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Chapter 14
COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

- NERVOUS CONTROL IN HUMANS
-SENSE ORGANS
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-HORMONS IN HUMANS
- HOMEOSTASIS
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- TROPIC RESPONSE
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Cambridge IGCSE Biology By Dr.Khaled Ga3far – Tel : 50111563
14. COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
14.1 Nervous control in humans
Coordination the organs and systems of the body are made to work properly and efficiently together all
together, for example, the leg muscles contract for running, they will need extra supplies of glucose and
oxygen. To meet this demand, the lungs breathe faster and deeper to obtain the extra oxygen and the heart
pumps more rapidly to supply the blood with oxygen and glucose to the muscles more quickly.
■The brain detects changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood and sends nervous
impulses to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and heart. In this example, the co-ordination of the systems is
brought about by the nervous system.
■The extra supplies of glucose needed for running come from the liver. Glycogen in the liver is changed to
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glucose and released to blood. The conversion of glycogen to glucose is stimulated by, a chemical
called adrenaline. Co-ordination by chemicals is called endocrine or hormonal system.
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CNS & PNS
Q. Describe the human nervous system in term of CNS, PNS, Coordination
and regulation of body function?
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Human nervous system:
1- Central nervous system(CNS)
Includes brain and spinal cord
- regulates all body functions through
the control of nerve impulse.
- regulates the release of hormones
from glands.
- regulates the enzyme secretion.
2- Peripheral Nervous System(PNF)
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Includes cranial , spinal nerves and
ganglia outside CNS.
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-conducts nerve impulse from and to

CNS from and to organs
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Neurons and nerve impulse

Q. Describe the nerve impulse?
An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurons from the central nervous system to
all parts of the body, making muscles contract or glands to produce enzymes or hormones
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Q. Identify motor, relay and sensory neurons?
Sensory neuron Relay neuron Motor neuron
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Q: Describe a reflex action or involuntary action?

■A reflex action is an automatic fast response to a stimulus.
■ No thought required .
■Stimulus always leads to the same response .
■the stimulus is coordinated with the response of an effector (a muscle or a gland) without the need
for thought or a decision.
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Q. Describe simple reflex arc?
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(1) Stimulus (pain)
neuron(inside CNS) (5) Motor neuron
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(2) Receptor (on the skin) (3) Sensory neuron
(6) Effector(muscle)
(4) Relay
(7)Response
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Q.What is the advantages to have a reflex?

■ Protective and rapid response.
■ prevent mechanical damage, e.g harmful effects of strong light on the retina.
■ present immediately after birth to detect if the baby CNS is working properly .
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Exam question
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Q. Define synapse? and describe its structure and what happens when the
impulse arrive at it?
It is the junction between two neurones at nerve endings of one neurone and a dendrite
of another neurone.
Structure of synapse (pre-synaptic part,synaptic gap,post-synaptic part)
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■ When an electrical impulse arrives at the pre-synaptic part, the pre-synaptic vesicles in the
cytoplasm are triggered and move towards the pre-synaptic membrane and fuse with it then release
a chemical called neurotransmitter.
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■ the neurotransmitter diffuses rapidly across the synaptic gap (also known as the synaptic cleft)
and binds with receptor molecules on the post-synaptic membrane in the second neurone .
■ the nerve impulse generates in the second neurone.
■ after passing the nerve impulse the neurotransmitter is re-uptaken back by the pre-synaptic
part or broken down by enzymes released in the synaptic gap.
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■ The presence of synapse between neurones ensures the passage of the impulse in one direction.
Q . Describe the function of synapse?
■ Synapses maintain only one direction of the nerve impulses because neurotransmitters are only
synthesised on one side of the synapse (pre-synaptic side), while receptor molecules are only
present on the other side (post-synaptic side), this ensures the passage of impulse only from pre-
synaptic membrane through gap to the post-synaptic receptors.
■ Synapses slow down the speed of nerve impulses slightly because of the time taken for the
chemical to diffuse across the synaptic gap.
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Exam question complete the table
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Q. Mention some drugs act on synapse?

■Heroin stimulates receptor molecules in synapses in the brain and triggers more release of
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dopamine which gives well-being effect or short-lived ‘high’.

■Heroin is converted into morphine and diffuses into synapse.
■Heroin binds to endorphin receptors in the brain and stops the pain perception .
■Heroin forms a complementary shape with receptors and fits firmly on leading to flooding of
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dopamine that leads to euphoria .

■Heroin blocks neurotransmitter release from pre-synaptic part and bind with receptor sites
lowering the nerve impulse transmission.
■Spider toxin breaks down vesicles, releasing massive amounts of transmitter causing
muscle spasms, lock-jaw and heart failure.
Q. Distinguish between Voluntry and involuntry Action?
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Voluntary action Involuntary action

1- Always involve the brain 1- Always involve spinal cord
2-Controlable ( under the control of the will) 2- uncontrollable, not under the control of the will
3-controls the external organs only skeletal 3-External and internal organs(skeletal muscles
muscle. and smooth muscle of intestine).
4-Response is not the same to stimulus 4.Response is always same to the stimulus.
5-Slower 5- Faster
6-Aware before event 6- Aware after event
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Exam question
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14.2 SENSE ORGANS
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Q. Define sense organs and their stimuli?
Sense organs A group of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli e.g. light, sound, touch,
temperature and chemicals.
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Sense organ Stimulus
Ear - sound ,body movement (balance)
eye - light
nose - chemicals (smells)
tongue
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- chemicals (taste)
- temperature, pressure, touch, pain
Q. Identify the Structure and function of the eye parts?
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flow chart that shows the events that occur as light travels through the eye
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Q. Define accomodation?
- the ability of lens to change its shape to form a sharp image of an object at different distances. If
person becomes old the lens becomes less elastic and less accomodated.
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Q. Explain accomodation to view near and distant objects?
Near object Distant object
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Ciliary muscle -Contracts -Relaxes
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Suspensory -slacken -Contract
ligaments
Lens -Becomes thicker -Becomes thinner
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Eye pupil -pupil becomes narrower -pupil becomes wider
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Q. Explain the pupil reflex in terms of light intensity and pupil diameter only?
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The high light intensity can damage the retina so, iris muscles by circular muscle contraction and radial
muscle relaxation (act antagonistically) to narrow the eye pupil and protect the retina from damage.
LOW LIGHT INTENSITY HIGH LIGHT INTENSITY
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Q.Outline Pathway diagram of nerve impulse and response in case of light
intensity change?
■The light is a stimulus
■The photoreceptor cells on the retina
detect stimulus.
■ light is converted into nerve impulse.
■ Nerve impulse is transmitted through
sensory neurone(optic nerve) to brain.
■Response is transmitted back through
the motor neurone to the effector (iris
muscles)
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■ the eye pupil diameter is changed
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according to the light intensity.
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Q: Differentiate between Rods and cones?
Rods Cones
- Sensitive in low light - Sensitive in bright light
-provide night vision -provide day vision
- Found on the retina edges
- Larger in number
- Only one type of rod
G - Found in the retina center (fovea)
- Smaller in number
- Three types of cones responsible for
Red, green and blue.
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- Rod like shape - Cone like structure
- Less acute or poor vision - Sharp and acute vision
Exam question
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Q.Describe and explain the distribution of rod cells and cone cells across the
Retina?
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1 more rod cells than cone cells in the retina .

2 uneven distribution of rod cells either side of fovea .
3 no rod cells and no cone cells at blind spot.
4 optic nerve enters and leaves retina at blind spot .
5 no rod cells and only cone cells at the fovea.
6 maximum number of cone cells are at the fovea at 0 degrees .
7 maximum number of rod cells at 20–21 degrees.
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14.3 HORMONES IN HUMANS
Q.Define hormone?
- A chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood which alters the activity
of one or more specific target organs.
Q. What is the types of glands?
1- Endocrine glands secretes its secretion into the blood directly
2- Exocrine glands secretes its secretion through duct or tube e.g. salivary and sweat gland.
Q. Identify the specific glands and their secretions?
Thyroid gland is situated in the front part of
the neck and lies in front of the windpipe. It
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produces thyroxine hormone stimulates the
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metabolic rate by speed or rate of cell
respiration . It controls our level of activity,
promotes skeletal growth and development
of the brain.
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Pituitary gland
attached to the base of the brain. It produces
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) which,
when it reaches the ovaries, makes one of the
follicles start to produce egg and stimulate
ovary to produce oestrogen. Luteinising
hormone (LH)produced from the pituitary
and, together with FSH, induces ovulation .
Adrenal glands
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Above each kidney and produces adrenaline
hormone.
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Adrenaline effects:-
1. In a stressful situation,(fight, flight) nerve
impulses are sent from the brain to the adrenal
medulla, to releases adrenaline into the
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blood.
2. Breathing rate becomes faster and deeper.
3. The heart beats faster, making us feel as if
our heart is going to burst out of our chest.
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4. The eye pupils dilate.

The pancreas
It Secretes insulin and glucagon hormones
into blood to control blood glucose level.
Q. Describe Adrenaline and its action in fight and flight situations ?
Adrenaline is secreted by adrenal gland in fight and flight situation and leads to increase blood
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glucose level ,increases breathing and heart rate to supply muscles with glucose and oxygen for
good respiration and energy release. It widens the air pathway and eye pupil so, enables the activity
in case of fight and flight situation.
Q. Discuss the role of adrenaline in the chemical control of metabolic activity?
Blood glucose level : Adrenaline increases the metabolic rate by converting Glycogen into Glucose
so blood glucose level is elevated.
Heart rate: Adrenaline excites the cardiac receptors leading to increase in pulse rate and cause
thumping heart.
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Q. Give examples in which Adrenaline hormone increase?
Nervous and emotional stress,angry, shock, athletes exercises, and other excitatory situations.
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Q. Explain in details the role of adrenaline?
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- dilation of eye pupil.
- reduced blood flow through digestive system and skin.
- increase in, blood pressure,heart rate, pulse and stroke volume.
- increase in breathing rate.
- increase in oxygen concentration in the blood.
- increase in glycogen converted to glucose.
- increase in glucose concentration in the blood.
- increase in respiration rate.
- increase in blood flow through the muscles.
-increase in awareness and anxiety .
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- broncho-dilation and widens airways
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Exam question
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Q. Compare nervous and hormonal control?
Nervous control Hormonal control
- transmission of electrical impulses - transmission of chemicals(hormones)
- transmission by nerves - transmission by blood
- rapid transmission
- impulse sent directly to target organ
- short effects
- stimulation-inhibition, contraction-
G - slow transmission
- hormones spread throughout body
- long-term effects
- Growth response, change in metabolic
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relaxation rate
Q. State the function of Insulin, oestrogen and testosterone?
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Insulin: maintains blood glucose level constant by converting the excess glucose into
glycogen.
Oestrogen:-female sex hormone secreted by ovary and responsible for puberty in female.
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- prepares uterus for pregnancy

- regulates ovulation process through regulation of release of pitutary FSH, LH.
- helps to preserve bone density.
- Maintain the lining and thickness of uterus.
Testosterone:- male sex hormone secreted by testes and responsible for puberty in male.
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- stimulates testes to produce sperms

- increase muscle mass
- increase sex drive
- maintain bone density.
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14.4 HOMEOSTASIS
Q. Define homeostasis?
Maintainance of a constant internal envirnment.
(Homeostasis is the control of internal conditions within set limits) explain that?
- Homeostasis means ‘staying similar’.
- The composition of the tissue fluid in the body should be kept within narrow limits. The
salts concentration, acidity, water concentration, blood glucose level and temperature of
this fluid are being adjusted all the time to prevent any big changes.
- All these processes take place under the control of nervous and hormonal system called
negative feedback.
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Q.Explain the concept of control by negative feedback?

the concept of control by negative feedback the outgoing impulses counteract the effects
that produced the incoming impulses. For example, a rise in temperature triggers responses
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that counteract this rise and this effect that is coordinated by the brain.
By another meaning,
1- the increase in the level of something inside the body will trigger the organ responsible for
control by decrease that level to maintain its level constant (to maintain homeostasis).
2-A control centre sends a message to the responding organ to decrease or increase this
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change.
• Negative Feedback works in the following way:
o if the level of something rises, control systems are switched on to reduce
it again
o if the level of something falls, control systems are switched on to raise it again
• Negative feedback mechanisms are usually a continuous cycle of bringing levels down
and then bringing them back up so that overall, they stay within a narrow range of
what is considered ‘normal’
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Q. Describe how the blood glucose level controlled by negative feedback?
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At high blood glucose level: pancreas detects
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the increase in blood glucose level and secretes
At low blood glucose level: pancreas detects
the decrease in blood glucose level and secretes
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insulin hormone that stimulates the liver to glucagon hormone and adrenal gland secretes
convert the excess glucose into glycogen and adrenaline to enhance liver to convert the
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stores it. stored glycogen into glucose and releases it into

the blood circulation.
Exam question
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Q. Complete the following flow chart?
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Q. Outline the symptoms and treatment of type 1 diabetes?

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Symptoms Treatment
- loss weight, because the body starts to - insulin injection
breakdown muscles and fats. - healthy diet
- fatigue, thirst, mouth dryness - regular glucose blood test.
- frequent urination, irritability ,blurred vision, - imrove physical activity
weight loss, glaucoma, frequent coma - eating suger when blood glucose drop.
- loss of sensation at terminal nerves.
- slow wound healing.
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Q. Describe with labelling the anatomy of the skin?
Epidermal layer : detects the
atmospheric temperature change as it
contains receptors.
Receptors detect the change in
temperature.
Sensory neurons: transmit the nerve
impulse from the outer skin layer to
hypothalmus in the brain.
Hair erector muscle : contracts to make
hair shaft to stand at cold condition to
lower heat loss.
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Sweat gland: secretes sweat to lower
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body temperature .
Fatty tissues insulate the skin from loss
of heat in cold condition.
Arteriole: dilates in hot condition to
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increase the heat loss by radiation
Exam question
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Q: Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in
humans in terms of insulation, sweating, shivering and the role of the brain
(limited to blood temperature receptors and coordination)?
Hot climate Cold climate
The hot climate is the stimulus that rises The cold climate is the stimulus that lower the
up the blood temperature and the blood temperature and the receptor on the skin
receptor on the skin surface detects this surface detects this drop in temperature and then
rise and then send a message to the send a message to the thermo-regulatory centre in
thermo-regulatory centre in the the hypothalamus in the brain that gives orders to:
hypothalamus in the brain that gives
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1- skin arterioles near the surface of the skin to
orders to:- constrict to lower blood passing through
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1- skin arterioles near the surface of skin capillaries so stop heat loss to the
the skin to dilate to allow more surroundings by radiation.
blood passing through skin 2- Sweat gland to reduce sweating and lower
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capillaries and so more heat loss heat loss .
to the surroundings by radiation. 3- Hair erector muscle to contract to make
2- Sweat gland to secrete sweat onto hair stands and traps air that make more
the skin surface that evaporates, insulation and lower heat loss.
taking heat (latent heat) from the 4- Body muscles shivering uncontrollable
body and cools it down .
3- Hair erector muscle to relax to
make hair lies down and increases
heat loss.
G bursts of rapid muscular contraction in the
limbs release heat as a result of respiration
in the muscles.
Exam question
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Q6. Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in
humans in terms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying
skin surface capillaries?
In hot condition In cold condition
1- Vasodilation of the skin surface arterioles to 1- Vasoconstriction of the skin surface
increase the blood flow to the surface capillaries arterioles to lower the blood flow to the
of the skin and loss more by radiation. surface capillaries of the skin .
2- Vasoconstriction of shunt vessels to allow 2- Vasodilation of shunt vessels to allow the
more blood to pass through the surface deep passage of the blood from arterioles to
capillaries. venules.
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3- The loss of heat from the skin by radiation is 3- The loss of heat from the skin is lowered to
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increased to maintain the body temperature maintain the body temperature constant.
constant.
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14.5 Tropic responses

Q. Define gravitropism?
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The response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity.
Root is positive gravitropism and negative phototropism.
Q. Define phototropism?
The response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light
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is coming. Shoot is positive phototropism and negative gravitropism.

Q.Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth?
1-auxin is made in shoot tip.
2-auxin spreads down the plant
from the shoot tip.
3-auxin is unequally distributed in
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response to light and gravity away

from light.
4. auxin may be destructed by light
5-auxin stimulates cell elongation
in the shoot part away from sun
that make the plant bent towards
sunlight.
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Practical work
Q.Investigate gravitropism and phototropism?
- Gravitropism in pea radicles
1- Soak about 20 peas in water for a day and then let them germinate in a vertical roll of moist
blotting-paper.
2- After 3 days, choose 12 seedlings with straight radicles and pin six of these to the turntable of a
clinostat so that the radicles are horizontal.
3- Pin another six seedlings to a cork that will fit in a wide mouthed jar. Leave the jar on its side.
4- A clinostat is a clockwork or electric turntable, which rotates the seedlings slowly about four
times an hour. Although gravity is pulling sideways on their roots, it will pull equally on all sides as
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they rotate.
5- Place the jar and the clinostat in the same conditions of lighting or in darkness for 2 days.
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Result
The radicles in the clinostat will continue to grow
horizontally but those in the jar will have changed
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their direction of growth, to grow vertically
downwards.
Interpretation
The stationary radicles have responded to the
stimulus of one sided gravity by growing towards
it. The radicles are positively gravitropic. The
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radicles in the clinostat are the controls. Rotation
of the clinostat has allowed gravity to act on all
sides equally and there is no one-sided stimulus,
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even though the radicles were horizontal.
- Phototropism in shoots
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1- Select two potted seedlings, e.g. sunflower or runner bean, of similar size and water them both.
2- Place one of them under a cardboard box with a window cut in one side so that light reaches the
shoot from one direction only .
3- control.Place the other plant in an identical situation but on a clinostat. This will rotate the plant
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about four times per hour and expose each side of the shoot equally to the source of light.
Result
After 1 or 2 days, the two plants are removed from
the boxes and compared. It will be found that the
stem of the plant with one-sided illumination has
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changed its direction of growth and is growing

towards the light . The control shoot has continued
to grow vertically.
Interpretation
- The young shoot has responded to one sided
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lighting by growing towards the light. The shoot

is said to be positively phototropic because it
grows towards the direction of the stimulus.
- However, the results of an experiment with a
single plant, so if you want to gain more reliable
results
a large number of plants from a wide variety of
species would have to be used.
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Q. Explain phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot as examples of the
chemical control of plant growth?
In the case of phototropism in shoots,
■ Because the plant needs sunlight for
photosynthesis process, the green part of the plant
takes the upright direction searching to
sunlight,co2 and o2.
■ When a shoot is exposed to light from one side,
auxins that have been produced by the tip of shoot
move towards the shaded side of the shoot.
■ Cells on the shaded side are stimulated to
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absorb more water than those on the light side, so
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the unequal growth causes the stem to bend
towards the light.
■ Growth of a shoot towards light is called positive
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phototropism.
In the case of gravitropism in shoots
●If a shoot is placed horizontally in the absence of
light, auxins accumulate on the lower side of the
shoot, due to gravity. This makes the cells on the
lower side grow faster than those on the upper
side, so the shoot bends upwards.
●This is called negative gravitropism.
In the case of gravitropism in roots
●When the root is placed horizontally, auxin is
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collected in the lower part of the root and retard
cell elongation in that part and cause the root goes
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towards soil or gravity to absorb water and

dissolved minerals.
●the root is called positive gravitropism
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Gravitropism
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Q. Describe the use in weed killers of the synthetic plant hormone 2,4-D?
-The weed killer, 2,4-D, synthetic plant hormone is very similar and mimic the effect of auxins.
-When sprayed it affects the broad-leaved weeds (e.g. daisies and dandelions) but not the grasses.
- (It is called a ‘selective weed killer’.)
- It distorts the weeds’ growth and increase water absorption and speeds up their rate of
respiration and growth to the extent that they exhaust their food reserves and then dies.
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Chapter 14

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

-conducts nerve impulse from and to

Neurons and nerve impulse

Q: Describe a reflex action or involuntary action?

Q.What is the advantages to have a reflex?

Q. Mention some drugs act on synapse?

dopamine which gives well-being effect or short-lived ‘high’.

dopamine that leads to euphoria .

Voluntary action Involuntary action

1 more rod cells than cone cells in the retina .

4. The eye pupils dilate.

- prepares uterus for pregnancy

- stimulates testes to produce sperms

Q.Explain the concept of control by negative feedback?

stores it. stored glycogen into glucose and releases it into

Q. Outline the symptoms and treatment of type 1 diabetes?

14.5 Tropic responses

is coming. Shoot is positive phototropism and negative gravitropism.

response to light and gravity away

changed its direction of growth and is growing

lighting by growing towards the light. The shoot

towards soil or gravity to absorb water and

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