Outline:

I. 2010: International Year of Biodiversity

II. Biodiversity: Definitions
III. Classification of Living Things
IV. Building Blocks of Biodiversity
V. Why Biodiversity is Important
VI. Importance of Biodiversity
VII. Traditional Measures of Biodiversity
VIII.Where is Biodiversity? Megadiverse Countries
IX. How much Biodiversity is There?
X. Philippine Biodiversity
XI. Threats to Biodiversity
XII. Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation
XIII.Challenge
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2/28/2024 8:44 PM 3
➢ it is the complicated
mosaic of living
organisms that
interact with abiotic
substances and
gradients to sustain
life at all hierarchical
levels
(McNeely, 1990)

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➢ the variability among
living organisms from
all sources including,
inter alia, terrestrial,
marine, and other
aquatic ecosystems
and the ecological
complexes of which
they are a part
(Convention on Biological
Diversity, 1991)

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➢ the variety of life, in
all of its many
manifestations

➢ a broad unifying
concept,
encompassing all
forms, levels, and
combinations of
natural variation, at all
levels of biological
organization
(Garden and Spicer 2004) www.iapad.org
 Major Groups of Living Organisms
(Systematics)

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2/28/2024 8:44 PM 8
Building Blocks of Biodiversity

1. Ecosystem Diversity

➢ a measure of the number of

kinds of ecosystems present
in an area

➢ encompasses the full scales

of ecological differences
from populations, through
habitats, to ecosystems

9
Building Blocks of Biodiversity

2. Species Diversity

➢ a measure of the number of

different species present in
an area

Species richness
Taxonomic richness

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Building Blocks of Biodiversity

3. Genetic Diversity
➢ describe the number of
different kinds of genes
present in a population or a
species

➢ represents the heritable

variation within and between
populations of organisms

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 “ Biodiversity is the resource
Why upon which families,
is communities, nations and
biodiversity future generations depend.
Important? It is the link between
organisms, binding each
into an interdependent
community or ecosystem in
which all living creatures
have their place and role. It
is the very web of life.”

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Importance of Biodiversity

➢ Economic
✓ food
✓ shelter
✓ clothing
✓ recreation
✓ Industrial uses

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Importance of Biodiversity

➢ Ecological
“each individual,
whatever its size, plays
important role in
maintaining the integrity
of the environment”
e.g., pollination, nutrient and
water cycling, seed dispersal,
absorbing pollution,
preventing soil erosion, and rbparilla 2008

many others
14
Importance of Biodiversity

➢ Biomedical
“plant extracts and
toxins and other animal
secretions are used as
medicine for cancer
treatment” www.biologie.uni-regensburg.de

e.g., extracts from

Catharanthus roseus;
secretions from Conus
gloriamaris

2/28/2024 8:44 PM www.schnr-specimen-shells.com

Importance of Biodiversity

➢ Aesthetic
“ the enjoyment/
inspiration that people
derive from the mere
sight, sound and smell of www.nomad4ever.com
certain living organisms,
and sense of peace one
obtains when he gets
touch with nature ”

www.filipinasoul.com
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Importance of Biodiversity

➢ Ethno-cultural
“countries and cultures
associate themselves with
some wildlife for identity
Pithecophaga jefferyi Tarsius syrichta
(Philippine Eagle
(Tarsier)

and pride”

• Philippine eagle = Filipinos

• Tarsier = Boholanos
• Cebu black shama = Cebuanos
• Tamaraw = Mindoreños
Copsychus cebuensis Bubalus mindorensis
(Cebu Black Shama) (Tamaraw)
17
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Traditional Measurements of Species
Diversity

1. Species Richness (S)

➢ direct count of the number of species within a defined
area

2. Simpson’s Diversity Index (1 – D)

➢ considers total abundance (i.e., richness and
proportion)
∑s i=1 ni (ni – 1)
1–D =
N (N – 1)

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3. Shannon-Weiner Index (H’)
➢ considers unique species and disorder in a system
s
H’ = ∑ pi (loge pi)
i=1

4. Brillouin’s Index (H)

➢ when sampling is done without replacement
1 N!
H= log
N n1!n2!n3!..

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 Where is Biodiversity?

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Megadiverse Countries: Biodiversity
Hotspots
➢ are biologically wealthiest nations

➢ comprise 10% of the globe’s land surface

and hold 70 – 89% of the total global
biodiversity, especially
among the best-known
groups, plants, birds,
mammals, reptiles and amphibians
(Mettermeir, et al., 1997 cited in Lasmarias, et al., 2004)

➢ form an integral part of global heritage for

conserving the diversity of life on earth
(Ong, et al., 2002 cited in Lasmarias, et al., 2004).

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 17 Megadiverse Countries

16
3
17 7 13
11
4 10 15
6 5
2 8
12
9 1
14

1. Australia 7. India 13. Philippines

2. Brazil 8. Indonesia 14. South Africa
3. China 9. Madagascar 15. Papua New
4. Colombia 10. Malaysia Guinea
5. DRC 11. Mexico 16. United States
6. Ecuador 12. Peru 17. Venezuela
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Earth’s Biodiversity
Taxonomic Approximate Taxonomic Approximate
number of number of
Group described species Group described species
Bacteria 4760 Insects 751,000

Protozoa 30,800 Mollusks 50,000

Algae 26,900 Fish 19,056

Fungi 46,983 Reptiles 6300

Plants 248,428 Amphibians 4184

Mammals 4000 Birds 9040

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Source: World Resource Institute
In The Philippines

➢ the Philippines is
identified as the
epicenter of
biodiversity and
evolution (Carpenter
and Springer, 2004)

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Center of Biodiversity

➢ The Philippines
lies within the
'coral triangle’
(the Indo-Malay-
Philippines
Archipelago) –
the area with the
highest marine
biodiversity on
earth. 27
Philippines: A
Megadiverse Country

“one of the biologically

wealthiest nations, i.e., a
megadiverse country”

“megadiverse countries are

those that comprise 10% of
the globe’s land surface and
holds 70% of the total global
biodiversity”
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➢ The three main
Philippine island
groups are Luzon,
the Visayas and
Mindanao.
➢ With a land mass of
300, 780 km2, the
Philippines is
considered a medium-
sized nation.
29
The Hottest Hotspot

➢ the smallest in
terms of land area

➢ one of the highest http://lh4.ggpht.com/_VaHzfAkAt-

levels of endemism w/R8CZ1V5yuHI/AAAAAAAABTk/4lrI7rJjjIw/IM
GP0490.JPG

➢ hottest hotspot due

to severe habitat
loss

http://www.coastwatchsociety.org/images
/Img097_t~logtrk_6x.jpg
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Species Diversity and Endemism
in the Philippines

➢ more than 1,100 terrestrial vertebrate species:

Estimated Percent
number endemicity
Mammals 204 54
Birds 576 34
Amphibians 101 78
Reptiles 258 66
Butterflies 895 39
Source: Lasmarias, et al., 2004
Tamaraw (Babalus Phil. spotted deer
mindorensis) (Rusa alfredi) 32
 http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/im
ages/mousedeer.jpg

Philippine brown Greater mouse deer

deer (Cervus (Tragulus napu)
mariannus) 33
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a
thumb/6/68/Sus_cebifrons_2.jpg/250px- 7/Binturong_in_Overloon.jpg
Sus_cebifrons_2.jpg

Visayan warty pig Palawan binturong

(Sus cebifrons) (Arctictis binturong)
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 http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1022/92651
2927_fd2f2451d9.jpg?v=0

Asian small clawed Isarog striped shrew

otter (Amblonyx rat (Chrotomys
cinereus) gonzalesi)
35
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/
http://nasekomojadnye.natureplanet.ru/index/ind
Stavenn_Tupaia_glis_00.jpg
ex_479.html

Asian house shrew Palawan tree shrew

(Suncus murinus) (Tupaia
palawanensis)
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 http://en.wikivisual.com/images/3/3f/
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/vanishing_t
reasures/images/Vanishing_Photos/Tub Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg
eNosedFruitBat_High.jpg

Philippine tube Golden crown flying

nosed fruit bat fox (Acerodon
(Nyctemene rabori) jubatus) 37
http://www.photogalaxy.com/pic/albert-
http://www.bohol.ph/pics/large/tarsier1.jpg
71/long_tailed_macaque.jpg

Long tailed macaque Philippine tarsier

(Macaca fascicularis) (Tarsius syrichta)
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 Philippine flying Palawan scaly
lemur (Cynocephalus anteater (Manis
volans) javanica)
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www.eesp.freeservers.com

Bobby Kintanar , 2007

Luzon peacock (http://birdphotoph.proboards107.com/ind
ex.cgi?board=feature&action=display&thr
ead=343)
swallowtail
(Papilio chikae) Cebu black shama
(Copsychus cebuensis)
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 http://www.birdwatch.ph/images/events/pr20070921a.jpg

Cebu flowerpecker Cebu cinnamon tree

(Dicaeum quadricolor) (Cinnamomum
2/28/2024 8:44 PM cebuense) 41
 http://www.filipinasoul.com/wp-
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2168/1598747538
content/uploads/2006/06/moneaglelogo-1.jpg
_d1acb2f4cc.jpg?v=0

Philippine cockatoo Philippine eagle

(Cacatua (Pithecopaga
haematuropygia) jefferyi)
42
 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/241274968_a8cf1
65f06.jpg?v=0

Polillo forest frog

(Platymantis polilloensis)
McGregor’s pitviper
(Trimeresurus
2/28/2024 8:44 PM
mcgregori) 43
www.nmfs.noaa.gov http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1189/1373044665_957b3
66b06.jpg?v=0

Green sea turtle Philippine crocodile

(Chelonia mydas) (Crocodylus mindorensis)

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Habitat Loss
➢ conversion of natural ecosystems to
human-dominated systems

http://www.paradisebay.com.au/media/img/heart-of-paradise/chairs-on-deck-in-island-
paradise-setting.jpg 47
 Causes of Extinction

2/28/2024 8:44 PM Source: IUCN

Invasive (Introduced/Exotic) Species
➢ exotic species compete with native
species and drive them to extinction

http://www.llda.gov.ph/images/Janitorfish_02.gif 49
Population (i.e., growing population size)

http://www.sethskim.com/HK%20Busy%20Streets.JPG
50
Pollution
➢ i.e. undesirable change in environmental
conditions

51
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=102979&rendTypeId=4
Overexploitation/Overharvest
➢ e.g., illegal fishing activities kill juveniles

52
Global Climate Warming

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 “…{human] ignorance of the
concept of species and
ecosystem”.
- Global Biodiversity Strategy

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 What had been done so far?

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In situ Conservation Approach
✓ the conservation of species in their
natural habitats

✓ generally recognized as being more

secure and financially efficient

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Ex situ Conservation Approach
✓ the preservation of components of biological diversity
outside their natural habitats

✓ provide an "insurance policy" against

extinction

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Are the existing efforts in
protecting biodiversity
enough?

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The Challenge…

➢ biodiversity
conservation is a
global concern

➢ mutual cooperation
and partnership by
all mankind is the
KEY!

61
Need for Education
➢ an important effort in
the advocacy of Romy Ocon

protecting biodiversity
and must be massively
implemented in all
sectors of the society Alex Loinaz

Romy Ocon
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http://www.birdwatch.ph/images/events/pr20051118c.jpg
Need for Taxonomy and Systematics
✓ How will we conserve biodiversity if we do
not know what is there to conserve?

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Need for Taxonomy and Systematics
✓ How will we know if investigating what is
there to conserve is not financially
rewarding?

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