Exploring

Ecosystem:
Nature’s
Balance
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Components of Types of
ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM

04 05 06
Ecological ECOSYSTEM Threats to
Relationship Services ECOSYSTEM
01
Introduction
What is an ECOSYSTEM?
An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the
living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding
environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interactions
between organisms and their environment. The term “Ecosystem” was
first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935.
 It controls essential ecological processes and
promotes lives. Involved in the recycling of
nutrients between biotic and abiotic components.
It helps in maintaining the usual flow of energy in
an ecosystem including- Carbon Cycle, Energy
Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Oxygen Cycle, and Water
Cycle.
 02
Components of
an ECOSYSTEM
 Components of ECOSYSTEM

Biotic Abiotic
A biotic factor is a living organism that An abiotic factor is a non-living part of an
shapes its environment. ecosystem that shapes its environment.
 03
Types of
ECOSYSTEM
Types of ecosystems

Terrestrial
Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based
ecosystems. There are different types of terrestrial
ecosystems distributed around various geological
zones.

Aquatic
Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems present in a body
of water. These can be further divided into two types
 Types of ecosystems|Terrestrial

Forest Grasslands Deserts Tundra

 Types of ecosystems|Terrestrial

consists of several
In a grassland These are regions Tundra ecosystems
plants, particularly
ecosystem, the with little rainfall are devoid of trees
trees, animals and
vegetation is and scarce and are found in
microorganisms that
live in coordination
dominated by vegetation. The cold climates or
with the abiotic grasses and herbs. days are hot, and where rainfall is
factors of the the nights are cold. scarce.
environment.
Types of ecosystems|Aquatic
Freshwater
The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic
ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds,
rivers, streams and wetlands. These have
no salt content in contrast with the
marine ecosystem.
Marine
The marine ecosystem includes seas and
oceans. These have a more substantial
salt content and greater biodiversity in
comparison to the freshwater ecosystem.
04
Ecological
Relationships
Ecological Relationships
Symbiotic Relationships
A symbiotic relationship is a long-term
interaction between members of different
species that often benefits one or both
organisms. The symbiotic relationship
definition stems from the word symbiosis,
which originates from the ancient Greek
word for "living together.".
 Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism
Two different
species benefiting
from each other Parasitism
One organism lives
Commensalism off the another,
harming it
One benefits and
the other derives
neither benefit nor
harm
 Ecological Relationships
Predator-Prey Relationships
Predator-prey dynamics refer to the
interactions between species in which one
species, the predator, hunts, captures, and
consumes another species, the prey, as a
source of food. These dynamics are an
important ecological concept that can
have significant effects on populations of
species within an ecosystem.
 05
ECOSYSTEM
Services
 Ecosystem Services

Provisioning Regulating
01 Services 02 Services

Cultural Supporting
03 Services 04 Services
 Provisioning Services
Provisioning services are the direct benefits that humans obtain
from ecosystems in terms of goods that can be harvested or
extracted.

Regulating Services
Regulating services are the benefits provided by ecosystems
that help regulate or control natural processes and conditions,
often contributing to the well-being and stability of the
environment.
 Cultural Services
Cultural services are the non-material benefits that ecosystems
provide to humans, contributing to cultural, spiritual, and
recreational aspects of our lives.

Supporting Services
Supporting services are the fundamental functions that
ecosystems perform, which are necessary for the production of
all other ecosystem services.
 Benefits Provided by ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem Services are the direct and indirect contributions
ecosystems (known as natural capital) provide for human wellbeing and
quality of life.
This can be in a practical sense, providing food and water and
regulating the climate, as well as cultural aspects such as reducing stress
and anxiety. In fact, the vast number of services provided by ecosystems
can be categorised into more manageable groups of: provisional;
regulating; cultural; and the slightly more ambiguous, supporting services.
These services provided by ecosystems lead to benefits received by
humans in the form of security, goods and materials, health and
wellbeing.
 06
Threats to
ECOSYSTEM
Human Activity
Habitat loss occurs through
land-use changes, such as the
clearing of a forest to plant crops,
and through activities, such as
mining, that directly destroy natural
landscapes.
Pollution occurs when harmful
substances enter the environment.
Human Impact

Deforestation

Pollution

Climate Change
12,200,000 hectares

The rate of global tree cover loss per year between 2015 –
2020, according to Global Forest Watch cause by deforestation
 Top polluting regions

Air Ocean

US 90% 70%

EU 70% 30%

China 90% 85%

 Climate Change
Climate change describes a
long-term shift in global weather
patterns. While climate change is a
global phenomenon, it has significant
effects at the regional level. For
example, the climate in some
temperate regions has shifted and is
now characterized by hotter summers
and less annual rainfall.
 Effect Of Climate Change

Extreme Weather
01 Rising Temperature 02
events
• Hotter weather overall.
• Stronger hurricanes, typhoons, and
• More frequent and severe
cyclones.
heatwaves.
• More intense droughts and floods.
• Changes in seasons and growing
• Increased risk of wildfires.
patterns for plants.
 Effect Of Climate Change

03 Sea Level Rise 04 Impacts on ecosystem

• Higher ocean levels.
• Habitat loss and fragmentation.
• Coastal flooding and erosion.
• Disruption of plant and animal life
• Threat to coastal communities
cycles.
and ecosystems.
• Threat to biodiversity and ecosystems
services.
 Effect Of Climate Change
05 Health impacts
• Heat-related illnesses.
• Spread of diseases like malaria
and dengue fever.
• Worsened air quality leading to
respiratory issues.
Economic and social
06 implications
• Damage to infrastructure.
• Disruption of agriculture and food
supply.
• Increased costs for healthcare and
disaster recovery.
 Invasive Species
Invasive species are species that have
become established in a new environment,
typically as a result of human travel or trade.
These non-native species can prey on native
species, or outcompete native species for
resources. Invasive species often lack natural
predators in their new environment, so their
populations tend to grow quite large, disrupting
the balance of the existing ecosystem.
 Habitat Destruction
Habitat destruction occurs when natural habitats,
such as forests, wetlands, or grasslands, are
altered or destroyed, making them unsuitable for
the species that inhabit them. This destruction can
occur due to various human activities, including
deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, mining,
and infrastructure development.
 07
Conservation and
Restoration Efforts
 Protected
Areas
Tubbataha Reef Protected areas are designated
geographical spaces managed
to conserve ecosystems,
habitats, species, and cultural
resources.

Mangrove Ecosystem
 Sustainable
Practices
Sustainable practices are actions and
behaviors that aim to meet the needs of
• Net ZERO
the present without compromising the
• Reducing Carbon Emission ability of future generations to meet their
• Recycling own needs.
• Energy Conservation
• Gardening
 Restoration
Projects
Reforestation
Restoration projects are initiatives
aimed at restoring ecosystems or
habitats that have been degraded or
damaged by human activities.

Species Reintroduction
 08
Summary
 Our team

Ma. Danica Reina Joy Chrisbelle Russel Brian

Triste Soliva Angelitud Mallari
Thanks!
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