) ( 120 ) = 35,316 kw then; Substituting: Annual Energy Produced = 9.80(35,316)8760) thus; = Annual Energy Produced = 247,494,528 KW-hrs,y t Engineeri: i power Plan gineering Reviewer — suse. supplementary Problem 4 10,000 kW run-of-river hydro-electric plant has an available head of 200 ft and has an over-all efficiency of 90% that remains constant for all loads. For 2 iven day during the low-water season the customers receiving pri gi fe following loads: ‘us rs receiving primary power ‘8000 kW for 2 hrs 4000 kW for 10 hrs 6000 kW for 2 hrs _ 2000 kW for 10 hrs for a river flow remaining constant at 525 ft?/s, how much secondary power could this plant provide during the entire day? * . ‘A. 104,220 kW-hrs C. 204,220 kW-hrs B. 220,104 kW-hrs D. 120,104 kW-hrs Shilton Primary Power = 8000(2) + 6000(2) + 4000(10) + 2000(10) = 88,000 kW-hrs Kw Output = £2:4(525)200)0.90)(0.746) 550 = 8009.17 kW Daily Energy Produced: = 8009.17 (24) = 192,220 kW-hrs Secondary Power = 192,220 — 88,000 thus; * Secondary Power = 104,220 kW-hrs % 4. Supplementary Problem Find the number of generator poles for a generator running at 600 rpm and 60 Hz. An C6 8.24 D. 48 Sen, n= 120f P 609 = 120(60) PChapter 12 - Hydroelectric Power Plant * ‘XII-30 thus; the no. poles ( P): - = 12 poles * 34. Supplementary Problem specific speed ine is 85 and running at 500 "PM. What is ee fee by the generator if the head is 25 m and ener efficiency is 90%, A. 1,140.21 kW c 2,181.35 kw B. 1,182.35 kw D. 2,140.2: Sletime No = 85 = HP = 1,761.02 Generator Output = 1,761.02 (0.746 ) (0,90 thus; = Generator Output = 1,182.35 kw Calculate the power that can be developed from a hydro-electric power plant or station having the following data: Catchment Ar 90 km? Average Annual rainfall 120 cm Run-off 85% Available head 350m Over-all Station Efficiency 75% A. 8,746.06 kw B. 6,794.08 kW a re he Sherine Power Output = Water Power X Over-all Efficiency Solving for Water Power (Pw): Pw =7Qhpower Plant Engineering Reviewer xaI-31 #* 8760 hrs/y r (3600 s/hr) 2.91 m3/s 9.81(2.91)(350) = 9,994.78 kw then; substituting: Power Output = 9994.78 (0.75) Py " thus; Power Output = 7,496.08 kW * 3, Supplementary Problem Ina hydroelectric power plant, the water surface on the crest of the dam is at elevation 75.3 m while the water surface just at the outlet of the headgate is at elevation 74.4 m. The headgate has 5 gates of 3 ft x 3 ft leading to the penstock and are fully opened. Assume 61% as coefficient of discharge, determine the quantity of water that enters the hydraulic turbine per second. A. 464.5 fR/s C. 644.5 ft/s B. 564.4 FR/s D. 654.4 f/s Shatin The head causing the flow is equal to the difference in elevation plus one-half of the height of the headgate opening, hence; h = (75.3 - 74.4) (3.281) + % (3) = 4.452 ft Area of the Flow; (A) 5(3)(3) 45 ft? Q = AG Jagh = 45(0.61) /2(32.2X4.452) thus; Q = 464.5 ft/spower Plant Engineering Reviewer ' Xa1-31 where: q = (90xt0%m? )(1.20myo.85) 8760 hrs/y r (3600 s/hr) = 2.91 m/s Py = 9.81(2.91)(350) = 9,994.78 kW then; substituting: Power Output = 9994.78 (0.75) thus; = — Power Output = 7,496.08 kW % % 4 Supplementary Problem Ina hydroelectric power plant, the water surface on the crest of the dam is at devation 75.3 m while the water surface just at the outlet of the headgate is at devation 74.4 m. The headgate has 5 gates of 3 ft x 3 ft leading to the penstock and are fully opened. Assume 61% as coefficient of discharge, determine the quantity of water that enters the hydraulic turbine per second. A. 464.5 ft/s C. 644.5 ft/s B. 564.4 ft/s D. 654.4 ft/s Sloztenn The head causing the flow is equal to the difference in elevation plus one-half of the height of the headgate ‘opening, hence; h = (75.3- 74.4) (3.281) + % (3) = 4.452 ft Area of the Flow; (A) A = 5(3)(3) = 45 ft Q=AG y2gh = 45(0.61) /2(32.2)(4.452) 4 2 " 464.5 fP/s=m Chapter 12 - Bydrockecric Power re. ae melanie a Mek te Fs vee A mcrocecre imps tate & Geecty comled © 2 24 nye ater. E nas 2 specie speed of 60 sym and deretops 3006 te, eat maured dames anumang 2 pethed speed ano of 045, Mtn, A Gi me C04 me 8 as 0.0775 m Sa 2 =DN aS Soimag for bc i. 2 2 _ 12060) a = ip _ NAH m= Pa a= 3s = bh = 613h=Z77.17m tex Stsmtns os - =D (OOO) J2GBIZT AT) tus; - 0 = O6im A Supplementary Proviem o Jn 2 hytronectrc. gamer piact the talmater deration ts zt ID 0. WE heat water derdion ¢ the ret head 1s) m and the rest oss 6 7 Gum teas 7 ATES IS © 557m 225) D. 754.25# Power Plant Engineering Reviewer Shilton hg = iw — Pw Solving for hy : ho byt hh XII-33 = hy + 0.05 hy = 1.05h, 30 = 1.05 hy hy = 28.57 m then; substituting ; 28.57 = hy — 500 thus; © Naw = 528.57 m % 4 Supplementary Problem A supply of water is available at a head of 60 ft. Tt is pr Operate at 125 rpm and this turbine is expected to the critical ? A. 193.79 rpm C. 391.97 8. 139,79 rpm D. 319.97 rpm roposed to buid a turbine develop 50 MW. What is * N= 193,79 rpmXII-34 Chapter 12- Hydroelectric Power Plant % nnn 40. Supplementary Problem The elevation of the headwater is 3250 ft and that of the 0 taih i Penstock diameter is 30 in. Water flowing 40 ft'/s, turbine econ ok een factor taken as 0.035, turbine setting is 8 ft above tailwater S% stock length 4000 fe. Generator reconnected to turbine ha an efficiency . Nozzle efficiency 96%. Compute the brake horsepower Of the A. 9815 HP C. 5189H B. 8915 HP By 9381 AP Slotone Py = yQh Solving for Head: h = 0.96(2650) = 2544 ft p, = & 4(40)(2544)0.85) j4p 550 % 41. Supplementary Problem The flow of water at 50 m elevation is installed with turbine efficiency of 80% 45 m?/s. If a hydro-electric plant is tO be and generator efficiency of 92%, what § the maximum power that the plant could generate ? A. 14.625 MW C. 15.146 MW B. 16.245 MW D. 12.465 MW Slime Generator Output = Pw &t Egen Solving for water power, Pw: Py = yQh = 9,81 (45) (50) = 22,072.50 kW# Power Plant Engineering Reviewer ‘xII-38 EE nen ae enanttetctieeemneneemeslonmangeim ee: then; Generator Output = 22,072.50(0.80)0.92) = 16,245.36 kW thus;” = Generator Output = 16.245 MW % 4@. Supplementary Problem Which of the following choices is a suitable generator speed for this type of runner with the following data: a ies Horsepower 111,300 Net Head 80 ft Electrical efficiency 50 cycles/s A 53.57 rpm C. 57.53 rpm B. 55.37 rpm D. 75.35 rpm Shite 675 _ 675 a aes = 75.47 rpm 4 _ 75.47(80)/* Pp 111,300 = p= 120f | 120(50) N 4 = 11111 “wep 112 which is divisible by 4 to conform with good design. . ' the suitable generator speed ; N : N= 120(50) 112 N= 53.57 rpm‘XxII-36 Chapter 12- Hydroelectric Power Plant errr LLC CLL 43. Supplementary Problem The difference in elevation between the source of the water su and th centerline of the base of the nozzle of a Pelton wheel is 500 m. During a tac run, the pressure at the base of the nozzle was 3 Mpa when the flow wag nu m/s. Penstock inside diameter is 80 cm. Determine the brake power of the Pelton wheel if its efficiency is 85%. A, 3,11.46 kW “C. 4,115.34 kW B. 5,113.46 kw D. 4,511.43 kW Sloane Po = & Pw Solving for Py, : Vp = g - =, £00.80) 3.98 m/s Pe ve y 29 3000 3.98)? 381 * Sen = 306.62 m Pw=7Qh = 9.81 (2) (306.62) = 6,015.84 kW then; substituting : Po = 0.85 ( 6,015.84) Po = 5113.46 kw 44. Supplementary Problem The re, esaure $608 leading to the turbine casing of a Francis turbine reads Tet head ifthe vorsct ie Spiral casing is 5 m above the tall race. What i locity of water entering the turbine is 10 m/s?C 70.61 m 0.61.07 m headwater of a hydro-electric are 150 m and 200 m g's "ater Power if the fw is 15 ms and a hood woe C. 5,621.76 kw D. 4,621.56 kw Son. Pe = ¥Qh Solving for h : Ny = Paw My = 200-150 = 50m hos h-hh = 50 - 0.10(50) = 45 ‘hen; Substituting: Pw = 9.81 (15)(45) Pu = 6,621.75 kW et or eerie X the specific speed of a turbine in a hydro-electric Plant if the net heag 401f, brakepower 3 MW and running at 500 rpm. 315.29 tpm C. 135.20 pm 513.02 rpm D. 351.20 rpmxm-38 Chapter 14-— myaroelectric Power Plant ;, 7 , é 4 thus; ~ ON, 0 w & 8 *& 47. Supplementary Problem A pelton wheel in a hydro-electric plant has an output of 17600 BHP at 300 rpm under a head of 510 m with 29 m?/s flow. Calculate its critical speed. A. 6.24 rpm C. 7.23 rpm B. 3.72 rpm D. 2.73 rpm Sl. ny, = NvHP 5 WBA ° 300 Vi7600 (510(3.281)P* thus; 3.72 rpm % 48. Supplementary Problem In a hydro-electric plant, water flows at 10 m/s in a penstock of 1m” ¢ Sectional area. If the net head of the Plant is 30 m and the turbine effic' 's 85%, what is the turbine output? A. 2,501.55 kW C. 3,626.34 kW B. 2,100.21 kW D. 3,124.65 kW len,eo “a power Plant Engineering Reviewer ‘xa1-39 ~~ Turbine output = 0.85 Py, . Solving for Py: Q=AV = 1(10) = 10 m/s Py = Qh = 9,81 (10)(30) = 2,943 kW then; substituting: Turbine output = 0.85(2,943) = Turbine Output = 2,501.55 kW % 4. Supplementary Problem In the test of a reaction turbine the water flowing over the weir in the tailrace was found to be 38.8 ft/s. The leakage into the tailrace was found to be 1 ft/s. The elevation of the centerline of the shaft above the surface of the tailwater was 12.67 ft. The diameter of the turbine intake was 30 in. and the pressure at this section was measured by a mercury U-tube. The readings in the two sides of the mercury U-tube were 10.556 ft and 0.900 ft, the zero of the scale being at a level 3.82 ft below that of the ceterline of the turbine shaft. The generator output was 391.8 KW, friction and windage loss 13.8 kW, iron loss 2.0 kW and a mature loss of 4.4 kW. The specific gravity of the mercury used was 13.57. Calculate the efficiency of the turbine. A 64.67 % C. 74.57 % B. 54.76% D. 67.64% Stine aoe oe Solving for KW coupling Pp : KW coupling = 391.8 + 13.8 +2.0+44 P, = 412 kW 412 Hp 0.746 552.28 Hp Wx 12 Hydroelectric Power Plant % Chapte! xar-40 Solving for Pw : Q= 38.8 fC/s h, = 1.021 ft he 13.57 ( 10.556 - 0.900) + 12.67 - 3.82 + 1.021 = 144.72 pits 62.4(38.8X144-72) jp = 550 = 637.08 HP then; substituting: 412 637.58 . thus; @ & = 0.6467 or 64.67 % % 50, Past ME Board Problem A tank contains water. What is the intensity of pressure at a depth of 6m? A. 68.0 kPa C. 78.0 kPa B. 58.8 kPa D. 48.7 kPa Slatin P = yh = 981(6) thus; =P = 58.86 kPa % 51. Past ME Board Problem Convert water i i oea Pressure of 50 kPa in equivalent meter head of water. ce uh Pe=yh 50= 981h thus;power Plant Engineering Reviewer ‘XxaI-41 ‘ TE eT nee tetrad ects ni igeen ewan eM w h=Sim D. 90.096 % = Poutput “_ 15,000 havea enna 3 = —_15,000 oo (8.81)(10) 770) thus ; 7 & = 89.9% MULTIPLE CHOICE: ELEMENTS tt 8 hydro-electric plant using a Francis turbine with medi fegulated using the deflector gate 8 nozzle ©. wicket gate weir ium head, the speed can be Answer: C Othe deep well instalation or Operation, the difference between static wai _ eerateg water level is called & Suction it ¢ Hwdown + riming level o logging Answer: B ich ofthe following is a characteristic of an impulse turbine? A 8 Ream Striking blades on angle © gp steam reaction to velocity 0. Steam Sie2™ Strking blades at zero angle Feversing direction Ay . to Gh Water turbine where a jt of water is made to fa on the blades or buckets ang “Soe impulse of water, the turbine starts to move.