Ma SNM Notes

MA23211 STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS L T P C
3 1 0 4
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 This course aims at providing the necessary basic concepts of a few statistical and
numerical methods and give procedures for solving numerically different kinds of
problems occurring in engineering and technology.
 To acquaint the knowledge of testing of hypothesis for small and large samples which
plays an important role in real life problems?
 To introduce the basic concepts of solving algebraic and transcendental equations.
 To introduce the numerical techniques of interp ation in various intervals and
numerical techniques of differentiation and integration which plays an important role in
engineering and technology disciplines.
 To acquaint the knowledge of various techniques an me hods solving ordinary
differential equations.
UNIT I TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 9+3
Sampling distributions - Tests for single mean, proportion and difference of means (Large
and smallsamples) – Tests for single variance and equality of variances – Chi square test for
goodness of fit - Independence of attributes.
UNIT II DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 9+3

One way and two way classifications - Completely randomized design – Randomized block
design, Latin square design - 22 factorial designs.
UNIT III SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS 9+3

Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations - Fixed point iteration method – Newton
Raphson method- Solution of linear system of equations - Gauss elimination method –
Pivoting - Gauss Jordan method – Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel -
Eigenvalues of a matrix by Power method and Jacobi‟s method for symmetric matrices.
UNIT IV INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 9+3
Lagrange‟s and Newton‟s divided difference interpolations – Newton‟s forward and
backward difference interpolation – Approximation of derivates using interpolation
polynomials – Numerical single and double integrations using Trapezoidal and Simpson‟s
1/3 rules.
UNIT V NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS 9+3
Single step methods: Taylor‟s series method - Euler‟s method - Modified Euler‟s method -
Fourth order Runge-Kutta method for solving first order differential equations - Multi step
methods: Milne‟s and Adams - Bash forth predictor corrector methods for solving first order
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

 Apply the concept of testing of hypothesis for small and large samples in real life
problems.
 Apply the basic concepts of classifications of design of experiments in the field of
agriculture.
 Appreciate the numerical techniques of interpolation in various intervals and apply the
numerical techniques of differentiation and integration for engineering problems.
 Understand the knowledge of various techniques and methods for solving first and
second orderordinary differential equations.
 Solve the partial and ordinary differential equations with initial and boundary
conditions by using certain techniques with engineering applications.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Grewal, B.S., and Grewal, J.S., "Numerical Methods in Engineering and

Science", Khanna Publishers, 10th Edition, New Delhi, 2015.
2. Johnson, R.A., Miller, I and Freund J., “Miller and Freund‟s Probability and
Statistics for Engineers", Pearson Education, Asia, 8th Edition, 2015.
REFERENCES:
1. Burden, R.L and Faires, J.D, "Numerical Analysis”, 9th Edition, Cengage Learning,
2016.
2. Devore. J.L., "Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences”, Cengage
Learning, New Delhi, 8th Edition, 2014.
3. Gerald. C.F. and Wheatley. P.O. "Applied Numerical Analysis” Pearson Education,
Asia, NewDelhi, 7th Edition, 2007.
4. Gupta S.C. and Kapoor V. K., “Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics”, Sultan
Chand & Sons, New Delhi, 12th Edition, 2020.
5. Spiegel. M.R., Schiller. J. and S nivasa R.A., "cha , Outline on Probability and
Statistics ", Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 4 Edition, 2012.
6. Walpole. R.E., Myers. R.H., Myers. S.L. and Ye. K., “Probability and Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists", 9th Edition, P.
UNIT I TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 9+3
Sampling distributions - Tests for single mean, proportion and difference of means (Large
and smallsamples) – Tests for single variance and equality of variances – Chi square test for
goodness of fit - Independence of attributes.
Part-A Questions & Answers
1. Define standard error

Solution.
The standard error of sampling distribution of a statistic is known as its standard error
2. Define Null hypothesis

Solution.
For applying test of significance, we first set up of a hypothesis a definite statement
about the population parameter. Such a hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of no
difference and it is denoted by H 0.
3. What is Type-I and Type-II error?

Solution.
(i) Type-I error :Reject H0 when it is true
(ii) Type-II error: Accept H0 when it is wrong
i.e ,accept H0 when H1 is true
4. Explain clearly the procedure generally followed in testing of a hypothesis.

Solution.
1. Set up null hypothesis H 0 : It is a statement of no difference about the
population parameters.
2. Set up alternative hypothesis H1 . It is a statement, complement to H 0
3. Compute the test statistic.
4. Obtain the tabulated value of the statistic at given level of significance (  )
5. Write the conclusion. If tabulated value of the statistic is less than the
calculated value, the reject H 0 .
5. Write the applications of „F‟ –test

Solution.
F-Test
To test whether the two samples have come from the same population.
6. Give the main uses of Chi –Square test
Solution.
1. We can find out whether two or more attributes are associated or not.
2. To test the significance of discrepancy between experimental values and the
theoretical values obtained under some theory or hypothesis.
7. Write the condition for the applications of Chi –Squre test

Solution.
1. The sample observation should be independent.
2. Constraints on the cell frequencies if any must be linear
3. N, the total frequency should be atleast 50
4. No theoretical cell frequency should be less than 5
8. What are the assumptions of t-test?

Solution.
1. The parent population from which sample is drawn is normal
2. The sample observation are independent are that is sample random.
3. The population standard deviation  is unknown
4. Sample size n < 30
9. What do you mean by test of Hypothesis-two tailed test?

Solution.
A test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is two tailed is
called two-tailed test
H 0 :   0
Example:
H1 :   0
10. If two samples are taken from two population of unequal variances can we apply
t-test to test the difference of mean.
Solution.
We can not apply t-test because the assumptions population variances are equal and
unknown.
11. State the important properties of t-distribution.

Solution.
1. The probability curve of the t-distribution is similar to the standard normal curve
and is symmetric about t = 0, bell shaped and asymptotic to the t-axis
2. For sufficiently large value of n, the t-distribution tends to the standard normal
distribution
3. The mean of the t-distribution is zero.
4. The variance of the t-distribution is v/v-2, if n > 2 and is greater than 1 ,but it tends
to 1 as v > 
12. State the application of Chi-square test.

Solution.
1. To test the goodness of fit.
2. To test the independent of attributes.
3. To test the homogeneous of independent estimations.
13. Give the formula for the chi square test of independence A b for
C d
Solution.
A B Total
A a B a+b
B c D c+d
Total a+c b+d
( )
( )( )( )( )
14. Define Critical region.
Solution.
A region corresponding to a statistic t in the sample space S which lead to the
rejection of Ho is called Critical region or Rejection region. Those regions which
lead to the acceptance of Ho are called Acceptance Region.
15. Distinguish between parameters and statistics.

Solution.
Statistical constant of the population are usually referred to as parameters. Statistical
measures computed from sample observations alone are usually referred to as
statistic. In practice, parameter values are not known and their estimates based.
16. Write short notes on critical value.

Solution.
The critical or rejection region is the region which corresponds to a predetermined
level of significance. Whenever the sample statistic falls in the critical region we
reject the null hypothesis as it will be considered to be probably false. The value that
separates the rejection region from the acceptance region is called the critical value.
17. Outline the assumptions made when the„t‟ test is applied for difference of
means.
Solution.
i. Degree of freedom is
ii. The two population variances are believed to be equal.
iii. √ .
18. State level of significance.

Solution.
The probability that the value of the statistic lies in the critical region is called the
level of significance.
In general, these levels are chosen as 0.01 or 0.05, called 1% level and 5% level of
significance respectively.
19. Write the formula for the Chi-square test of goodness of fit of a random sample
to a hypothetical distribution.
Solution.
Chi square test of goodness of fit is a test to find if the derivation of the experiment
from theory is just by chance or it is due to the inadequacy of the theory to fit the
observed data. By this test, we test whether differences between observed and
expected frequencies are significant or not.
Chi square test statistic of goodness of fit is defined by  2  

O  E 2 , where O is
E
the observed frequency and E the expected frequency.
20. Write about F-test.

Solution.
A random variable F is said to follow F-distribution with (v1, v2 ) degrees of freedom
(v  v )
v
1 1  1 2
 v1F  2
if its density function given by f (F )  K F 2 1  
 v  where F > 0
 2 

and k is constant to be determined such that 
f ( F ) dF  1
0
21. What is random sampling?

Solution.
A random sampling is one in which each number of population has an equal chance
of being included in it. There are NC n different samples of size n that can be picked
up from a population size N.
22. When do we use ?

Solution.
To test if the two samples have come from same population we use F test (OR) To
test if there is any significant difference between two estimates of population
variance.
23. What are the parametric tests for Hypothesis testing?

Solution.
T-test, Z-test, F-test and ANOVA
24. What are the non - parametric tests for Hypothesis testing?
Solution.
Chi – square test.
25. When do we use ?

Solution.
When the sample size is large (i.e, greater than 30).
Part-B Questions & Answers
1. In a random of 1000 people from city A, 400 are found to be consumers of rice.
In a sample of 800 from city B, 400 are found to be consumers of rice. Does this
data give a significant difference between the two cities as far as the proportion
of rice consumers is concerned?
Solution.
n1 1000 n2  800
400 400
p1   0.4 p2   0.5
1000 800
1. H 0 : p1  p2
2. H1 : p1  p2
3.   5% table value is 1.96
4.The test statistic
p1  p2
z
1 1
pq   
 n1 n2 
Where =0.444
√ ( )
i.e; ( )
So, H0 is rejected.
Therefore there is significant difference between the consumers of rice in the two
cities A and B.
2. Two random samples of size 400 and 500 have mean 10.9 and 11.5 respectively.
Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the same population with variance
25?
Solution:
(two tail test)

̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
√
1.78
| |
3. A sample of 900 members has a mean 3.4 centimeters and standard deviation
2.61 centimeters. Is the sample from a large population of mean 3.25 centimeters
and standard deviation 2.61 centimeters?
Solution.
Given
n  900   3.25
x  3.4   2.61
s  2.61
Null Hypothesis H 0:
Assume that the sample has been drawn from the population with mean   3.25
Alternative Hypothesis H 1 :
  3.25
The Test Statistic is
x   3.4  3.25
z 
s 2.61
n 900
1.724
z 1.724 1.96
Therefore we accept the null hypothesis H o at 5% level of significance.
i.e., The sample has been drawn from the large population with mean   3.25
4. A die was thrown 400 times and 6 resulted 80 times. Do the date justify the
hypothesis that the die is unbiased?
Solution:
Given n = 400
: The die is unbiased

: The die is biased
√
√
5. A random sample of 100 bulbs from a company P shows a mean life 1300 hours
and standard deviation of 82 hours. Another random sample of 100 bulbs from
company Q showed a mean life 1248 hours and standard deviation of 93 hours
.Are the bulbs of company P supe rior to bulbs of company Q at 5% level of
significance?
Solution.
Given : n1 100 x1 1300 s1  82
n2 100 x2 1248 s2  93
1. H 0 : 1   2
2. H1 : 1   2 (Use one-tailed right)
3.   5%
4. The test statistic
x1  x 2 1300  1248
Z= 
2 2
s s (82) 2 (93) 2
1
 2 
n1 n2 100 100
52
  4.19
67.24  86.49
5. Conclusion:
If Z<Zα , then we accept H 0 ;otherwise, we reject H 0 .
Here, 4.19 >1.645
So, we reject H 0 .
6. The sales manager of a large company conducted a sample survey in states A
and B taking 400 samples in each case. The results were
State A State B
Average Rs. 2,500 Rs. 2,200
Sales
S.D. Rs. 400 Rs. 550
Test whether the average sales is the same in the 2 states at 1% level of
significance.
Solution.
Given : n1  400 x1  2500 s1  400
n2  550 x2  2200 s2  550
1. H 0 : 1  2
2. H1 : 1  2 (Use two-tailed test)
3.  1%
4.The test statistic
x1  x 2 2500  2200
Z= 
2 2
s s (400)2 (550)2
1
 2 
n 1 n2 400 400
300
  8.82
400  756.25
Conclusion:
If  Z /2 < Z < Z /2 , then we accept H 0 ;otherwise, we reject H0 .
Here,8.82  2.58
So, we reject H0 .
7. A random sample of 10 boys has the following I.Q‟s: 70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83,
95, 98, 107 and 100. Do these data support the assumption of a population mean
I.Q of 100 at 5% level of significance?
Solution.
H 0 :   100 & H1 :   100
Level of Significance :
  0.05
Test Statistic :
 x 2    x 
2
x
t , where S 2 
S n  n 
 
n
Analysis:
X X2
70 4900
120 14400
110 12100
101 10201
88 7744
83 6889
95 9025
98 9604
107 11449
100 10000
 x = 972  x 2 = 96312
( ) ( ( )) =9631.2-9447.84=183.36.
 x 2    x   97.2  100  2.8  0.6539

2
x
S n  n  13.54 4.282
 
n 10
Table value :
t ,n1  t5%,101  t0.05,9  2.262
Conclusion:
The table value is greater than the calculated value; hence we accept the null
hypothesis and conclude that the data are consistent with the assumption of mean I.Q
of 100 in the population.
8. A certain medicine administered to each of 10 patients resulted in the following

increases in the B.P. 8, 8, 7, 5, 4, 1, 0, 0, -1 ,-1.Can it be concluded that the
medicine was responsible for the increase in B.P. 5% level of significance.
Solution.
H0 :   0 & H1 :   0
Level of Significance :   5% , d . f  n  1  10  1  9
Test Statistic :
 x 2    x 
2
x
S n  n 
 
n
Analysis:
X X2
8 64
8 64
7 49
5 25
4 16
1 1
0 0
0 0
-1 1
-1 1
 x = 31  x = 221
2
x x
2 2
S 2
    =

( )
n  n 
x 3.1  0 3.1

t    2.632
S 3.534 1.178
n 1 9
Table value:
t ,n1  t5%,101  t0.05,9  2.262
Conclusion:
t  2.632  2.26
Therefore the difference is significant and the medicine is responsible for increase of
BP.
9. The height of 10 males of a given locality are formed to be 70, 67, 62, 68, 61, 68,
70, 64, 64, 66, inches. Is it reasonable to believe that the average height is greater
than 64 inches?
Solution:
Given
(Right tail test)

∑
̅
̅ ( )̅
70 4 16
67 1 1
62 -4 16
68 -2 4
61 -5 25
68 2 4
70 4 16
64 -2 4
64 -2 4
66 0 0
660 90
( ̅)
i.e., √
̅
⁄
√
√
√
=2
Table value = 1.83

table value.
is rejected.
10. The average breaking strength of the streel rods is specified to be 18.5 thousand
pounds. To test this a sample of 14 rods was tested. The mean and S.D obtained
were 17.85 and 1.955 respectively at 5% level of significance.
Solution:
Given ̅
(Two tail test)

̅
⁄
√
√
| |
d.o.f = n-1 = 13
table vaule = 2.16
=1.199
table value.
.
11. The following data relate to the marks obtained by 11 students in two tests, one
held at the beginning of the year and other at the end of the year, after intensive
coaching.
Test I: 19 23 16 24 17 18 20 18 21 19 20
Test II: 17 24 20 24 20 22 20 20 18 22 19
Do the data indicate that the students have benefited by coaching?
Solution.
The given data relate to the marks obtained in two tests by the same set of students.
Hence the marks in the two tests can be regarded as correlated.
Null Hypothesis H 0 : x1  x2 The coaching is not useful
Alternative Hypothesis H 1 : x1  x2 The coaching is useful
x1 x2 d  x1  x2 d d (d  d ) 2
19 17 2 3 9
23 24 -1 0 0
16 20 -4 -3 9
24 24 0 1 1
17 20 -3 -2 4
18 22 -4 -3 9
20 20 0 1 1
18 20 -2 -1 1
21 18 3 4 16
19 22 -3 -2 4
20 19 1 2 4
-11 58
t
d
where S 2 
 (d  d ) 2
S/ n n 1
d
 d  11  1
n 11
S2 
 (d  d )  58  5.8
2
n 1 11  1
S  2.41
d 1
t   1.38
S / n 2.41/ 11
t  1.38
Degrees of freedom = n-1 = 11-1 = 10
Tabulated value for 10 degrees of freedom at 5% level for one tail test is
1.812.
1.38<1.812
Calculated t < tabulated t
 H 0 is accepted.  The course is not useful.
12. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B
recorded the following increase in weight
Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8 - -
Does it show superiority of diet A over diet B.
Solution.
Given n1  10, n2  8
Null Hypothesis H 0: 1  2
Alternative Hypothesis H 1: 1  2 (One tailed test right)
Sample I Sample II
x1 x 12 x2 x22
5 25 2 4
6 36 3 9
8 64 6 36
1 1 8 64
12 144 10 100
4 16 1 1
3 9 2 4
9 81 8 64
6 36
10 100
64 512 40 282
2 2
To find S1 and S 2
x x
2
n1  10, n2  8, 1  64, 1  512
x x
2
2  40, 2  282
x1  x 1

64
 6.4, x2  x 2

40
5
n1 10 n2 8
s12  x  x 2
1
1
2

512
  6.4   10.24,
2
n 1 10
s 
2
2
x  x 2
2
2
2

282
  5   10.25
2
n 2 8
n s  n2 s22 10(10.24)  8(10.25)
2
S2  1 1
  11.525
n1  n2  2 10  8  2
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
= = 0.869
√ ( ) √ ( )
Conclusion:
Since the calculated value of t = 0.869 < the table value of t =1.75, H 0 is
accepted at 5% level of significance. Hence, the difference is not significant, so we
cannot conclude the diet A is superior to diet B.
13. Two independent samples of 8 and 7 items respectively had the following values.
Sample I 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
Sample II 10 12 10 14 9 8 10 -
Is the difference between the means of samples significant?

Solution:
Given
̅ ( ̅) ̅ ( ̅)
9 -2075 7.56 10 -0.43 0.18
11 -0.75 0.56 12 1.57 2.46
13 1.25 1.56 10 -0.43 0.18
11 -0.75 0.56 14 3.57 12.74
15 3.25 10.56 9 -1.43 2.04
9 -2.75 7.56 8 -2.43 5.9
12 0.25 0.06 10 -0.43 0.18
14 2.25 5.06
94 33.48 23.68
∑
̅
∑
̅
*∑( ̅) ∑( ̅) +
[ ]
̅ ̅
(two tail test)
Table value = 2.16

table value.
14. Time taken by workers in performing a job is given below:

Method I : 20 16 26 27 23 22
Method II : 27 33 42 35 34 38
Test whether there is any significant difference between the variances of the
time distribution at 5% level of significance .
Solution.
Given
Null Hypothesis H 0: (Variances are equal)
Alternative Hypothesis H 1: (Variances are not equal)
n1 =6, n 2 =6,
n1s12 n1s 22
S12 = and S22 = ,n1 =n 2 =6, where
n1 -1 n 2 -1
d -   1  =13.56, where d1 =x1 -22,  d1 =2, d12 =82

2
2
2
1  d 
s =
1
n1  n1 
d -   2  =22.28, where d 2 =x 2 -35,  d 2 =-3, d 22 =136
2
2
 d 
2
2
s =
2
n2  n2 
 S12 =16.27 and S22 = 26.7
S22
Test Statistic of Fis F= 2 =1.64,sinceS12 >S22
S1
Table valueof Fat 5% Los for (6,5) d.f = 4.95
since1.64 <4.95, H 0 is accepted.
 thereis no significant difference between the two time distribution.
15. Two random samples gave the following results

Sum of squares of
Sample Size Sample mean
deviations from the mean
I 10 15 90
II 12 14 108
Test whether the samples come from the same normal population at 5% level of
significance .
Solution.
Null Hypothesis H 0: The two samples have been drawn from the same normal
population.
H0: 1   2 and  1   2
2 2
Here we have to use two tests

(i) To test equality of variances by F-test
(ii) To test equality of means by t-test.
(i) F- test (equality of variances)
Given n1  10 n 2  12
x1  15 x 2  14
 (x 1  x1 )  90
2
 (x 2  x 2 ) 2  108
S 2

 (x 1  x1 ) 2
S 2

 (x 2  x2 ) 2
n1  1 n2  1
1 2
90 108
  10   9.82
9 11
S12 10
F 2
  1.018
S 2 9.82
Calculated F=1.018
Tabulated F at 5% level for (9, 11) degrees of freedom is 2.90.
F0.05 (9,11)  2.90
Since calculated F < tabulated F, we accept the null hypothesis H0.
1   2
The samples come from the same normal population.
(ii) t-test (To test equality of means)

Null Hypothesis H 0: 1   2
Given n1  10 n2  12
x1  15 x2  14
 (x  x )1 1
2
 90  (x 2  x2 ) 2  108
1
s2    ( x1  x1 ) 2   ( x2  x2 ) 2 
n1  n2  2
1
 90  108
10  12  2
 9.9
s  3.15
x1  x2 15  14
The test statistic is t   0.74
1 1 1 1
s  3.15 
n1 n2 10 12
 Calculated value t  0.74
Tabulated value of t for 20 degrees of freedom (n1  n2  2) at 5% level of
significance is 2.086.
Since calculated value of t < tabulated value of t. We accept the null hypothesis
H 0 . i.e., 1   2 .
Hence from (i) and (ii), the given samples have been drawn from the same
normal population.
16. From the following data test if the difference between variances is significant at
5% level of significance.
Sum of squares of
Sample Size
deviations from the mean
A 8 84.4
B 10 102.6
Solution.
H 0 :  12   22
H1 :  12   22
Given n1  8 n2  10
 ( x  x )  84.4
1 1
2
( x  x )  102.6
2 2
2
S  S 
2 (x x ) 1 1
2
2 (x x ) 2 2
2
n1  1 n2  1
1 2
84.4 102.6
  12.06   11.4
7 9
S12 12.06
F   1.058
S22 11.4
Calculated F=1.058
F0.05 ( 7 ,9 )  3.29
Since calculated F < tabulated F, we accept the null hypothesis H0
Hence variances of the two populations are equal.
17. In one sample of 8 observations, the sum of the square of deviations of the
sample values from the sample mean was 84.4 and in the other sample of 10
observations it was 102.6. Test whether this difference is significant at 5% level,
given that the 5% point of F for and , degrees of freedom is 3.29.
Solution:
Given
∑( ̅̅̅ )
∑( ̅̅̅ )
∑( ̅̅̅ )
∑( ̅̅̅ )
( )
( )
is accepted.
18. It is believed that the precision of an instrument is no more than 0.16. Write
down the null and alternative hypotheses for testing this belief. Carry out the test
at 1% level of significance, given 11 measurements of the same subject on the
instrument. 2.5, 2.3, 2.4, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.5, 2.6, 2.6, 2.7, 2.5.
Solution.
Given :  2  0.16
∑
̅
̅ ( ̅)
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
2.3 -0.21 0.0441
2.4 -0.11 0.0121
2.3 -0.21 0.0441
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
2.7 0.19 0.0361
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
2.6 0.09 0.0081
2.6 0.09 0.0081
2.7 0.19 0.0361
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
0.1891
Table value
∑( ̅)
Test statistic =
If χ 2 < table χ 2 , then we accept H 0 ;otherwise, we reject H 0 .
Here,1.182  23.2
So, we accept H 0 .
Thus the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the precision of the instrument is
0.16.
19. The following data gives the number of aircraft accidents that occurred during
the various days of a week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly distributed
over the week.
Days: Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of
14 16 8 12 11 9 14
accidents:
Solution.
Null Hypothesis H 0: The accidents are uniformly distributed over the week.
Alternative Hypothesis H 1: The accidents are not uniformly distributed over the
week.
 = 0.05,d.f = n-1 = 7-1= 6
Table value  2 12.592
O  E   x  84  12
2
 
2
where E  x 
E n 7
O  E 
2
O E
E
14 12 0.333
16 12 1.333
8 12 1.333
12 12 0
11 12 0.083
9 12 0.75
14 12 0.333
TOTAL 4.165
 O  E
2
 
2
 4.165  12.592
E
Hence, we accept H 0.
20. The theory predicts that the proportion of beans in four given group should be 9:
3: 3: 1. In an examination with 1600 beans, the numbers in the four groups were
882, 313, 287 and 118. Does the experimental result support the theory?
Solution.
H0: The proportion of beans in the four groups are in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3: 1.
H1: The proportion of beans in the four groups are not in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3: 1.
 = 0.05,d.f = n-1 = 4-1=3
Table value  2  7.81
Given that the observed frequencies are 882, 313, 287 and 118.
Total observed frequency = 882+313+287+118 = 1600
The expected frequencies are,
9
 1600  900
16
3
 1600  300
16
3
 1600  300
16
1
 1600  100
16
O  E 
2
O E
E
882 900 0.360
313 300 0.563
287 300 0.563
118 100 3.240
TOTAL 4.726
O  E 
2
 
2
 4.726  7.81
E
Hence, we accept H0.
Therefore proportion of beans in the four groups are in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
21. Using the data given in the following table to test at 1% level of significance
whether a person‟s ability in Mathematics is independent of his/her interest in
Statistics?
Interest in Ability in Mathematics

Statistics Low Average High
Low 63 42 15
Average 58 61 31
High 14 47 29
Solution.
The expected frequencies are
Ability in
Low Average High Total
Mathematics
Interest
in Statistics
135  120 120  150 120  75
Low  45  50  25 120
360 360 360
135  150 150  150 75  150
 56.25  62.5  31.25
Average 360 360 360 150
135  90 150  90 90  75
High  33.75  37.5  18.75 90
360 360 360
Total 135 150 75 360
1. H 0 : Abilityin Mathematicsandinterest inStatisticsare independent
2. H1 : Abilityin Mathematicsandinterest inStatistics are not independent
(Oi  Ei )2
2    32.14
i Ei
Table valueof χ 2 at1% Losfor 4 d.f =13.277
Since32.14>13.2777, H 0 is rejected.
Therefore there is a relationship between a person‟s ability in Mathematics and his/her
interest in Statistics.
22. In an investigation into the health and nutrition of two groups of children of
different social status, the following results are got and their economic
conditions. What conclusion can you draw from the following data?
Social Status Total
Healths
Poor Rich
Below normal 130 20 150
Normal 102 108 210
Above normal 24 96 120
Total 256 224 480
Discuss the relation between the Health and their Social Status.
Solution.
Expected frequencies are:
Social Poor Rich Total

status
Health
Below normal 256  150 224  150 150
 80  70
480 480
Normal 256  210 224  210 210

 112  98
480 480
Above normal 256  120 224  120 120

 64  56
480 480
Total 256 224 480
(130  80)2 (20  70)2 (102  112)2 (108  98)2 (24  64)2 (96  56)2
2      
80 70 112 98 64 56
 31.25  35.71  0.89  1.02  25  28.57  122.44
d . f .  (3  1)  (2  1)  2 (class total are kept same)
For v  2 at 5 level  2 value from table  5.991
 2   0.05
2
(v  2)
H0 is rejected. Hypothesis is not acceptable.
That is, social status and health are associated (dependent).
23. The no.of automobile accidents per week in a certain community are as follows:
12,8,20,2,14,10,15,6,9,4. Are there frequencies in agreement with the belief that
accident conditions were the same during this 10 week period?
Solution:
The accident conditions were the same during this 10 week period.
The accident conditions are not were the same during this to week period.
Total no.of accidents = 100
Expected frequency of accidents each week = .
( )
W.K.T ∑* +
Here n=10
d.o.f= n-1 = 10-1 = 9
O E O-E ( )
12 10 2 4
8 10 -2 4
20 10 10 100
2 10 -8 64
14 10 4 16
10 10 0 0
15 10 5 25
6 10 -4 16
9 10 -1 1
4 10 -6 36
( )
∑* +
For 9 degrees of freedom the table value of at 5% =16.919.
is rejected.
The accident conditions were not the same during this 10 week period.
24. A sample analysis of examination results of 500 students was made, It was found
that 220 students had failed, 170 students had secured a third class, 90 were
placed in second class and 20 got a first class. Do these figures with the general
examination result which is in the ratio of 4:3:2:1 for the various categories ?
Solution:
The observed results with the genral examination result.
The observed results are not with the genral examination result.
Total frequency = 500
Expected frequency are in the ration 4:3:2:1.
If we divide the total frequency 500 in the ration4:3:2:1, we get the expected
frequencies are 200,150,100,50.
i.e.,
( )
Class O E O-E ( )
Failed 220 200 20 400 2
Third 170 150 20 400 2.667
Second 90 100 -10 100 1
First 20 50 -30 900 18
23.667
Degree of freedom = 4-1 = 3.
5% level of significance = 7.815
is rejected.
Hence , the observed results are not with the general examination result.
25. In a certain sample of 2000 families, 1400 families are consumers of tea. Out of
1800 hindu families, 1236 families consumes tea. Use test and state whether
there is any significant difference berween consumption of tea among, Hindu
and non-Hindu families.
Solution:
There is no significant difference between the consumption of tea among Hindu
There is significant differences between the consumption of tea among Hindu and
non-Hindu families.
Observed frequencies:
Hindu Non-Hindu Total

Consuming Tea 1236 164 1400
Non-consuming Tea 564 36 600
1800 200 2000
Expected frequencies:
1400
600
1800 200 2000
( )
O E O-E ( )
1236 1260 24 576 0.4571
564 540 24 576 1.0666
164 140 24 576 4.1143
36 1260 24 576 9.6
15.238
No.of degrees of freedom = (r-1)(s-1)
=1
is rejected.
Hence, there is significant difference between the consumption of tea among Hindu
UNIT II DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 9+3
One way and two way classifications - Completely randomized design – Randomized block
design, Latin square design - 22 factorial designs.
1. Define “Analysis of variance”

Solution.
According to R.A.Fisher Analysis of variance(ANOVA) is the separation of
variance ascribable to one group of causes from the variance ascribable to other
groups.
2. What are the uses of ANOVA?

Solution.
i. To test the homogeneity of several means
ii. The ANOVA technique is now frequently applied in testing the linearity of
the fitted regression line or the significance of the correlation ratio
3. Define Mean sum of squares.

Solution.
The sum of square divided by its degrees of freedom gives the corresponding
variance or the mean sum of squares (M.S.S). Thus
2
Si S .S .T
  st (say) is the M.S.S. due to treatments.
2
(k  1) (k  1)
2
SE S .S .E
  sE (say) is the M.S.S. due to error.
2
and
(N  k) (N  k)
4. Explain the word „treatment‟ in ANOVA
Solution.
The word „treatment‟ in ANOVA is used to refer to any factor in the experiment
that is controlled at different levels or values.
5. Write down the Assumptions in Analysis of variance

Solution
1.Normality
2.Homogeneity
3.Independence of error
6. Define “Experimental error”

Solution.
The estimation of the amount of variation due to each of the independent factors
separately and then comparing these estimates due to assignabe factors with the
estimate due to the chance factor is known as experimental error or simple error.
7. What are the advantages of a CRD ?

Solution.
The following are the main advantages of this type of designs :
i. It is easy to lay out the design.
ii. It allows for complete flexibility. Any number of factor classes and
replications may be used.
iii. The statistical analysis is relatively simple, even if we do not have the
same number errors are not the same from class to class of this factor.
iv. The method of analysis remains simple when data are missing or
rejected and the loss of information due to missing data is smaller than
with any other design.
8. What are the advantages of a Latin square design?

Solution:
1. With a two way stratification or grouping, the Latin Square controls more of
the variations than the completely randomized design or the randomized
completely block design. The two way elimination of variations often results
in small error mean square.
2. The analysis is simple , it is only slightly more complicated than that for the
randomized complete block design.
9. State the basic principles of design of experiments.

Solution.
There are three basic principles of Design of experiment. They are
(i) Randomisation (ii) Replication (iii) Local control (error control)
10. Define :RBD

Solution.
Randomized block design is a simple design that controls the variability in the
experimental units and gives the treatments equivalence to show their effects.
11. What do you understand by “Design of an experiments”?

Solution.
The design of experiment may be defined as “ the logical construction of the
experiment in which the degree of uncertainly with which the inference is
drawn may be well defined.
12. Write down the ANOVA table for one way classification.
Solution.
Analaysis of variance (ANOVA) table : one-way classification model
Sources of Sum of v Mean square Variance ratio
variation squares d.f
Between SSC v1  c  1 MSC = SSC
sample c 1 FC = MSC
Within SSE v2  n  c MSE = SSE MSE
samples nc
Total TSS n 1
TSS = Total sum of squares of variations
SSC = Sum of squares between samples (columns)
SSE = Sum of squares within samples (rows)
MSC = Mean sum of squares between samples
MSE = Mean sum of squares within samples
13. What is the aim of design of experiments?

Solution:
The design of experiment may be defined as the logical construction of the
experiment in which the degree of uncertainty with which the inference is
drawn may be well defined.
14. Define 2 2 factorial designs.

Solution:
When there are two factors A,B and two levels „high‟ & „low‟ for each factor
we have a 22 factorial design. In spite of its simplicity, the 22 design is a
powerful tool to improve products and process.
15. Explain the situations in which randomized block design is considered an

improvement over a completely randomized design.
Solution.
1. RBD is more efficient (or) accurate than CRD for most types of experiment.
2. In RBD, no restrictions are placed on number of treatments on the number of
replicates.
16. State the advantage of a factorial experiment over a simple experiment.

Solution.
Factorial experiment is the procedure of varying all factors simultaneously. A
major conceptual advancement in experimental design is exemplified by
factorial design.
In factorial designs, an assessment of each individual factor effect is based on
the whole set of measurements so that a more efficient utilization of
experimental resources is achieved in these designs.
17. Is a 2 x 2 Latin square design possible ? Why ?
Solution.
Consider, a n x n Latin square design, then the degrees of freedom for SSE is
 ( n 2  1)  ( n  1)  ( n  1)  ( n  1)
 n 2  1  3n  3  n 2  3n  2
 ( n  1)( n  2)
For n=2, d.f. of SSE = 0 and hence, MSE is not defined.
Comparisons are not possible. Hence, 2 x 2 Latin square design is not
possible.
18. State the principles of Design of Experiments.

Solution.
Three important designs are the following:
(i) Completely Randomized Design(CRD)
(ii) Randomized Block Design(RBD)
(iii) Latin Square Design(LSD)
19. What do you mean by one way classification in analysis of variance ?

Solution.
In one way classification the datas are classified according to only one criterion
(or) factors.
20. What do you mean by two way classification in analysis of variance ?

Solution.
In two way classification the datas are classified according to two different criterion
(or) factors.
21. Define Normality.

Solution.
The values in each group are normally distributed.
22. Explain the term Homogeneity

Solution.
The variance within each group should be equal for all groups .This assumption is
needed in order to combine or pool the variance within the groups into a single within
groups source of variation.
23. State the term Independence of error.

Solution.
It states that the error (variation of each value around its own group mean) should be
independent for each value.
24. What are the advantages of completely randomized block design?
Solution.
(i) Easy to lay out
(ii) Allows flexibility
(iii) Simple statistical analysis
(iv) The lots of information due to missing data is smaller than with any other design.
25. Write any two advantages of Latin Square design (LSD).

Solution.
1. Controls more variation than CR or RCB designs because of 2-way stratification.
Results in a smaller mean square for error.
2. Simple analysis of data
3. Analysis is simple even with missing plots
1. The following table shows the live in hours of four brands of electric lamps
brand.
A 1610 1610 1650 1680 1700 1720 1800 -
B 1580 1640 1640 1700 1750 - - -
C 1460 1550 1600 1620 1640 1660 1740 1820
D 1510 1520 1530 1570 1600 1680 - -
Perform an analysis of variance and test the homogeneity of the mean lives of the
four brands of lamps.
Solution.
H 0 : There is no significant difference between the four brands.
H 1 : There is significant difference between the four brands.
Subtract 1600 and then divided by 10 we get
X1 X2 X3 X4
A B D Total X 12 X 22 X 32 X 24
C
1 -2 -14 -9 -24 1 4 196 81
1 4 -5 -8 -8 1 16 25 64
5 4 0 -7 2 25 16 0 49
8 10 2 -3 17 34 100 4 9
10 15 4 0 29 100 225 16 0
12 - 6 8 26 144 - 36 64
20 - 14 - 34 400 - 196 -
- - 22 - 22 - - 484 -
57 31 29 -19 98 735 361 957 267
Step 1 : N = 26
Step 2. T = 98
T 2 9604
Step 3. C.F. =   369.39
N 26
2 2 2 T2
Step 4. TSS =  X1   X 2   X 3   X 2 
4 N
= 735 + 361 + 957 + 267 – 369.39 = 1950.61
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
Step 5. SSC = 1  2  3  4 
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
[ N = number of elements in each column]
1
(57)2 (31)2 (29)2 (19)2
=     369.39 = 452.25
7 5 8 6
SSE = TSS – SSC = 1950.61 – 452.25 = 1498.336
Step 6. ANOVA table
Sources of Sum of d.f. Mean square Variance Table value

variance squares 5% level
SSC MSC
Between SSC = C –1 MSC = FC = FC(3, 22)
C 1 MSE
Columns 452.225= 4 – 1 = 3 452.25 150.75 = 3.05
= =
3 68.11
 150.75 = 2.21 > 1
Since
MSE
<1
MSC
SSE
Error SSE = N–C MSE =
N-C
1498.36 = 26 – 4 1498.36
= 22 =
22
Step 7 : Conclusion : Cal FC < Table FC . So we accept H0 .
2. As head of the department of a consumers research organization you have the

responsibility of testing and comparing life times of 4 brands of electric
bulbs.suppose you test the life time of 3 electric bulbs each of 4 brands,the data is
given below,each entry representing the life time of an electric bulb,measured in
hundreds of hours.
A B C D
20 25 24 23
19 23 20 20
21 21 22 20
Solution.
H0 : Here the population means are equal .
H1 : The population mean are not equal.
X1 X2 X3 X4 X12 X22 X32 X42

20 25 24 23 400 625 576 529
19 23 20 20 361 529 400 400
21 21 22 20 441 441 484 400
TOTAL 60 69 66 63 1202 1595 1460 1329
N = Total No of Observations = 12 T= Grand Total = 258
(Grand total )2
Correction Factor = = 5547
Total No of Observatio ns
T2
TSS   X 1   X 2   X 3   39
2 2 2
N
 X   X   X 
2 2 2
T2
SSC      15
1 2 3
( N1 = No of element in each
N1 N1 N1 N
column )
SSE = TSS – SSC = 39 - 15 = 24
ANOVA TABLE
Source of Sum of Degree of

Mean Square F- Ratio
Variation Squares freedom
Between SSC
SSC=39 C-1=4-1=3 MSC  =5 MSC
Samples C 1 FC 
MSE
Within SSE =1.67
SSE=15 N-C=12-4=8 MSE  =3
Samples NC
Cal FC = 1.67 & Tab FC (3,8)=4.07

Conclusion : Cal FC < Tab FC  Hence we accept H0
3. The accompanying data results from an experiment comparing the degree of

soiling for fabric co-polymerized with the three different mixtures of
methacrcylic acid. Analysis is the given classification
Mixture 1 0.56 1.12 0.90 1.07 0.94

Mixture 2 0.72 0.69 0.87 0.78 0.91
Mixture 3 0.62 1.08 1.07 0.99 0.93
Solution.
H0: The true average degree of soiling is identical for 3 mixtures.
H1: The true average degree of soiling is not identical for 3 mixtures.
We shift the origin
X1 X2 X3 TOTAL X12 X22 X32

0.56 0.72 0.62 1.9 0.3136 0.5184 0.3844
1.12 0.69 1.08 2.89 1.2544 0.4761 1.1664
Total 0.90 0.87 1.07 2.84 0.8100 0.7569 1.1449
1.07 0.78 0.99 2.84 1.1449 0.6084 0.9801
0.94 0.91 0.93 2.78 0.8836 0.8281 0.8649
4.59 3.97 4.69 4.4065 3.1879 4.5407
N = Total No of Observations = 15
T= Grand Total = 13.25
(Grand total )2
Correction Factor = = 11.7042
Total No of Observatio ns
T2
TSS   X1   X 2   X 3   0.4309
2 2 2
N
 X   X   X 
2 2 2
T2
SSC      0.0608
1 2 3
( N1 = No of
N1 N1 N1 N
element in each column )
SSE = TSS – SSC = 0.4309 – 0.0608 = 0.3701
ANOVA TABLE
Source of Sum of
Degree of freedom Mean Square F- Ratio
Variation Squares
Between SSC
SSC=0.0608 C-1=3-1=2 MSC  =0.0304 MSE
MSC
Within SSE =10.144
SSE=0.3701 N-C=15-3=12 MSE  =0.3084
Samples NC
Cal FC = 10.144 & Tab FC (12,2)=19.41

Conclusion : Cal FC < Tab FC  Hence we accept H0
4. A complete ly randomized design experiment with 10 plots and 3 treatments
gave the following res ults:
Plot No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatment A B C A C C A B A B
Yield 5 4 3 7 5 1 3 4 1 7
Analyze the res ults for treatme nt effects.
Solutio n:
All the plots are not applied with the same number of treatments a nd we are to
analyze the treatment effect ts only, we apply one way classification. Rearranging the
data
Treatment A : 5 7
Treatment B : 4 4
Treatment C: 3 5
Step 1: Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no difference in the yield between treatment s.
Step 2 : Test Statis tic:
5 4 3
7 4 5
3 7 1
1 - -
16 15 9
LX2 =84+81+35=200
Correction factor = 16
SST= = 40
SSC= (16)2 + (lS)2 + (9)2 -160 = 6
SSE = SST - SSC =40 - 6 = 34
The ANOVA table is

Source of Sum of
Degree of freedom Mean Square F- Ratio
Variation Squares
Between SSC
SSC=6 C-1=3-1=2 MSC  =2 MSE
MSC
Within SSE =1.62
SSE=34 N-C=10-3=7 MSE  =4.86
Samples NC
Step 3: Le vel of significance: Not given. So, let us take S % = O.OS
Step 4: Degrees of Freedom: (7, 2)
Step 5: Table value: Fo.os(7,2)= 19.3S
Step 6: Co nclusion: Comparing the F - value calculated at step 2 with table
Value Fca1 < F lab, we accept the Null hypothesis.
That is the re is no difference in the mean yield betwee n the treatment.
5. Consider the results given in the following table for an experiment involving 6
treatments in 4 randomized blocks. The treatments are indicated by numbers
with in the paranthesis.
1 (1) (3) (2) (4) (5) (6)
24.7 27.7 20.6 16.2 16.2 24.9
2 (3) (2) (1) (4) (6) (5)
22.7 28.8 27.3 15 22.5 17
3 (6) (4) (1) (3) (2) (5)
26.3 19.6 38.5 36.8 39.5 15.4
4 (5) (2) (1) (4) (3) (6)
17.7 31 28.5 14.1 34.9 22.9
Test whether the treatments differ significantly [ (F0.05 (3,15)=5.42, F0.05 (5,15)=4.5]
Solution.
We subtract the origin to 25 and workout with new values of Xij
Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 [T i]/k  Xij2
=T i
1 -0.3 -404 2.7 -8.8 -8.8 -0.1 -19.7 64.68 181.63
2 22.3 3.8 -2.3 -10 -8 -2.5 -16.7 46.48 195.27
3 13.5 14.5 11.8 -5.4 -9.6 1.3 26.1 113.54 654.75
4 3.5 6 9.9 -10.9 -7.3 -2.4 -1.2 0.24 324.12
Total
19 19.9 22.1 -35.1 -33.7 -3.7 -11.5 224.94 1355.77
=T j
[T j 2 ]/h 90.25 99 122.10 3.8 283.92 3.42 906.69
T=Grand Total = -11.5 ;

(Grand total) 2 (11.5) 2
Correction Factor = 
Total No of Observations 24
T  11
2 2
SSR   C.F  224.94   219.43
i
k 24
T j  11
2 2
SSC   C.F  906.69   901.18
h 24
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 229.65
ANOVA Table
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean

F- Ratio FTab Ratio
Variation Squares freedom Square
Between 4.78 F5% (3, 15) =
Rows SSR=219.43 h - 1= 3 MSR=73.14 11.75 5.42
(Blocks) F5% (5,15) =
Between 4.5
Columns MSC
SSC=901.18 k – 1=5
(Treatmen =180.24
ts)
(h – 1)( k –
Residual SSE=229.65 1) MSE =15.31
=15
Total 1350.26
Conclusion: Cal FC < Tab FC and Cal FR > Tab FR  There is no significant
difference between the blocks and there is significant difference between the
Treatments.
6. Four experime nts determine the moisture co nte nt of samples of a powder,

each observer taking a sample from each of six consig nme nts. The assessments
are given below.
1 9 10 9 10 11 11
2 12 11 9 10 11 11
3 12 11 9 11 10 10
4 12 13 11 14 12 10
Perform an analysis of variance on these data a nd discuss whether there is
any significant differe nce be tween consignme nts or between observers .
Solution.
We subtract the origin to 10 and workout with new values of Xij
From the data we understand that there are two factors.One is consignment and
other is observer. So, we apply ANOV A two wa y classification.
Step 1: Null Hypothesis
Ho (I): There is no differe nce in the yield between treatments (rows).
Ho (II): There is no difference in the yield between blocks (columns).
Step 2: Test Statistic (Calculating F ratio)
T=Grand Total = 19 ; Correction Factor = -15.04,

SSR =15.04 , SSC =35.96
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 13.12
ANOVA Table
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean

F- Ratio FTab Ratio
Variation Squares freedom Square
Between 3.77 F5% (3, 15) =
Rows SSR=13.13 h - 1= 3 MSR=3.28 5.42
(Blocks) F5% (5,15) =
Between 2.23 4.5
Columns
SSC=9.71 k – 1=5 MSC =1.94
(Treatmen
ts)
(h – 1)( k –
Residual SSE=13.12 1) MSE =0.87
=15
Step 3: Le vel of significance: Not given. So, let us take 5 % = 0 .05

Step 4: Degrees of Freedom: for rows (3,15) for co lumns (5 ,15)
Step 5: Table value: Fo.os(3,15)= 3.29 Fo.os(5,15) = 5.05

Step 6: Conclusion: Compari ng the FR- value calculated at step 2 with table value
of s tep 5 FR>Ftab,we Reject the Null hypothesis 1.
That is there is significant difference in the moisture conte nt of the
powder between the observers(rows).
Comparing the Fe - value ca lcula ted at step 2 with table value of step 5 Fe< Ftab,
we accept the Null hypothesis II.
That is there is no difference i n the moisture content between the consignments(
columns).
7. Three varieties A, B and C of a crop are tested in a randomized block design

with four replications. The plot yield in pounds are as follows :
A 6 C 5 A 8 B 9
C 8 A 4 B 6 C 9
B 7 B 6 C 10 A 6
Analyse the experimental yield and state your conclusions.
Solution.
Variety Block
1 2 3 4 Total X 12 X 22 X 32 X 24
A 6 4 8 6 24 36 16 64 36
B 7 6 6 9 28 49 36 36 81
C 8 5 10 9 32 64 25 100 81
Total 21 15 24 24 84 149 77 200 198
H 0 : The varieties are similar
H 1 : The varieties are not similar
Step 1 : N = 12
St Step 2. T = 84
T 2 (84)2
Step 3. C.F. =   588
N 12
2 2 2 T2
Step 4. TSS =  X1   X 2   X 3   X 42 
N
= 149 + 77 + 200 +198 –588 = 36
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
Step 5. SSC = 1  2  3  4 
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
(21)2 (15)2 (24)2 (24)2
=     588 = 18
3 3 3 3
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
Step 6. SSR = 1  2  3 
N N N N
2 2 2
[ N = number of elements in each row]
2
(24)2 (28)2 (32)2
=    588 = 8
3 3 3
SSE = TSS – SSC - SSR = 36 –18 - 8 = 10
S Step 7. ANOVA table

MSR = SSR FR = MSR

Between SSR = 8 r –1 r 1 MSE FR(2, 6)
Varieties = 3–1 4 = 5.14
=8 4 
=2 2 1.667
 2 .4
SSC MSC
MSC = FC =
Between SSC =18 C –1 C 1 MSE FC(3, 6)
Blocks = 4–1 6 = 4.76
=3 = 18  6 =
3 1.667
= 3.59
MSE =
residual SSE = 10 6 SSE
=
N- c - r 1
10
1.667
6
Step 7 : Conclusion : In both the cases, the calculated value is less than
tabulated value.
Therefore, null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, the three varieties are similar.
8. Four varieties A, B, C, D of a fertilizer are tested in a RBD with 4 replications.
The plot yields in pounds are as follows:
A12 D20 C16 B10
D18 A14 B11 C14
B12 C15 D19 A13
C16 B11 A15 D20
Analyse the experimental yield.
Solution.
Let us take 12 as origin for simplifying the calculations
Row X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X2 X2 X2 X2 1 2 3 4
(y1) (1) A 0 D 8 C 4 B -2 10 0 64 16 4
(y2) (2) D 6 A 2 B -1 C 2 9 36 4 1 4
(y3) (3) B 0 C 3 D 7 A 1 11 0 9 49 1
(y4) (4) C 4 B 1 A 3 D 8 14 16 1 9 64
Total 10 12 13 9 44 52 78 75 73
: There is no significant difference between rows, columns and treatments.
: There is significant difference between rows, columns and treatments.
Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2 : T = 44
2
T 2
Step 3 : C.F = = (44) = 121
N 16
2
2 2 2 2 T
Step 4 : TSS =  X 1   X 2   X 3   X 4 
N
= 52 + 78 + 75 + 73 - 121 = 157
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 5 : SSC =    
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
(10) 2 (12) 2 (13) 2 (9) 2
=     121  2.5
4 4 4 4
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 6. SSR =    
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
[ N 2 = number of elements in each row]
(10)2 (9)2 (11)2 (14)2

=     121  3.5
4 4 4 4
To Find SSK
Treatment 1 2 3 4 Total
A 0 2 3 1 6
B 0 -1 -1 -2 -4
C 4 3 4 2 13
D 6 8 7 8 29
44
( 6) 2 ( 4) 2 (13) 2 ( 29) 2
SSK =     121  144.5
4 4 4 4
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 157 – 2.5 – 3.5 – 144.5 = 6.5
Step 7: ANOVA Table
Sources of variance Sum of squares d.f. Mean square Variance ratio F test 1%
Between SSR = 3.5 3 1.17 1.08 9.78
Rows
Between columns SSC = 2.5 3 0.83 0.77 27.91
Variety SSK = 144.5 3 48.17 44.60 9.78
Error SSE = 6.5 6 1.08
Total TSS = 157 11
Step 8. Conclusion:
The F ratios for rows and columns are not significant at 1 % level while that for
varieties is very highly significant. The fact that there are no significant differences
between rows and columns. Show that the Latin square arrangement has not been
advantageous.
9. A variable trial was conducted on wheat with 4 varieties in a Latin Square

design. The plan of the experiment and per plot yield are given below:
D25 B23 A20 D20

A19 D19 C21 B18
B19 A14 D17 C20
D17 C20 B21 A15
Analyse the data.
Solution.
Subtract 20 from all the items

Yn X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X 12 X 22 X 32 X 42
y1 5 3 0 0 8 25 9 0 0
y2 -1 -1 1 -2 -3 1 1 1 4
y3 -1 -6 -3 0 -10 1 36 9 0
y4 -3 0 1 -5 -7 9 0 1 25
Total 0 -4 -1 -7 -12 36 46 11 29
Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2 : T = -12
2
T 144
Step 3 : C.F = = = 9
N 16
2
2 2 2 2 T
Step 4 : TSS =  X 1   X 2   X 3   X 
4 N
= 36 + 46 +11 + 29 - 9 = 113
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 5 : SSC =    
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
( 0) 2 ( 4) 2 (1) 2 (7) 2
=     9  7.5
4 4 4 4
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 6. SSR =    
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
2
(8)2 ( 3)2 ( 10)2 ( 7 )2

=     9  46.5
4 4 4 4
To Find SSK
A 0 -1 -6 -5 -12
B 3 -2 -1 1 1
C 5 1 0 0 6
D 0 -1 -3 -3 -7
( 12)2 (1)2 (6)2 ( 7)2
SSK =     9  48.5
4 4 4 4
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 113 – 7.5 – 46.5 – 48.5 = 10.5
Step 7 : ANOVA Table
Sources of Sum of d.f. Mean square Variance ratioTable value at
Between SSR = k –1= 3 FR(3, 6)
MSR = SSR FR =
MSR
Rows 46.5 k 1 MSE = 4.76
= 15.5 = 8.86
Between SSC = k–2=3 FC(3, 6)
MSC = SSC FC =
MSC
columns 7.5 k 1 MSE = 4.76
= 2.5 = 1.43
Treatment SSK = k–1=3 FT (3, 6)
MSK = SSK FT =
MSK
48.5 k 1 MSE = 4.76
= 16.17 = 9.24
Error SSE = (k -1)(k – 2) MSE =
10.5 =6 SSE
( k  1)(k  2)
= 1.75
Total TSS =
113
Step 8 . Conclusion :
Cal FR > Table FR
Cal FC < Table FC
Cal FT > Table FT
There is significant difference between treatments and rows. But there is no
significant difference between columns.
10. A farmer wishes to test the effect of 4 fertilizers A,B,C,D on the yield of wheat,
The fertilizers are used in a LSD and the results are tabulated here perform an
analysis of variance.
A18 C21 D25 B11
D22 B12 A15 C19
B15 A20 C23 D24
C22 D21 B10 A17
Solution.
Subtract 20 we get
A -2 C 1 D 5 B -9
D 2 B -8 A -5 C -1
B -5 A 0 C 3 D4
C 2 D 1 B -10 A -3
Total
-2 1 5 -9 -5 4 25 25 81
2 -8 -5 -1 -12 4 25 25 1
-5 0 3 4 2 25 9 9 16
2 1 -10 -3 -10 4 100 100 9
TOTAL -3 -6 -7 -9 -25 37 66 159 107

Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2 : T = -25
( )
Step 3 : = = = 39.06
Step 4 : TSS = ∑
= 37 + 66 + 159 + 107 - 39.06 = 329.94
(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 5 : SSC =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
( )
=
(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 6 : SSR =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
( )
= =
To find SSK:
Arrange the elements in the order of treatment.
Total
A -2 -5 0 -3 -10
B -9 -8 -5 -10 -32
C 1 -1 3 2 5
D 5 2 4 1 12
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
SSK =
= = = 284.19
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR - SSK
= 329.94 – 4.69 – 29.19 - 284.19 = 11.87
Source of S. S d.f MSS Variance Table value
Variation Ratio 5% level
Between SSR k-1 = 3 MSR ( )
Rows = 29.19 = =
9.73
Between SSC k-1 = 3 MSC ( )
Columns = 4.69 =
Between SSK k-1 = 3 MSK ( )

Treatments = 284.19 =
Error SSE (k-1)(k-2) MSE=

= 11.87 =6
( )( )
Step 8 : Cal < Tabulated

Cal
Cal
Therefore we conclude that there is a significant difference between treatments and

rows. But, there is no significant difference between columns.
11. A sales of four salesmen in 3 seasons are tabulated here.

Salesmen
Seasons A B C D
Summer 36 36 21 35
Winter 28 29 31 32
Monsoon 26 28 29 29
Carry out an analysis of variance.
Solution.
The above data are classified according to criteria (i) salesmen and (ii) seasons. In
order to simplify calculations, we code the data by subtracting 30 from each figure.
The data in the coded form are given below:
Salesmen Season
SEASONS A( ) B( ) C( ) D( ) Total
Summer +6 +6 -9 +5 +8 36 36 81 25
Winter -2 -1 +1 +2 0 4 1 1 4
Monsoon -4 -2 -1 -1 -8 16 4 1 1
Grand
Total 0 3 -9 6 total 56 41 83 30
T=0
Step 1 : N = 12
Step 2 : T = 0
( )
Step 3 : = ( )
Step 4 : TSS = ∑ = 56 + 41 + 83 + 30 – 0 = 210

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 5 : SSC =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = 0 + 3+ 27 + 12 - 0 = 42
(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 6 : SSR =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = 16 + 0 + 16 - 0 = 32
SSE = TSS – SSC - SSR = 210 – 42 - 32 = 136

Step 7: Table of Analysis Variance:
Sources of Sum of D.F Mean Squares Variance Table

Variation squares value at
5%.
Between SSC = c-1 MSC ( )
Columns 42 = 4-1 = = 14
(Salesmen) =3 =
Between SSR = r-1 MSR = = ( )

rows(seasons) 32 =3 -1 = 2 = 19.33
=
Residual SSE = N-c-r+1 MSE =
136 = 12-4-
3+1 = 6 = 22.67
210 11
Step 8: Conclusion: Cal F < Table F

Hence there is no significant difference in the seasons as far as the sales are concerned.
Thus the test shows that the salesmen and the seasons are alike, so far as the sales are
concerned.
12. The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned
out by 5 different workers using 4 different types of machine
Machine Type
A B C D
Workers 1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
(1) Test whether the mean production is the same for the different machine types
(2) Test whether the 5 men differ with mean productivity.
Solution.
The code data is
Row X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X 2 X2 X2 X2
1 2 3 4
y1 4 -2 7 -4 5 16 4 49 16
y2 6 0 12 3 21 36 0 144 9
y3 -6 -4 4 -8 -14 36 16 16 64
y4 3 -2 6 -7 0 9 4 36 49
Y5 -2 2 9 -1 8 4 4 81 1
Total 5 -6 38 -17 20 101 28 326 139
: (i) the mean productivity is the same for four different machines and
: (ii) the 5 men do not differ with respect to mean productivity code the data
by subtracting 40 from each value.
Step 1 : N = 20
Step 2 : T = 20
2
T 2
Step 3 : C.F = = (20) = 20
N 20
2
2 2 2 2 T
Step 4 : TSS =  X 1   X 2   X 3   X 
4 N
= 101 + 28 + 326 + 139 - 20 = 574
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 5 : SSC =    
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
(5) 2 (6) 2 (38) 2 (17) 2
=     20  338.8
5 5 5 5
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4 5
Step 6. SSR =     
N N N N N N
2 2 2 2 2
2
(5) 2 ( 21)2 ( 14)2 (0)2 (8)2
=      20  161.5
4 4 4 4 4
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 574 –338.8 – 161.5 = 73.7
Sources Sum of d.f. Mean square Variance Table value at

of squares ratio 5% level
variance
Between SSR = r–1 FR(4, 6)
MSR = SSR FR =
MSR
Rows 161.5 = 5-1 = 4 k 1 MSE = 3.26
= 40.375 = 6.574
Between SSC = c –1 SSC MSC FC(3, 12)
MSC = FC =
columns 338.8 = 4-1 = 3 k 1 MSE = = 3.49
= 112.933 = 18.38
Residual SSE = N-c-r+1 SSE
MSE =
73.7 = 12 N - c - r +1
=6.142
(i) Table FC (3, 12) at 5 % level = 3.49
Cal FC > Table FC . Reject H0 .
(ii) Table FR (4, 12) at 5 % level = 3.26
Cal FR > Table FR . Reject H0
The worker differs with respect to mean productivity.
13. The following is a Latin square of design when 4varieties of seeds are being
tested. Set up the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You can
carry out suitable change of origin and scale.
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115
Solution.
A 1 B -1 C 5 D 3
C 3 D 5 A 1 B 1
D 3 C -1 B 1 A 3
B -1 A 7 D -1 C 3
Yn X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X 12 X 22 X 32 X 42
y1 1 -1 5 3 8 1 1 25 9
y2 3 5 1 1 10 9 25 1 1
y3 3 -1 1 3 6 9 1 1 9
y4 -1 7 -1 3 8 1 49 1 9
Total 6 10 6 10 32 20 76 28 28

Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2 : T = 32
2
T 2
Step 3 : C.F = = (32) = 64
N 16
2
2 2 2 2 T
Step 4 : TSS =  X 1   X 2   X 3   X 4 
N
= 20 + 76 + 28 + 28 - 64 = 88
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 5 : SSC =    
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
[ N1 = number of elements in each column]
( 6) 2 (10) 2 ( 6) 2 (10) 2
=     64  4
4 4 4 4
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 6. SSR =    
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
2
(8) 2 (10)2 (6)2 (8)2
=     64  2
4 4 4 4
To Find SSK
A 1 1 3 7 12
B -1 1 1 -1 0
C 5 3 -1 3 10
D 3 5 3 -1 10
(12)2 (0)2 (10)2 (10)2
SSK =     64  22
4 4 4 4
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 88 – 4 – 2 –22 = 60
variance squares ratio at 5% level
Between SSR = 2 k –1 FR(6, 3)
MSR = SSR FR =
MSR
Rows =3 k 1 MSE = 8.94
= 0.67 = 14.9
Between SSC = 4 k–2 FC6, 3)
MSC = SSC FC =
MSC
columns =3 k 1 MSE = 8.94
= 1.33 = 7.52
Treatment SSK k–1=3 MSK FT (6, 3)
MSK = SSK FT =
= 22 k 1 MSE = 8.94
= 7.33 = 1.36
Error SSE (k -1)(k – 2) MSE =
= 60 =6 SSE
( k  1)(k  2)
= 10
Total TSS 15
= 88
Step 8. Conclusion:
Cal FR > Table FR
Cal FC < Table FC
Cal FT > Table FT
There is significant difference between treatments and rows. But there is no significant
difference between columns.
14. Compare and contrast the Latin square design with the randomized block
design.
Solution.
S.No LSD RBD

1. It is suitable for small number No such restrictions suitable for
of treatments, between 5 and upto 24 treatments.
12.
2. The number of rows and There is no such restriction. It can
columns are equal and hence have any number replications and
the number of replication is treatments.
equal to the number of
treatments.
3. Experimental error is reduced Variations is controlled in one
to a large extent, because directions only.
variation is controlled in two
directions.
4. LSD is preferred over RBD RBD is the most popular one for
because of (3) its simplicity , flexibility and
validity.
5. Experimental area must be a Suitable if it is a rectangle or
square. square.
15. Analyse the following RBD and find your conclusion.

Treatments
T1 T2 T3 T4
B1 12 14 20 22
B2 17 27 19 15
Blocks B3 15 14 17 12
B4 18 16 22 12
B5 19 15 20 14
Solution.
1. H 0 : There is no significant difference between blocks and treatments.

2. H1 : There is significant difference between blocks and treatments.
Subtract 15 from each number.
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X12 X22 X32 X42

Y1 -3 -1 5 7 8 9 1 25 49
Y2 2 12 4 0 18 4 144 16 0
Y3 0 -1 2 -3 -2 0 1 4 9
Y4 3 1 7 -3 8 9 1 49 9
Y5 4 0 5 -1 8 16 0 25 1
Total 6 11 23 0 40 38 147 119 68
step1 : N  20
step 2 :T  40
T 2 (40) 2
step 3 :   80
N 20
T2
step 4 :TSS   X 1   X 2   X 3   X 4 
2 2 2 2
N
 38  147  119  68  80  292
 X   X   X   X 
2 2 2 2
T2
step 5 : SSC     
1 2 3 4
N1 N1 N1 N1 N
(6) 2 (11) 2 (23) 2
    0  80  57.2
5 5 5
 Y   Y   Y   Y 
2 2 2 2
T2
step 6 : SSR     
1 2 3 4
N2 N2 N2 N2 N
8 2 182 (2) 2 8 2 8 2
      80  50
4 4 4 4 4
SSE  TSS  SSC  SSR
 292  57.2  50  184.8
Step 7: ANOVA Table
Source of Sum of d.f Mean square Variance ratio Table value
variance squares at 5% level
Between SSR = r –1 SSR MSR FR (3,12)
rows 50 =5 – 1 MSR  r  1 FR 
MSE  8.74
=4 57.2 19.1
   1.24
3 15.4
 19.1
Between SSC = C-1 = SSC MSC FC (12,4)
column 57.2 4–1 MSC  FC 
C 1 MSE  3.26
=3
50 12.5
 1  1.23
4 15.4
 12.5
Residual SSE = N–C MSE

184.8 – r +1 SSE
= 20 - 
N  C  r 1
4 -+1
184 .8
=12   15 .4
12
Total 292
Step 8: Conclusion: Cal FC < Table FC , so accept H0

Cal FR < Table FR , so accept H0
16. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seed being tested.
Set up the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You can carry
out the suitable charge of origin and scale.
A 110 B 100 C 130 D 120
C 120 D 130 A 110 B 110
D 120 C 100 B 110 A 120
B 100 A 140 D 100 C 120
Solution.
Subtract by 5 we get
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115

A 1 B -1 C 5 D 3
C 3 D 5 A 1 B 1
D 3 C -1 B 1 A 3
B -1 A 7 D -1 C 3
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X12 X22 X32 X42

Y1 1 -1 5 3 8 1 1 25 9
Y2 3 5 1 1 10 9 25 1 1
Y3 3 -1 1 3 6 9 1 1 9
Y4 -1 7 -1 3 8 1 49 1 9
Total 6 10 6 10 32 20 76 28 28
H0 : There is no significant difference between rows, columns and treatments.

H1: There is significant difference between rows, columns and treatments.
Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2 : T = 32
T 2 32
2
Sept 3 :   64
N 16
T2
step 4 : TSS   X 1   X 2   X 3   X 4 
2 2 2 2
N
 20  76  28  28  64  88
step 5 : SSC 
 X    X    X    X 
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2

T2
N1 N1 N1 N1 N
(6) 2 (10) 2 (6) 2 (10) 2
     64
4 4 4 4
 9  25  9  25  64  4
 Y   Y   Y   Y 
2 2 2 2
T2
step 6 : SSR     
1 2 3 4
N2 N2 N2 N2 N
8 2 10 2 (6) 2 8 2
     64  16  25  9  16  64  2
4 4 4 4
To find SSK :
Arrange the elementsin the order of treatment.
A 1 1 3 7 12
B -1 1 1 -1 0
C 5 3 -1 3 10
D 3 5 3 -1 10
2 2 2 2 2
(12) 0 (10) (10) T
SSK     
4 4 4 4 N
 36  0  25  25  64  22
SSE  TSS  SSC  SSR  SSK
 88  4  2  22  60
Step 7: ANOVA Table
Source of Sum d.f Mean square Variance Table value
variance of ratio at 5% level
square
SSR MSE FR (6 , 3)
Between SSR k–1 MSR  FR 
k 1 MSR  8.94
rows =2 =3
 0.67 10

0.67
 14.9
SSC MSE FC (6 , 3)
Between SSC k–1 MSC  FC 
k 1 MSC  8.94
columns =4 =3
 1.33 10

1.33
 7.52
MSK MSE FT (6 , 3)
Between SSK k–1 FT 

MSK MSK  8.94
Treatments = 22 =3
K 1 10

 7.33 7.33
 1.36
MSE
Residual SSE = (k-1) SSE
60 (k–2) 
(K - 1)(K - 2)
=6
 10
Total 88 15
Step 8: Conclusion: Cal FC < Table FC

Cal FR > Table FR
Cal FT < Table FT
There is a significant difference between rows as well as between columns. But, there is
no significant difference between treatments.
17. Analyse the variance in the Latin square of yields (in kgs) of paddy where P, Q ,
R , S denote the different method of cultivation :
S122 P121 R123 Q122
Q124 R123 P122 S125
P120 Q119 S120 R121
R122 S123 Q121 P122
Estimate whether different method of cultivation have significantly different
yields.
Solution.
Subtract 120 we get
S 2 P 1 R 3 Q 2
Q 4 R 3 P 2 S 5
P 0 Q -1 S 0 R 1
R 2 S 3 Q 1 P 2
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X 12 X 22 X 32 X 24
Y1 2 1 3 2 8 4 1 9 4
Y2 4 3 2 5 14 16 9 4 25
Y3
0 -1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Y4 2 3 1 2 8 4 9 1 4
Total 8 6 6 10 30 24 20 14 34
Step 1. N = 16 [ Total number of entries]
Step 2. T = 30
T 2 (30) 2
Step 3.   56.25
N 16
2 2 2 T2
Step 4. TSS =  X1   X 2   X 3   X 2 
4 N
= 24 + 20 + 14 + 34 – 56.25 = 35.75
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
Step 5. SSC = 1  2  3  4 
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
[ N1 = number of elements in each column]
64 36 36 100
=     56.25  2.75
4 4 4 4
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
Step 6. SSR = 1  2  3  4 
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
2
64 196 0 64
=     56.25  24.75
4 4 4 4
To find SSK :
Arrange the elements in the order of treatment
Total
P 0 1 2 2 5
Q 4 -1 2 2 6
R 2 3 1 1 9
S 2 3 5 5 10
(5) 2 (6) 2 (9) 2 (10) 2 T 2

SSK     
4 4 4 4 N
25 36 81 100
     56.25  4.25
4 4 4 4
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR – SSK = 35.75 – 2.75 – 24.75 – 4.25 = 4
Step 7. ANOVA table
Sources of Sum of d.f. Mean square Variance Table value 1%

variance squares level
Between SSR k –1 MSR FR(3, 6)
MSR = SSR FR =
Rows = 24.75 =3 k 1 MSE = 4.76
= 8.25 = 12.31
Between SSC k –1 MSC FC (3, 6)
MSC = SSC FC =
columns = 2.75 =3 k 1 MSE = 4.76
= 0.92 = 1.37
Between SSK k –1 MSK FR(3, 6)
MSK = SSK FT =
treatments = 4.25 =3 k 1 MSE = 4.76
= 1.42 = 2.12
Residual SSE (k –1)(k - MSE =
=4 2) = 6 SSE
(k - 1)(k - 2)
= 0.67
Total TSS n2- 1
= 35.75 = 15
Step 8 : Conclusion :
(i) Cal F (FT ) < Table F . There is no significant difference between
treatments
(ii) Cal F (FR ) > Table F . There is significant difference between rows
(iii) Cal F (FC ) < Table F . There is no significant difference between columns.
18. A company wants to procedure cars for its own use. It has to select the make of
the car out of the four makes A, B, C, D available in the market. For this he tries
four cars of each make by assigning the cars to four drivers to run on four
different routes. The efficiency of cars is measured in terms of time in hours. The
layout and time consumed is as given below.
Drivers
Route 1 2 3 4
1 18(C) 12(D) 16(A) 20(B)

2 26(D) 34(A) 25(B) 31(C)
3 15(B) 22(C) 10(D) 28(A)
4 30(A) 20(B) 15(C) 9(D)
Analyse the experimental data and draw conclusions. ( F0.05 (3,5)  5.41)
Solution.
H 0 : There is no significant difference between routes and drivers.

H1 : There is significant difference between routes and drivers
Subtract 25 from all numbers
X1 X 2 X 3 X4
A D Total 2 2 2 2
B C X1 X2 X3 X4
Y1 -9 -5 -7 -13 -34 81 25 49 169
Y2 9 0 6 6 21 81 0 36 36
Y3 3 -10 -3 -15 -25 9 100 9 225
Y4 5 -5 -10 -16 -26 25 25 100 256
8 -20 -14 -38 -64 296 150 194 686
Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2. T = -64
T 2 (64) 2
Step 3. C.F. =   256
N 16
2 2 2 T2
Step 4. TSS =  X 1   X 2   X 3   X 2 
4 N
= 196 + 150 + 194 + 686 – 256 = 970
(  X )2 (  X )2 (  X )2 (  X )2 T 2
Step 5. SSC = 1  2  3  4 
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
(8)2 (20)2 (14)2 (38)2
=     256 = 270
4 4 4 4
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 6. SSR =    
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
2
( 34) 2 ( 21)2 ( 25)2 ( 26)2
=     256  468.5
4 4 4 4
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 970 - 270 – 468.5 = 231.5
Step 7. ANOVA table

MSC MSC
Between SSC = c –1 FC = FC (3, 9)
SSC MSE
270 = 4 – 1 =
Columns c 1 90 = 3.86
=3 =  3.50
270 25.72
=
3
= 90
MSR MSR
Between SSR r–1 FR = FR (5,15)
SSR MSE
= 468.5 = 4 – 1 =
Rows r 1 156.2 = 4.5
=3 
468.5 25.72

3  6.07
= 156.2
MSE =
Residual SSE N – c –r SSE
= 231.5 +1 N - c - r 1
= 16 – 4 – 4 231.5
  25.72
+1=9 9
Cal FC < Table FC . So we accept H0 .
Cal FR > Table FR . So we reject H0
19. A Farmer wishes to test the effects of 4 different fertilizers A, B, C and D on the
yield of wheat. In order to eliminate source of error due to variability in soil
fertility, he uses the fertilizers in a Latin square arrangement as indicated with
following table, where the numbers indicated yields in bushels in unit area.
A C D B
18 21 25 11
D B A C
22 12 15 19
B A C D
15 20 23 24
C D B A
22 21 10 17
Perform and analysis of variance to determine if there is a significance difference

between the fertilizers at 0.05 level of significance
Solution. Here
SST =329.94, SSC =4.69, SSR =29.19, SSK = 284.19, SSE = 11.87
Table value ( ) ( )
is accepted in and . is accepted in .
20. Consider the results given in the following table for an experiment involving six
treatments in four randomized blocks. The treatments are indicated by numbers
within parenthesis.
Blocks Yield for a randomized block experiment treatment and
yield
1 (1) (3) (2) (4) (5) (6)
24.7 27.7 20.6 16.2 16.2 24.9
2 (3) (2) (1) (4) (6) (5)
22.7 28.8 27.3 15.0 22.5 17.0
3 (6) (4) (1) (3) (2) (5)
26.3 19.6 38.5 36.8 39.5 15.4
4 (5) (2) (1) (4) (3) (6)
17.7 31.0 28.5 14.1 34.9 22.6
Test whether the treatments differ significantly. ( F0.05 (3,15)  5.42 ; F0.05 (5,15)  4.5)
Solution.
H 0 : There is no significant difference between blocks and treatments.
H1 : There is significant difference between blocks and treatments
Subtract 20 from all the numbers

X1 X 2 X 3 X4
A D Total 2 2 2 2
B C X1 X2 X3 X4
Y1 4.7 -7.3 18.5 8.5 39 22.09 53.29 342.25 72.25
Y2 0.6 8.8 19.5 11.0 39.9 0.36 77.44 380.25 121
Y3 7.7 2.7 16.8 14.9 42.1 59.29 7.29 282.24 222.01
Y4 -3.8 -5 -0.4 -5.9 -15.1 14.44 25 0.16 34.81
Y5 -3.8 -3 -4.6 -2.3 -13.7 14.44 9 21.16 5.29
Y6 4.9 2.5 6.3 2.6 16.3 24.01 6.25 36.69 6.76
10.3 13.3 56.1 28.8 108.5 134.63 178.27 1065.75 462.37
Step 1 : N = 24
Step 2. T = 108.5
2 2
T (108.5)
Step 3. C.F. =   490.5
N 24
2 2 2 2 T2
 X1   X 2   X 3   X 4 
Step 4. TSS = N
= 134.63 + 178.27 + 1065.75 + 462.37 – 490.5 = 1350.52
(  X )2 (  X )2 (  X )2 (  X )2 T 2
Step 5. SSC = 1  2  3  4 
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
(10.3)2 (13.3)2 (56.1)2 (28.8)2
=     490.5 = 219.44
6 6 6 6
(  Y )2 (  Y )2 (  Y )2 (  Y )2 (  Y )2 (  Y )2 T 2
Step 6. SSR = 1  2  3  4  5  6 
N N N N N N N
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
(39)2 (39.9)2 ( 42.1)2 ( 15.1)2 ( 13.7)2 (16.3)2
       490.5
6 6 6 6 6 6
 901.2
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 1350.52 - 219.44 - 901.2 = 229.9
Step 6. ANOVA table

MSC MSC
Between SSC = C –1 SSC FC = FC (3, 15)
MSE
Columns 219.44 = 4 – 1= C 1 = 73.05 = 5.42
=3 =  4.8
219.44 15.33
3
 73.15
MSC MSR
SSR R–1 FC = FR (5,15)
SSC MSE
Between =901.2 = 6 – 1 = R 1 180.24 = 4.5
Rows =5 
=180.24 15.33
 11.76
MSE =
Residual SSE N – C- SSE
=229.9 R+1 N - C - R  1
= 24 – 4 -6 229.9
+1  15  15.33
= 15
Cal FC < Table FC . So we accept H0 .
Cal FR < Table FR . So we reject H 0
21. Find out the main effects and interactions in the following 2 2factorial experiment
and write down the ANOVA table.
I A b ab
Block 00 10 01 11
I 64 25 30 6
II 75 14 50 33
III 76 12 41 17
IV 75 33 25 10
Solution.
Taking deviation from y = 37 we get
Treatment Blocks
combination I II III IV Total X 12 X 22 X 32 X 42
X1 X2 X3 X4
(y1) (1) 27 38 39 38 142 729 1444 1521 1444
(y2) a -12 -23 -25 -4 -64 144 529 625 15
(y3) b -7 13 4 -12 -2 49 159 16 144
(y4) ab -31 -4 -20 -27 -82 961 16 400 729
Total -23 24 -2 -5 -6 1883 2158 2562 2333
Step 1 : N = 16
Step 2 : T = - 6
2
T 36
Step 3 : C.F = N = 16 = 2.25
2
2 2 2 2 T
 X1   X 2   X 3   X 
4 N
Step 4 : TSS =
= 1883 + 2158 + 2562 + 2333 + 2.25 = 8933.75
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 5 : SSC =    
N N N N N
1 1 1 1
1
(23) 2 (24) 2 (2) 2 (5) 2

=     2.25  281.25
4 4 4 4
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 6. SSR =    
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
2
(142) 2 (64) 2 (2) 2 (82) 2

=     2.25  7744.75
4 4 4 4
Step 7 : SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 8933.75-281.25-7744.75 = 907.75
For 22 experiment
Contrast A = [a + ab – b-(1)] = - 64 – 82 + 2 -142 = -286
Contrast B = [b + ab – a-(1)] = - 2 – 82 + 64 -142 = -162
Contrast AB = [ab +(1) – a - b] = - 82+142 + 64 + 2 = 126
1
Main effect A = [a + ab – b – (1)] = -143
2
1
B = [b + ab – a – (1)] = -81
2
1
AB = [ab + (1) - a – b] = 63
2
[a  ab  b  (1)]2 (286) 2
 5112.25
SSA = 16 = 16
[b  ab  a  (1)]2 (162) 2
 1640.25
SSB = 16 = 16
[ab  (1)  a  b]2 (126) 2
 992.25
SSAB = 16 = 16
Analysis of variance table for the 22 experiment
s.v d.f s.s MSS Variance Table value of F

ratio
5% 1%
Blocks 3 281.5 93.83 100.86 F(9, 3) 27.35
= 1.075
93.83 = 8.81
Treatments 3 7744.75 2581.58 2581.88 F(3, 9) 6.99
=
100.86 = 3.86
25.60
A 1 5112.25 5112.25 5112.25
= FA(1, 9) 6.99
100.86 = 5.12
50.69
B 1 1640.25 1640.25 1640.25 FB(1, 9) 6.99
=
100.86 = 5.12
16.26
AB 1 992.25 992.25 992.25
= FAB(1, 9) 6.99
100.86 = 5.12
9.84
Error 9 907.75 100.86
Error (d.f) = N – c – r +1 = 16 – 4 - 4 + 1 = 9
Cal FA > Table FA
Cal FB > Table FB
Cal FAB > Table FAB.
22. Given
Detergent Engine
1 2 3
A 45 43 51
B 47 46 52
C 48 50 55
D 42 37 49
Perform ANOVA and test at 0.05 level of significance whether these are
differences in the detergents or in the engines.
Solution.
Detergent Engine
1 2 3 Total
A 45 43 51 139
B 47 46 52 145
C 48 50 55 153
D 42 37 49 128
Total 182 176 207 565
The above data are classified according to criteria (i) Detergent (ii) Engine.
In order to simplify calculations, we code the data by subtracting 50 from each
figure.
Detergent Engine
(X1 ) (X2) (X3) Total 2 2 2
X X X
1 2 3
A(Y1) -5 -7 1 -11 25 49 1
B(Y2) -3 -4 2 -5 9 16 4
C(Y3) -2 0 5 3 4 0 25
D(Y4) -8 -13 -1 -22 64 1691 1
Total -18 -24 7 -35 102 234 31
1. H : There is no significan t diference between columns means as well as row means.

0
2. H : There is significan t diference between columns means or the row means.
1
Step 1. N = 12 [ Total number of entries]
Step 2. T = -35
2 2
T (35)
Step 3.   102.08
N 12
2
2 2 2 T
Step 4. TSS =  X 1   X 2   X 3 
N
= (102) + (234) + (31) –(102.08)
= 264.92
( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 ( X ) 2 T 2
1 2 3
Step 5. SSC =   
N N N N
1 1 1
1
( 18) 2 ( 24) 2 (7) 2

    102.08
4 4 4
 135.17
( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 ( Y ) 2 T 2
1 2 3 4
Step 6. SSR =    
N N N N N
2 2 2 2
2
( 11) 2 ( 5) 2 (3) 2 ( 22) 2

     102.08
3 3 3 3
 110.91
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR
= 264.92 – 135.17 - 110.91
= 18.84
Step 7. Table of analysis of variance

Sources of Sum of d.f. Mean square VarianceTable value 1%
Between SSC = c –1 SSC MSC FC(2, 6)

MSC = FC = =
columns 135.17 = 3-1 = 2 c 1 MSE =10.92
135.17 67.585
  67.585  21.52
2 3.14
Between SSR = r–1 SSR MSR FR(3, 6)

MSR = FR = =
Rows 110.91 = 4-1 = r 1 MSE = 9.78
3 110.91 36.9
 36.97  11.77
3 3.14
ResidualSSE = 18.84 N – c- r MSE =
+1 = SSE
=
12-3- N  c  r 1
4+1 = 18.84
 3.14
6 6
Total TSS = 11
264.92
Cal FC > Table FC . So we reject H
0
Cal FR> Table FR . So we reject H
0
23. Three varieties of coal were analysed by 4 chemists and the ash content is
tabulated here. Perform an analysis of variance.
Chemists
A B C D
Coal I 8 5 5 7
II 7 6 4 4
III 3 6 5 4
Solution.
Coal Chemists Total of X12 X22 X32 X42

A B C D variance
I 8 5 5 7 25 64 25 25 49
II 7 6 4 4 21 49 36 16 16
III 3 6 5 4 18 9 36 25 16
Total 18 17 14 15 64 122 97 66 81
H 0 : There is no siginificant difference
H 1 : There is siginificant difference
Step1 : N  12
Step 2 : T  64
T 2 (64) 2
Step 3 :   341.3
N 12
T2
Step 4 : TSS   X 1   X 2   X 3   X 4 
2 2 2 2
N
 64  122  97  66  81  341.3
 88.7
 X  2
 X  2
 X  2
 X  2
T2
SSC     
1 2 3 4
Step 5 :
N1 N1 N1 N1 N
324 289 196 225
     341.31
3 3 3 3
 108  96.33  65.33  75  341.3  3.36
 Y  2
 Y  2
 Y  2
T2
Step 6 : SSR    
1 2 3
N2 N2 N2 N
625 441 324
    341.3
4 4 4
 156.25  110.25  81  341.3  6.2
SSE  TSS  SSC  SSR  88.7  3.36  6.2  79.14
SSE  79.14
Source of Sum of d.f. Mean square Variance Table
variance squares ratio value at
5% level
Between SSC C-1 SSC MSC FC (2,6)
columns = 3.36 = 3 –1 = MSC  FC 
C 1 MSE  5.14
2 1.68
3.36
 
2 13.19
 1.68  0.1274
Between SSR r-1 SSR MSR FR (3,6)

MSR  FR 
rows = 6.2 = 4-1 r 1 MSE  4.76
=3 6.2 2.0666
 
3 13.19
 2.0666  0.1566
Residual SSE N – C- MSE
= 79.14 r+1 SSE
= 12 -4- 
3+1 N C
79.14
=6 
6
 13.19
Total 88.7
Conclusion
Cal FR < Tab FR
Cal FC < Tab FC
In both the cases the calculated value is less than tabulated value Therefore null
hypothesis is accepted.
24. In a process of growing crystals it is believed that the temperature an Ph

influence yield of crystal, a 2 2 design is attempted and the following results are
obtained for yield.
Treatment Tempe Ph Replication Total
Combination rature
I II
( ) 300 2 10 14 24
a 350 2 21 19 40
b 300 3 17 15 32
ab 350 3 20 24 44
Find the ANOVA table.

Solution.
Use the coded data by subtracting 20 from each value.
Treatment Replication Total

Combination
( ) -10 -6 -16 100 36

a 1 -1 0 1 1
b -3 -5 -8 9 25
ab 0 4 4 0 16
Total -12 -8 -20 110 78
n = number of replication = 2
N=4X2=8, T=-20, C.F =
SST = ∑ ∑ = 110 78-50=138

A contrast = a ab-b-( )
B contrast = b ab-a-( )
AB contrast = ab ( )
( ) ( ( ))
SSA = =
( ) ( ( ))
SSB = = =
( )
SSAB = =2
SSE = SST-SSA-SSB-SSAB=138-98-18-2=20
The ANOVA Table is
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean Square Variance Ratio
Variation Squares Freedom MS
SS
Factor A SSA=98 =98
Factor B SSB=18 =18
Interaction SSAB=2
AB
Error SSE=20 ( )
( )
Total SST=138 =7
25. An experiment was planned the effect of sulphate of potash and superposphate
on the yield of Potatoes. All the combinations of two levels of superposphate
[ ( ) 5 cent ( ) ] and two levels of sulphate of potash
[ ( ) 5 cent ( ) ] were studied in a randomised block
design with four replications for each. The ( ) yields
[ ( ) ] are given in the following table. Analyse the
data and give your conclusion.

Block Yields ( )
I ( ) a b ab
23 25 22 28
II b ( ) a ab
40 26 36 38
III ( ) a ab b
29 20 30 20
IV ab a b ( )
34 31 24 28
Solution. Arrange the data in proper order
Treatment Replications
Combinations
I II III IV
( ) 23 26 29 28
25 36 20 31
22 40 20 34
38 38 30 34
Use the coded data by subtracting 29 from each value.
Null Hypothesis There is no difference in the mean effects.
Alternative Hypothesis There is a difference in the mean effects.
n = number of replication = 4
N=4X4=16, T= 0, C.F =
A contrast = a ab-b-( )
B contrast = b ab-a-( )
AB contrast = ab ( )
( ) ( ( ))
SSA = =
( ) ( ( ))
SSB = = =
( )
SSAB =
SST=660
SSE = SST-SSA-SSB-SSAB=462
Calculated value of ( ) at l.o.s is 4.75

Factor A Calculated value is lesser than table value, accept
Factor B Calculated value is less than table value, accept
Interaction AB Calculated value is less than table value accept
Thus all the effects are significant.
UNIT III SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS 9+3
Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations - Fixed point iteration method – Newton
Raphson method- Solution of linear system of equations - Gauss elimination method –
Pivoting - Gauss Jordan method – Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel -
Eigenvalues of a matrix by Power method and Jacobi‟s method for symmetric matrices.

1. State fixed point theorem.
Solution.
If  ( x) and  ' ( x) continuos in the interval I in which the root  of the equation x=
 ( x) lies , then the sequence of approximation x 0, x1 , x 2 , ……….. Convergence to
the root  if
( i) '  x   1 for all x in I
( ii) The initial approximation x 0, is chosen in I.
2. What is the condition for applying the fixed point iteration (successive
approximation) method to find the real root of the equation x =f(x)?
Solution.
Let x= r be a root of x = g(x). Let I be an interval combining the point x = r . If
g ' ( x)  1 for all x in I, the sequence of an approximation x0 , x1 ,...... x n will converge
to the root r, provided that the initial approximation x 0 is chosen in I.
3. What is the order of convergence for fixed point iteration?

Solution.
The convergence is linear and the order of convergence is one.
4. What is the order of convergence of Newton-Raphson method?

Solution.
The order of convergence of Newton-Raphson method is 2 .
5. When we should not use Newton-Raphson method?

Solution.
If x1 is the exact root and x 0 is its approximate value of the equation f(x)=0.
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
We know that x1  x0  , If x 0 is small, the error will be large and
f ' ( x0 ) f ' ( x0 )
the computations of the root by this method will be a slow process or may be
impossible. Hence the method should not be used in cases where the graph of the
function when it crosses the X-axis nearly horizontal.
( )
( ) ( ) .
6. What is the criterion for the convergence in Newton-Raphson method?

Solution.
The Newton-Raphson formula is,
f ( xn )
x n 1  x n 
f ' ( xn )
.
The general form of the above equation is,
x   (x )
we know that the iteration method given by this equation converges if  ( xy)  1
f ( x)
 ( x)  x 
Here f ' ( x)
f ' ( x) f ' ( x)  f ( x) f ' ' ( x)

 ' ( x)  1 
 f ' ( x)2
f ( x) f ' ' ( x)
=  f ' ( x)2
 ( x) 
' f ( x) f " ( x)
 f ' ( x)2
Hence Newton‟s formula converges if f ( x) f ' ( x)  f ' ( x) in the interval
2
considered.
7. Obtain Newton‟s derivative formula for finding N where N is a positive real

number.
Solution.
We know that the iterative formula for N is,
( )
8. Derive Newton‟s algorithm for finding the p-th root of a number N

Solution.
1
If x  N , then x p  N =0 is the equation to be solved.

p
p 1
Let f(x)= x p  N , f‟(x)= px
By Newton‟s Raphson rule, if xr is the r-th iterate,
f ( xr )
x r 1  x r 
f ' ( xr )
xr  N
p
xr  p 1
= pxr
pxr  x r  N
p p
p 1
= pxr
9. What are the merits of Newton‟s method of iteration?
Solution.
Newton‟s method is successfully used to improve the result obtained by other
methods. It is applicable to the solution of equations involving algebraic functions as
well as transcendental functions.
10. State the error term for Newton-Raphson method.

Solution.
( )
The error term is ( ( )
).
11. What are the failures of Newton‟s Raphson method?

Solution.
There are three situations where Newton's method may not converge quickly:
1. Our approximation is far away from the actual root,
2. The 2nd derivative is very large, or
3. The derivative at xn is close to zero.
12. What is the computational cost of the Newton- Raphson method?

Solution.
The computational cost of the method is one evaluation of f(x) and one evaluation of
the derivative of f‟(x) per iteration.
13. Give two direct methods to solve a system of linear equations.

Solution.
The two direct methods are
1. Gauss elimination method.
2. Gauss Jordan method
3. crouts method.
14. Give the two indirect methods to solve the system of linear equations.
Solution.
The two indirect methods are
(i) Gauss – Jacobi method
(ii) Gauss – Seidel method
15. Solve the system of equations x-2y =0, 2x+y =5 by Gaussian elimination.
Solution.
1  2  x  0
The given system is equivalent to    y   5
 2 1    
1  2 0 1  2 0
A, B     0
 2 1 5   5 5
i.e) x –2y =0 & 5y =5
x  2 , y 1
16. For solving a linear system, differentiate Gaussian elimination method and
Gauss-Jordan method.
Solution.
Gauss-Elimination method Gauss-Jordan method
1. Coefficient matrix is transformed 1. Coefficient matrix is transformed into a
into upper triangular matrix diagonal matrix
2. It is a direct method 2. It is indirect method
3.We obtain the solutions by back 3. No need of back substitution method
substitution method
17. Explain the term „Pivoting‟.

Solution.
In the elimination process, if any one of the pivot elements a11 , a22 ,..... vanishes or
becomes very smallcompared to other elements in that column, then we attempt to
rearrange the remaining rows so as to obtain a non-vanishing pivot or to avoid the
multiplication by a large number.This strategy is called pivoting.It is of twotypes.
1. Partial Pivoting
2 .Complete Pivoting
18. Write sufficient condition for Guass -Seidal method to converge (or) Write
sufficient condition for Gauss -Jacobi method to converge?
Solution.
The process of iteration by Gauss-Seidal method will converge if in each equation of
the system , the absolute value of the largest coefficient is greater than the sum of the
absolute values of the remaining coefficients.But the coefficient of matrix should be
diagonally dominant.
19. State the merits and demerits of elimination methods and iterative methods for
solving a system of equations .
Solution.
Gauss elimination method has the advantage that it is finite and works in theory for
any non-singular set o equations.
Gauss-Seidal iteration method converges only for special system of equations. For
some systems, elimination is the only course available.
In general, the round off error is smaller in iteration method, iteration is a self-
correcting method. Any errors made at any step in the computation are corrected in
the subsequent iterations.
20. Differentate Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidal methods.

Solution.
Gauss-Jacobi method Gauss-Seidal method

1. Convergence rate is slow 1.The rate of convergence of Gauss-
Seidal method is roughly twice that of
2. It is indirect method Gauss-Jacobi
2.It is indirect method
3.Condition for convergence is 3.Condition for convergence is diagonally
the coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant
dominant
21. When will iteration method succeed?

Solution.
In order that the iteration that the iteration may succeed, equation of the system must
contain one large coefficient and the large coefficient must be attached to a different
unknown in that equation. This requirement will be got when the large coefficient are
along the leading diagonal of the matrix of the coefficient.
22. Why Gauss-Seidal method is a better method than Jacobi‟s iterative method?
Solution.
Since the current value of the unknowns at each stage of iteration are used in
proceeding to the next stage of iteration, the convergence in Gauss-Seidal method will
be more rapid than in Gauss-Jacobi method.
23. Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix by Gauss -Jordan elimination method.
3x –2y =10 ; 3x +4y =12
Solution.
5  2
The coefficient matrix A= 
3 4 
5  2 1 0
A, I  =
3 4
 0 1 
1  2 / 5 1/ 5 0 R
=   R2  1
3 4 0 1 5
1  2/5 1/ 5 0
=  R2  R2  3R1
0 26 / 5  3 / 5 1 
1  2/5 1/ 5 0 
=  R2  R2  5 / 26
0 1  3 / 26 5 / 26
1 0 2 / 13 1 / 13 
= R1  R1  2 / 5R2
0 1  3 / 26 5 / 26
2 / 13 1 / 13  4 2
A 1 =   = 1/26 
 3 / 26 5 / 26   3 5
24. State the principle used in Gauss -Jordan method.

Solution.
Coefficient matrix is transformed into diagonal matrix.
 a11 a12 a13   c11 0 0
   
The matrix  a21 a22 a23  is transformed into  0 c22 0
a  0 0 c33 
 31 a32 a33  
25. Compare Gauss elimination with Gauss Seidel method.

Solution.
Gauss elimination method Gauss – Seidel method.
It works on the basis of elimination of variables. It employs initial values and iterates to
obtain refined estimates
These can be used for small number of These can be used for large number of co-
Coefficients. efficients
This performance is affected due to round – off There is no round – off error problem. Error
errors. is controlled by number of iterations.
Direct method for solving linear simultaneous Iterative method for solving linear
equations. simultaneous equations.
It gives the exact solution with in finite number of Successive approximations to get the solution
steps.
1. Find a real root of the equation cosx = 3x-1 correct to 5 decimal places by fixed
point iteration method. ( )
Solution.
f(x)=cosx-3x+1=0
f(0)=cos(0)-3(0)+1=1-0+1=2=Positive
f(1)=cos(1)-3(1)+1=0.5403-3+1=-1.4597=Negative
Therefore root lies between 0 and 1.
The given equation may be written as
1
x  (1  cos x)  g ( x)
3
1
g ' ( x )   sin x
3
1
g ' ( x)  sin x
3
g (0)  0  1
'
1
g ' (1)  sin1  0.2804  1
3
Hence the iteration method may be applied.
Fixed point iteration formula
1
g  xn   xn  (1  cos xn 1 ) ….(1)
3
Put n =1 in (1) and take x0=0.6
1 1
put n  1 in (1)  x1  [1  cos x0 ]  [1  cos(0.6)]  0.60845
3 3
1 1
put n  2 in (1)  x2  [1  cos x1 ]  [1  cos(0.60845)]  0.60684
3 3
1 1
put n  3 in (1)  x3  [1  cos x2 ]  [1  cos(0.60684)]  0.60715
3 3
1 1
put n  4 in (1)  x4  [1  cos x3 ]  [1  cos(0.60715)]  0.60709
3 3
1 1
put n  5 in (1)  x5  [1  cos x4 ]  [1  cos(0.60709)]  0.60710
3 3
1 1
put n  6 in (1)  x6  [1  cos x5 ]  [1  cos(0.60710)]  0.60710
3 3
Here x5=x6=0.60710
Hence the root is 0. 60710.
2. Find the positive root of 3x  log10 x  6 using fixed point iteration method
Solution:
Let f(x)= 3x  log10 x  6  0
3x  log10 x  6
 log x  6 
x   10 
 3 
f(0)=0-1-6=-7=Negative
f(1)=3-0-6=-3=Negative
f(2)=6-0.3010-6=-0.3010=Negative
f(3)=9-0.4771-6=2.5=Positive
Therefore root lies between 2 and 3.
1
x   6  log10 x   g ( x)
3
1  log e 
g '( x)   10 
3 x 
g '( x)  1 in the interval 2 and 3
1
Formula for iteration is xn  g  xn 1   6  log10 xn1  ... 1
3
Xn-1 1 xn
g  xn 1  =  6  log10 xn 1 
3
x0  2 1 x1  2.1003
 6  log10 2
3
x1  2.1003 1 x2  2.1074
6  log10 x1 
3
x2  2.1074 1 x3  2.1079
 6  log10 x2 
3
x3  2.1079 1 x4  2.1080
6  log10 x3 
3
x4  2.1080 1 x5  2.1080
 6  log10 x4 
3
Here x4 = x5 = 2.1080
Hence the approximate value of the root is 2.1080.
3. Find the real root of the equation x 3  x 2  100  0 using fixed point iteration.
Solution.
To find the root of the equation using fixed point iteration
Let f  x   x3  x 2  100  0
f  0   100  ve
f 1  1  1  100   98  ve
f  2   8  2  100  88  ve
f  3  27  9  100   64  ve
f  4   64  16  100   20  ve
f  5   125  100  ve
So there is a real root between 4 and 5.
The given equation can be written as
x 3  x 2  100  0
x 2  x  1  100  0
x 2  x  1  100
100 10
x2  x  g  x
x 1 x 1
To find g‟(x)
 1
  2  5
g '  x   10 3
 3
 x  1 2  x  1 2
5
g ' x  3
 2
x  1
5 5 5
g '  4  3
 3
  0.342  1
 4  1 2  5 2
14.6200
5 5 5
g '  5  3
 3
  0.4586  1
 5  1 2  6 2
10.902
g '  x   1 in the interval (4, 5)

So apply the method of fixed point iteration.
10
The iteration is xn  g  xn1  
xn1  1
Put n = 1, 2, … until to get accurate root
Let x0  4.2
10 10 10 10
x1  g  x0   g  4.2       4.3853
x0  1 4.2  1 5.2 2.2803
10 10 10 10
x2  g  x1   g  4.3853      4.30918
x1  1 4.3853  1 5.3853 2.3206
10 10 10 10
x3  g  x2   g  4.30918      4.3399
x2  1 4.30918  1 5.30918 2.30416
10 10 10
x4  g  x3   g  4.3399     4.32746
x3  1 4.3399  1 5.3399
10 10 10
x5  g  x4   g  4.32746      4.33251
x4  1 4.32746  1 5.32746
10 10 10
x6  g  x5   g  4.33251     4.33046
x5  1 4.33251  1 5.33251
10 10 10
x7  g  x6   g  4.33046      4.33129
x6  1 4.33046  1 5.33046
10 10 10
x8  g  x7   g  4.33129      4.33096
x7  1 4.33129  1 5.33129
10 10 10
x9  g  x8   g  4.33096      4.33109
x8  1 4.33096  1 5.33096
10 10 10
x10  g  x9   g  4.33109      4.33104
x9  1 4.33109  1 5.33109
10 10 10
x11  g  x10   g  4.33104      4.33105
x10  1 4.33104  1 5.33104
10 10 10
x12  g  x11   g  4.33105     4.33105
x11  1 4.33105  1 5.33105
10 10 10
x13  g  x12   g  4.33105     4.33105
x12  1 4.33105  1 5.33105
Here x11  x12  x13  4.33105 is root of given equation .
4. Find the positive real root of e x  3 x  0 using fixed point iteration method.
Solution.
Let f(x) = e  3 x  0
x
f(0)=1 (+ve)
f(1)= e – 3 (-ve)
 The roots lie between 0 and 1.
1
x  e x  g(x)
3
1
 g ' (x)  e x
3
1
g ' (x)  e x
3
1
g ' (0)   1
3
1
g ' (1)  e  1
3
In the interval (0,1) , we get g' (x)  1.
1
Iterative formula is x n  g  x n 1   e x n1
3
Put n = 1, 2, … until get accurate root
Choose x0=0.6
1 1 1 1
x1  e x 0 = e 0.6 = 0.6074, x 2  e x1 = e 0.6074 = 0.60119
3 3 3 3
1 1
x 3  e x 2 =0.6146, x 4  e x 3 =0.6163
3 3
1 1
x 5  e x 4 =0.6174, x 6  e x 5 =0.6180
3 3
1 1
x 7  e x 6 =0.6184, x 8  e x 7 =0.6187
3 3
1 x8 1
x 9  e =0.6188, x10  e x 9 =0.6189
3 3
1 1
x11  e x10 =0.6190, x12  e x11 =0.6190
3 3
Here x11 = x12 = 0.6190 correct to four decimal places.
5. Using Newton Raphson methods find the real root of f  x   3x  sin  x   e x  0

by choosing initial approximation x 0 = 0.5
Solution.
Given function f  x   3x  sin  x   e x  0
f '  x   3  cos x  e x
f  0   1= -ve
f 1  1.123 = + ve
The root lies between 0 and 1
f  xn 
xn 1  xn  ….(1)
Newton‟s formula is f '  xn 
f  x0 
Put n =0 in (1)  x1  x0 
f '  x0 
f  x0  3x0  sinx 0  e x0 3  0.5   sin(0.5)  e0.5
x1  x0  '  x0   0.5   0.3516
f  x0  3  cos x0  e x0 3  cos(0.5)  e0.5
f  x1  3x1  sinx1  e x1 3  0.3516   sin(0.3516)  e0.3516
x2  x1   x   0.3516   0.3604
f '  x1  3  cos x1  e x1 3  cos(0.3516)  e0.3516
1
f  x2  3x2  sinx 2  e x2 3  0.3604   sin(0.3604)  e0.3604

x3  x2   x   0.3604   0.3604
f '  x2  3  cos x2  e x2 3  cos(0.3604)  e0.3604
2
Hence the root is 0.3604
6. Find the root of x log10 x  1.2  0 by Newton Raphson method correct to 3

decimal places.
Solution.
Let f  x   x log10 x  1.2  0
f  0   0.log10 0  1.2  1.2  ve
f 1  1.log10 1  1.2  1.2  ve
f  2   2.log10 2  1.2  0.5979  ve
f  3  3.log10 3  1.2  0.23136  ve
Here f(2) and f(3) are opposite in sign, the root lies between in 2 and 3
f (3)  f (2) , the root is near by 3 and take x0 = 3
f  x   x log10 x  1.2
1 d 1
f '  x   log10 x  x. log10 e log a x  log a e and
x dx x
 log10 x  0.4343 log10 e  0.4343
f ( xn )
Newton Raphson Formula is xn 1  xn  …………… (1)
f '  xn 
Put n = 0 in (1)
First approximation root is
f ( x0 )  x log x  1.2 
x1  x0   x0   0 10 0 
f '  x0   log10 x0  0.4343 
f (3)  3log10 3  1.2 
 3  3  
f '  3  log10 3  0.4343 
x1  2.746
Put n = 1 in (1)
Second approximation root is
f ( x1 )  x log x  1.2 
x2  x1   x1   1 10 1 
f '  x1   log10 x1  0.4343 
f (2.746)  2.746 log10 2.746  1.2 
 2.746   2.746   
f '  2.746   log10 2.746  0.4343 
x2  2.741
Put n =2 in (1)
Third approximation root is
f ( x2 )  x log x  1.2 
x3  x2   x2   2 10 2 
f '  x2   log10 x2  0.4343 
f (2.741)  2.741log10 2.741  1.2 
 2.741   2.741   
f '  2.741  log10 2.741  0.4343 
x3  2.741
Here x2  x3  2.741
Hence the approximate root is x = 2.741 correct to three decimal places.
7. By Newton Raphson method find a non-zero root of x 2  4 sinx  0 .

Solution.
Let f  x   x 2  4sinx f ' (x)  2x  4 cos x
f(0)=0
f 1  1  4 sin1 =4.365 = +ve
f  2  4  4sin2 =7.637 = +ve
f  1  1  4sin  1 = -.2365=-ve
f  2   4  4sin  2  =0.3628= +ve
The root lies between -2 to -1
f (1)  f (2)
When the root nearer to -2
Let x0= - 2.
f (x n )
Newton‟s Raphson formula is x n 1  x n  …(1)
f ' (x n )
Put n =0 in (1)
f (x 0 ) f (2)
x1  x 0   2  '
'
f (x 0 ) f ( 2 )
 (2) 2  4sin(2) 
=-2-  
 2(2)  4 cos(2) 
= - 2 - 
0.3628 
 5.6646 
x1 =-2+0.0641
x1 = - 1.9359
Put n = 1 in (1)
f (x ) f (1.9359)
x 2  x1  ' 1  1.9359  '
f ( x1 ) f (1.9359)
(1.9359)2  4 sin( 1.9359 )
 1.9359 
2(1.9359)  4 cos(1.9359)
= - 1.9359 - 
0.01136 
 5.30 
x 2 = 1.9338
Put n = 2 in (1)
( ) ( )
* +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
 0.000244 
= 1.9338 - 
 5.287935 
x 3 =  1.9338
Here, x 2 = x 3 =  1.9338
Hence the required root is 1.9338
8. Find the positive root of 3x  cos x 1  0 correct to 6 decimal places using

Newton Raphson method.
Solution.
Let f ( x )  3x  cos x  1, f  (x ) 3 sin x
f (0)  0  1  1  2  ve
f (1)  3  cos1  1  2  cos1  1.459698   ve
Therefore a root lies between 0 and 1.
|f(0)| > |f(1)|
Hence the root is nearer to 1.
f ( xn )
Newton Raphson Formula: xn1  xn  …(1)
f ( xn )
Put n = 0 in (1)
Let x 0  0.6,
f ( x0 )
x1  x0 
f ( x0 )
f (0.6)
 0.6 
f (0.6)
 3(0.6)  cos(0.6)  1
 0.6   
 3  sin(0.6) 
 0.6  (0.007101)
 0.607108
Put n = 1 in (1)
f ( x1 )
x2  x1 
f ( x1 )
( )
( )
( )
 3(0.607108)  cos(0.607108)  1
 0.607108   
 3  sin(0.607108) 
 0.607108  (0.000006)
 0.607102
Put n = 2 in (1)
f ( x2 )
x3  x2 
f ( x2 )
( )
( )
( )
 3(0.607102)  cos(0.607102)  1
 0.607102   
 3  sin(0.607102) 
 0.607102  (0.000004)
 0.607102
Here x 2  x 3  0.607102
Therefore the root is 0.607102 corrected to six decimal places.
9. Solve the system by Gauss elimination method:
2 x  3 y  z  5; 4 x  4 y  3z  3; 2 x  3 y  2 z  2
Solution.
2x+3y-z = 5
4x+4y-3z = 3
2x-3y+2z = 2
The augmented matrix is

2 3 1 5
 
[ A, B]   4 4 3 3
 2 3 2 2 
 2 3 1 5 
  R2  R2  2 R1
~  0 2 1 7  R R R
 0 6 3 3  3 3 1
 2 3 1 5 
  R3
~  0 2 1 7  R3  3
 0 2 1 1 
 2 3 1 5 
 
~  0 2 1 7  R3  R3  R2
 0 0 2 6 
 2z  6   2 y  z  7  2x  3y  z  5
z3 2y  z  7 2x  6  3  5
2y  3  7 2x  2
2y  4 x 1
y2
Hence x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
10. Solve by Gauss elimination method 3 x  4 y  5 z  18, 2 x  y  8 z  13 and

5 x  2 y  7 z  20
Solution.
The given system is equivalent to
 3 4 5 18 
 A, B  2 1 8 13 
 5 2 7 20 
3 4 5 18 
 0 11 14 3  R 2  3R 2  2R1

0 26 4 30 R 3  3R 3  5R1
3 4 5 18 
 0 11 14 3 

0 13 2 15 R 3  R 3 / 2
3 4 5 18 

 0 11 14 3 

0 0 204 204  R 3  11R 3  13R 2
By back substitution method,
-204z = -204
z=1
-11y+14z=3
-11y+14(1)=3
-11y=3-14
y=1
and 3x+4y+5z=18
3x+4+5=18
3x=18-9
x=3
11. Solve by Gauss Elimination method 2x – y =1 , x – 3y + 2 = 0.

Solution.
2 -1  x  1
The given system is equivalent to    y    0
 1 -3   
AX B
 2 1 1 
[ A, B]   
1 -3 0 
Now, we will make the matrix A as a upper triangular matrix..
 2 -1 1
~  R2  R1  2 R2
 0 5 1
 5 y  1 and 2 x  y  1
1 1
 y  and 2 x   1
5 5
1 6
2x  1 
5 5
12. Solve x + 3y + 3z = 16; x+ 4y + 3z = 18; x + 3y + 4z = 19 by Gauss -Jordan
method.
Solution.
Given x + 3y + 3z = 16
x+ 4y + 3z = 18
x + 3y + 4z = 19
The system of équation is equivalent to
1 3 3  x  16 
    
1 4 3  y   18 
1 3 4  z  19 
    
1 3 3 16 
 
[ A, B]  1 4 3 18 
1 3 4 19 
 
 1 3 3 16 
  R2  R2  R1
 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3  R3  R3  R1
 
1 0 3 10 
 
 0 1 0 2 R1  R1  3R2
0 0 1 3 

1 0 0 1
 
 0 1 0 2 R1  R1  3R3
0 0 1 3 

Hence x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
13. Solve by Gauss Jordan method, the equations x  y  z  9; 2 x  3 y  4 z  13;

and 3 x  4 y  5 z  40
Solution.
Given: x yz 9
2 x  3 y  4 z  13
3 x  4 y  5 z  40
1 1 1 9
 
[ A, B]   2 3 4 13 
 3 4 5 40 
1 1 1 9 
  R2  R2  2 R1
~ 0 5 2 5  R  R  3R
0 1 2 13  3 3 1
1 1 1 9 
 
~ 0 5 2 5  R3  5 R3  R2
0 0 12 60 
12 12 0 48 
  R  12 R1  R3
~  0 30 0 30  1
R  6 R2  R3
 0 0 12 60  2
360 0 0 1080 
 
~  0 30 0 30  R1  30 R1  12 R2
 0 0 12 60 
360x  1080  30 y  30  12 z  60
1080 30 60
x 3 y 1 z 5
360 30 12
Therefore x = 3, y = 1, z = 5.
14. Find the first iterations values of x, y, z satisfying 28x +4y – z = 32, x + 3y +
10z = 24 and 2x + 17y +4z = 35 by Gauss – Seidel method.
Arranging the given equations as 1, 3, 2.
28x  4y  z  32; 2x  17y  4z  35; x  3y  10z  24
Now it is diagonally dominant,
1 1 1
x  32  4y  z  , y   35  2x  4z  , z   24  x  2y 
28 17 10
Put y = 0, z = 0
First iteration
1 1
x   32  4y  z    32  0  0   1.142
28 28
y   35  2x  4z    35  2 1.142   4  0    1.924
1 1
17 17
z   24  x  2y    24  1.142  2 1.924    1.901
1 1
10 10
15. Solve the following system of equation by Gauss-Seidel method (only two
iterations) 2 x  3 y  20 z  25; 20 x  y  2 z  17;3 x  20 y  z  18
Solution.
Interchanging the equation as 2, 3, 1
20x  y  2z  17; 3x  20y  z  8 , 2x  3y  20z  25;
Now it is diagonally dominant,
1 1 1
x (17  y  2z) , y  ( 8  3x  z), z  (25  2x  3y),
20 20 20
First iteration:
1
x 1  (17  0  0)  0.85
20
1
y1  (8  3x  z)  0.528
20
1 1
z 1  (25  2x  3y)   26.7  3(0.528)  =1.086
20 20
Second iteration:
1
x  2  (17  0.528  2(1.086))  0.985
20
1
y 2  ( 8  3(0.985)  1.086)  0.493
20
1
z 2  (25  2(0.985) 3( 0.493)) 1.078
20
16. Solve the system of equations by Gauss Seidel method

9x-y+2z = 9, x+10y-2z = 15, x-2y-13z = -17
Solution.
The given system of equation is
9x-y+2z=9 ……….. (1)
x+10y-2z=15, …………(2)
2x-2y-13z= -17 …………(3)
 9 1 2 
 
Clearly the coefficient matrix  1 10 2  is diagonally dominant. Hence
 2 2 13 
 
Apply Gauss-Seidel method without any difficulty.
From (1), (2), &(3) we get
1
x  9  y  2 z 
9
1
y  15  x  2 z 
10
1
z 17  2 x  2 y 
13
FIRST ITERATION :
Putting y = 0 , z = 0 in (4)
1 1
x  9  y  2 z   9  0  2(0) 1
9 9
Putting x = 1 , z =0 in (5)
1 1
y  15  x  2 z   15  1  2(0)   1.4
10 10
Putting x = 1, y = 1.4 in (6)
1 1
z  17  2 x  2 y   17  2(1)  2(1.4)   1.246
13 13
In the first iteration
x  1, y  1.4 , z  1.246
SECOND ITERATION :
Putting y = 1.4 , z = 1.246 in (4)
1 1
x  9  y  2 z   9  (1.4)  2(1.246)   0.879
9 9
Putting x = 0.879 , z =1.246 in (5)
1 1
y  15  x  2 z   15  (0.879)  2(1.246)   1.661
10 10
Putting x = 0.879, y = 1.661 in (6)
1 1
z  17  2 x  2 y   17  2(0.879)  2(1.661)   1.187
13 13
In the second iteration
x  0.879, y  1.661 , z  1.187
THIRD ITERATION :
Putting y = 1.661 , z = 1.187 in (4)
1 1
x  9  y  2 z   9  (1.661)  2(1.187)   0.921
9 9
Putting x = 0921 , z =1.187 in (5)
1 1
y  15  x  2 z   15  (0.921)  2(1.187)   1.645
10 10
Putting x = 0.921, y = 1.645 in (6)
1 1
z  17  2 x  2 y   17  2(0.921)  2(1.645)   1.196
13 13
In the third iteration
x  0.921, y  1.645 , z  1.196
FORTH ITERATION :
Putting y = 1.645 , z = 1.196 in (4)
1 1
x 9  y  2 z   9  (1.645)  2(1.196)  0.917
9 9
Putting x = 0917 , z =1.196 in (5)
1 1
y  15  x  2 z   15  (0.917)  2(1.196)   1.648
10 10
Putting x = 0.917, y = 1.648 in (6)
1 1
z  17  2 x  2 y   17  2(0.917)  2(1.648)   1.195
13 13
In the fourth iteration
x  0.917, y  1.648 , z  1.195
FIFTH ITERATION :
Putting y = 1.648 , z = 1.195 in (4)
1 1
x  9  y  2 z   9  (1.648)  2(1.195)   0.918
9 9
Putting x = 0918 , z =1.195 in (5)
1 1
y  15  x  2 z   15  (0.918)  2(1.195)   1.647
10 10
Putting x = 0.91, y = 1.64 in (6)
1 1
z  17  2 x  2 y   17  2(0.918)  2(1.647)   1.196
13 13
In the fifth iteration
x  0.918, y  1.647 , z  1.196
SIXTH ITERATION :
Putting y = 1.647 , z = 1.196 in (4)
1 1
x  9  y  2 z   9  (1.647)  2(1.196)   0.917
9 9
Putting x = 0917 , z =1.196 in (5)
1 1
y  15  x  2 z   15  (0.917)  2(1.196)   1.648
10 10
Putting x = 0.917, y = 1.648 in (6)
1 1
z  17  2 x  2 y   17  2(0.917)  2(1.648)   1.195
13 13
In the Sixrth iteration
x  0.917, y  1.648 , z  1.195
Hence the solution is x  0.917, y  1.648 , z  1.195
 25 1 2 
17. Find the dominant eigen value of A =  1 3 0  and the corresponding
 2 0 4 
 
eigen vector, by power method.
1
 
Solution. Let the initial eigenvector be X   0 
(0)
 0
 
25 1 2   1   25  1 
       
AX(0)= 1 3 0  0  =  1   25 0.04   25 X (1) .
 
 2 0  4  0   2   0.08
 
25 1 2   1   25.2   1 
       
AX(1)= 1 3 0  0.04  =  1.12   25.2 0.0444  25.2 X ( 2) .(ie)
 
 2 0  4  0.08  1.68   0.0667
 
 1 
 
X ( 2)
  0.0444 .Repeating this , we get
 0.0667
 
 1   1   1 
     
25.1778 0.0450 ,25.1826 0.0451,25.1821 0.0451 . Therefore The largest
 0.06888  0.0685  0.0685
     
 1 
 
eigenvalue is 25.1821 and the corresponding eigen vector is  0.0451 .
 0.0685
 
18. Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of
1 6 1 
 
A   1 2 0  by Power method. Also find the least latent root and hence
0 0 3 
 
find the third eigen value.
Solution.
1 6 1  1
   
Given A= 1 2 0 . Let the initial eigenvector be X1   0 
 
0 0 3  0
 
1 6 1  1  1  1
AX1   1 2 0   0    1   1 1   1.X 2
    
 0 0 3   0   0   0 
1 6 1  1  7   1 
AX 2   1 2 0   1    3   7  0.4286   7.X 3
    
 0 0 3   0   0   0 
 1 6 1   1   3.5714   1 
AX 3  1 2 0   0.4286   1.8572   3.5714 0.52   3.5714.X 3
     
 0 0 3   0   0   0 
 3.9988  1 
AX8  1.9996   3.9988  0.5  3.9988X9
 
 0   0 
4  1 
AX9   2   4  0.5   4X10
 
 0   0 
4  1 
AX10   2   4  0.5 
 
 0   0 
Since 9th and 10th iterations are equal, we get

 1 
L arg est eigen value  4 and the corresponding eigen vector   0.5 
 0 
To find the largest eigen value

Let B = A  1I  B = A - 4I  1  4
 1 6 1   4 0 0   3 6 1 
     
 B   1 2 0    0 4 0    1 2 2 
 0 0 2   0 0 4   0 0 2 
     
 1
 
Let y 1   0 
 0
 
 3 6 1   1   3   1 
      
By 1   1 2 0   0    1   3  0.3333   3y 2
 0 0 2 0  0   
      0 
 3 6 1   1   5   1 
      
By 2   1 2 0   0.3333    1.6666   5  0.3333   5y 3
 0 0 2   0   
  0     0 
 3 6 1   1   5   1 
      
y 2   1 2 0   0.3333    1.6666   5  0.3333   5y 3
 0 0 2     0   
 0     0 
Do min ant eigen value is  5
Adding 4 , smallest eigenvalue of A   5  4  1
Sum of eigen value  Trace of A  1  2  3  6
4  ( 1)   3  6
3  3
The eigen values are 4, 3, 1
 1 2 3
 
19. Find the largest eigen value and eigen vector of  0 4 2  , by using Power
 0 0 7
 
method.
1 2 3 1
   
Solution. Let A= 0  4 2 .Let the initial eigenvector be X 1  1
0 0 7 1
 
1 2 3 1  6   0.857
     
AX 1  0  4 2 1 =   2   7 0.285  7 X 2
'
0 0 7 1  7   1 

1 2 3  0.857  4.427  0.632
     
A X 2  AX 2  0  4 2  0.285   0.86   7 0.122  7 X 3
' '
 
0 0 7  1   7   1 
1 2 3  0.632  3.876  0.557
     
A X 3  AX 3  0  4 2  0.122   1.512   7 0.216  7 X 4
' '
 
0 0 7  1   7   1 
1 2 3  0.557  4.069  0.581
     
A X 4  0  4 2  0.216   1.136   7 0.162  7 X 5
'
 
0 0 7  1   7   1 
 3.905  0.558  3.944  0.562
       
A X 5   1.352  7 0.193  7 X 6 A X 6   1.228   7 0.175  7 X 7
' '
 7   1   7   1 
       
 3.913  0.561  3.929  0.560
       
A X 7  1.260  7 0.180  7 X 8 A X 8   1.280   7 0.182  7 X 9
' '
 7   1   7   1 
       
 3.921  0.560  3.924  0.560
       
A X 9  1.280  7 0.182  7 X 10 A X 10   1.272   7 0.182
'
 7   1   7   1 
       
Hence the largest eigen value is 7 and the corresponding eigen vector is
 0.560
 
 0.182 .
 1 
 
 6 3
Using Jacobi method, find the eigen values of A   
20.  3 4 

Solution.
 cos   sin  
Let R   
 sin  cos  
a11  a 22 6  4 1
cot 2     
2a12 2 3 3
cot       1   2  3
1 1 s 3
take   3 sin    and cos   
1  2 2 1  2 2

 b11  a11 cos 2   a12 sin 2  a 22 sin 2   7
6
b 22  a11  a 22  b11  3
hence eigen values of B and A are 7 and 3.
 7 0
here B  D   
 0 3
    3 1
 cos 6  sin    
6

2 2
Rotation matrix R  
 sin    3
 cos   1 
 6 6   2 2 
 3  1 
Theeigen vectors are X1    X 2   
 1   3
 1 3
21. Using Jacobi method, find the eigen values of A   
 3 4
a  a 22 1  4 1
Solution: cot 2    11  
2a12 6 2
1  5
cot       1   2  1 / 2  1 1/ 4 
2
5 1 1 2
take    0 sin   
2 1  2 10  2 5
 5 1
cos   
1  2 10  2 5
5 3 5
b11  a11 cos 2   a12 sin 2  a 22 sin 2  
2
53 5
b 22  a11  a 22  b11 
2
5 3 5 53 5
hence eigen values are and
2 2
UNIT IV INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 9+3
Lagrange‟s and Newton‟s divided difference interpolations – Newton‟s forward and
backward difference interpolation – Approximation of derivates using interpolation
polynomials – Numerical single and double integrations using Trapezoidal and Simpson‟s
1/3 rules.

1. What advantage has Lagrange‟s formula over Newton?
Solution.
The forward and backward interpolation formulae of Newton can be used only when
the values of the independent variable x are equally spaced can also be used when the
differences of the dependent variable y become smaller ultimately. But Lagrange‟s
interpolation formula can be used for the independent variable are equally spaced or not
and whether the difference of y become smaller or not.
2. State Lagrange‟s interpolation formula.

Solution.
Let y=f(x) be a function which takes the values y0, y1, …yn corresponding to x values
x0, x1,…xn.
The General Lagrange‟s interpolation formula is
( x  x1 )( x  x2 )....( x  xn ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )...( x  xn ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )...( x  xn1 )

y  f ( x)  y0  y1  ...  yn
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 )...( x0  xn ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )...( x1  xn ) ( xn  x0 )( xn  x1 )...( xn  xn1 )
3. State inverse Lagrange‟s interpolation formula.
Inverse Lagrange‟s interpolation formula is
( y  y1 )( y  y2 )....( y  yn ) ( y  y0 )( y  y2 )...( y  yn ) ( y  y0 )( y  y1 )....( y  yn 1 )

x x0  x1  ...  xn
( y0  y1 )( y0  y2 )...( y0  yn ) ( y1  y0 )( y1  y2 )...( y1  yn ) ( yn  y0 )( yn  y1 )...( yn  yn 1 )
4. What is the Lagrange‟s formula to find y, if three sets of values are

( x 0 , y o ), ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 )
Solution. The Lagrange‟s formula is
( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1  y2
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 ) ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )
5. Using Lagrange‟s interpolation formula, find a polynomial through

(0,0),(1,1),(2,2).
Solution.
Given
x 0 1 2
y 0 1 2
y  f x 
 x  x1  x  x 2  y   x  x 0  x  x 2  y   x  x 0  x  x1  y
 x 0  x1  x 0  x 2  0  x1  x 0  x1  x 2  1  x 2  x 0  x 2  x1  2
 x  1 x  2  0   x  0  x  2  1   x  0  x  1 2
     
 0  1 0  2  1  0 1  2   2  0  2  1
x 2  2x x 2  x
   2   2x  x 2  x 2  x  x
1 2
f  x   x
6. Using Lagrange‟s interpolation formula, find the polynomial through

(0,6), (-1, 9) (3, 33).
Solution.
Given
x 0 -1 3
y 6 9 33
y  f x 
 x 0  x1  x 0  x 2  0  x1  x 0  x1  x 2  1  x 2  x 0  x 2  x1  2
 x  1 x  3 6   x  0  x  3 9   x  0  x  1 33
      
 0  1 0  3  1  0  1  3  3  0  3  1
x 2  3x  x  3 x 2  3x x2  x
  6  9   33
3 4 12
9x 2  27x  x  x  11
2
 2x  4x  6 
2

4 4
8x  16x  24  9x  27x  11x  11x 12x 2  24
2 2 2
 
4 4
 3x  6
2
6. Find the interpolating polynomial for the following data.

x -1 0 1
f(x) 4 2 2
Solution.
Given, x 0  1, x1  0, x 2  1, y 0  4, y1  2, y 2  2
By Lagrange‟s interpolation formula,
y  f x 
 x 0  x1  x 0  x 2  0  x1  x 0  x1  x 2  1  x 2  x 0  x 2  x1  2
 x  0  x  1 4   x  1 x  1 2   x  1 x  0  2
      
 1  0  1  1  0  1 0  1 1  11  0 
4x  x  1 2  x  1 2x  x  1
2
    2x  2x  2x  2 x  x  x  x 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2
8. Find a polynomial which takes the following data.
x 0 1 2
y 1 2 1
Solution.
The Given data are taken to be
x x0 x1 x2
0 1 2
y y0 y1 y2
1 2 1
The Lagrange‟s formula is

( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1  y2
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 ) ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  0)( x  2) ( x  0)( x  1)
y  f ( x)  1   2  1
(0  1)( x0  2) (1  0)(1  2) (2  0)(2  1)

x 2
 x  2x  2
 2 x  x  2  
x  x  1

x 2  3x  2
 2x2  4x   x2  x 
1
 1 2 2 2 2
x 2  3x  2  4 x 2  8 x  x 2  x 2 x 2  4 x  2
    x2  2x  1
2 2
9. Find the second degree polynomial fitting the following data. (A\M 2007)
x 1 2 4
y 4 5 13
Solution.
y  f x 
 x 0  x1  x 0  x 2  0  x1  x 0  x1  x 2  1  x 2  x 0  x 2  x1  2
 x  2  x  4  4   x  1 x  4  5   x  1 x  2  13
      
 1 3 1 2   3 2 
x 2  6x  8 x 2  5x  4 x 2  3x  2
  4   4  13
2 2 6
 8x 2  48x  64  15x 2  75x  60  13x 2  3x  26    6x 2  12x  30 
1 1
6 6
 f  x   x  2x  5
2
10. Find the divided difference of f ( x)  x 3  x  2 for the arguments 1, 3,6,11.

Solution.
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3(x)
1 4 32  4
 14
3 1 64  14
3 32  10 20  10
6 1 1
224  32 11  1
6 224  64 224  64
63  20
11  3
11 1344
1344  224
 224
11  6
1
11. If f ( x)  find f (a, b) and f (a, b, c) by using divided differences.
x2
Solution.
1 2 1 2
f (b)  f (a)
f (a, b)   b a
ba ba
f (a, b) 
a b
2 2

 a  b  (a  b)  (a  b)
 b  a  a b  b  a  a 2b2
2 2
a 2b2
f  b, c   f  a, b 
f  a, b, c  
ca
ab  bc  ca

a 2 b 2c2
12. Form the divided difference table for following data.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 7 10 13 22 43
Solution.
The divided difference table is
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
0 7
3
1 10 0
3 6
2 13 6 0
9 6
3 22 12
21
4 43
13. Construct the divided difference table for the following data.
x 4 5 7 10 11 13
(x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028
Solution.
The divided difference table is
x f(x)=y 2 3 4
y y y y
4 48
100  48
 52
54
5 100 97  52
 15
74
294  100 21  15
 97 1
75 10  4
7 294 202  97 0
 21
10  5
900  294 27  21
 202 1
10  7 11  5
10 900 310  202 0
 27
11  7
1210  900 33  27
 310 1
11  10 13  7
11 1210 409  310
 33
13  10
2028 1210
 409
13  11
13 2028
14. Name two interpolation methods for unequal intervals.

Solution.
1. Lagrange‟s Interpolation methods.
2. Newton‟s divided difference formula.
15. Find  ( log x).

Solution.
 ( log x)  log (x  h) - log (x)
 A
 (x  h)   log A  log B  log  
 log  B
 x 
1
16. Find the second divided differences with arguments a, b, c if f ( x) 
x
Solution.
1 1
If f (x)  , f (a) 
x a
1 1

f (a, b)  b a   1  f (x , x )  f (x1 )  f (x 0 ) 
 
ba x1  x 0 
0 1
ab 
1 1
 
f (b, c)  f (a, b)
f (a, b, c)   bc ab
ca ca
1 c  a  1
   
abc  c  a  abc
17. When to use Newton‟s forward interpolation and Newton‟s backward

interpolation?
Solution.
Newton‟s forward interpolation
The formula is used to interpolate the values of y near the beginning of the table
value and also for extrapolating the values of y short distance ahead ( to the left)
of y0.
Newton‟s backward interpolation:
The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of y near the end of a set of
tabular values and also for extrapolating the values of y a short distance ahead ( to
the right ) of yn.
18. Fit a polynomial from the following data using Newton‟s forward difference
interpolation formula.
x 0 2 4 6
y 2 4 14 32
Solution.
x  x0 x  0 x
u  
h 2 2
x y  f x  f x  f x
1 2 3
0 2
2
2 4 8
10 0
4 14 8
18
6 32
Newton‟s forward difference interpolation formula is
u  u  1 2
y  x 0  uh   y 0  uy 0   y 0  .......
2
 x  x 
   1 8 x x2
x
 2     2    
2 2 
 8   2  x   
   2  x  x  2x  x  x  2
2 2
 
2 2 2  
2 2 
19. What is the error in Newton‟s forward difference formula?

Solution: Error in Newton‟s forward difference formula is
r (r  1)(r  2)....( r  n) n 1
f ( x)   n ( x)   f ( z)
(n  1)!
20. State Newton‟s backward difference formula.

Solution.
The Newton‟s backward interpolation formula is:
v(v  1) 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3 v(v  1)(v  2)(v  3)...v  (n  1) n
y  f ( xn  nh)  yn  vyn   yn   yn  ....   yn
2! 3! n!
x  xn
Where v 
h
21. Find a polynomial for the following data by Newton‟s backward difference
x 0 1 2 3
y -3 2 9 18
Solution.
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y
0 -3
5
1 2 2
7 0
2 9 2
9
3 18
Using Newton‟s backward interpolation formula

v v (v  1 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3
f ( x )  y n  y n   yn   y n  .......... ......
1! 2! 3!
x3
v  ( x  3)
1
( x  3)( x  2)
 f ( x)  18  ( x  3)(9)  (2)
2
f ( x)  18  9 x  27  ( x  3)( x  2)  9 x  9  x 2  5 x  6  f ( x)  x 2  4 x  3
22. Derive Newton‟s backward difference formula by using operator method.

Solution.
We know that , Pn  x   Pn  x n  vh   E v Pn  x n 
 1    y n and E  1   
v 1
 v  v  1 2 v  v  1 v  2  3 
 1  v      ....... y n
 2! 3! 
v  v  1 2 v  v  1 v  2  3 x  xn
 y n  vy n   yn   y n  ........, where v 
2! 3! n
23. Write down the errors in Trapezoidal and Simpson‟s rules of numerical
integration.
Solution.
(b  a)h 2
Error  E  M
Trapezoidal rule 12
Order  h 2
(b  a)h 4
Error  E  M
Simpson‟s rule 180
order  h 4
24. Write the formula of trapezoidal rule.

Solution.
(sum of values of f at the four corners) 
hk 
I  2(sum of the values of f at the remaining nodes onthe boundary) 
4 
  4(sum of the values of f at the interior nodes) 
25. Using trapezoidal rule, find the area under the curve passing through the
points (0, 0) , (1, 2) , (2 , 2.5) , (3, 2.3) , (4, 2) , (5, 1.7) and (6, 1.5).
Solution.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 0 2 2.5 2.3 2 1.7 1.5
By using Trapezoidal rule
Area =∫ [( ) ( )]
= [ ( )]
= = 11.25
26. Compare Trapezoidal rule with Simpson‟s 1/3 rule.
Solution.
Trapezoidal rule Simpson‟s 1/3 rule
1. y is a liner function of x y is a polynomial of degree two
2. It is least accurate result. It is more accurate result.

1. Use Lagrange‟s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial to the given data
f (1)  8, f (0)  3, f (2)  1 and f (3)  2 . Hence find ( ).
Solution.
x -1 0 2 3
y -8 3 1 2
By Lagrange‟s interpolation formula;

(x  x1 )(x  x 2 )(x  x 3 ) (x  x 0 )(x  x 2 )(x  x 3 )
y  f (x)  y0  y1
(x 0  x1 )(x 0  x 2 )(x 0  x 3 ) (x1  x 0 )(x1  x 2 )(x1  x 3 )
(x  x 0 )(x  x1 )(x  x 3 ) (x  x 0 )(x  x1 )(x  x 2 )
 y2  y3
(x 2  x 0 )(x 2  x1 )(x 2  x 3 ) (x 3  x 0 )(x 3  x1 )(x 3  x 2 )
x 0 = -1; x1 = 0; x 2 = 2; x3 =3 y0=-8;y1=3;y2=1;y3 =2
( x  0)( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
y  f ( x)   8    3
(1  0)(1  2)(1  3) (0  1)(0  2)(0  3)
( x  1)( x  0)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  0)( x  2)
 1   2
(2  1)(2  0)(2  3) (3  1)(3  0)(3  2)
( x  5 x 2  6 x)   x 3  4 x 2  x  6    x 3  2 x 2  3x    x 3  x 2  2 x 
2 3 1 1 1
f ( x) 
3 2 6 6
 2 1 1 1    10 4 2 1   12 1 3 2 6
f ( x)  x 3       x 2       x    
3 2 6 6  3 2 6 6  3 2 6 6 2
7 3 31 2 14
f ( x)  x  x  x3
6 6 3
7 x  31x  28 x  18
3 2
f ( x) 
6
7(1)  31(1) 2  28(1)  18 7  31  28  18
3
 f (1)  
6 6
22 11
f (1)  
6 3
2. Using Lagrange‟s interpolation, calculate the profit in the year 2000 from the
following data:
Year 1997 1999 2001 2002
Profit in Lakhs of Rs 43 65 159 248
Solution.
By
Year ( x) x0 x1 x2 x3
1997 1999 2001 2002
Profit in Lakhs of Rs (y) y0 y1 y2 y3
43 65 159 248
Lagrange‟s interpolation formula;
 ( x  x1 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 )
 ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) y0  ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) y1
 0 1 0 2 0 3
y  f ( x)  
1 0 1 2 1 3
 ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x 2)
0 1 3
y2  0 1
y3
 ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )( x2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x2 )
( x  1999)( x  2001)( x  2002) ( x  1997)( x  2001)( x  2002)

f ( x)   43   65
(1997  1999)(1997  2001)(1997  2002) (1999  1997)(1999  2001)(1999  2002)
( x  1997)( x  1999)( x  2002) ( x  1997)( x  1999)( x  2001)
 159    248
(2001  1997)(2001  1999)(2001  2002) (2002  1997)(2002  1999)(2002  2001)
( x  1999)( x  2001)( x  2002) ( x  1997)( x  2001)( x  2002)

  43   65
(2)(4)(5) (2)( 2)( 3)
( x  1997)( x  1999)( x  2002) ( x  1997)( x  1999)( x  2001)
 159    248 ……..( 1)
(4)(2)(1) (5)(3)(1)
To find the profit in the year 2000, So put x =2000 in equation (1)
(2000  1999)(2000  2001)(2000  2002)
f (2000)   43
(2)(4)(5)
(2000  1997)(2000  2001)(2000  2002) (2000  1997)(2000  1999)(2000  2002)
  65  159 
(2)(2)(3) (4)(2)( 1)
(2000  1997)(2000  1999)(2000  2001)

  248
(5)(3)(1)
(1)(1)(2) (3)(1)(2) (3)(1)(2) (3)(1)(1)
  43   65  159    248
(2)(4)(5) (2)(2)( 3) (4)(2)( 1) (5)(3)(1)
43 65 3 159 248 43 65 477 248
    =   
20 2 4 5 20 2 4 5
43  650  2385  992 2000
   100
20 20
Hence the profit in the year 2000 is 100.
3. Using Lagrange‟s interpolation formula find the value of y when x=10, if the
following values of x and y are given.
x 5 6 9 11
y 12 13 14 16
Solution: Given data are take
x x0 x1 x2 x3
5 6 9 11
y y0 y1 y2 y3
12 13 14 16

( x  x1 )( x  x2 ).........( x  xn ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ).........( x  xn )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ).......( x0  xn ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 ).......( x1  xn )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 ).........( x  xn 1 )
 ......  yn
( xn  x0 )( xn  x1 ).......( xn  xn 1 )
By Lagrange‟s interpolation formula put n = 3 we get

 ( x  x1 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 )
 ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) y0  ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) y1
 0 1 0 2 0 3
y  f ( x)  
1 0 1 2 1 3
 ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x 2)
0 1 3
y2  0 1
y3
 ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )( x2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x2 )
 ( x  6)( x  9)( x  11) ( x  5)( x  9)( x  11)

 (5  6)(5  9)(5  11) 12   (6  5)(6  9)(6  11) 13

y  f ( x)  
 ( x  5)( x  6)( x  11) 14   ( x  5)( x  6)( x  9) 16 

 (9  5)(9  6)(9  11) (11  5)(11  6)(11  9)
 ( x  6)(x  9)(x  11) (x  5)(x  9)(x  11)
 12  13
 (1)( 4)( 6) (1)( 3)( 5)

 ( x  5)(x  6)(x  11) 14   (x  5)(x  6)(x  9)16
 (4)(3)( 2) (6)(5)(2)
 ( x  6)(x  9)(x  11) 13
   ( x  5)(x  9)(x  11)
(2) 15

 7  ( x  5)( x  6)( x  11)   4  ( x  5)( x  6)( x  9) 
 12 15
Put x =10 in above equation we get
 (10  6)(10  9)(10  11) 13

   (10  5)(10  9)(10  11) 
(2) 15
f (10)  
 7  (10  5)(10  6)(10  11)   4  (10  5)(10  6)(10  9) 
 12 15
 (4)(1)(1) 13 7 4
   (5)(1)(1)   (5)(4)(1)  (5)(4)(1) 
 (2) 15 12 15
13 35 16  6  13  35  16 
 2     
3 3 3  3
f 10   14.66667
4. Find the expression of f (x ). using Lagrange‟s formula for the following data.
x 0 1 4 5
f(x) 4 3 24 39
Solution.
The given data are taken to be
x x0 x1 x2 x3
0 1 4 5
y y0 y1 y2 y3
4 3 24 39
( x  x1 )( x  x2 ).........( x  xn ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ).........( x  xn )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ).......( x0  xn ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 ).......( x1  xn )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 ).........( x  xn 1 )
 ......  yn
( xn  x0 )( xn  x1 ).......( xn  xn 1 )
By Lagrange‟s interpolation formula put n = 3 we get
 ( x  x1 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 )
 ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) y0  ( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) y1
 0 1 0 2 0 3
y  f ( x)  
1 0 1 2 1 3
 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 ) y  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) y
 ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )( x2  x3 ) 2 ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x2 ) 3
( x  1)( x  4)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  4)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  1)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  1)( x  4)
  4   3   24    39 
(0  1)(0  4)(0  5) (1  0)(1  4)(1  5) (4  0)(4  1)(4  5) (5  0)(5  1)(5  4)
( x  1)( x  4)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  4)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  1)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  1)( x  4)

  4   3   24    39 
(1)(4)( 5) (1)( 3)( 4) (4)(3)( 1) (5)(4)(1)
( x  1)( x  4)( x  5) x( x  4)( x  5) 39
   2 x( x  1)( x  5)  x( x  1)( x  4)
(5) (4) 20

1 
20        
 4 x3  40 x 2  11x  80  5 x3  45 x 2  100 x  4 10 x3  60 x 2  50 x  39 x3  195 x 2  156 x  
1
  4 x3  40 x 2  11x  80  5 x3  45 x 2  100 x  40 x3  240 x 2  200 x  39 x 3  195 x 2  156 x 
20
1
  40 x 2  60 x  80   2 x 2  3 x  4
20
f ( x)  2 x 2  3 x  4
5. Estimate the missing value in the following table by using Lagrange‟s

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 3 9 - 81
Solution.
Here, x0  0, x1  1, x2  2, x3  4,
y0  1, y1  3, y2  9, y3  81

y  f ( x) 
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3  y   x  x0  x  x2  x  x3  y
 x0  x1  x0  x2  x0  x3  0  x1  x0  x1  x2  x1  x3  1

 x  x0  x  x1  x  x3  y   x  x0  x  x1  x  x2  y .
 x2  x0  x2  x1  x2  x3  2  x3  x0  x3  x1  x3  x2  3
 x  1 x  2  x  4  1   x  0  x  2  x  4  3
y f ( x)    
 0  1 0  2  0  4  1  0 1  2 1  4 
 x  0  x  1 x  4  9   x  0  x  1  x  2  81 .
    
 2  0  2  1 2  4   4  0  4  1 4  2 
 3  1 3  2  3  4  1   3  0  3  2 3  4  3
y f (3)    
 0  1 0  2  0  4  1  0 1  2 1  4 
 3  0  3  1 3  4  9   3  0 3  13  2  81 .
    
 2  0  2  1 2  4   4  0  4  1 4  2 
 2 1 1 1   31 1 3   3 2  1 9   3 2 1 81

       
 1 2  4  1 1 3  2 1 2   4  31
1 27 81 11 81 27 70 27
 3      
4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2
 31
The missing term f(3)=31
6. Obtain the interpolation quadratic polynomial for the given data by using
Newton‟s forward difference formula.
x 0 2 4 6
Solution.
y -3 5 21 45
x y 1 f  x  2 f  x  3 f  x 
0 -3
8
2 5 8
16 0
4 21 8
24
6 45
x  x0 x  0 x
u  
h 2 2
u  u  1 2
y  x 0  uh   y 0  uy 0   y 0  .......
2!
 x  x 
   1   x 
x 1 x  2 
x
 3     8  
2
 2  2 
2!
 8  2 2
3!
2
 
 3  4x  x
2 2 
x 1  4
y  x   x 2  2x  3
7. From the following table of half –yearly premium for polices maturing at
different
ages; estimate the premium for polices maturing at age of 46.
Age x 45 50 55 60 65
Premium (y) 114.84 96.16 83.32 74.48 68.48
Solution.
Since 5 data‟s are given p(x) is of degree 4.To find y at x = 46 use forward interpolation
formula.
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
45 114.84
-18.68
50 96.16 5.84
-12.84 -1.84
55 83.32 4.00 0.68
-8.84 -1.16
60 74.48 2.84
-6
65 68.48
Using Newton‟s forward interpolation formula

u u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3 u (u  1)(u  2)(u  3) 4
f ( x)  y 0  y 0   y0  y0  y 0 ...
1! 2! 3! 4!
x  x0 46  45 1
u  
h 5 5
1 11  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 
  1   1  2    1  2   3 
y(46)  114.84  5 (18.68)  
5 5 
(5.84)  
5 5  5  (1.84)  5  5  5  5  (0.68)
1! 2! 3! 4!
=110.53
8. From the following data estimate the number of persons earning weekly wages
between 60 and 70 rupees.
wage(in Rs) Below 40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120

No of person (in thousands) 250 120 100 70 50
Solution.
The Difference table is as follows:
Freque
Wage (x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
ncy (y)
Below 40 250
370-250 =120
Below 60 370 100-120=-20

470-370 =100
-30-(-20)=-10
Below 80 470 70-100=-30
540-470 =70 10-(-10)=20
Below 100 540 50-70=-20 -20-(-30)=10

590-540=50
Below 120 590
Here x0 = 40 , h= 20 , y0 = 250 , x =70

x  x0 70  40 30
u    1.5
h 20 20
The Newton forward interpolation formula is
u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  f ( x0  nh)  y0  uy0   y0   y0  ........
2! 3!
u (u  1)(u  2)(u  3).......(u  (n  1)) n
.......   y0
n!
u(u  1) 2 u(u  1)(u  2) 3 u(u  1)(u  2)  u  3 4
y  f ( x0  nh)  y0  uy0   y0   y0   y0
2! 3! 4!
 1.5(1.5  1)
250  1.5 120   2!
 20 
y  f (70)  
 1.5(1.5  1)(1.5  2)  10   1.5(1.5  1)(1.5  2) 1.5  3  20 
 3! 4!
 250  180  7.5  0.625  0.46875
 423.5937
Number of persons whose weekly wages below 70 = 423.5937
Number of persons whose weekly wages below 60 = 370
Number of persons whose weekly wages between 60 and 70 = 423.5937 – 3=

53.5937 54.
9. Apply Newton‟s difference formula to find the values of y at x=218 from

the following data:
x=height 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
y=distance 10.63 13.03 15.04 16.81 18.42 19.90 21.27
Solution.
The Formula for find difference table is
x y y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y 6 y
100 10.63  y0
13.03-10.693=2.4  2 y0
150 13.03 -0.39  3 y0
15.04 – -0.15
13.03=2.01
200 15.04 -0.24 0.23
16.81 – 0.08 -0.28
15.04=1.77
250 16.81 -0.16 -0.05 0.32
18.42 – 0.03 0.04  6 y6
16.81=1.61
300 18.42 -0.13 -0.01  5 y6
19.90- 0.02  4 y6
18.42=1.48
350 19.90 -0.11  3 y6
21.27-19.90=1.37  2 y6
400 21.27 y6
The Newton forward interpolation formula is
Here x0 = 100, y0 = 10.63, h = 50 and x = 218 , y6 = 21.27
x  x0 218  100
u   2.36
h 50
u(u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3 u(u  1)(u  2)  u  3 4
y  f ( x0  nh )  y0  u y0   y0   y0   y0
2! 3! 4!
u(u  1)(u  2)  u  3 u  4  5 u (u  1)(u  2)  u  3 u  4  u  5  6
  y0    y0
5! 6!
( 2.36)( 2.36  1) ( 2.36)( 2.36  1)( 2.36  2)
y  10.63  ( 2.36)( 2.4)   0.39    0.15 
2! 3!
( 2.36)( 2.36  1)( 2.36  2)  2.36  3 ( 2.36)( 2.36  1)( 2.36  2)  2.36  3  2.36  4 
  0.23   0.28
4! 5!
( 2.36)( 2.36  1)( 2.36  2)  2.36  3 2.36  4  2.36  5 
  0.32 
6!
y  10.63  5.664  0.62587  0.0289  0.0071  0.000283  0.0014
y  15.63
10. The following data are data from the steam table:
Temp C 140 150 160 170 180
Pressure Kg f/cm 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225
Using Newton‟s formula, find the pressure of the steam for a temperature 142.
Solution.
Difference table is
X Y y 2 y 3 y 4 y
(tem (pressu
p) re)
140 3.685  y0
4.854-3.685=1.169  2 y0
150 4.854 1.448-1.169=0.279
6.302-4.854=1.448 0.326-0.279=0.047
160 6.302 1.774-1.448=0.326 0.049-
0.047=0.002
8.076-6.302=1.774 0.375-0.326=0.049  4 y6
170 8.076 2.149-1.774=0.375  3 y6
10.225-8.076=2.149  2 y6
180 10.225 y6
x  x0
Here u  and x0 = 140, x = 142, y0 = 3.685, y0 =1.169,  2 y0 =0.279,
h
142  140 1
3 y0  0.047, 4 y0  0.002 u    0 .2
10 5
Newton‟s forward formula
u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  f ( x0  nh)  y0  uy0   y0   y0  ........
2! 3!
u (u  1)(u  2)(u  3).......(u  (n  1)) n
.......   y0
n!
Here the formula is
u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3 u (u  1)(u  2)  u  3 4
y  f ( x0  nh)  y0  u y0   y0   y0   y0
2! 3! 4!
0.2 0.2  0.8  0.2  0.8  1.8  0.2  0.8  1.8  2.8 
f ( x)  3.685  1.169    0.279    0.047    0.002 
1! 2! 3! 4!
 3.685  0.2338  0.02332 0.002256

f 142  3.897668
11. From the following table of half –yearly premium for polices maturing at
different
ages; estimate the premium for polices maturing at age of 63.
Age x 45 50 55 60 65
Premium (y) 114.84 96.16 83.32 74.48 68.48
Since 5 data‟s are given p(x) is of degree 4.To find y at to find y at x=63 use
backward interpolation formula.
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
45 114.84
-18.68
50 96.16 5.84
-12.84 -1.84
55 83.32 4.00 0.68
-8.84 -1.16
60 74.48 2.84
-6
65 68.48
Using Newton‟s backward interpolation formula

v v(v  1) 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3 v(v  1)(v  2)(v  3) 4
y  y 4  y 4   y4  y4  y4
1! 2! 3! 4!
x  x n 63  65 2
where v   
h 5 5
2 2  2  2  2  2 
  1   1  2 
5  5  (2.84)  5  5  5  ( 1.16)
 y(63)  68.48  5 (6) 
1! 2! 3!
2  2  2  2 
  1  2   3 
5  5  5  5  (0.68)

4!
 y  68.48  2.4  0.3408  0.07424  0.28288
 y  70.585152
 y  70.59
12. Find the value of y at x=28 from the following data.
x 20 23 26 29
y 0.3420 0.3907 0.4384 0.4848
Solution.
x y 1 f  x  2 f  x  3 f  x 
20 0.3420
0.0487
23 0.3907 -0.001
0.0477 -0.0003
26 0.4384 -0.0013
0.0464
29 0.4848
At x =28, we use Backward interpolation

v v(v  1) 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3
y  y 3  y 3   y 3  y3
1! 2! 3!
x  x n 28  29 1
v    0.333
h 3 3
(0.333)(0.0464) (0.333)(0.333  1) ( 0.333)( 0.333  1)(0.333  2)
y  0.4848   (0.0013)  (0.0003)
1! 2! 3!
 0.4848  0.0155  0.00014  0.0000185
 0.4694
13. Apply Newton‟s difference formula to find the values of y at x=410 from the
following data:
Solution.
x=height 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

y=distance 10.63 13.03 15.04 16.81 18.42 19.90 21.27
Solution.
The difference table is
x y y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y 6 y
100 10.63  y0
13.03-10.693=2.4  2 y0
150 13.03 -0.39  3 y0
15.04 – -0.15
13.03=2.01
200 15.04 -0.24 0.23
16.81 – 0.08 -0.28
15.04=1.77
250 16.81 -0.16 -0.05 0.32
18.42 – 0.03 0.04  6 y6
16.81=1.61
300 18.42 -0.13 -0.01  5 y6
19.90- 0.02  4 y6
18.42=1.48
350 19.90 -0.11  3 y6
21.27-19.90=1.37  2 y6
400 21.27 y6
The Newton‟s backward interpolation formula is:

Here xn = 400, y0 = 10.63, h = 50 and x = 410 , y6 = 21.27
x  xn 410  400 1
v    0.2
h 50 5
v(v  1) 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3
y  f ( xn  nh)  yn  vyn   yn   yn  ........
2! 3!
v(v  1)(v  2)(v  3).......v  (n  1) n
.......   yn
n!
 v(v  1) 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3
 y6  vy6  2!  y6  3!
 y6

 v(v  1)(v  2)  v  3 4 v(v  1)(v  2)  v  3 v  4  5
y  f ( x6  nh)    y6   y6
 4! 5!
 v(v  1)(v  2)(v  3)  v  4  v  5  6
  y6
 6!
  0.2 1.2  0.11   0.2  (1.2)(2.2) 0.02

21.27   0.2 1.37      
 2 6
  0.2  (1.2)(2.2)  3.2   0.2  (1.2)(2.2) 3.2  4.2  0.04
y  f (410)    0.01   
 24 120
  0.2  (1.2)(2.2)  3.2  4.2  5.2 
  0.32 
 720
  0.2 1.2  0.11   0.2  (1.2)(2.2) 0.02
21.27   0.2 1.37      
 2 6
  0.2  (1.2)(2.2)  3.2   0.2  (1.2)(2.2) 3.2  4.2  0.04
y  f (410)    0.01   
 24 120
  0.2  (1.2)(2.2)  3.2  4.2  5.2 
  0.32 
 720
 0.0264 0.01056 0.00168 0.2838 11.808
y  f (410)  21.27  0.274     
 2 6 24 120 720
 21.27   0.274 0.0132 0.00176 0.00007 0.002365 0.

0164
 f (410)  21.5512
14. Find y(2.25) using Newton‟s backward difference formula from the following
data.
x 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

y 0.3679 0.2865 0.2231 0.1738 0.1353
Solution.
Newton‟s backward formula,
x :Marks y(No of students) 1 f  x  2 f  x  3 f  x  4 f  x 
1 0.3679
-0.0814
1.25 0.2865 -0.018
-0.0634 -0.004
1.5 0.2231 -0.014 -0.001
-0.0493 -0.003
1.75 0.1738 -0.011
-0.0385
2 0.1353
v  v  1 2 v  v  1 v  2  3 v  v  1 v  2  v  3 4
y  x   y 4  vy 4   y4   y4   y 4 ........
2! 3! 4!
x  x4 x  2
v   4  x  2  here x  2.25
h 0.25
 v  4  2.25  2   4  0.25   1
2 2  3 2  3 4 
y  2.25   0.1353  1 0.0385    0.011   0.003   0.001
2 6 24
 0.1353  0.0385  0.011  0.003  0.001  0.1058
15. From the following data, find at x=84. Also express  in terms of x.
x 40 50 60 70 80 90
 184 204 226 250 276 304
Solution.
Since six data are given, P(x) is of degree
Backward difference formula:
x  xn 84  90
v   0.6
h 10
(x  84)  (x n  vh)
 (90  (0.6)(10))
v(v  1) 2
 n  vn   n  ......
2
(0.6)(0.4)
 304  (0.6)(28)  (2)  286.96
2
(x  84)  286.96
u  u  1 2 u  u  1 3
  0  u0   0   0  .......
2! 3!
u  u  1 x  40
 184  u(20)  (2) where u 
2 10
20  x  40   x  40  (x  50)
184  
10 10 10
1
 184  2x  80  (x 2  90x  2000)
100
  0.01x 2  1.1x  124.
16. Determine f(x) as a polynomial in x for the following data, using Newton‟s
divided difference formula.
x -4 -1 0 2 5
f(x) 1245 33 5 9 1335
Solution.
Divided difference Table
x f(x) 1 f  x  2 f  x  3 f  x  4 f  x 
-4 1245
33  1245
 404
(1)  (4)
-1 33 28  (404)
 94
5  33 0  (4)
 28 10  94
0  (1)  14
0 5
2  (28) 2  (4)
 10
2  (1)
2 9 95 88  10 13  14  94
2  13 3
20 442  2 5  ( 1) 5  (4)
 88
50
5 1335 1335  9
 442
52
By Newton‟s divided difference interpolation formula,

f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  .........(1)
Here, x0  4, x1  1, x2  0, x3  2, x4  5, and
f ( x0 )  1245, f ( x0 , x1 )  404, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  94, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  14,
f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )  3,
 1245  404 x  1616  94 x 2  470 x  376  14 x3  70 x 2  56 x
 3x( x3  2 x 2  5 x 2  10 x  4 x  8)
 14 x3  24 x 2  10 x  5  3x( x 3  3x 2  6 x  8)
 14 x3  24 x 2  10 x  5  3x 4  9 x3  18 x 2  24 x
 3x 4  5 x3  6 x 2  14 x  5
The polynomial f  x   3x 4  5 x3  6 x 2  14 x  5.
f ( x)  1245  ( x  4)( 404)  ( x  4)( x  1)(94)  ( x  4)( x  1)( x)( 14)
 ( x  4)( x  1)( x)( x  2)(3)
 1245  404 x  1616  94( x 2  5 x  4)  14 x( x 2  5 x  4)  3 x( x 2  5 x  4)  x  2  .
17. The following table gives same relation between steam pressure and
temperature. Find the pressure at temperature 372.1 0
T 361 0 367 0 378 0 387 0 399 0

P 154.9 167.9 191.0 212.5 244.2
Solution.
The formula for to find divided difference table is
f  x1   f  x0  f  x1 , x2   f  x0 , x1  2
f  x0 , x1   = y0 , f  x0 , x1 , x2   = y0
x1  x0 x2  x0
2 3 4
X=T y=P y y y y
3610 154.9 y0
167.9  154.9
2
3670  3610 y0
 2.0167
167.9 3
3670 0.00971 y0
191.0167.9
4
3780  3670 0.000024 y0
 2.182
3780 191.0 0.0104 0.00000073
212.5  191.0
3870  3780 0.0000526
 2.389
3870 212.5 0.0120
244.2  212.5
3990  3870
 2.642
3990 244.2
Here x0 = 3610 , y0=154.9, x1 =3670 , x2 =3780, x3= 3870 , x4=3990

f ( x0 , x1 )  2.0167, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  0.00971, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  0.0000246, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )  0.00000073
 f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1, x2 )

f ( x)  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x0 , x1, x2 , x3 )
( x  x )( x  x )( x  x )( x  x ) f ( x , x , x , x , x )
 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
154.9  (372.10  3610 )  2.0167   (372.10  3610 )(372.10  367 0 )  0.00971


f (372.10 )  (372.10  3610 )(372.10  367 0 )(372.10  3780 )  0.0000246 

(372.1  361 )(372.1  367 )(372.1  378 )(372.1  387 )  0.00000073
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
154.9  11.1 2.0167   11.1 5.1 0.00971

P(T  372.10 )  
 11.1 5.1 5.9  0.0000246   11.1 5.1 5.9  14.9  0.00000073
P(T  372.10 )  177.839
18 . Using divided difference find f(8) from the following:
x 3 7 9 10
f(x) 168 120 72 63
Solution.
We form the divided difference table since the intervals are unequal.
x f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x)

3
168
120  168
 12
73 (24)  (12)
7  2
120 93 5  ( 2 )
1
72  120 10  3
 24
9 97 (9)  (24)
72 5
10  7
10 63  72
63  9
10  9
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 ) ( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 )
 ( x  x0 ) ( x  x1 )( x  x3 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 , x3 ) ...
 168  ( x  3)(12)  ( x  3)( x  7)(2)  ( x  3)( x  7)( x  9)(1)

 168  12x  36  2( x 2  10x  21)  ( x  9)( x 2  10x  21)
 204  12x  ( x 2  10x  21)( x  9  2)
 204  12x  36  ( x 2  10x  21)( x  11)
 204  12x  x 3  10x 2  21x  11x 2  110x  231
f ( x)  x 3  21x 2  119x  27
f (8)  8 3  21(8) 2  119(8)  27
 512  1344  952  27
 93
19. Find ( ) and ( ) and ( ) using Newton‟s divided difference
formula.
x 4 5 7 10 11 13
(x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028
Solution.
We form the divided difference table. Since the intervals are unequal.
x f(x) 1 f  x  2 f  x  3 f  x  4 f  x 
4 48 100  48
 52
54
97  52
 15
294  100 74
5 100  97 21  15
57 1
202  97 10  4
 21 0
7 294 900  294 10  5
 202 27  21
10  7 1
310  202 11  5
 27 0
10 900 1210  900 11  7
 310 33  27
11  10 1
409  310 13  7
11 1210  33
2028  1210 13  10
 409
13  11
13 2028

f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  .........(1)
In our problem , x0  4, x1  5, x2  7, x3  10, x4  11, x5  13, and
f ( x0 )  48, f ( x0 , x1 )  52, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  15, f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  1.
Using these values in(1), we have ,
f ( x)  48  ( x  4)(52)  ( x  4)( x  5)(15)  ( x  4)( x  5)( x  7)(15)(1)

 48  52 x  208  15( x 2  9 x  20)  ( x  7)( x 2  9 x  20).
 48  52 x  208  15 x 2  135 x  300  x3  9 x 2  20 x  7 x 2  63x  140
 x3  x 2 (15  16)  x(52  135  83)  0  x3  x 2  x(0)  0  x3  x 2
f ( x)  x3  x 2 is the polynomial .......(2)
f (8)  (8)3  (8) 2  448
Now f ' ( x)  3x 2  2 x.......(3)
f ' (8)  3(8)2  2(8)  176
f '' ( x)  6 x  2.......(4)
f '' (9)  3(9)  2  25
f '' (9)  25.
20. Find the first, second and third derivatives of the function f(x) at x = 1.5
x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
f(x) 3.375 7.0 13.625 24.0 38.875 59.0
Solution.
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
1.5 3.375 (y 0 )
3.625 ( y 0 )
2.0 7.0 3.0 ( 2 y 0)
6.625 0.75 ( 3 y 0)
2.5 13.625 3.75 0 (  4 y 0)
10.375 0.75
3.0 24.0 4.5 0
14.875 0.75
3.5 38.875 5.25
20.125
4.0 59.0
we find the derivative at the po int x  1.5

Newton 's forward formula :
 dy  1 1 1 
    y0   2 y0   3 y0  ......
 dx  x  x0 h  2 3 
here x0  1.5, h  0.5 , y0  3.625,  2 y0  3.0,  3 y0  0.75

 dy  1  1 1 
    3.625  (3.0)  (0.75) 
 dx  x 1.5 0.5  2 3 
hence f  1.5   4.75
At the po int x  x 0
 dy  1  2 11 4 
   2   y 0   y 0  12  y 0  ......
3
 dx  x  x0 h
here x0  1.5, h  0.5 ,  2 y0  3.0,  3 y0  0.75

 dy  1
2 
   3.0  0.75
 dx  x  x0 (0.5)
hence f  1.5   9.0
At the po int x  x 0
 dy  1  3 3 4 
   3   y 0  2  y 0 ......
 dx  x  x 0 h
here x0  1.5, h  0.5 ,  3 y0  0.75

 dy  1
3 
   0.75 
 dx  x 1.5 (0.5)
hence f  1.5   6.0
21. The table given below reveals the velocity v of a body during the time„t‟. Find its
Acceleration at t = 1.1
t : 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
v : 43.1 47.7 52.1 56.4 60.8
Solution.
t v(=y) ∆v ∆2v ∆3v ∆4v
1.0 43.1
4.6
1.1 47.7 (y 0 ) -0.2
4.4 ( y 0 ) 0.1
1.2 52.1 -0.1 ( 2
y 0) 0.1
4.3 0.2 ( 3 y 0)
1.3 56.4 -0.1
4.4
1.4 60.8
dv
Acceleration =
dt
Use Newton‟s forward difference formula,
dy 1  (2u  1) 2 (3u 2  6u  2) 3 
y '  f '( x)    yo   yo   yo  ........
dx h  2! 3! 
Here we consider x0  1.1, we find x  1.1
x  x0
u 0
h
dy 1  1 1 
y '  f '( x)    4.4  (0.1)  (0.2) 
dx 0.1  2 3 
Acceleration when t = 1.1 is 44.917
3
22. Evaluate I   x dx correct to three
4
decimals dividing the range of integration
3
1
into 6 equal parts using Trapezoidal , Simpson's rule .
3
Solution.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 81 16 1 0 1 16 81
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
Trapezoidal rule:
xn
h
x f (x)dx  3 [(y 0  y n )  2(y1  y 2  y 3  ...  y n1 )]
0
h
 [(y 0  y 6 )  2(y 1  y 2  y 3  y 4  y 5 )]
3
= 115
Simpson‟s one – third rule is
xn
h
x f ( x)dx  3 [( y0  yn )  2( y2  y4 )  4( y1  y3  y5 )]
0
h
 [( y0  y6 )  2( y2  y4 )  4( y1  y3  y5 )]
3
= 98
1 1
sin(xy) 1 1
23. Evaluate I    dxdy by using Simpson's rule by taking h = k  .
0 0
1  xy 3 4
Solution.
y/x 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

0 0 0 0 0 0
1/4 0 0.0588 0.1108 0.1569 0.1979
1/2 0 0.1108 0.1979 0.2664 0.3196
3/4 0 0.1569 0.2664 0.3414 0.3895
1 0 0.1979 0.3196 0.3895 0.4207
By simpson‟s rule
  0.4207  2(0  0  0.3196  0.3196)  4(0.1979  0.3895  0.3895  0.1979) 

 0.25  0.25  
I   8(0.0588  0.1569  0.1569  0.3414)    
 3  3   4(0.1979)  8(0.1108  0.2664)  16(0.1108  0.2644)  
    
I = 0.1524
1.4 2.4
dx dy
24. Evaluate 
1 2
xy
by using Trapezoidal rule, verify your results by actual
integration.
Solution.
Divide the range of x and y into 4 equal parts
2.4  2 1.4  1 1
h  0.1 k   0.1 f ( x, y ) 
4 4 xy
y/x 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

1 0.5 0.4762 0.4545 0.4348 0.4167
1.1 0.4545 0.4329 0.4132 0.3953 0.3788
1.2 0.4167 0.3968 0.3788 0.3623 0.3472
1.3 0.3846 0.3663 0.3497 0.33444 0.3205
1.4 0.3571 0.3401 0.3247 0.3106 0.2976
By Trapezoidal rule,
hk
I= {sum of values of f at the four corners+2(sum of the values of f at the
4
remaining nodes on the boundary)+4(sum of the values of f at the interior nodes)}
1.4 2.4
dx dy

1 2
xy
 0.0614
Actual Integration:
1.4 2.4 1.4 2.4
dx dy dy dx

1 2
xy
 
1
y 
2
x
  log y 1  log x 2
1.4 2.4
 (log 1.4)(log 2.4  log 2)

 (log 1.4)(log 1.2)
1.4 2.4
dx dy

1 2
xy
 0.0613
 /2  /2
25. Evaluate   sin  x  y  dxdy by using Simpson‟s rule verify your results by
0 0
actual integration.
Solution.
Divide the range of x and y into 4 equal parts

h k  f ( x, y )  sin( x  y )
4
 
y/x 0 4 2
0 0 0.7071 1
 0.7071 1 0.7071
4
 0 0.7071 0
2
By Simpson‟s rule,
I = 2.0080
 /2 /2  /2 /2
  sin  x  y  dxdy    (sin x cos y  cos x sin y )dxdy

Actual Integration: 0 0 0 0
2
UNIT V NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS 9+3
Single step methods: Taylor‟s series method - Euler‟s method - Modified Euler‟s method -
Fourth order Runge-Kutta method for solving first order differential equations - Multi step
methods: Milne‟s and Adams - Bash forth predictor corrector methods for solving first order
1. Write down the fourth order Taylor‟s algorithm.

Solution.
h 2 '' hn n
y m 1  y m  hym'  y m  ... ym
2! n!
Here ymn denotes the r-th derivative of „y‟ w.r.to „x‟ at the point ( x m , y m )
State the disadvantages of Taylor‟s series method?
2.
Solution.
dy
In the differential equation  f ( x, y ),
dx
the function f(x,y) may have a complicated algebraical structure. Then the evaluation of
higher order derivatives may become tedious. This is the demerit of this method.
3. Write the truncation error of Taylor‟s series method.

Solution.
( )
( )
4. Find the values of at to three decimal places for ( )

using Taylors series.
Solution.
Differentiating successively we get,
Putting these values in the Taylor‟s series, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0.9003
5. Compare Taylor‟s method & Runge -Kutta methods?
Solution.
Runge-kutta methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x), as the
Taylor method does. Since the differential equations using in applications are often
complicated, the calculation of derivatives may be difficult.
Also the Runge-Kutta formulas involve the computation of f(x,y) at various
positions, instead of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation.
6. Write down Euler‟s algorithm to the diferential equation ( )
Solution: ( ) when n = 0,1,2,…

This is the Euler‟s algorithm. It can also be written as
( ) ( ) ( )
7. Write the truncation error of the Euler‟s method.
Solution:
h2
T.E = y ''( xi   h), 0    1
2!
8. State modified Euler‟s algorithm to solve ( ) ( ) at

Solution:
 h h 
yn 1  yn  hf  xn  , yn  f ( xn , yn ) 
 2 2 
 h h 
y1  y0  hf  x0  , y0  f ( x0 , y0 ) 
 2 2 
9. Find y(0.2) for the equation given that y(0)=0 by using Euler‟s method.
Solution: Given: f(x,y)= h=0.2
y1  y0  hf ( x0 , y0 )
 0  0.2 f (0, 0)
 0.2[0  e 0 ]  0.2
i.e., y (0.2)  0.2
10. Compute y at x = 0.25 by modified Euler Method given y  2 xy , y (0)  1

'
Solution. y '  2 xy , x0  0 , y0  1 , h  0.25 , x1  0.25
By Modified Euler method ,

 h h 
y  y  h f  x  , y  f ( x , y )
n 1n  n 2 n 2 n n 
 h h 
y  y  h f  x  , y  f ( x , y )
1 0  0 2 0 2 0 0 
 0.25 0.25 
 1  ( 0.2 5 ) f 0  , 1 f ( 0, 0 ) 
 2 2 
 1  ( 0.25) f  0.125 , 1  ( 0.25 ) ( 0 ) (1 )
 1  ( 0.25 ) [( 2 ) ( 0.125 ) (1) ]
 1  0.00625
 1.0625
' yx
11. Given y  with initial condition y  1 at x  0 , find y for x  0.1 by Euler‟s
x y
method.
Solution.
' yx
Given y   f ( x, y ) , x  0 , y  1 , x  0.1 , y  ? , h  0.1
x y 0 0 1 1
By Euler‟s algorithm,
y  y  h f (x , y )
1 0 0 0
= 1 + (0.1) f(0 , 1) = 1 + (0.1) 1  0  = 1.1
 0  1
12. What are single step and multistep methods? Give an example.
Solution.
Single step : It is not possible to get any information about truncation error.
Example : 1. Taylor‟s series method 2. Modified Euler‟s method
Multi-step method : It is possible to get easily a good estimate of the truncation error.
Example : 1. Milne‟s predictor-corrector method 2. Adam‟s-Bashforth predictor-corrector
method.
13. What are the distinguished properties of R.K methods?

Solution.
R.K methods do not require prior calculation of higer derivatives of y(x), as the
Taylor‟s method does . since the differential equations using in applications are often
complicated, the calculation of derivatives may be difficult.
14. Is Euler‟s formula, a particular case of second order R.K method?

Solution:
Yes , Euler‟s modified formula is a particular case of second order „Runge-Kutta method‟.
15. State the merits of RK – method over Taylor series method.
Solution.
Runge Kutta methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x), as the
Taylor method does. Since the differential equations using in applications are often
complicated the calculations of derivatives may be difficult.
Also, the Runga Kutta formulae involve the computations of f(x, y) at various positions
instead of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation.
16. Write Runge-Kutta algorithm second order for solving y '  f ( x, y), y( x0 )  y0
Solution.
Let „h‟ denote the interval between equidistant values of „x‟. If the intial values are
( x 0 , y 0 ), the first increment in „y‟ is computed from the formulas
k1  hf ( x 0 , y 0 )
( ) and , where
x1  x 0  h, y1  y 0  y
The increment is „y‟ in the second interval is computed in a similar using the same
three formulae.
17. State the third order R.K method algorithm to find the numerical solution of the
first order differential equation.
Solution.
To solve the differential equation y '  f ( x, y ) by the third order R.K method,we
have k1  hf ( x, y)
h k
k 2  hf ( x  , y 1 )
2 2
k 3  hf ( x  h, y  2k 2  k1 )
andy 
1
k1  4k 2  k 3 
6
dy
18. Write down the Runge -Kutta formula of fourth order  f ( x, y ), y ( x 0 )  y 0
dx
Let „h‟ denote the interval between equidistant values of „x‟. If the intial values
are ( x 0 , y 0 ) , the first increment in „y‟ is computed from the formulas .
Solution.
k1  hf ( x 0 , y 0 )
h k
k 2  hf ( x0  , y 0  1 )
2 2
h k
k 3  hf ( x 0  , y0  2 )
2 2
k 4  hf ( x 0  h, y 0  k 3 ) &
1
k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 
andy 
6
Then x1  x 0  h, y1  y 0  y
19. Write Milne‟s Predictor corrector Formula
Solution.
Milne‟s predictor formula is
4h 14h5 5
yn 1  yn  3  (2 y 'n  2  y 'n 1  2 y 'n )  y (1 )
3 45
Where lies between and .

Milne‟s corrector formula is
h h5 5
yn 1  yn 1  ( y 'n 1  4 y 'n  y 'n 1 )  y ( 2 )
3 90
Where lies between and .
20. How many prior values are required to predict the next value in Milne‟s method?
Solution. Four prior values.
21. What is the error term in the Milne‟s Predictor formula?

Solution:
The error term is .
22. Write the error term in the Milne‟s corrector formula?
Solution:
The error term is .
23. Write down Adam‟s-Bashworth Predictor formula.

Solution.
Adam‟s-Bashworth Predictor Corrector formulae are,
y n 1, p ,  y k 
h
55 y ' k 59 y ' k 1 37 y ' k 2 9 y ' k 3 
24
y n 1,C ,  y k 
h
9 y ' K 1 19 y ' k 5 y ' k 1  y ' k 2 
24
24. How many prior values are required to predict the next value in Adams – Bashforth
method?
Solution. Four prior values.
25. Define total error.

Solution. The numerical solutions of differential equations certainly differ from their
exact solutions. The difference between the computed value and the true value
( ) at any stage is known as the total error.

dy
1. Find the value of y at x = 0.1, 0.2 from  x 2 y  1, y(0)  1 by Taylor‟s serieS
dx
method.
Solution.
Given x0  0, y 0  1, h  0.1 and y  x y  1
2
h h2 h3
Taylor‟s series expansion is y n 1  y n  yn  yn  yn  ...... .
1! 2! 3!
h h2 h3
For n  0 , y1  y 0  y 0  y 0  y0  ....... (1)
1! 2! 3!
At (x 0 ,y0 )
y  x 2 y  1 y0  x 02 y0 1 y0  1
y(x)  2xy  x 2 y y0 (x)  2x 0 y0  x 02 y0 y0  0
y(x)  2y  4xy  x 2 y y  
0 (x)  2y0  4x 0 y0  x 0 y0
2
y0  2
yiv (x)  6y  6xy  x 2 y y0iv (x)  6y0  6x 0 y0  x 02 y
0 y0iv   6
Putting the values in (1), we get
(0.1) 2 (0.1)3 (0.1) 4
y(0.1)  1  (0.1)(1)  (0)  (2)  (  6)  ... = 0.900305
2 6 24
2. Obtain the approximate value of y at x = 0.1 & 0.2 for the differential equation
dy
 2 y  3e x , y(0)  0 by Taylor‟s Series method.
dx
Solution.
Given x 0  0, y 0  0, h  0.1 and y  2 y  3e x
h h2 h3
1! 2! 3!
To find y(0.1):
h h2 h3
For n  0 , y1  y 0  y 0  y 0  y0  ....... (1)
1! 2! 3!
At (x 0 ,y0 )
dy
 y ' (x)  2y  3e x y 0' (x)  2y0  3ex0 y0 '  3
dx
Differentiating y' (x)  2y  3ex successively three times and putting x = y = 0, we get
y '' (x)  2y '  3e x y0'' (x)  2y'0  3ex0 y0 ''  9
y ''' (x)  2y ''  3ex y0''' (x)  2y0''  3ex0 y0 '''  21
y (x)  2y '''  3e
iv x
y0iv (x)  2y0'''  3e x0 y 0  45
iv
Putting the values in (1)

9 21 45
y(x)  0  3h  h 2  h 3  h 4 = 3(0.1)+4.5(0.1) +3.5(0.1) +1.875(0.1)
2 3 4
= 0.3486875
2 6 24
≈ 0.35
To find y(0.2): x1 = 0.1, y1 = 0.35
h h2 h3
For n 1, y2  y1  y1  y1  y1 ....... (2)
1! 2! 3!
At (x1 ,y1 )
dy
 y ' (x)  2y  3e x y 1' (x)  2y1  3ex1 y1 '  3
dx
y '' (x)  2y '  3e x y1'' (x)  2y1'  3ex1 y1 ''  11.345
y ''' (x)  2y ''  3e x
y1''' (x)  2y1''  3e x1
y1 '''  26.005
yiv (x)  2y '''  3e x y (x)  2y1'''  3e
1
iv x1
y1iv  55.325
y2 = y(0.2) = 0.81273
By Exact Integration,
y  3e x  3e2x
i.e, y(x)  3e x  3e 2x
y(0.1)  0.3487
y(0.2)  0.8113
Error in y1 = 0.0000125
Error in y2 = -0.00143
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
dy
3. Find the value of y(0.2) and y(0.4) from  1  2 xy, y (0)  0 by Taylor‟s series
dx
method.
Solution.
To find y1 = y(0.2) by Taylor‟s method:
Given x 0  0, y0  0, h  0.2 and y  1  2xy
h h2 h3
1! 2! 3!
h h2 h3
For n  0 , y1  y0  y0  y0  y0  .......  (1)
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
h h2 h3
For n 1 , y2  y1  y1  y1  y1 .......  (2)
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
At (x 0 , y0 )  (0,0)
y  1  2xy y0  1  2x 0 y0 y'0  1
y''  2(xy ' y) y0''  2(x 0 y 0  y 0 ) y ''0  0
y'''  2(xy '' y ' y ') y0'''  2(x 0 y0 '' y0 ' y0 ') y '''0  4

0.2 (0.2)2 (0.2)3
y1  (0)  (1)  (0)  (4)  .......=0.1947
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
y1 = y(0.2) = 0.1947
To find y2 = y(0.4):
At (x1 , y1 )  (0.2,0.1947)
y  1  2xy y1  1  2x1 y1 y1'  0.9221
y''  2(xy ' y) y''1  2(x1 y1 ' y1 ) y1''  0.7582
y'''  2(xy '' y ' y ') y1'''  2(x1y1 '' y1 ' y1 ') y1'''  3.3851
0.2 (0.2) 2 (0.2)3
y2  (0.1947)  (0.9221)  (0.7582)  ( 3.3851)  .......
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
y2  0.1947  0.18442  0.015164  0.00451.......=0.3595
y2 = y(0.4) = 0.3595
dy
4. Using Euler‟s method, find y(0.2), y(0.4) and y(0.6) from  x 2  y, y(0)  1 with h
dx
= 0.2
Solution.
Given Data is : x 0  0, y 0  1,h  0.2 and f(x,y)  x 2  y
Euler‟s Formula is y n 1  y n  h f(x n ,y n ), n  0,1,2,3,
Put n = 0 we get, y1  y0  h f(x0 ,y0 ) = 1+ 0.2 f(0,1) = 1 + 0.2(02  1)  1.2
Put n = 1 we get,
y2  y1  h f(x1 ,y1 ) = 1.2+ 0.2 f(0.2,1.2) = 1.2 + 0.2(0.22  1.2)  1.448
Put n = 2 we get,
y3  y2  h f(x 2 ,y2 ) = 1.448+ 0.2 f(0.4,1.448) = 1.448 + 0.2(0.42  1.448)  1.7696
dy
5. Using Euler‟s method, find y(0.2) , y(0.4) and y(0.6) from  x  y, y(0)  1 with
dx
.
Solution.
( )
By Euler algorithm,
( ) ( )[ ] ( )
( )
( ) ( )[ ] ( )[ ]
( )
y3  y2  hf ( x2 , y2 )  1.48  (0.2)(0.4  1.48)

y(0.6)  1.856
dy
6 . Solve  log10 ( x  y ), y(0)  2 by Euler‟s method by choosing h = 0.2,
dx
find y(0.2) and y(0.4)
Solution.
Given Data is : x 0  0, y0  2,h  0.2 and f(x,y)  log (x  y)
10
Euler‟s Formula is y n 1  y n  hf(x n , y n ), n  0,1,2,3,
Put n = 0 we get, y1  2.0  0.2log10  0  2   2.0602  y(0.2)
Put n = 1 we get, y2  2.0602  0.2log10  0.2  2.0602   2.1310  y(0.4)
( )
( )
dy
7. Solve  sin x  cos y, y(2.5)  0 by Modified Euler‟s method by choosing
dx
h = 0.5, find y(3.5).
Solution.
Given Data is : x 0  2.5, y0  0,h  0.5 and f(x,y)  sin x  cos y
 h h 
yn 1  yn  h f  x n  , yn  f (x n , yn ) 
 2 2 
 0.5 0.5 
Put n = 0 we get y1  y0  0.5 f (x 0  , y0  [f (x 0 , y0 )]
 2 2 
y1  0  0.5  f (2.5  0.25,0  0.25[ f (2.5,0)]  0.6354
y 2  y1  h  f ( x1  
0.5 0.5
Put n = 1 we get , y1  [ f ( x1, y1 )]
 2 2 
y1  0.6354  0.5 f (3  0.25,0.6354  0.25[f (3,0.6354)]  0.93155
dy
8. Solve (1  x )   y 2 , y(0)  1 by Modified Euler‟s method by choosing
dx
h = 0.1, find y (0.1) and y (0.2).
Solution.
y2
Given x 0 = 0 y0  1, h  0.1 and f(x,y)   .
1 x
h h
Modified Euler‟s formula is yn 1  yn  h f(xn  , yn  [f(xn , yn )]
 2 2 
 0.1 0.1 
Put n = 0 we get y1  y0  0.1  f ( x0  , y0  [ f ( x0 , y0 )]
 2 2 
 0.1 0.1 
y1  y (0.1) 1 0.1  f (0  ,1  [ f (0,1)]  0.91278
 2 2 
 0.1 0.1 
Put n = 1 we get y2  y (0.2)  y1  0.1  f ( x1  , y1  [ f ( x1, y1 )]  0.84550
 2 2 
9. Consider the initial value problem +1 ( ) . Using the modified
Euler method find y(0.2).

Solution:
f(x, y) = +1,
By modified Euler Method
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
= 0.5 + (0.2) * ( )+
= 0.5 + (0.2) [0.1,0.5+(0.1)[0.5-0+1]

( ) [ ( )[ ]]
= 0.5 + (0.2) [ ] = ( ) [ ]
= 0.5 +(0.2)[0.65- ] ( )[ ]
( )
= 0.828
( )
10. By modified Euler‟s method, find y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(0.3), if ( )
Solution.
Given ( )
( )
* ( )+
* ( )+
( ) [ ( )]
( ) [ [ ]]
( ) [ ]
( )[ ]
( )( )
( )
[ ( )]
( ) [ ( )]
( ) [ [ ]]
( ) [ ]
( )[ ]
( )
* ( )+
( ) [ ( )]
( ) [ [ ]]
( ) [ ]
( )[ ]
( ) .
11. Evaluate y (1.2) and y (1.4) correct to three decimal places by the modified Euler
dy
method, given that  ( y  x 2 ) 3 ; y (1)  0 taking h=0.2 .
dx
Solution.
dy
 ( y  x 2 ) 3 ; x  1 , y  0 , h  0.2 , x  1.2
dx 0 0 1
Modified Euler‟ s method is

 h h 
y  y  h f  x  , y  f ( x , y )
n 1 n  n 2 n 2 n n 
 h h 
y  y  h f  x  , y  f ( x , y )
1 0  0 2 0 2 0 0 
 0.2 0.2 
y ( 1.2 )  0  ( 0.2 ) f 1 , 0 f (1, 0 ) 
 2 2 

 ( 0.2 ) f 1.1 , ( 0.1) (0  1)3 
 ( 0.2 ) f 1.1 ,  0.1   ( 0.2 ) [0.1  (1.1)2 ] 3
 (0.2) [  1.3676 ]
  0.274
12. Find y (0.1) by modified Euler‟s, if ( )

Solution.
Given f(x, y) =
By modified Euler Method
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
( ) ( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( )
( )[( ) ( ) ]
( )[ ] ( )[ ]
.
13. Using Runge – Kutta method of fourth order to find y at x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 given
that y '  x  y , y(0)  1.
2
Solution.
Given: x0  0, y0  1, h  0.1 and y '  x  y 2
To find y1  y(0.1) :
R – K method (for n = 0) is: y1  y (0.1)  y 0 
1
k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4  -------- (2)
6
k1  hf ( x0 , y 0 )  0.1  f (0,1) = 0.1
 h k 
k 2  hf  x0  , y0  1   0.11525
 2 2
 h k 
k 3  hf  x0  , y 0  2   0.116857
 2 2
k 4  hf x0  h, y 0  k 3   0.1347
Using the values of k1 , k 2 , k 3 and k 4 in (2), we get
1
y1  y (0.1)  1   0.1  2(0.11525  0.116857)  0.1347 
6
= 1+0.11649=1.1165
Hence the required approximate value of y1 is 1.1169.
To find y 2  y(0.2) :
We have x1  0.1, y1  1.1165 and h  0.1
R – K method (for n = 2) is: y 2  y (0.2)  y1  k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 
1
-------- (3)
6
k1  hf ( x1 , y1 )  0.1 f (0.1, 1.1165) = 0.1347
 h k 
k 2  hf  x1  , y1  1   0.1552
 2 2
 h k 
k 3  hf  x1  , y1  2  = 0.1576
 2 2
k 4  hf x1  h, y1  k 3  = 0.1823
1
y2  y (0.2)  1.1165   0.1347  2(0.1552)  2(0.1576)  0.1823
6
= 1.2736
Hence the required approximate value of y2 is 1.2736
To find y 3  y (0.3) :
We have x2  0.2, y2  1.2736 and h  0.1
R – K method (for n = 3) is: y 3  y (0.3)  y 2 
1
k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4  -------- (4)
6
k1  hf ( x2 , y 2 ) = 0.1822
 h k 
k 2  hf  x 2  , y 2  1   0.2224
 2 2
 h k 
k 3  hf  x 2  , y 2  2  = 0.2168
 2 2
k 4  hf x 2  h, y 2  k 3  = 0.2521
1
y3  y (0.3)  1.2736   0.1822  2(0.2224)  2(0.2168)  0.2521
6
= 1.4924
Hence the required approximate value of y3 is 1.4924
14. Apply Runge – Kutta method, to find an approximate value of y when x = 0.2,
dy
0.4 given that  x  y, y(0)  1 .
dx
Solution.
Given: x0  0, y 0  1, h  0.2 and f ( x, y )  x  y
Finding y1  y (0.2) :
1
R – K method (for n = 0) is: y1  y(0.2)  y0   k1  2k2  2k3  k4  -------- (1)
6
k1  hf ( x0 , y 0 )  0.2  [0  1] = 0.2 ;
 h k   0.2   0.2 
k 2  hf  x0  , y0  1   0.2   0    1   = 0.2400
 2 2  2   2 
 h k   0.2   0.24 
k 3  hf  x0  , y 0  2   0.2   0    1   = 0.2440
 2 2  2   2 
k 4  hf x0  h, y 0  k 3   0.2  0  0.2  1  0.2440 = 0.2888
1
y1  y (0.2)  1  0.2  2(0.24) 2(0.244) 0.2888 = 1.2428
6
1
R – K method (for n = 1) is: y2  y (0.4)  y0   k1  2k2  2k3  k4  -------- (2)
6
k1  hf ( x1 , y1 )  hf (0.2, 1.2428)  0.2  [0.2  1.2428]  0.2886
 h k   0.2  0.2886 
k2  hf  x1  , y1  1   0.2  f  0.2   ,1.2428 
 2 2  2  2 
 0.2 f [0.3, 1.3871]  0.2[0.3  1.3871]  0.3374
 h k   0.2   0.3374  
k3  hf  x1  , y1  2   0.2  f  0.2   , 1.2428  
 2 2  2   2  
 0.2 f (0.3,1.4115)  0.2(0.3  1.4115)  0.3423
k4  hf  x1  h, y1  k3   0.2  f  0.2  0.2  , 1.2428  0.3423 
 0.2 f [0.4,1.5851]  0.2[0.4  1.5851]  0.39702
1
y2  y (0.4)  1.2428   0.2886  2(0.3374)  2(0.3423)  0.39702   1.5836
6
15. Using Runge – Kutta method, find the value of y when x = 0.2 with h = 0.1 given
dy
that  2 x  y , y(0)  1 .
dx
Solution.
Given: x0  0, y0  1, h  0.1 and f ( x, y )  2 x  y
1
6
k1  hf ( x0 , y0 )  0.1 [(2)(0)  (1)]  0.1
 h k   0.1   0.1  
k2  hf  x0  , y0  1   0.1 f   ,  1  
 2 2  2   2  
 0.1 f (0.05,  0.95)  0.1((2)(0.05)  0.95)  0.0850
 h k   0.1   0.085  
k3  hf  x0  , y0  2   0.1 f   ,  1  
 2 2  2   2  
 0.1 f (0.05,  0.975)  0.1((2)(0.05)  0.9595)  0.0858
k4  hf  x0  h, y0  k3   0.1  0.1,  1  0.0858  0.1 f (0.1,  0.9142)
 0.1((2)(0.1)  0.9142)  0.0714
1
y1  y (0.1)   1  0.1 2(0.085) 2(0.0858) 0.0714   0.9145
6
1
R – K method (for n = 1) is: y2  y(0.2)  y1   k1  2k2  2k3  k4  -------- (2)
6
k1  hf ( x1 , y1 )  0.1 f (0.1,  0.9145)  0.1 [(2)(0.1)  0.9145)]  0.0715
 h k   0.1   0.0715  
k2  hf  x1  , y1  1   0.1 f  0.1   ,  0.9145  
 2 2  2   2  
 0.1 f (0.15,  0.8788)  0.1((2)(0.15)  0.8788)  0.0579
 h k    0.1   0.0579  
k3  hf  x2  , y2  2   0.1 f 0.1    ,  0.9145  
 2 2   2   2  
 0.1 f (0.15,  0.8856)  0.1((2)(0.15)  0.8856)  0.0586
k4  hf  x1  h, y1  k3   0.1  0.1  0.1,  0.9145  0.0586   0.1 f (0.2,  0.8559)
 0.1((2)(0.2)  0.8559)  0.0456

1
y2  y (0.2)   0.9145  0.0715 2(0.0579) 2(0.0586) 0.045
6   0.8562
6
16. Use the Runge-Kutta forth order method to find the value of y when x  1 given that
dy y  x
y  1 when x  0 and that 
dx y  x
Solution.
yx
y '  f ( x, y)  , x  0 , y 1
yx 0 0
h=1
k  h f (x , y )  1
1 0 0
 h k 1 3
k  h f  x  , y  1   f  ,   0.25
2  0 2 0 2
 2 2
 h k  1 5 3 / 4 3
k  h f x  , y  2   f  ,   
3  0 2 0 2
  2 4 7 / 4 7
1
y  [ k  2k  2k  k ]  0.4342
6 1 2 3 4
y = y  y = 1+ 0.4342 = 1.4342.
1 0
17. Given y‟‟+ xy‟ + y =0, y(0)= 1, y‟(0)= 0, find the value of y(0.1) by using Runge -
Kutta method for fourth order .
Solution.
Given
''
y   x y'  y , y ( 0)  1
y '  0 , y0  1
Setting
y '  z and y ''  z '
The equations becomes

y ''   x z  y
dy dz
 z  f1 ( x , y , z )   xz  y  f 2 ( x , y , z )
dx dx
(ie) y 0 1 , z 0  y 0  0
'
By algorithm,
k1  h f1 ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )  h f1 (0,1,0)  h (0)  0
l1  h f 2 ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )  h f 2 (0,1,0)  h (0,  1)   h
 h k l 
k 2  h f1  x0  , y0  1 , z 0  1 
 2 2 2 
 0.1 (0.1) 
 (0.1) f1 0  , 1 0 , 0   0.1 f1[ 0.05 , 1,  0.05 ]
 2 2 
 (0.1) (0.05)   0.005
 h k l 
l 2  h f 2  x0  , y 0  1 , z 0  1 
 2 2 2 
 0.1 (0.1) 
 (0.1) f 2 0  , 1 0 , 0   0.1 f 2 [ 0.05 , 1,  0.05 ]
 2 2 
 (0.1) [ (0.05)(0.05)  1 ]   0.0998
 h k l 
k 3  h f1  x0  , y 0  2 , z 0  2 
 2 2 2
 0.1 (0.005) (0.0998) 
 (0.1) f1 0  , 1 , 0 
 2 2 2
 0.1 f1[ 0.05 , 0.9975,  0.0499]
 (0.1) (0.0499)   0.00499
 h k l 
l 3  h f 2  x0  , y 0  2 , z 0  2 
 2 2 2
 0.1 f 2 [ 0.05 , 0.9975,  0.0499]
 (0.1) [( 0.05)(0.0499)  0.9975]   0.0995
k 4  h f1 [ x0  h , y0  k , z 0  l ]
3 3
 (0.1) f1 0.1 , 1  (0.00499) , 0  (0.0995)
 0.1 f1[ 0.05 , 0.995,  0.0995]
 (0.1) (0.0995)   0.00995
l 4  h f 2 [ x0  h , y 0  k , z 0  l ]
3 3
 0.1 f 2 [ 0.1 , 0.995,  0.0995]
 (0.1)[(0.1) (0.0995)  0.995]   0.0985
Now
1 1
y  (k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 )  [0  2(0.005)  2(0.00499)  (0.00995)]
6 6
  0.00498
 y1  y 0  y  1  0.00498  0.9950
dy
18. Given  x  y2 , y(0)  0 , y(0.2) = 0.02, y(0.4) = 0.0795 and y(0.6) = 0.1762.
dx
Compute y(1) using Milne‟s Method.
dy
Solution.  x  y 2  f ( x, y )
dx
To find y(0.8):
Given:
x0  0, y0  0 and f0  f ( x0 , y0 )  0 ;
x1  0.2, y1  0.02 and f1  f ( x1, y1 )  0.1996
x2  0.4, y2  0.0795 and f 2  f ( x2 , y2 )  0.3937 ;
x3  0.6, y3  0.1762 and f3  f ( x3 , y3 )  0.56895
To Find : y 4  y( x4 )  y(0.8)
Predictor Method
(P ) 4h
y
4
 y(0.8)  y0  2f1  f2  2f3   0  4(0.2) (2  0.1996)  0.3937 2  2  0.56895
3 3
= 0.30491
Now we compute f 4  f (0.8,0.30491)  0.7070
Corrector Method
y 4(C )  y (0.8)  y 2 
h
 f 2  4 f 3  f 4   0.0795  0.2 0.3937  4  0.56895  0.7070
3 3
= 0.3046
Finding y(1.0)
Given:
x1  0.2, y1  0.02 and f1  f ( x1 , y1 )  0.1996 ;
x2  0.4, y2  0.0795 and f 2  f ( x2 , y2 )  0.3937
x3  0.6, y3  0.1762 and f 3  f ( x3 , y3 )  0.56895;
x4  0.8, y4  0.3046 and f 4  f ( x4 , y4 )  0.7072
To Find : y5  y ( x5 )  y (1.0)
Predictor Method
y 5( P )  y (1.0)  y1 
4h
2 f 2  f 3  2 f 4 
3
 0.02 
4(0.2)
(2  0.3937)  0.56895 2  0.7072
3
= 0.45544
Now we compute f 5  f (1.0,0.45544)  0.7926
Corrector Method
y 5( C )  y (1.0)  y 3 
h
 f 3  4 f 4  f 5   0.56895  0.2 0.56895  4  0.7072  0.7926
3 3
= 0.4556
dy 2 2
19. If =x +y , y(0)=1 find y(0.1) ,y(0.2) and y(0.3) by Taylor‟s series method.
dx
Hence find y(0.4) by Milne‟s Predictor – Corrector method.
Solution.
x0  0, y0  1, h  0.1 and y  x 2  y 2
h  h 2 
y1  y0  y0  y0  ... ...
1! 2!
y  x 2  y 2 y 0  1 y1  1.2454y 2  1.61001
y(x)  2x  2 yy y 0  2 y1  2.9685y 2  4.4347
y(x)  2+2  yy+yy  y 0  8 y1  12.235y 2  18.2976
yiv (x)  2  yy  yy  2 yy  y 0  40y1  49.3802y 2  88.6933
iv iv iv
(0.1) 2 (0.1)3 (0.1) 4

y (0.1)  1  (0.1)(1)  (2)  (8)  (40)
2 6 24
 1  0.1  0.01  0.00133  0.000167  1.1115
x1  0.1, y1  1.1115, h  0.1 and y   x 2  y 2
h  h 2 
y2  y1  y1  y1  ... ...
1! 2!
(0.1)2 (0.1)3 (0.1)4
 1.1115  (0.1)(1.2454) (2.9685) (12.235) (49.3
802)
2 6 24
 1.1115  0.1245  0.0148  0.002039  0.0002058
y (0.2)  1.2530
x2  0.2, y2  1.2530, h  0.1 and y  x 2  y 2
h  h 2 
y3  y2  y2  y2  ... ...
1! 2!
(0.1) 2 (0.1)3 (0.1) 4
 1.2530  (0.1)(1.61001)  (4.4347)  (18.2976)  (88.6933)
2 6 24
 1.2530  0.161001  0.02217  0.0030496  0.0003696
y (0.3)  1.4396
By Milne‟s Predictor formula
4h  
y4, p  y0  2 y1  y2  2 y3 
3  
4(0.1)
 1  2(1.2454)  1.610009  2(2.1624)
3
 1.6941
By Milne‟s Corrector formula

y4,c  y2   y2  4 y3  y4 
h
3  
0.1
 1.253  1.610009  4(2.1624)  3.0299
3
 1.6960
dy
20. Using Taylor‟s series method, solve  xy  y 2 , y(0)  1 at x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3.
dx
Continue the solution at x=0.4 by Milne‟s Predictor – Corrector method.
Solution.
To find y1 = y(0.1) by Taylor‟s method:
Given x0  0, y0  1, h  0.1 and y  xy  y2
h h2 h3
1! 2! 3!
h h2 h3
For n  0 , y1  y0  y0  y0  y0  .......  (1)
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
h h2 h3
For n 1 , y2  y1  
y1  
y1  y1 .......  (2)
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
h h2 h3
For n  3 , y3  y 2  y2  y2  y2  .......  (3)
1 ! 2 ! 3 !
At (x 0 , y0 )  (0,1)
y  xy  y 2 y0'  1
y''  xy ' y  2yy ' y''0  3
y'''  xy '' 2y ' 2yy '' 2(y ') 2 y0'''  10

y1 = y(0.1) = 1.1167
To find y2 = y(0.2): x1 = 0.1, y1 = 1.1167
At (x1 , y1 )  (0.1,1.1167)
y  xy  y 2 y1'  1.3585
y''  xy ' y  2yy ' y1''  4.2865
y'''  xy '' 2y ' 2yy '' 2(y ')2 y1'''  16.4102
Y2 = y(0.2) = 1.27668
To find y3 = y(0.3):
At (x 2 , y 2 )  (0.2,1.27668)
y  xy  y 2
y'2  1.8852
y''  xy ' y  2yy ' y ''2  6.4674
y'''  xy '' 2y ' 2yy '' 2(y ') 2 y '''2  28.6855
Y3 = y(0.3) = 1.5023
To find y4 = y(0.4) by Milne‟s method:
y  xy  y 2 x 0  4, x1  0.1, x 2  0.2, x 3  0.3
x 4  0.4, y0  1, y1  1.1167, y 2  1.27668, y3  1.5023
Substituting these values, y0  1, y1'  1.3585, y '2  1.8852, y3'  2.7076
By Milne‟s predictor formula
4h
y 4,p  y0   2y1'  y'2  2y3'   1.8329
3 
By Pr edictor formula y 4  1.8142
 y'4  x 4 y 4  y 42  4.0927
By Milne‟s corrector formula
h
y4,c  y2   y'2  4y3'  y'4   1.8369
3
 y4  y(0.4)  1.8369
dy y 2  x 2
21. If  , y(0)  1 find y(0.2) ,y(0.4) and y(0.6) by Runge-Kutta method.
dx y 2  x 2
Hence find y(0.8) by Milne‟s Predictor – Corrector method.
Solution.
y2  x 2
Given: x 0  0, y 0  1, h  0.2 and f ( x, y) 
y2  x 2
To find y1  y(0.2) :
R – K method (for n = 0) is: y1  y(0.2)  y 0 
1
k 1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4  -------- (2)
6
k 1  hf ( x 0 , y 0 )  0.2  f (0,1) = 0.2
 k 
k 2  hf  x 0  , y 0  1   0.2  f 0.1,1.1
h
= 0.19672
 2 2
 k 
k 3  hf  x 0  , y 0  2   0.2  f 0.1,1.0936 = 0.1967
h
 2 2 
k 4  hf x 0  h, y 0  k 3   0.2  f 0.2,1.1967 = 0.1891
y1  y (0.2)  1  0.2  2(0.19672)  2(0.1967)  0.1891

1
6
= 1+0.19599 = 1.19599
Hence the required approximate value of y is 1.19599.
To find y 2  y(0.4) :
We have x1  0.1, y1  1.19599and h  0.2
R – K method (for n = 1) is: y 2  y(0.4)  y1  k 1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 
1
-------- (3)
6
k1  hf (x1 , y1 )  0.2  f (0.2, 1.19599) = 0.1891
 k 
k 2  hf  x1  , y1  1   0.2  f 0.3, 1.2906
h
= 0.1795
 2 2
 k 
k 3  hf  x1  , y1  2   0.2  f 0.3, 1.2858
h
= 0.1793
 2 2 
k 4  hf x 1  h, y1  k 3   0.2  f 0.4, 1.3753 = 0.1688
y 2  y(0.4)  1.19599  0.1891 2(0.1795)  2(0.1793)  0.1688

1
6
= 1.19599 + 0.1792 = 1.37519
To find y3  y (0.6) :
We have x2  0.4, y2  1.3751 and h  0.2
1
6
k1  hf ( x2 , y2 )  0.2  f (0.4, 1.3751) = 0.1688
 h k 
k2  hf  x2  , y2  1   0.2  f  0.5, 1.4595 = 0.1579
 2 2
 h k 
k3  hf  x2  , y2  2   0.2  f  0.5, 1.4541 = 0.1577
 2 2
k4  hf  x2  h, y2  k3   0.2  f  0.6, 1.5328 = 0.1468
1
y3  y (0.6)  1.3751   0.1688  2(0.1579)  2(0.1577)  0.1468 
6
= 1.5329
By Milne‟s Predictor formula
4h  
y4, p  y0  2 y1  y2  2 y3 
3  
4(0.2)
 1  2(0.94559)  0.84397  2(0.7343)
3
 1.6709
By Milne‟s Corrector formula
y4,c  y2   y2  4 y3  y4 
h
3  
0.2
 1.37519  0.84397  4(0.7343)  0.62702
3
 1.6691
dy
22. Consider the initial value problem  y  x 2 , y(0) = 1
dx
a. Find y(0.1) and y(0.2) by R.K. Method of order 4
b. Find y(0.3) by Euler‟s method
c. Find y(0.4) by Milne‟s predictor-corrector method
Solution.
dy
Given  y  x2
dx
x0  0, y0  1, h  0.1, f  x, y   y  x 2
To find y(0.1) = y1 by R-K method:
1
R – K method (for n = 0) is: y1  y(0.1)  y 0   k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4  -------- (2)
6
k1  hf (x0 , y0 )  (0.1)f (0,1)  (0.1)(1  02 )  0.1
 h k 
k 2  hf  x 0  , y0  1   0.10475
 2 2
 h k 
k 3  hf  x 0  , y0  2   0.1049875
 2 2 
k 4  hf  x 0  h, y0  k 3   0.10949875
1
y1  y(0.2)  1  (0.1  2(0.10475)  2(0.1049875)  0.10949875)  1  0.10483  1.10483
6
To find y2 = y(0.2) by 4 thRunge-kutta method:

dy
 y  x 2  f  x, y 
dx
x1  0.1, y1  1.10483, h  0.1
K1  hf  x1 , y1    0.1  y1  x 2    0.1 1.10483   0.1 
2
 
 0.109483
 h k 
K 2  hf  x1  , y1  1   0.11371
 2 2
 h k   0.1 0.11371
K3  hf  x1  , y1  1    0.1 f 0.1  ,1.10483   0.11392
 2 2  2 2 
K 4  hf  x1  h, y1  k3    0.1 f 0.1  0.1,1.10483  0.11392  0.117875
1
y   k1  2k2  2k3  k4   0.11377
6
y2  y  0.2   y1  y  1.10483  0.11377  1.2186
 y2  1.2186
To find y3 = y(0.3) by Euler‟s method:
Euler‟s Formula is y n1  y n  h f(x n , y n ), n  0,1,2,3,
Put n = 2 we get, y3  y2  hf (x 2 , y2 )
y3  y(0.3)  01.2186 0.1(1.2186 (0.2)2 ) 1.33646
To find y4 = y(0.4) by Milne‟s method:
y  y  x 2 x 0  0, x1  0.1, x 2  0.2, x 3  0.3
x 4  0.4, y 0  1, y1  1.10483, y 2  1.2186, y 3  1.33646
Substituting these values, y '0  1, y1'  1.09483, y '2  1.1786, y3'  1.24646
By Milne‟s predictor formula
4h
y 4,p  y0   2y1'  y'2  2y3'   1.467197
3
By Pr edictor formula y 4  1.467197
 y'4  y 4  x 42  0.307197
By Milne‟s corrector formula
h
y 4,c  y 2   y'2  4y3'  y'4   1.4343
3
 y 4  y(0.4)  1.4343
23.Given ( )
Find y(2) by Adams bashforth predictor method

Solution.
Given
Adam's Bashforth Predictor formula is
( )
putting , we get
( ) ( )
We have given that

( where )
( where )
( where )
( where )
putting the values in ( ) we get
( )
( )
( )
( )
So, the predicted value is 6.8708

Now, we will correct it by corrector method to get the final value
( where )
Adam's Bashforth Corrector formula is
( )
putting n=3, we get
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
24. Using Adams method find ( ) given ( ),

() ( ) ( ) and ( ) .
Solution.
Given ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
and ( ) .
Here .
Adam's Predictor Formula:
[ ] ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Substituting in (1), we get
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
Adam s Corre ctor Formula:

[ ] ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
( )
25. Using Adam's Bashforth method, find ( ) given that
( ) ( ) ( ) and ( ) .
Solution.
Given ( ) ( ) ,
( ) and ( ) .
and .
Adam's Predictor Formula:
[ ] ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
Adam s Corrector Formula:

[ ] ( )
( )
( )
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
( ) .

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MA23211 STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS L T P C

UNIT II DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 9+3

UNIT III SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS 9+3

UNIT IV INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

1. Grewal, B.S., and Grewal, J.S., "Numerical Methods in Engineering and

Part-A Questions & Answers

1. Define standard error

2. Define Null hypothesis

3. What is Type-I and Type-II error?

4. Explain clearly the procedure generally followed in testing of a hypothesis.

5. Write the applications of „F‟ –test

7. Write the condition for the applications of Chi –Squre test

8. What are the assumptions of t-test?

9. What do you mean by test of Hypothesis-two tailed test?

11. State the important properties of t-distribution.

12. State the application of Chi-square test.

15. Distinguish between parameters and statistics.

16. Write short notes on critical value.

18. State level of significance.

Chi square test statistic of goodness of fit is defined by  2  

20. Write about F-test.

21. What is random sampling?

22. When do we use ?

23. What are the parametric tests for Hypothesis testing?

25. When do we use ?

Part-B Questions & Answers

(two tail test)

: The die is unbiased

 x 2    x   97.2  100  2.8  0.6539

8. A certain medicine administered to each of 10 patients resulted in the following

x 3.1  0 3.1

(Right tail test)

Table value = 1.83

(Two tail test)

Alternative Hypothesis H 1: 1  2 (One tailed test right)

Is the difference between the means of samples significant?

(two tail test)

Table value = 2.16

14. Time taken by workers in performing a job is given below:

d -   1  =13.56, where d1 =x1 -22,  d1 =2, d12 =82

15. Two random samples gave the following results

Here we have to use two tests

(ii) t-test (To test equality of means)

Interest in Ability in Mathematics

Social Poor Rich Total

Normal 256  210 224  210 210

Above normal 256  120 224  120 120

Total 256 224 480

For 9 degrees of freedom the table value of at 5% =16.919.

Hindu Non-Hindu Total

1800 200 2000

Part-A Questions & Answers

1. Define “Analysis of variance”

2. What are the uses of ANOVA?

3. Define Mean sum of squares.

5. Write down the Assumptions in Analysis of variance

6. Define “Experimental error”

7. What are the advantages of a CRD ?

8. What are the advantages of a Latin square design?

9. State the basic principles of design of experiments.

10. Define :RBD

11. What do you understand by “Design of an experiments”?