Physics - Current Electricity

Useful for JEE MAINS and ADVANCED Exams
Each topic contains Detailed Theory with images
Every topic contains Exercises and Detailed solutions

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YrrrrrT rrr)rr)rrrrT r:T rrrrrrrrrT ))rr)r) Pd1V

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Yrr. ú ú R1 = ú ú R r Þ, r = R 1 R r
û R1 t r û ûRr t r û
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45
1. TrrrrrrrT NrrrrrrT :
g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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,,,,,g,,,,,,,,s,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,
g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2. TrrrrrrrTNrrrrrrTrrT)TNrrrrrrrrT:
,,, ,,,,,,,, ,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, ,,,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,e,, ,,,,,,,, ,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, .,,,, ,
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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l,,g,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,l,,
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e,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,
3. N:)r:rTNrrrrrrT )rrTNrrrrrrT Nrrrrr:

l,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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,,,,,,,
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,,
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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,t,,,,e,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,
r , rr
l,,,, s = , ,,,,,,, , s,e
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rr
0,,,,,,,,,,s,,,,e,,e,,,,,, , = ò s,,,
4. Nrr)rrrrTrrT)dTTT)rrTYNT(
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,. ,, ,mg
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s
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5. YrrrrrrT r:T :rrrrrr)rT Nr::rrrrrrT :T Trrrrrrrrrr)rT YrrrrT :

r,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,Trrrrrrrrrr)rT:rrrrT,,,TYYT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
0,,,,,, ,0,(,,,,,,0,0,0,,,
46
6. Trrrrrrr)rT Nrrrrr)rrrT :
l,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
7. T):T r:T Nrrrrr)rrr

l,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,(
0 l
, µ l ,(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(, , ,T µ , ,(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == ,
( (
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rrrrrr)rrrT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,t,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
8. Nr.rrrrrrrT r:T Nrrrrr)rrrT rrT Nrr.rr)rrrrT :

l,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,e,,,,
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47
11. NNY:NNYNNNNTNYTNTYNYNYNNTYT:
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48
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49
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15. W:r)rT YrrrrT Nrr:rr)T : TTTT
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50
18. YrrrrrrT :
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51
))) YrrrrrTrrr)rr)rrrrTr:T:rr)r
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,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
25. g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,
26. (,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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,,,,,,,,,,
52

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 A potential divider is used to give outputs of 2V and 3V from a 5V source, as shown in figure. Which combination
of resistances, R1, R2 and R3 gives the correct voltages?
5V
R1
3V
R2
2V
R3
0V
R1 R2 R3
(A) 1 k 1 k 2 k
(B) 2 k 1 k 2 k
(C) 3 k 2 k 2 k
(D) 3 k 2 k 3 k
Sol. For resistors in series connection, current (I) is the same through the resistors. In other words, ratio of the voltage
drop across each resistor with its resistance is the same.
53 32 2
That is I    i.e., R1 : R2 : R3 = 2 : 1 : 2.
R1 R2 R3
Ex. 2 Figure shows a thick copper rod X and a thin copper wire Y, joined in series. They carry a current which is
sufficient to make Y much hotter than X. Which one of the following is correct?
Y
X
Density of conduction electrons Mean time between collisions of the electrons
(A) Same in X and Y Less in X than Y
(B) Same in X and Y Same in X and Y
(C) Same in X and Y More in X than Y
(D) More in X than Y less in X than Y
Sol. The number density n of conduction electrons in the copper is a characteristic of the copper and is about 1029 at
room temperature for both the copper rod X and the thin copper wire Y.
Both X and Y carry the same current I since they are joined in series.
From I = neAvd
We may conclude that rod X has a lower drift velocity of electrons compared to wire Y since rod X has larger cross-
sectional area. This is so because the electrons in X collide more often with one another and with the copper ions when
drifting towards the positive end. Thus, the mean time between collisions of the electrons is more in X and than in Y.
Ex. 3 How will the reading in the ammeter A of figure be affected if another identical bulb Q is connected in parallel to P as
shown. The voltage in the mains is maintained at a constant value.
(A) The reading will be reduced to one-half A
(B) The reading will not be affected
(C) The reading will be doubled of the previous one Mains Q
P
(D) The reading will be increased four-fold
Sol. Resistance is halved . Current is doubled.
53
PHYSICS FOR JEE MAINS & ADVANCED
Ex. 4 The resistance of all the wires between any two adjacent dots is R. The equivalent resistance between A and B as
shown in figure is
A
7 7 14
(A) R (B) R (C) R (D) None of these
3 6 8
A
R R
7
Sol. Given circuit can be reduce to R AB  R
R 6
4R/3 4R/3
Ex. 5 An electric current flows along an insulated strip PQ of a metallic conductor. The current density in the strip varies
as shown in the graph. Which one of the following statements could explain this variation?
(A) The strip is narrower at P than at Q

Current density
(B) The strip is narrower at Q than at P

(C) The potential gradient along the strip is uniform
(D) The resistance per unit length of the strip is constant Q
P Distance along strip from P
Sol. The current density at P is higher than at Q. For the same current flowing through the metallic conductor PQ, the

cross-sectional area at P is narrower than at Q. The resistance per unit length r is given by r 
A
where  is the resistivity and A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor PQ. Thus, r is inversely proportional to
the cross-sectional area A of the conductor.
Ex. 6 The circuit shown in figure, contains a battery, a rheostat and two identical lamps. What will happen to the
brightness of the lamps if the resistance of the rheostat is increased?
Lamp P Lamp Q
(A) Less brighter Brighter
(B) Less brighter Less brighter
Q
(C) Brighter Less brighter P
(D) No change Brighter
Sol. Consider two extreme cases. (i) When the resistance of the rheostat is zero, the current through Q is zero since Q is
short-circuited. The circuit is then essentially a battery in series with lamp P. (ii) When the resistance of the rheostat
is very large, almost no current flows through it. So, the currents through P and Q are almost equal.
The circuit is essentially a battery in series with lamps P and Q.
54
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ex. 7 In which one of the following arrangements of resistors does the ammeter M, which has a resistance of 2, give the
largest reading when the same potential difference is applied between points P and Q?
1
(A) (B) P M Q
2
1
1
(C) P M Q (D) P M Q
2
2
Sol. Let VPQ =E
E E E E E
For (A) : I  For (B) : I   For (C) : I  For (D) : I 
4 2 2 8 2 3
3 3
Ex. 8 A time varying current i is passed through a resistance R as i
shown in figure. The total heat generated in the resistance is

3i0
(A) 11i20Rt 0 (B) 13i20 Rt 0
i0
2 2
(C) 17i Rt 0
0
(D) 15i Rt 0
0
t
0 t0 2t0 3t0
t0 2
 3i  2
Sol. Total heat produced = 0  t00 t Rdt   3i 0  R  2t 0  t 0   i20 R  3t 0  2t 0  = 3i20Rt0  9i20Rt0  i20Rt0  13i02Rt0

Ex. 9 A candidate connects a moving coil voltmeter V, a moving coil ammeter A and a resistance R as shown in figure. If
the voltmeter reads 20 V and the ammeter reads 4A, R is
(A) equal to 5 V
(B) greater than 5
(C) less than 5 A
(D) greater or less than 5 depending upon its material R
Sol. Let a current of x ampere passes through the voltmeter, then (4–x) ampere passes through the resistance R.
20
Therefore, voltmeter reading 20 = (40 – x) R  R  , i.e., R > 5
4x
Ex. 10 Three 60W, 120V light bulbs are connected across a 120 V power source. If resistance of each bulb does not change
with current then find out total power delivered to the three bulbs.
(A) 180 W (B) 20 W
(C) 40 W (D) 60 W 120V
R
2
3
–R V
Sol. V R R V 2 Here R = , Total power supplied
P
V2  2   V2  2
       60  40W
3 / 2R  3   R  3
55
Ex. 11 An apparatus is connected to an ideal battery as shown in figure. For what value of current, power delivered to the
apparatus will be maximum?
apparatus
R
E
E E E
(A) (B) (C) (D) information insufficient
R 2R 4R
E
Sol. For maximum power Rext = Rint = R  current =
2R
Ex. 12 A cell of internal resistance 1 is connected across a resistor. A voltmeter having variable resistance is used to
measure potential difference across resistor. The plot of voltmeter reading V against G is shown. What is value of
external resistor R ? (G = Resistance of galvanometer)
(A) 5  (B) 4  (C) 3  (D) can't be determined
Sol. When galvanometer resistance tends to infinity G ,

Potential difference across R is 20V  20 = 24 – i × 1  i = 4 A also 20 = 4 × R  R = 5.
Ex. 13 Figure shows a balanced Wheatstone's bridge
(A) If P is slightly increased, the current in the galvanometer flows from C to A
(B) If P is slightly increased, the current in the galvanometer flows from A to C
(C) If Q is slightly increased, the current in the galvanometer flows from C to A
(D) If Q is slightly increased, the current in the galvanometer flows from A to C
A
S R
B G D
Sol.
P Q
C
If P is slightly increased, potential of C will decrease. Hence current will from A to C. If Q is slightly increased,
potential of C will increases, hence current will flow from C to A.
Ex. 14 In the given black box unknown emf sources and unknown resistances are connected by an unknown method
such that (i) when terminals of 10 ohm resistances are connceted to box then 1 ampere current flows and (ii) when
18 ohm resistances are connected then 0.6 A current flows then for what value of resistance does 0.1 A current flow?
Black box I R
(A) 118  (B) 98  (C) 18  (D) 58 

Sol. (A,B)
56
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
A
Ex. 15 In the circuit shown in figure.
4
(A) power supplied by the battery is 200W
(B) current flowing in the circuit is 5A
(C) potential difference across the 4 resistance is equal to the 6
potential difference across the 6 resistance B
(D) current in wire AB is zero.
2 20V
Sol. (ACD)
4 and 6 resistor are short-circuited. Therefore, no current will flow through these resistances. Current passing
through the battery is I = (20/2) = 10A. This is also the current passing in wire AB from B to A.
Power supplied by the battery P = EI = (20) (10) = 200W
Potential difference across the 4 resistance = potential difference across the 6 resistance.
Ex. 16 to 18
An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a battery with an emf of 10V. When a certain resistance is
connected in parallel with the voltmeter, the reading of the voltmeter decreases three times, whereas the reading of
the ammeter increases the two times.
16. Find the voltmeter reading after the connection of the resistance.
(A) 1V (B) 2V (C) 3V (D) 4V
17. If resistance of the ammeter is 2, then resistance of the voltmeter is :–
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
18. If resistance of the ammeter is 2, then resistance of the resistor which is added in parallel to the voltmeter is :–
3 2 3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) None of these
5 7 7
Sol.
10V
16. Initially V1 + V2 = 10V ...(i)

V A
V1
Finally  2V2  10V ...(ii)
3
10V
From equation (i) & (ii) We get V1 = 6 volt, V2 = 4 volt
V1
 Final reading =  2 volt
3 V A
V1 R A 4
17.   & RA = 2RV = 3
V2 R V 6
RV R V1
RV  R 11 33
18.   3   
 R 
RRA 2V2V
2 44 55
57
Ex. 19 to 21
A network of resistance is constructed with R1 and R2 as shown in figure. The potential at the points 1, 2, 3.... N are
V1, V2, V3,.......VN, respectively, each having a potential k times smaller than the previous one.
V0 V1 V2 V3 Vn-1
N
R1 R1 R1 R1
R2 R2 R2 R2 R3
R1
19. The ratio is
R2
2 1 k 1  k  12
(A) k  (B) (C) k  (D)
k k 1 k2 k
R2
20. The ratio is
R3
 k  12 1 k 1
(A) (B) k 2  (C) (D) k 
k k k 1 k2
21. The current that passes through the resistance R2 nearest to the V0 is
 k  12 V0  k  12 V0  1V  1V

(A) (B) (C)  k  2  0 (D)  k  2  0
k R3 k R3  k  R3  k  R3
Sol.
V0 V1 V2 V3 Vn1 Vn
I R1 R1 I1 R1 R1
19. R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 Given V  V0 , V  V1 , V  V2 ;I = I + I

1
I2 k 2 k 3 k 1 2
VV VVV
o o 1 1V VV VVV V2VV V00 0 VVV VVV / /k/k k VVV
/ /k/kkVV
0 V/ /k/k 2k V0VV
/ /k/k k RRR  k  12
 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 
0 0 1 1   0 0 0
  0  1 11
RR 1 1R1 RR1 1R1 RR R2
22 RR R1
1 1 RR1R1 1
RR
2R 22
RR
2R22
k kk
V
Vn 1  Vn Vnn Vn 1  n 1 V
20. Current in R1 and R3 will be same :   k  nn11  R  R  k  1
1 3
R1 R3 R11 kR 33
R2 k
Put the value of R1 in (i) 
R3 k  1
V1 V0 / k  k  1 V
21. Current in R2 nearest to V0 : I2    2  0
R2  k   k  R3
R3 
 k  1 
58
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ex. 22 to 24
In given circuit, 7 resistors of resistance 2 each and 6 batteries of 2V each, are joined together.
22. The potential difference VD – VE is-
5 22
(A) V (B) 6 V (C)  5 V (D)  V
6 5 6 9
23. The current through branch BG is-
(A) 1A (B) 0.2A (C) 0.4A (D) 0.6A
24. The current through battery between A & B is-
(A) 0.6 A (B) 0.8 A (C) 0.4 A (D) 1 A
Sol.
(x+6)V (x+4)V (x+2)V xV

22. I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 = I7 A B C D
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
x x 2 x x 2 x x 2 x 6
       x V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 H
6V I + I G 4V F 2V 0V
1 2 I1+ I 2+I3+ I4 I1+ I 2+I 3+ I 4+I 5+I 6
x 6
23. Current through branch BG : I3    0.6A
2 10
x
24. Current through branch AB = I1 = = 0.6 A
2
Ex. 25 Equivalent resistance for the given figure between P and Q is NR/3. Find value of N.
R
R R
R
 Q
P R
R
R
R/2 R/3 R/2 4R

Sol. R
Rnet   N  44
3
59
Ex. 26 For the circuit shown in figure, 4 cells are arranged. In column I, the cell number is given while in column II, some
statements related to cells are given. Match the entries of column I with the entries of column II.
Column I Column II
(A) Cell I (P) Chemical energy of cell is decreasing.
(B) Cell II (Q) Chemical energy of cell is increasing.
(C) Cell III (R) Work done by cell is positive.
(D) Cell IV (S) Thermal energy developed in cell is positive.
(T) None of these
2 14 12
Sol. We have, I1   A,I2  A,I3   A
33 33 33
In each cell thermal energy will be dissipated due to internal resistance whether the chemical energy of the cell is
increasing or decreasing.
(i) Cell I is getting charged, hence its chemical energy increases.
(ii) Cell II and III both are getting discharged, hence their chemical energy is decreasing. So, work done by both of
them is positive.
(iv) Cell IV is getting charged, hence its chemical energy increases.
Ex. 27 A battery of internal resistance 4 is connected to the network of resistances as shown in figure. In order that the
maximum power can be delivered to the network, the value of R in  should be
R R
E R 6R R
4 R 4R
Sol. For maximum power, external resistance is equal to internal resistance. Therefore, 2R = 4 or R =2
60
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ex. 28 In the given circuit, the voltmeter and the electric cell are ideal. Find the reading of the voltmeter (in volt)
1 20
A
E=2V V
1
B
Sol. The electric current through ideal voltmeter is zero.
E 2
According to loop rule, E –1 × I –1 × I = 0  I    1A
2 2
Reading of the voltmeter = VA – VB = [1×I] = [ 1×1] = 1V
Ex. 29 A wire of length L and 3 identical cells of negligible internal resistances are connected in series. Due to the current,
the temperature of the wire is raised by T in a time t. A number N of similar cells is now connected in series with a
wire of the same material and cross-section but of length 2L. The temperature of the wire is raised by the same
amount T in the same time t, the value of N is
Sol. Let R be the resistance of wire. Let R' be the resistance of another wire so R'=2R ( Length is twice)
 3V 2  N2 V 2 
In case (i) Energy released in t second = t In case (ii)  Energy released in t-seconds = t
R 2R
 9V2   N2 V 2 
But Q = mcT  mcT   t ...(i) Applying Q' = m'cT 2mcT = × t...(ii)
R 2R
2 t
mcmcT 9V  R
T 11 99 22
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i)  2 2 
   N2= 18
  2
 N=6
T T N V  t
2mc
2mc 22 N2
2R
2R
Ex. 30 Consider an infinite ladder of network shown in figure. A voltage is applied between points A and B. If the voltage
R2
is halved after each section, find the ratio of .
R1
R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
A
R2 R2 R2 R2 R2
B
V V
Sol. Voltage across AB = V, Voltage across A'B' = i.e., Voltage across R2 =
2 2
V V
Now from Kirchhoff's law it is obvious that voltage across R1 = V – =
2 2
R1 R1
A'
A
i/2
V R2 V/2
B
B'
When the voltage is halved, current is also halved, i.e., current in R2 is half of that in R1.
ii R
So R1i = R2  2 2

2
2 RR1
61
Ex. 31 Find the potential difference across the capacitor in volts.

R1 C
R R
R R
10V
R
VC
R R
R R
Sol.
I
E=10V
E 3E IR E 4E
In steady state I   ; VC  E  E   8 Volts
2R  R 5R 3 5 5
3
Ex. 32 All resistances in the diagram below are in ohms. Find the effective resistance between the point A and B (in ).
3
3
3
6
6
6 3
3
A 3 B
Sol. The given system can be reduced as shown in figure.

3 3 3 3
3 3 6 3
6 6 6 6 3 6
3 3 3
3 6 6 6
3 3 3
3 3
3 6
6 6
3 3 3
6 6 6
3 3 3
6
3
3
2
3 3
62
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ex. 33 How much time heater will take to increase the temperature of 100 g water by 50°C if resistance of heating coil is
484 and supply voltage is 220V a.c.
V2 220  220
Sol. Heat given by heater = heat taken by water  t = ms J 
R 484
t = (100 × 10–3) (4.2 × 103) (50) t = 210 s
Ex. 34 In the circuit shown below, all the voltmeter identical and have very high resistance. Each resistor has the same
resistance. The voltage of the ideal battery shown is 27 V. Find the reading of voltmeter V3 ( in volts).
R R R
V1 V3
V2 R
R R
R R R V=27 volt
9 18 27
O
V1 V3
x
V2 R x  9 x  9 x  18
Sol. O
9 18
27   xx12
00
 12 
VV3  666volt
volt
volt
R R RV RV RV
O
27
V=27 volt
Ex. 35 In the given circuit, find the current (in mA) in the wire between points A and B.
1k I1 2k I2
2k I 1-I2 1kW
Sol. I2 I1 I = 16 mA; I = 8mA I – I = 8mA

1 2 1 2
32V
Ex. 36 Current is flowing from a conductor of non-uniform cross section area if A1 > A2 then find relation between
(A) i1 and i2 (B) j 1 and j 2
(C) v1 and v2 (drift velocity)
where i is current, j is current density and V is drift velocity.
Sol. (A) i = charge flowing through a cross-section per unit time.

 i1 = i2 2
1
i i2,A2,V2
(B) j= as A1 > A2 then j 1 < j 2 i1,A1,V1
J2
A J1
j
(C) j = nevd  vd = as j 1 < j 2 then, v1 < v2
ne
63
Ex. 37 Figure shows a conductor of length  having a circular cross-section. The radius of cross-section varies linearly
from a to b. The resistivity of the material is . Find the resistance of the conductor.
Sol. In this problem cross–section area is variable so we
  
can’t apply formula  R   directly..
 A
So we assume elementary strip ‘PQ’ of thickness dx
dx
and radius r resistance of this strip is : dR =
r 2
ra ba ba
By geometry = =  r= x+a
x  
resistance of conductor is

dx 
R=  b  a 
2
 R=
 ab
Ans.
0
 x  a
  
Ex. 38. Find the equivalent Resistance between A and B
R b
R R a
R A B
R x
dx
R R R
R A B
Sol.
R
Putting A out of the structure in the same plane
2R  2R
Req = =R Ans. : Req = R
2R  2R
64
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ex. 39 A cylindrical tube of length  has inner radius a while outer radius b. What is the resistance of the tube between
(A) its ends (B) its inner and outer surfaces ? ( the resistivity of its material is  )
Sol. (A) A = (b2 – a2)

R=
 (b  a 2 )
2
 dx
(B) dR = for a section taken at distance x from centre.
2 x 
b
 dx  dx  b
dR = .
2  x
 R=  dR = 2   =
x 2 
n
a
a
Ex. 40 How can we convert a galvanometer with Rg = 20  and ig = 1.0 mA into a voltmeter with a maximum range of
10 V ?
Sol. v = ig RS + ig Rg
10 = 1 × 10–3 × Rs + 1 × 10–3 × 20
10 – 0.02 9.98
RS = 3 = = 9980 
1  10 10 3
Ex. 41 What shunt resistance is required to convert the 1.0 mA, 20 galvanometer into an ammeter with a range
of 0 to 50mA ?
Sol. ig Rg = (i – ig)S
ig = 1.0 × 10–3 A , G = 20

i = 50 × 10–3 A
ig R g 1  10  3  20
S = i–v = = 0.408 
g 49  10  3
Ex. 42 A resistance coil of resistance r connected to an external battery, is placed inside an adiabatic cylinder
fitted with a frictionless piston of mass m and same area A. Initially cylinder contains one mole of ideal gas
He. A current I flows thro ugh the coil such that temperature of gas varies as
T = T 0 + at + bt2 , keeping pressure constant with time t.
Atmosphere pressure above piston is P 0. Find P0
m
(A) current I flowing through the coil as function of time and
(B) speed of piston as function of time.
He
r
Sol. Heat produced by coil inside the cylinder in time dt is
dQ = 2 r dt ....(i)
65
(A) As we know
 dQ = nCpdT ...(ii)
5R  5R 
r dt = dT  Cp  
2  2 
dT
Here T = T 0 + at + bt2     = (a + 2bt)
dt
 5R 
=  2r (2bt  a)  ...(ii)
 
 5R 
 Cp  
 2 
Pressure is constant
PV = RT PdV = RdT
PA dx = RdT
dx R dT R
Velocity v = = . = (2bt + a) (here P 0A + mg = PA)
dt PA dt PA
R
= (2bt + a)
P0 A  mg
Ex. 43 A Potentiometer wire of 10 m length and having 10 ohm resistance, emf 2 volts and a rheostat. If the potential
gradient is 1 micro volt/mm, the value of resistance in rheostat in ohms will be :
(A) 1.99 (B) 19.9 (C) 199 (D) 1990
Sol. d = 10 m , R = 10 ,
dv
E = 2volts , = 1µ v/mm
d
dv 1  10  6
= v/m = 1 × 10–3 v/m
d 1  10  3
Across wire potential drop ,
dv
×  = 1 × 10–3 × 10 = 0.01 volts
d
0.01 E
i= = 0.001 = (R’ = resistance of rheostat)
10 R  R'
E 2
R’ = R =  10 = 2000 – 10 = 1990 
0.001 0.001
66
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. A current I flows through a uniform wire of diameter d when the mean electron drift velocity is v. The same current
will flow through a wire of diameter d/2 made of the same material if the mean drift velocity of the electron is
(A) v/4 (B) v/2 (C) 2v (D) 4v
2. Two wires each of radius of cross section r but of different materials are connected together end to end (in series).
If the densities of charge carries in the two wires are in the ratio 1:4, the drift velocity of electrons in the two wires
will be in the ratio :
(A) 1:2 (B) 2:1 (C) 4:1 (D) 1:4
3. An insulating pipe of cross–section area 'A' contains an electrolyte which has two types of ions : their charges
being –e and +2e. A potential difference applied between the ends of the pipe result in the drifting of the two types
of ions, having drift speed = v (–ve ion) and v/4 (+ve ion). Both ions have the same number per unit volume = n.
The current flowing through the pipe is
(A) nev A/2 (B) nev A/4 (C) 5nev A/2 (D) 3nev A/2
4. 45 A wire has a non–uniform cross–section as shown in figure. A steady current flows through it. The drift speed
of electrons at points P and Q is vP and vQ
P Q
(A) vP = vQ (B) vP < vQ (C) vP > vQ (D) data insufficient
5. A wire of resistance R is stretched to double its length. Its new resistance is

(A) R (B) R/2 (C) 4R (D) R/4
6. Three copper wires have their lengths in the ratio 5 : 3 : 1 and their masses are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. Their electrical
resistance will be in the ratio
(A) 5 : 3 : 1 (B) 1 : 3 : 5 (C) 125 : 15 : 1 (D) 1 : 15 : 125.
7. The equivalent resistance between the points A and B is–
36 85
(A)  (B) 10  (C)  (D) none of these
7 7
67
8. A battery of internal resistance 4 is connected to the network of resistance as shown. In order that the
maximum power can be delivered to the network, the value of R in  should be :–
4 8
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 18
9 3
9. The current i in the circuit (see figure) is :
1 1 1 1
(A) A (B) A (C) A (D) A
45 15 10 5
10. A battery of internal resistance 2 is connected to a variable resistor whose value can vary from 4 to 10
. The resistance is initially set at 4. If the resistance is now increased then–
(A) power consumed by it will decrease
(B) power consumed by it will increase
(C) power consumed by it may increase or may decrease
(D) power consumed will first increase then decrease
11. If X, Y and Z in figure are identical lamps, which of the following changes to the brightness of the lamps occur
when switch S is closed?
Z
X S
Y
(A) X stays the same, Y decreases (B) X increases, Y decreases
(C) X increases, Y stays the same (D) X decreases, Y increases
12. Two heating coils, one of fine wire and the other of thick wire made of same material and of same length are
connected in series and then in parallel. Which of the following statements is correct
(A) In series fine wire liberates more energy while in parallel thick wire liberates more energy
(B) In series fine wire liberates less energy while in parallel thick wire liberates less energy
(C) In series thick wire liberates more energy while in parallel it liberates less energy
(D) Both wires liberates equal energies in series and in parallel
13. In the circuit shown in figure the heat produced in the 5 resistor due to the current flowing through it
is 10 cal/s. The heat generated in the 4 resistor is :
(A) 1 cal/s (B) 2 cal/s (C) 3 cal/s (D) 4 cal/s

14. A storage battery is connected to a charger for charging with a voltage of 12.5 volts. The internal resistance of the
68
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
storage battery is 1.When the charging current is 0.5 A, the emf of the storage battery is
(A) 13 volts (B) 12.5 volts (C) 12 volts (D) 11.5 volts
15. A galvanometer has a resistance of 20 and reads full–scale when 0.2V is applied across it.
To convert it into a 10A ammeter, the galvanometer coil should have a
(A) 0.01  resistor connected across it (B) 0.02  resistor connected across it
(C) 200  resistor connected in series with it (D) 2000  resistor connected in series with it
16. In the figure shown the power generated in y is maximum when y=5then R is
y
10V,
2
R
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 3
17. A circuit is comprised of eight identical batteries and a resistor R = 0.8. Each battery has an emf of 1.0 V and
internal resistance of 0.2. The voltage difference across any of the battery is
(A) 0.5 V (B) 1.0V (C) 0V (D) 2V
18. A galvanometer coil has a resistance 90 and full scale deflection current 10mA. A 910  resistance is connected
in series with the galvanometer to make a voltmeter. If the least count of the voltmeter is 0.1V, the number of
divisions on its scale is
(A) 90 (B) 91 (C) 100 (D) None
19. By error, a student places moving–coil voltmeter V (nearly ideal) in series with the resistance in a circuit in order
to read the current, as shown. The voltmeter reading will be
E=12V,r=2 
4
v
(A) 0 (B) 4V (C) 6V (D) 12V
20. In the circuit shown the resistance of voltmeter is 10,000 ohm and that of ammeter is 20 ohm. The ammeter reading
is 0.10 Amp and voltmeter reading is 12 volt. Then R is equal to
R
A
v
(A) 122  (B) 140 (C)116  (D) 100
21. The length of a potentiometer wire is . A cell of emf E is balanced at a length /3 from the positive end of the wire.
If the length of the wire is increased by /2 at what distance will the same cell give a balanced point
2   4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 6 3
69
22. A Wheatstone's bridge is balanced with a resistance of 625 in the third arm,
where P, Q and S are in the 1st, 2nd and 4th arm respectively. If P and Q are
interchanged, the resistance in the third arm has to be increased by 51to
secure balance. The unknown resistance in the fourth arm is
(A) 625  (B) 650 (C) 676 (D) 600

4
23. A battery of emf E0 =12V is connected across a 4m long uniform wire having resistance . The cells of small
m
emfs 1=2V and 2=4V having internal resistance 2and 6 respectively, are connected as shown in the figure. If
galvanometer shows no deflection at the point N, the distance of point N from the point A is equal to
1 1
(A) m (B) m (C) 25cm (D) 50cm
6 3
24. In the given potentiometer circuit length of the wire AB is 3m and resistance is R=4.5. The length AC for no
deflection in galvanometer is
(A) 2m (B) 1.8m (C) dependent on r1 (D) None of these

D
,r
25. In the figure, the potentiometer wire AB of length L and resistance 9r is joined
 A
J
to the cell D of emf  and internal resistance r. The cell C's emf is and its B
2
C
internal resistance is 2r. The galvanometer G will show no deflection when the G
,2r
2
length AJ is
4L 5L 7L 11L
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 18 18
26. Two bulbs rated (25W– 220V) and (100W–220V) are connected in series to a 440 V line. Which one is likely to fuse?
(A) 25W bulb (B) 100 W bulb (C) both bulbs (D) None
27. A constant voltage is applied between the two ends of a uniform metallic wire. Some heat is developed in it. The
heat developed is doubled if
(A) both the length and the radius of the wire are halved
(B) both the length and the radius of the wire are doubled
(C) the radius of the wire is doubled
(D) the length of the wire is doubled
70
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
28. The net emf and internal resistance of three batteries as shown in figure is :
2 8V
3V
A B
2 10V
(A) 2V, 1 (B) 2V, 2 (C) 2V, 1.5 (D) 4V, 2
29. If the length of the filament of a heater is reduced by 10%, the power of the heater will
(A) increase by about 9% (B) increase by about 11%
(C) increase by about 19% (D) decrease by about 10%
30. The equivalent resistance of a group of resistances is R. If another resistance is connected in parallel to the group,
its new equivalent becomes R1 and if it is connected in series to the group, it new equivalent becomes R2 we have
(A) R1>R or R2>R (B) R1<R or R2>R (C) R1>R or R2<R (D) R1<R or R2<R
31. In the circuit shown in figure, ammeter and voltmeter are ideal. If E = 4V, R = 9 and r = 1, then readings of
ammeter and voltmeter are
V
R R R
E1,r
A
(A) 1A, 3V (B) 2A, 3V (C) 3A, 4V (D) 4A, 4V
32. A conducting solid sphere is joined in an electrical circuit as shown in figure. Two imaginary points A and B are
taken inside the sphere. For given conditions-
(A) VA > VB (B) VA < VB (C) VA = VB (D) Data insufficient
33. In the adjacent circuit, AB is a potentiometer wire of length 40 cm and resistance per unit length 50 /m. As shown
in the figure, the free end of an ideal voltmeter is touching the potentiometer wire. What should be the velocity of
the jockey as a function of time so that reading in the voltmeter varies with time as (2 sin t)?
(A) (10  sin t) cm/s (B) (10  cos t) cm/s (C) (20 sin t) cm/s (D) (20  cos t) cm/s
34. An electric bell has a resistance of 5 and requires a current of 0.25 A to work it. Assuming that the resistance of
the bell wire is 1 per 15m and that the bell push is 90m distance from the bell. How many cells each of emf1.4V and
internal resistance 2, will be required to work the circuit-
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) Can't be determined
35. A wire has resistance of 24  is bent in the following shape. The effective resistance between A and B is-
71
60°
60°
A
5cm B
10cm
16
(A) 24  (B) 10  (C)  (D) None of these
3
36. In the diagram shown, all the wires have resistance R. The equivalent resistance between the upper and lower dots
shown in the diagram is 1 2
3
(A) R/8 (B) R (C) 2R/5 (D) 3R/8
72
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. In the circuit shown E, F, G and H are cells of e.m.f. 2V, 1V, 3V and 1V respectively and their internal resistances are
2W, 1W, 3W and 1W respectively then-
(A) VD–VB=–2/13V
(B) VD–VB=2/13 V
(C) VG=21/13V = potential difference across G
(D) VH = 19/13 V = potential difference across H
2. Consider the circuit shown in the figure
(A) The current in the 5W resistor is 2A (B) The current in the 5W resistor is 1A
(C) The potential difference VA–VB is 7V (D) The potential difference VA–VB is 5V
3. A current passes through a wire of nonuniform cross section. Which of the following quantities are independent
of the cross–section?
(A) The charge crossing in a given time interval (B) Drift speed
(C) Current density (D) Free–electron density
4. The charge flowing through a resistance R varies with time as Q=2t–8t2. The total heat produced in the resistance
1
is (for 0  t  )
8
R R R
(A) joules (B) joules (C) joules (D) R joules
6 3 2
5. In the circuit shown in figure–
(A) Power supplied by the battery is 200 watt

(B) Current flowing in the circuit is 5 A
(C) Potential difference across 4 W resistance is equal to the potential difference across 6W resistance
(D) Current in wire AB is zero
6. In a potentiometer arrangement E1 is the cell establishing current in primary circuit E2 is the cell to be measured. AB
is the potentiometer wire and G is a galvanometer. Which of the following are the essential condition for balance
to be obtained
(A) The emf of E1 must be greater than the emf of E2
(B) Either the positive terminals of both E1 and E2 or the negative terminals of both E1 and E2
must be joined to one end of potentiometer wire
(C) The positive terminals of E1 and E2 must be joined to one end of potentiometer wire
(D) The resistance of G must be less than the resistance of AB
73
7. Consider an infinite ladder network shown in figure. A voltage V is applied between the points A and B. This
applied value of voltage is halved after each section. Then-
R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
A
R2 R2 R2 R2 R2
B
R1 R1 1 R1 R1
(A) 1 (B)  (C) 2 (D) 3
R2 R2 2 R2 R2
8. In a balanced wheat stone bridge, current in the galvanometer is zero. It remains zero when
(A) battery emf is increased (B) all resistances are increased by 10 ohms
(C) all resistances are made five times (D) the battery and the galvanometer are interchanged
9. A battery is of emf E is being charged from a charger such that positive terminal of the battery is connected to
terminal A of charger and negative terminal of the battery is connected to terminal B of charger. The internal
resistance of the battery is r
(A) Potential difference across points A and B must be more than E
(B) A must be at higher potential than B
(C) In battery, current flows from positive terminal to the negative terminal
(D) No current flows through battery
10. The diagram besides shows a circuit used in an experiment to determine C V(V)
the emf and internal resistance of the cell C. A graph was plotted of the
potential difference V between the terminals of the cell against the V y
current I, which was varied by adjusting the rheostat. The graph is
shown on the right; x and y are the intercepts of the graph with the axes A I(A)
x
as shown. What is the internal resistance of the cell?
x y
(A) x (B) y (C) (D)
y x
11. In the diagram resistance between any two junctions is R. Equivalent resistance across terminals A and B is
A B
11R 18R 7R 11R

(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 11 11 18
12. A battery consists of a variable number n of identical cells having internal resistance connected in series. The
terminals of the battery are short circuited and the current I measured. Which one of the graph below shows the
correct relationship between I and n?
I/A I/A I/A I/A

(A) (B) (C) (D)
O n O n O n O n
74
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
13. In previous problem, if the cell had been connected in parallel (instead of in series) which of the above graphs
would have shown the relationship between total current I and n?
I/A I/A I/A I/A

(A) (B) (C) (D)
O n O n O n O n
14. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a resistance R. Resistance R can be adjusted to any
value greater than or equal to zero. A graph is plotted between the current (i) passing through the resistance and
potential difference (V) across it. Select the correct alternative(s)
(A) Internal resistance of battery is 5
V
(volt)
(B) Emf of the battery is 20V
(C) Maximum current which can be taken from the battery is 4A 10
(D) V–i graph can never be a straight line as shown in figure
15. Two identical fuses are rated at 10A. If they are joined i
(A) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20A 2 (ampere)
(B) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 5A
(C) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 10A
(D) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20A
16. A micrometer has a resistance of 100W and a full scale range of 50 mA. It can be used as a voltmeter or a higher
range ammeter provided a resistance is added to it. Pick the correct range and resistance combination(s).
(A) 50V range with 10 kW resistance in series. (B) 10V range with 200 kW resistance in series.
(C) 5 mA range with 1 W resistance in parallel. (D) 10 mA range with 1 kW resistance in parallel.
17. The value of the resistance R in figure is adjusted such that power dissipated in the 2W resistor is maximum. Under
this condition
(A) R=0
(B) R= 8W
(C) power dissipated in the 2W resistors is 72W
(D) power dissipated in the 2W resistor is 8W
18. In a potentiometer wire experiment the emf of a battery in the primary circuit is 20V and its internal resistance is 5W.
There is a resistance box in series with the battery and the potentiometer wire, whose resistance can be varied from
120W to 170W. Resistance of the potentiometer wire is 75 W. The following potential differences can be measured
using this potentiometer.
(A) 5V (B) 6V (C) 7V (D) 8V
19. In the following circuit diagram, the current flowing through resistor of 1/4 W is
(A) 1 A (B) 60 A (C) 30 A (D) None of these

D R
20. In the given potentiometer circuit, the resistance of the potentiometer wire AB
is R0. C is a cell of internal resistance r. The galvanometer G does not give zero
deflection for any position of the jockey J. Which of the following cannot be A r J B
a reason for this? C
(A) r > R0 (B) R>>R0 G
(C) Emf of C> emf of D (D) The negative terminal of C is connected to A
75
i 2i i i i
21. In the box shown current i enters at H and leaves at C. If iAB = , iDC = , iHA= , iGF = , iHE = , Choose the
6 3 2 6 6
branch in which current is zero B C
A D
G
F
H
i E
(A) BG (B) FC (C) ED (D) None

22. ABCD is a square where each side is a uniform wire of resistance 1W. A point E
lies on CD such that if a uniform wire of resistance 1W is connected across AE
and constant potential difference is applied across A and C then B and E are
equipotential. Then-
CE CE CE 1 CE
(A) =1 (B) =2 (C) = (D) = 2
ED ED ED 2 ED
23. Under what condition current passing through the resistance R can be increased by short circuiting the battery of
emf E2. The internal resistances of the two batteries are r1 and r2 respectively.
E1 r1 E2 r2
(A) E2r1 > E1 (R+r2) (B) E1r2 > E2(R+r1) (C) E2r2 > E1(R+r2) (D) E1r1>E2(R+r1)
X A
Y B
24. When an ammeter of negligible internal resistance is inserted in series with
circuit it reads 1A. When the voltmeter of very large resistance is connected
across X it reads 1V. When the point A and B are shorted by a conducting
wire, the voltmeters measures 10V across the battery. The internal resistance
of the battery is equal to
12V
(A) zero (B) 0.5W (C) 0.2W (D) 0.1W

25. A milliammeter of range 10mA and resistance 9W is joined in a circuit as shown. The metre gives full–scale
deflection for current I when A and B are used as its terminals, i.e., current enters at A and leaves at B (C is left
isolated). The value of I is
(A) 100 mA (B) 900 mA (C) 1A (D) 1.1 A

26. n identical cells are joined in series with its two cells A and B in the loop with reversed polarities. EMF of each cell
is E and internal resistance r. Potential difference across cell A or B is (here n >4)
2E  1 4E  2
(A) (B) 2E  1   (C) (D) 2E  1  
n  n n  n
76
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
27. The variation of current (I) and voltage (V) is as shown in figure. The variation of power P with current I is best
shown by which of the following graph
V
I
P P P P
(A) (B) (C) (D)
I I I I
L
28. In the arrangement shown in figure when the switch S2 is open, the galvanometer shows no deflection for   .
2
5L
When the switch S2 is closed, the galvanometer shows no deflection for   . The internal resistance (r) of 6V
12
cell, and the emf E of the other battery are respectively
(A) 3W, 8V (B) 2W, 12V (C) 2W, 24V (D) 3W, 12V
29. In the circuit diagram each resistor of resistance 5W. The points A and B are connected to the terminals of a cell of
electromotive force 9 volt and internal resistance 2/3W.
(A) The heat produced in the cell is 6W.
(B) The current in the resistor connected directly between A and B is 1.4A. A B
(C) The current in the resistor connected directly between A and B is 1.8 A.
(D) None of the above is correct.
R R
A
30. If the reading of ammeter is 2A then the reading of voltmeter
1.5R 24V 0.5R
(A) Depends on R
(B) Independent on R
(C) Zero for certain value of R R 3R
(D) can't be determined
V
31. The wire AB of a meter bridge changes linearly from radius r to 2r from left end to right end. Length of wire is 1m. Where
should the free end of the galvanometer be connected on AB so that the deflection in the galvanometer is zero?
2 1 1 3
(A) m from end B (B) m from end A (C) m from end A (D) m from end B
3 3 4 4
77
Part # II [Assertion & Reason Type Questions]
In each of the following questions, a Assertion of Statement -1 and Statement - 2 of Reason.
(A) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True ; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1
(B) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True ; Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement–1
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False.
(D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True.
(E) Both Statement are False
1. Statement-1 : The electric bulb glows immediately when switch is on.

Statement-2 : The drift velocity of electrons in a metallic wire is very high.
2. Statement-1 : When an external resistor of resistance R (connected across a cell of internal resistance r)
is varied, power consumed by resistance R is maximum when R = r.
Statement-2 : Power consumed by a resistor of constant resistance R is maximum when current through it
is maximum.
3. Statement–1 : Electric field inside a current carrying wire is zero.

Statement–2 : Net charge on wire is zero.
4. Statement-1 : In a chain of bulbs, 50 bulbs are joined in series. One bulb is fused now. If the remaining
49 bulbs are again connected in series across the same supply then light gets decreased in
the room.
Statement-2 : The resistance of 49 bulbs will be more than 50 bulbs.
5. Statement–1 : A metal has resistance and gets often heated by flow of current.
Statement–2 : When free electrons drift through a metal they makes occasional collisions with the
lattice. These collisions inelastic and transfer energy to the lattice as internal energy
6. Statement–1 : Kirchoff's loop rule indicates that electrostatic field is conservative.
Statement–2 : Potential difference between two points in a circuit does not depends on path.
7. Statement-1 : The coil of a heater is cut into two equal halves and only one of them is used into heater. The
heater will new require half the time to produce the same amount of heat.
Statement-2 : Heat produced in a coil is directly proportional to square of the current, through it.
8. Statement-1 : Current is passed through a metallic wire, heating it red. When cold water is poured over half of
its portion, rest of the portion becomes more hot.
Statement-2 : Resistance decreases due to decrease in temperature so current through wire increases.
9. Statement-1 : A steady current is flowing in a conductor hence there is an electric field within the conductor.
Statement-2 : In case of steady current, there can be no accumulation of charges, so no electric field can be
established.
10. Statement-1 : A wire of uniform cross section and uniform resistivity is connected across an ideal cell.
Now the length of the wire is doubled keeping volume of wire constant. The drift velocity
of electrons after stretching the wire becomes one fourth of what it was before stretching
the wire.
Statement-2 : If a wire ( of uniform resistivity and uniform cross-section) of length lo is stretched to length
nlo, then its resistance becomes n2 times of what it was before stretching the wire(the
volume of wire is kept constant in stretching process). Further at constant potential
difference, current is inversely proportional to resistance. Finally drift velocity of free
electron is directly proportional to current and inversely proportional to cross section area
of current carrying wire..
78
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]
1. Match the statements in Column I with the current element in Column II

Column - I Column - II
(A) Current always flows from higher (P) A Resistor
potential to lower potential
(B) Energy dissipated in an element is (Q) Ideal cell/Battery
always zero
(C) Current flow through the element is (R) Non-Ideal cell/Battery
always zero
(D) Potential difference may/will be zero (S) Short-circuited resistor
2. Match the following :

The following table gives the lengths of four copper rods at the same temperature, their diameters, and the
potential differences between their ends.
Potential
Rod Length Diameter
Difference
1 L 3d V
2 2L d 3V
3 3L 2d 2V
4 3L d V
Correctly match the physical quantities mentioned in the left column with the rods as marked.
(A) Greatest Drift speed of the electrons. (P) Rod 1
(B) Greatest Current (Q) Rod 2
(C) Greatest rate of thermal energy produced (R) Rod 3
(D) Greatest Electric field (S) Rod 4
3. The diagram shows a circuit with two identical resistors. The battery has a negligible internal resistance.What
will the effect on the ammeter and voltmeter be if the switch S is closed ? S
Column I Column II V
(A) Ammeter reading (P) Increases

R R
(B) Voltmeter reading (Q) Decreases
(C) Equivalent resistance of circuit (R) Does not change A
(D) Power dissipated across R in right branch (S) Becomes zero

4. In the potentiometer arrangement shown in figure, null point is obtained at length l.
E1 R
E2
Column I Column II
(A) If E1 is increased (P) l should increase
(B) If R is increased (Q) l should decrease
(C) If E2 is increased (R) l should remain the same to
79
Part # II [Comprehension Type Questions]

again get the null point
Comprehension # 1
The circuit consists of resistors and ideal cells. I1 and I2 are current through branches indicated in the figure.
VA and VB is the potential at points A and B on the circuit.
2
1. The value of is :
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2. The value of VA – VB in volts is :

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D)30
3. The net power dissipated in the circuit in watts is :

(A) 55 (B) 15 (C) 62 (D) 61
Comprehension # 2
In the circuit given below, both batteries are ideal. Emf E1 of battery 1 has a fixed value, but emf E2 of battery
2 can be varied between 1.0 V and 10.0 V. The graph gives the currents through the two batteries as a function
of E2, but are not marked as which plot corresponds to which battery. But for both plots, current is assumed
to be negative when the direction of the current through the battery is opposite the direction of that battery's
emf. (direction of emf is from negative to positive)
+ R1
– E2 R2
+
E1
–
1. The value of emf E1 is
(A) 8 V (B) 6 V (C) 4 V (D) 2V
2. The resistance R1 has value

(A) 10 W (B) 20 W (C) 30 W (D) 40 W
3. The resistance R2 is equal to :
80
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
(A) 10 W (B) 20 W (C) 30 W (D) 40 W

Comprehension # 3
A galvanometer measures current which passes through it. A galvanometer can measure typically current of
order of mA. To be able to measure currents of the order of amperes of main current, a shunt resistance 'S' is
connected in parallel with the galvanometer.
G Figure-I
A B
I ig
G Figure-II
A B
is
S
1. The resistance of the shunt 'S' and resistance 'G' of the galvanometer should have the following relation.
(A) S = G (B) S >> G (C) S << G (D) S < G
2. If resistance of galvanometer is 10W and maximum current ig is 10mA then the shunt resistance required so
that the main current ' I ' can be upto 1A is (in W)
99 10 99
(A) (B) (C) 990 (D)
10 99 1000
Comprehension # 4
Inside a super conducting ring six identical resistors each of resistance R are connected
2
as shown in figure.
1. The equivalent resistance(s)
(A) between 1 & 3 is zero R R
(B) between 1 & 3 is R/2 O
(C) between 1 & 2, 2 & 3, 3 & 1 are all equal R R

1 3
(D) None of these R
2. The equivalent resistance (s)

(A) between 0 & 1 is R (B) between 0 & 1 is R/3
(C) between 0 & 1 is 0 (D) between 0 & 1, 0 & 2 and 0 & 3 are all equal
3. Imaging a battery of emf E between the point 0 and 1, with its positive terminal connected with O.
(A) The current entering at O is equally divided into three resistances
(B) The current in the other three resistances R12, R13, R23 is zero
(C) The resistances R02 and R03 have equal magnitudes of current while the resistance R01 have different current
(D) Potential V2=V3 > V1
Comprehension # 5
Electric fuse a protective device used in series with an electric circuit or an electric appliance to save it from
damage due to overheating produced by strong current in the circuit or appliance. Fuse wire is generally made
from an alloy of lead and tin which has high resistance and low melting point. It is connected in series in
an electric installation. If a circuit gets accidentally short–circuited, a large current flows, then fuse wire melts
81
away which causes a break in the circuit.

The power through fuse (P) is equal to heat energy lost per unit area per unit time (h) (neglecting heat loses
  
from ends of the wire). P = I2R = h × 2prl ..... R  2  r and l are the length and radius of fuse wire.
 r 
A battery is described by it's Emf (E) and internal resistance (r) Efficiency of battery is defined as the ratio
output power E r
of the output power and the input power h = ×100 %
input power
E I
but I = , input power = EI , output power = EI – I2r
Rr R
 EI  I2 r   Ir   E  r  R 
then      100   1    100  1       100  
 R  r 
 100
 EI  E R  r  E
We know that output power of a source is maximum when the external resistance is equal to internal resistance,
i.e., R = r.
1. Two fuse wire of same material are having length ratio 1 : 2 and radius ratio 4 : 1. Then respective ratio of their
current rating will be–
(A) 8 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 4 : 1
2. The maximum power rating of a 20.0 W fuse wire is 2.0 kW, then this fuse wire can be connected safely to a
D.C. source (negligible internal resistance) of–
(A) 300 volt (B) 190 volt (C) 250 volt (D) 220 volt
3. Efficiency of a battery (non–ideal) when delivering maximum power is–

(A) 100 % (B) 50 % (C) 90 % (D) 40 %
Comprehension # 6
In the circuit shown, the internal resistance of the cell is negligible. The distance of the jockey (slider) from left
hand end of the wire is l. The adjoining graph shows the variation of current I (marked in figure) with length l of the
slide wire.
1. For balancing condition of the instrument value of l is equal to-

(A) 40 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 100 cm (D) None of these
2. Value of the emf of cell, is-
(A) 0.98 V (B) 1.20 V (C) 1.86 V (D) 3 V
3. Value of the resistance R, is-
(A) 30 W (B) 40 W (C) 38 W (D) 45 W
82
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Comprehension # 7
For the circuit shown, answer the following questions
1. In which of the following case current shown by ammeter is maximum
(A) S1, S2,S3 closed (B) S2, S4,S5 closed
(C) S1,S3,S5 closed (D) S2, S3,S4 closed
2. Say switches S1,S2 and so on upto S6 are closed at regular intervals of 1minute starting from t=0. The graph of current
versus time is best represented as –
i
i
(A) (B) (C) (D)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t(minute) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t(minute)
t(minute)
3. Ratio of power developed by battery when all switches are closed to that when all switches are open–
2 2
37 7  37   7
(A) (B) (C)   (D)  
7 37  7  37 
Comprehension # 8
In the circuit shown, both batteries are ideal. Electro motive force E1 of battery 1 has a fixed value, but emf E2 of battery
2 can be varied between 1 V and 10V. The graph gives the currents through the two batteries as a function of E2, but
are not marked as which plot corresponds to which battery. But for both plots, current is assumed to be negative
when the direction of the current through the battery is opposite the direction of that battery's emf (direction from
negative to positive).
0.4
Current (A)
R1 0.2
+
E2 – + R2
0 E2(V)
– E1 5 10
–0.2
1. The value of emf E1 is–
(A) 8V (B) 6V (C) 4V (D) 2V
2. The resistance R1 has value–
(A) 10W (B) 20W (C) 30W (D) 40W
3. The resistance R2 is equal to–
(A) 10W (B) 20W (C) 30W (D) 40W
Comprehension # 9
A car battery with a 12V emf and an internal resistance of 0.04 W is being charged with a current of 50 A.
1. The potential difference V across the terminals of the battery are–
(A) 10V (B) 12V (C) 14V (D) 16V
2. The rate at which energy is being dissipated as heat inside the battery is–
(A) 100W (B) 500W (C) 600W (D) 700W
3. The rate of energy conversion from electrical to chemical is–
(A) 100W (B) 500W (C) 600W (D) 700W
83
Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]
[A] Definition of Current, Current densities & Drift velocities


1. The current through a wire depends on time as i = i0 + a sin pt, where i0 = 10 A and a = A. Find the charge crossed
2
through a section of the wire in 3 seconds, and average current for that interval.
2. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0 × 10–7 m2 carrying
a current of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly one conduction electron. The density of copper
is 9.0 × 103 kg m–3 and its atomic mass is 63.5 amu.
3. A current of 5 A exists in a 10 W resistance for 4 minutes.

(i) How many coulombs and
(ii) How many electrons pass through any cross section of the resistor in this time?
Charge of the electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C.
[B] Resistance
4. A cylindrical conducting wire of radius 0.2 mm is carrying a current of 20 mA . (a) How many electrons are transferred
per second between the supply and the wire at one end? (b) Write down the current density in the wire.
5. A battery sets up an electric field of 25 N/C inside a uniform wire of length 2 m and a resistance of 5 W. Find current
through the wire.
6. (i) A potential difference of 200 volt is applied to a coil at a temperature of 15ºC and the current
is 10 A. What will be the temperature of the coil when the current has fallen to 9 A, the applied
1
voltage being the same as before? temperature coefficient of resistance (A) = ºC–1.
234
(ii) A platinum wire has resistance of 10 ohm at 0ºC and 20 ohm at 273 ºC. Find the value of
temperature coefficient of resistance.
7. The current-voltage graphs for a given metallic wire at two different temperature T1 and T2 are shown in the figure.
Which one is higher, T1 or T2
T1
T2
V
8. If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, what is the percentage change in its resistance?
9. A rectangular carbon block has dimensions 1.0 cm x 1.0 cm x 50 cm.

(i) What is the resistance measured between the two square ends?
(ii) Between two opposing rectangular faces?
Resistivity of carbon at 20º C is 3.5 x 10 -5 Wm.
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
[C] Power, Energy, Battery, EMF, Terminal voltage & Kirchoff’s laws
10. In following diagram boxes may contain resistor or battery or any other element
then determine in each case

(a) E.m.f. of battery
(b) Battery is acting as a source or load
(c) Potential difference across each battery
(d) Power input to the battery or output by the battery.
(e) The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery.
(f) The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed or increased.
(g) Potential difference across box
(h) Electric power output across box.
11. A resistor with a current of 3 A through it converts 500 J of electrical energy to heat energy in 12 s. What is the
voltage across the resistor?
12. The figure shows the current I in a single-loop circuit with a battery B and
resistance R (and wires of negligible resistance). Then find the
order of following at the point a,b and c
(a) The magnitude of the current,
a B b R c
(b) The electric potential, and
(c) The electric potential energy of the charge carriers (electron), greatest first.
13. (a) A car has a fresh storage battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance 5.0 × 10 –2 W. If the starter
draws a current of 90 A, what is the terminal voltage of the battery when the starter is on?
(b) After long use, the internal resistance of the storage battery increases to 500 W. What maximum current
can be drawn from the battery? Assume the emf of the battery to remain unchanged.
(c) If the discharged battery is charged by an external emf source, is the terminal voltage of the battery
during charging greater or less than its emf 12 V?
14. 1 kW, 220 V electric heater is to be used with 220 V D.C. supply.
(a) What is the current in the heater.
(b) What is its resistance.
(c) What is the power dissipated in the heater.
(d) How much heat in calories is produced per second.
(e) How many grams of water at 100º C will be converted per minute into steam at 100º C with the heater. (latent heat
of vaporisation of water = 540 cal/g)] [J = 4.2 J/cal]
15. Two electric bulbs, each designed to operate with a power of 500 watts in 220 volt line, are connected in
series. Now they are connected with a 110 volt line. What will be the power generated by each bulb?
16. Two (non-physics) students, A and B living in neighboring hostel rooms, decided to economies by connecting their
bulbs in series. They agreed that each would install a 100 W bulb in their own rooms and that they would pay equal
shares of the electricity bill. However, both decided to try to get better lighting at the other’s expense; A installed a
200 W bulb and B installed a 50 W bulb. Which student is more likely to fail the end-of-term examinations?
85
17. In following circuit potential at point ‘A’ is zero then determine E F G H

(a) Potential at each point
(b) Potential difference across each resistance 2
5V J
(c) Identify the batteries which act as a source 10V 15V 5V
(d) Current in each battery K
1
(e) Which resistance consumes maximum power 3
(f) Which battery consume or gives maximum power. A B C D
18. For the circuit shown in figure, find the voltage across 10 W resistor and the current passing through it.
19. For the circuit shown in figure, determine the unknown voltage drop V1 .
20. A resistor develops 400 J of thermal energy in 10 s when a current of 2 A is passed through it. (a) Find its resistance.
(b) If the current is increased to 4 A, what will be the energy developed in 20 s.
21. Find the current in 10 W resistance, V1, and source voltage Vs in the circuit shown in figure (Vs = VA – VB)
[D] Combination of Resistance

22. All resistance in diagram (fig.) are in ohms. Find the effective resistance between the points A and B.
Q 3 R
3
3
P 6 6 S
6
3 3
A 3 B
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
23. In the given circuit determine

(a) Equivalent resistance (Including internal resistance).
(b) Current in each resistance
(c) Potential difference across each resistance
(d) The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed
(e) The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery
(f) Electric power output
(g) Potential difference across battery
(h) Which resistance consumes maximum power
(i) Power dissipated in 3 W resistance.
24. In given circuit determine

(a) Equivalent resistance (Including internal resistance).
(b) Current i, i1, i2 and i3
(c) Potential difference across battery and each resistance
(d) The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed
(e) The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery
(f) Electric power output
(g) Which resistance consumes maximum power ?
(h) Power dissipated across 4W resistance
25. (a) Determine the potential difference between

X and Y in the circuit shown in Figure.
(b) If intermediate cell has internal resistance
r = 1W then determine the potential difference
between X and Y.
26. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit given in figure between the following point:
(i) A and B (ii) C and D (iii) E and F (iv) A and F (v) A and C
27. An infinite ladder network of resistance is constructed with 1W and 2W resistance, as shown in figure.
(i) Show that the effective resistance between A and B is 2W.

(ii) What is the current that passes through the 2W resistance nearest to the battery ?
87
28. As shown in figure a variable rheostat of 2 kW is used to control the potential difference across 500 ohm load.
(i) If the resistance AB is 500 W, what is the potential difference across the load ? (ii) If the load is removed,
what should be the resistance at BC to get 40 volt between B and C ?
29. ABCD is a square where each side is uniform wire of resistance 1 W. Find a point E on CD such that if a uniform wire
of resistance 1 W is connected across AE and a potential difference is applied across A and C, the points B and E will
be equipotential.
30. Suppose you have three resistors of 20 W, 50 W and 100 W. What minimum and maximum resistances can you
obtain from these resistors ?
31. Three bulbs, each having a resistance of 180 W, are connected in parallel to an ideal battery of emf 60 V. Find
the current delivered by the battery when
(a) all the bulbs are switched on,
(b) two of the bulbs are switched on and
(c) only one bulb is switched on.
32. Consider the circuit shown in figure. Find the current through the 10W resistor when the switch S is (a) opened (b)
closed.
33. Six lead-acid type of secondary cells, each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 W, are joined in series to
provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 W. Determine : (i) the current drawn from the supply and
(ii) its terminal voltage.
34. In the figure each cell has an emf of 1.5 V and internal resistance of 0.40 W. Calculate:
(i) current I
(ii) current in the 36 W resistor
(iii) potential difference across A and B.
35. In the circuit shown all five resistors have the same value 200 ohms and each cell has an emf 3 volts. Find the open
circuit voltage and the short circuit current for the terminals A and B.
A
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
36. Find the currents through the three resistors shown in figure
37. Find the value of i1/i2 in figure if (a) R = 0.1 W, (b) R = 1W (c) R = 10 W. Note from your answer that in order to get
more current from a combination of two batteries they should be joined in parallel if the external resistance is small
and in series if the external resistance is large as compared to the internal resistances.
38. A galvanometer has a resistance of 30 ohm and a current of 2 mA is needed to give a full scale deflection. What is
the resistance needed and how is it to be connected to convert the galvanometer.
(a) Into an ammeter of 0.3 ampere range ? (b) Into a voltmeter of 0.2 volt range ?
39. A voltmeter of resistance 400W is used to measure the potential difference

across the 100W resistor in the circuit shown in the figure. (a) What will be
the reading of the voltmeter ? (b) What was the potential difference across
100 W before the voltmeter was connected ?
40. An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a battery with an emf e = 6.0 V. When a certain resistance is
connected in parallel with the voltmeter, the reading of the voltmeter decrease h = 2.0 times, whereas the reading of
the ammeter increase the same number of times. Find the voltmeter reading after the connection of the resistance.
41. An electrical circuit is shown in the figure. Calculate the potential difference
across the resistance of 400 ohm, as will be measured by the voltmeter V of
resistance 400 ohm, either by applying Kirchhoff's rules or otherwise.
42. A battery of emf 1.4 V and internal resistance 2 W is connected to a resistor of 100 W through an ammeter. The
resistance of the ammeter is 4/3 W. A voltmeter has also been connected to find the potential difference across the
resistor.
(i) Draw the circuit diagram.
(ii) The ammeter reads 0.02 A. What is the resistance of the voltmeter ?
(iii) The voltmeter reads 1.10 V, what is the zero error in the voltmeter ?
43. Figure shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the determination of internal
resistance of 1.5 V cell. The balance point of the cell without 9.5 W in the
external circuit is 70 cm. When a resistor of 9.5 W is used in the external
circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to 60 cm length of the
potentiometer wire. Determine the internal resistance of the secondary
cell.
89
44. Figure shows a potentiometer with a cell of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance
0.04 W maintaining a potential drop across the potentiometer wire AB. A
standard cell which maintains a constant emf of 1.02 V (for very moderate
currents up to a few ampere) gives a balance point of 67.3 cm length of the
wire. To ensure very low currents drawn from the standard cell, a very high
resistance of 600 kW is put in series with it which is shorted close to the
balance point. The standard cell is then replaced by a cell of unknown emf
E and the balance point found similarly turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of
the wire.
(a) What is the value of E ?

(b) What purpose does the high resistance of 600 kW have ?
(c) Is the balance point affected by this high resistance?
(d) Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell?
(e) Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an emf
of 1.0 V instead of 2.0 V?
(f) Would the circuit work well for determining extremely small emf, say, of the order of few mV
(such typical emf of thermocouple)?
45. Figure shows a metre bridge (which is nothing but a practical Wheatstone Bridge) consisting of two resistors
X and Y together in parallel with a metre long constantan wire of uniform cross-section. With the help of a
movable contact D, one can change the ratio of the resistances of the two segments of the wire until a
sensitive galvanometer G connected across B and D shows no deflection. The null point is found to be at a
distance of 30 cm from the end A. The resistor Y is shunted by a resistance of 12.0 W and the null point is
found to shift by a distance of 10 cm. Determine the resistance of X and Y.
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]
1. If an ammeter is to be used in place of a voltmeter, then we must connect with the ammeter a-
(1) low resistance in parallel (2) high resistance in parallel

(3) high resistance in series (4) low resistance in series
2. By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of a conductor and a semiconductor-

(1) increases for both (2) decreases for both
(3) increases, decreases respectively (4) decreases, increases respectively
3. The length of a wire of a potentiometer is 100 cm, and the emf of its stand and cell is E volt. It is employed to measure
the emf of a battery whose internal resistance is 0.5 If the balance point is obtained at  = 30 cm from the positive
end, the emf of the battery is-
30E 30E
(1) (2)
100.5 100  0.5
30(E  0.5i) 30E

(3) , where i is the current in the potentiometer wire (4)
100 100
4. An ammeter reads upto 1 A. Its internal resistance is 0.81 . To increase the range to 10 A, the value of the required
shunt is-
(1) 0.03  (2) 0.3  (3) 0.9  (4) 0.09 
5. A 3V battery with negligible internal resistance is connected in a circuit as shown in the figure. The current I, in the
circuit will be-
1
(1) 1 A (2) 1.5 A (3) 2 A (4) A
3
6. The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased by 100%. Due to the consequent decrease in diameter the change
in the resistance of the wire will be-
(1) 200 % (2) 100 % (3) 50 % (4) 300 %
7. The total current supplied to the circuit by the battery is-
(1) 1 A (2) 2 A (3) 4 A (4) 6 A
91
8. The resistance of the series combination of two resistance is S. When they are joined in parallel, the total resistance
is P. If S = nP, then the minimum possible value of n is-
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
9. An electric current is passed through a circuit containing two wires of the same material, connected in parallel. It the
lengths and radii of the wires are in the ratio of 4/3 and 2/3, then the ratio of the currents passing through the wire will be-
(1) 3 (2) 1/3 (3) 8/9 (4) 2
10. In a metre bridge experiment, null point is obtained at 20 cm from one end of the wire when resistance X is balanced
against another resistance Y. If X < Y, then where will be the new position of the null point from the same end, if one
decides to balance a resistance of 4X against Y ?
(1) 50 cm (2) 80 cm (3) 40 cm (4) 70 cm
11. The thermistor are usually made of
(1) metals with low temperature coefficient of resistivity

(2) metals with high temperature coefficient of resistivity
(3) metal oxides with high temperature coefficient of resistivity
(4) semiconducting materials having low temperature coefficient of resistivity
12. In the circuit, the galvanometer G shows zero deflection. If the batteries A and B have negligible internal resistance,
the value of the resistor R will be-
(1) 200  (2) 100  (3) 500  (4) 1000 
13. Two sources of equal emf are connected to an external resistance R. The internal resistances of the two sources are
R1 and R2 (R2 > R1). If the potential difference across the source having internal resistance R2, is zero, then-
R2  (R1  R2 ) R1R 2 R1R 2

(1) R = (2) R = R2 – R1 (3) R = (4) R =
(R2  R1 ) (R1  R2 ) (R2  R1 )
14. An energy source will supply a constant current into the load, if its internal resistance is-
(1) equal to the resistance of the load (2) very large as compared to the load resistance
(3) zero (4) non-zero but less than the resistance of the load
15. In a potentiometer experiment the balancing with a cell is at length 240 cm. On shunting the cell with a resistance of
2, the balancing length becomes 120 cm. The internal resistance of the cell is-
(1) 1  (2) 0.5  (3) 4  (4) 2 
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
16. The kirchhoff's first law (i = 0) and second law (iR = E),Where the symbols have their usual meanings, are
respectively based on-
(1) conservation of charge, conservation of momentum (2) conservation of energy, conservation of charge
(3) conservation of momentum, conservation of charge (4) conservation of charge, conservation of energy
17. A material 'B' has twice the specific resistance of 'A'. A circular wire made of 'B' has twice the diameter of a wire made
of 'A'. Then for the two wires to have the same resistance, the ratio I B / IA of their respective lengths must be-
1 1
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4) 2
2 4
18. The resistance of bulb filament is 100 at a temperature of 100°C. If its temperature coefficient of resistance be 0.005
per °C, its resistance will become 200 at a temperature of-
(1) 300 °C (2) 400 °C (3) 500 °C (4) 200 °C
19. In a wheatstone's bridge, three resistances P, Q and R are connected in the three arms and the fourth arm is formed
by two resistances S1 and S2 connected in parallel. The condition for the bridge to be balanced will be-
P 2R P R(S1  S2 ) P R(S1  S2 ) P R
(1) = (2) = (3) = (4) =
Q S1  S2 Q S1 S2 Q 2S1 S2 Q S1  S2
20. The current I drawn from the 5 volt source will be-
10 
5  10  20 
I 10 
+ 
5 volt
(1) 0.33 A (2) 0.5 A (3) 0.67 A (4) 0.17 A
21. The resistance of a wire is 5 at 50 °C and 6 at 100 °C. The resistance of the wire at 0 °C will be-
(1) 2  (2) 1  (3) 4  (4) 3 
22. Shown in the figure below is a meter - bridge set up with null deflection in the galvanometer
55  R
20cm
The value of the unknown resistor R is

(1) 13.75 (2) 220  (3) 110 (4) 55
93
23. A 5V battery with internal resistance 2 and a 2V battery with internal resistance1 are connected to a 10  resistor
as shown in the figure. The current in the 10 resistor is
P2
5V 10 2V
2 1
P1
(1) 0.27 A P2 to P1 (2) 0.03 A P1 to P2 (3) 0.03 A P2 to P1 (4) 0.27 A P1 to P2
Directions : Question No. 24 and 25 are based on the following paragraph.

Consider a block of conducting material of resistivey '  ' shown in the figure. Current ‘I’ enters at ‘A’ and leaves
from ‘D’. We apply superposition prinicple to find voltage ' V ' developed between ‘B’ and ‘C’. The calculation
is done in the following steps :
V
I I
A B C D
(i) Take current ‘I’ entering from ‘A’ and assume it to spread over a hemispherical surface in the block.
(ii) Calculate field E(r) at distance ‘r’ from A by using Ohm’s law E = j , where j is the current per unit area
at ‘r’
(iii) From the ‘r’ dependence of E(r), obtain the potential V(r) at r.
(iv) Repeat (i), (ii) and (iii) for current ‘I’ leaving ‘D’ and superpose results for ‘A’ and ‘D’
24. For current entering at A, the electric field at a distance ‘r’ from A is
I I I I
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8r 2 r2 2r 2 4 r 2
25. V measured between B and C is
I I I I I I I
(1) a    a  b  (2) a   a  b  (3) 2a  2  a  b  (4) 2  a  b 
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
26. Statement–1 : The temperature dependence of resistance is usually given as R = R0(1+t). The resistance of a
wire changes from 100 to 150 when its temperature is increased from 27°C to 227°C. This implies
that  = 2.5 × 10–3/°C.
Statement–2 : R = R 0 (1 +   t) is valid only when the change in the temperature  T is small and
R = (R – R0) << R0.
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not the correct explanation of Statement–1
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is the correct explanation of Statement–1
27. Two conductors have the same resistance at 0°C but their temperature coefficients of resistance are 1 and 2.
The respective temperature coefficients of their series and parallel combinations are nearly :
1   2 1   2 1   2 1   2 1  2
(1) , (2) , 1   2 (3) 1   2 , (4) 1   2 ,
2 2 2 2 1   2
28. If a wire is stretched to make it 0.1 % longer its resistance will :-

(1) decrease by 0.2% (2) decrease by 0.05% (3) increase by 0.05% (4) increase by 0.2%
29. If 400  of resistance is made by adding four 100  resistance of tolerance 5%, then the tolerance of the combination
is :
(1) 20% (2) 5% (3) 10% (4) 15%
30. The current in the primary circuit of a potentiometer is 0.2 A. The specific resistance and cross-section of the
potentiometer wire are 4 × 10–7 ohm metre and 8 × 10–7 m2 respectively. The potential gradient will be equal to :-
]
(1) 0.2 V/m (2) 1 V/m (3) 0.5 V/m (4) 0.1 V/m
31. Two electric bulbs marked 25W-220 V and100 W-220 V are connected in series to a 440 V supply. Which of the bulbs
will fuse ?
(1) Neither (2) Both (3) 100 W (4) 25 W
32. The supply voltage to a room is 120V. The resistance of the lead wires is 6. A 60 W bulb is already switched on.
What is the decrease of voltage across the bulb, when a 240 W heater is switched on in parallel to the bulb?
(1) zero Volt (2) 2.9 Volt (3) 13.3 Volt (4) 10.04 Volt
33. This question has Statement I and Statement II. Of the four choice given after the Statements, choose the one that
best describes the two Statemens.
Statement-I : Higher the range, greater is the resistance of ammeter.
Statement-II : To increase the ragne of ammeter, additional shunt needs to be used across it.
(1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is the correct explanation of Statement-I
(2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is not the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
95
34. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W and 1 heater of 1kW. The voltage
of the electric mains is 220 V. The minimum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be :
(1) 12 A (2) 14 A (3) 8 A (4) 10 A
35. When 5V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of electrons is 2.5 × 10–4 ms–1.
If the electron density in the wire is 8 × 1028 m–3, the resistivity of the material is close to :
(1) 1.6 × 10–6 m (2) 1.6 × 10–5 m (3) 1.6 × 10–8 m (4) 1.6 × 10–7 m
36. In the circuit shown, the current in the 1 resistor is :
(1) 0.13 A, from Q to P

(2) 0.13 A, from P to Q
(3) 1.3 A, from P to Q
(4) 0A
37. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 100 gives a full scale deflection, when a current of 1 mA is passed
through it. The value of the resistance, which can convert this galvanometer into ammeter giving a full scale
deflection for a current of 10 A, is :
(1) 2 (2) 0.1  (3) 3  (4) 0.01 
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Part # II [Previous Year Questions][IIT-JEE ADVANCED]
MCQ's (only one correct answers)

1. In the circuit shown in the figure, the current through :
3 2 2
9V
8 8 4
2 2 2
(A) the 3 resistor is 0.50 A (B) the 3 resistor is 0.25 A

(C) the 4 resistor is 0.50 A (D) the 4 resistor is 0.25 A
2. In the circuit shown P  R, the reading of galvanometer is same with switch S open or closed. Then
P Q
R G
(A) IR = IG (B) IP = IG (C) IQ = IG (D) IQ = IR
3. In the given circuit, it is observed that the current I is independent of the value of the resistance R6. Then,
the resistance values must satisfy :–
R5
R1 R3
I
R6
R2 R4
1 1 1 1
(A) R1R2R5 = R3R4R6 (B)   
R 5 R 6 R1  R 2 R 3  R 4
(C) R1R4 = R2R3 (D) R1R3 = R2R4
4. A wire of length L and 3 identical cells of negligible internal resistance are connected in series. Due to the
current, the temperature of the wire is raised by T in a time t. A number N of similar cells is now connected
in series with a wire of the same material and cross–section but of length 2L. The temperature of the wire is
raised by the same amount T in the same time. The value of N is :–
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
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5. The effective resistance between points P and Q of the electrical circuit shown in the figure is :–
2R 2R
2R
r r
P Q
2R
2R 2R
2Rr 8R(R  r) 5R
(A) (B) (C) 2r + 4R (D) + 2r
Rr 3R  r 2
6. A 100 W bulb B1, and two 60 W bulbs B2 and B3, are connected to a 250 V source, as shown in the figure.
Now W1, W2 and W3 are the output powers of the bulbs B1, B2 and B3 respectively. Then
B1 B2
B3
250V
(A) W1 > W2 = W3 (B) W1 > W2 > W3 (C) W1 < W2 = W3 (D) W1 < W2 < W3
7. Express which of the following set–up can be used to verify Ohm's law (ammeter & voltmeter are ideal)
A A V
(A) V (B) A V (C) (D)

V A
8. In the shown arrangement of the experiment of the meter bridge if AC corresponding to null deflection of
galvanometer is x, what would be its value if the radius of the wire AB is doubled?
R1 R2
G
A B
x C
(A) x (B) x/4 (C) 4x (D) 2x
9. The three resistance of equal value are arranged in the different combinations shown below. Arrange them in
increasing order of power dissipation :
i i i
I
II III IV
(A) III < II < IV < I (B) II < III < IV < I (C) I < IV < III < II (D) I < III < II < IV
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
10. Six equal resistances are connected between points P,Q and R as shown in the figure. Then, the net resistance
will be maximum between
P
Q R
(A) P and Q (B) Q and R (C) P and R (D) any two points
11. For the post office box arrangement to determine the value of unknown resistance, the unknown resistance
should be connected between B C D
B1 C1
(A) B and C (B) C and D (C) A and D (D) B1 and C1
12. A moving coil galvanometer of resistance 100  is used as an ammeter using a resistance 0.1. The maximum
deflection current in the galvanometer is 100 A. Find the minimum current in the circuit, so that the ammeter
shown maximum deflection.
(A) 100.1 mA (B) 1000.1 mA (C) 10.01 mA (D) 1.01 mA
13. A rigid container with thermally insulated walls contains a coil of resistance 100, carrying current 1A. Change
in internal energy after 5 min will be :–
(A) zero (B) 10 kJ (C) 20 kJ (D) 30 kJ
14. Find out the value of current through 2 resistance for the given circuit :–
10V 5 10 20V
2
(A) 5A (B) 2 A (C) zero (D) 4 A
15. Two bars of radius r and 2r are kept in contact as shown. An electric current I is passed through the bars.
Which one of following is correct :–
(A) Heat produced in bar BC is 4 times the heat produced in bar AB
(B) Electric field in both halves is equal
(C) Current density across AB is double that of across BC
(D) Potential difference across AB is 4 times that of across BC
16. A resistance of 2 is connected across one gap of a metre–bridge (the length of the wire is 100 cm) and an
unknown resistance, greater than 2, is connected across the other gap. When these resistances are
interchanged, the balance point shifts by 20 cm. Neglecting any corrections, the unknown resistance is :–
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
99
17. Figure shows three resistor configurations R1, R2 and R3 connected to 3V battery. If the power dissipated by
the configuration R1, R2 and R3 is P1, P2 and P3, respectively, then :-
1 1
1 3V
1 3V 1 1
1 3V 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
R1 R2 R3
(A) P1 > P2 > P3 (B) P1 > P3 > P2 (C) P2 > P1 > P3 (D) P3 > P2 > P1
18. Incandescent bulbs are designed by keeping in mind that the resistance of their filament increases with the increase
in temperature. If at room temperature, 100 W, 60 W and 40 W bulbs have filament resistance R100, R60 and R40,
respectively, the relation between these resistances is ]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) R   (B) R100 = R40 + R60 (C) R100 > R60 > R40 (D) R  
100 R 40 R 60 100 R 60 R 40
19. To verify Ohm’s law, a student is provided with a test resistor RT, a high resistance R1, a small resistance R2, two
identical galvanometers G1 and G2, and a variable voltage source V. The correct circuit to carry out the experiment
is :–
G1 G1
R2 R1
G2 G2
RT R1 RT R2
(A) (B)
V V
R1
G1 R2
G1
G2
RT G2
RT
R2
R1
(C) (D)
V
V
20. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and thickness t, made of a material of resistivity . The resistance between
two opposite faces, shown by the shaded areas in the figure is
100
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
t.
L
(A) directly proportional to L (B) directly proportional to t

(C) independent of L (D) independent of t
MCQ's (one or more than one correct answers) I 2k R1

1. For the circuit shown in the figure
(A) the current I through the battery is 7.5 mA
(B) the potential difference across RL is 18 V 24V 6k R2 RL 1.5k
(C) ratio of powers dissipated in R1 and R2 is 3
(D) If R1 and R2 are interchanged magnitude of the power dissipated in RL will decrease by a factor of 9
Assertion-Reason
1. STATEMENT–1 : In a Meter Bridge experiment, null point for an unknown resistance is measured. Now, the
unknown resistance is put inside an enclosure maintained at a higher temperature. The null point can be obtained
at the same point as before by decreasing the value of the standard resistance.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Resistance of a metal increases with increase in temperature.
(A) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True ; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1
(B) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True ; Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement–1
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False.
(D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True.
Subjective problems
1. A thin uniform wire AB of length 1m, an unknown resistance X and a resistance of 12 are connected by
thick conducting strips, as shown in the figure. A battery and galvanometer (with a sliding jockey connected
to it) are also available. Connections are to be made to measure the unknown resistance X using the principle
of Wheatstone bridge.
X 12
A B C D
(i) Are there positive and negative terminals on the galvanometer ?

(ii) Copy the figure in your answer book and show the battery and the galvanometer (with jockey) connected
at appropriate points.
(iii) After appropriate connections are made, it is found that no deflection takes place in the galvanometer when
the sliding jockey touches the wire at a distance of 60 cm from A. Obtain the value of the resistance X.
2. Show by diagram, how can we use a rheostat as the potential divider ?
101
3. Draw the circuit for experimental verification of Ohm's law using a source of variable DC voltage, a main resistance
of 100 , two galvanometers and two resistances of values 106  and 10–3  respectively. Clearly show the positions
of the voltmeter and the ammeter.
4. R1, R2, R3 are different values of R. A, B, C are the null points obtained corresponding to R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
For which resistor, the value of X will be the most accurate and why ?
A B C
5. When two identical batteries of internal resistance 1 each are connected in series across a resistor R, the rate of
heat produced in R is J 1. When the same batteries are connected in parallel across R, the rate is J 2. If
J1 = 2.25 J2 then the value of R in  is
6. In an aluminum (Al) bar of square cross section, a square hole is drilled and is filled with iron (Fe) as shown in the
figure. The electrical resistivities of Al and Fe are 2.7 × 10–8 m and 1.0 × 10–7 m, respectively. The electrical
resistance between the two faces P and Q of the composite bar is
2475
(A) μΩ
64
1875
(B) μΩ Q
64
1875
(C) μΩ A1
49 50 mm
Fe
2475 2mm P
(D) μΩ
132 7 mm
7. In the following circuit, the current through the resistor R (=2) is I amperes. The value of I is -
R(=2) 1
8
2
2
6
4
10
6.5V
12
Comprehension for 8 & 9

Consider an evacuated cylindrical chamber of height h haivng rigid conducting plates at the ends and an insulating
102
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
curved surface as shown in the figure. A number of spherical balls made of alight weight and soft material and coated
with a conducting material are placed on the bottom plate. The balls have a radius r << h. Now a high voltage source
(HV) is connected across the conducting plates such that the bottom plate is at + V0 and the top plate at –V0. Due
to the their conducting surface, the balls will get charged, will become equipotential with the plate and are repelled
by it. The balls will eventually collide with the top plate, where the coefficient of restitution can be taken to be zero
due to the soft nature of the material of the balls. The electric field in the chamber can be considered to be that of a
parallel plate capacitor. Assume that there are no collisions between the balls and the interaction between them is
negligible. (Ignore gravity)
8. Which one of the following statements is correct? ]

(A) The balls will stick to the top plate and remain there
(B) The balls will bounce back to the bottom plate carrying the same charge they went up with
(C) The balls will bounce back to the bottom plate carrying the opposite charge they went up with
(D) The balls will execute simple harmonic motion between the two plates
9. The average current in the steady state registered by the ammeter in the circuit will be
(A) zero
(B) proportional to the potential V0
(C) proportional to V01/2
(D) proportional to V02
10. An infinite line charge of uniform electric charge density  lies along the axis of an electrically conducting infinite
cylindrical shell of radius R. At time t = 0, the space inside the cylinder is filled with a material of permittivity  and
electrical conductivity . The electrical conduction in the material follows Ohm’s law. Which one of the following
graphs best describes the subsequent variation of the magnitude of current density f(t) at any point in the
material?
j(t)
j(t)
(A) (B)
t
t
(0,0)
(0,0)
j(t) j(t)
(C) (D)
t t
(0,0) (0,0)
103
11. An incandescent bulb has a thin filament of tungsten that is heated to high temperature by passing an electric
current. The hot filament emits black-body radiation. The filament is observed to break up at random locations after
a sufficiently long time of operation due to non-uniform evaporation of tungsten from the filament. If the bulb is
powered at constant voltage, which of the following statement(s) is(are) true?
(A) The temperature distribution over the filament is uniform
(B) The resistance over small sections of the filament decreases with time
(C) The filament emits more light at higher band of frequencies before it breaks up
(D) The filament consumes less electrical power towards the end of the life of the bulb
104
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
MOCK TEST : BASIC MATHS
SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. In the circuit shown, each resistances is 2 W. The potential V1 as indicated in the circuit, is equal to
(A) 11 V (B) – 11V (C) 9 V (D) – 9 V
2. In the circuit shown, the value of R in ohm that will result in no current through the 30 V battery, is :
R
20
10
(A) 10  (B) 25  (C) 30  (D) 40 
3. The maximum current in a galvanometer can be 10 mA. It’s resistance is 10. To convert it into an ammeter of
1 Amp. a resistor should be connected in
(A) series, 0.1 (B) parallel, 0.1 (C) series, 100  (D) parallel, 100.
4. When a galvanometer is shunted with a 4 resistance, the deflection is reduced to one - fifth. If the galvanometer
is further shunted with a 2 wire, the further reduction (find the ratio of decrease in current to the previous
current) in the deflection will be (the main current remains the same).
(A) (8/13) of the deflection when shunted with 4 only
(B) (5/13) of the deflection when shunted with 4 only
(C) (3/4) of the deflection when shunted with 4 only
(D) (3/13) of the deflection when shunted with 4 only
5. In the figure shown the current flowing through 2 R is :

(A) from left to right A R 2R R B
(B) from right to left

(C) no current
(D) None of these
6. In a practical wheat stone bridge circuit as shown, when

one more resistance of 100  is connected is parallel
with unknown resistance ' x ', then ratio 1/2 become ' 2 '.
1 is balance length. AB is a uniform wire. Then value of
' x ' must be:
(A) 50  (B) 100  (C) 200  (D) 400 
105
7. A battery of internal resistance 2  is connected to a variable resistor whose value can vary from 4  to 10 . The
resistance is initially set at 4  If the resistance is now increased then
(A) power consumed by it will decrease
(B) power consumed by it will increase
(C) power consumed by it may increase or may decrease
(D) power consumed will first increase then decrease.
8. A cell of emf E having an internal resistance ' r ' is connected to an V

A
E
external resistance R. The potential difference ' V ' across B
the resistance R varies with R as shown by the curve: E/2
D
(A) A (B) B
R
(C) C (D) D
9. ' n' identical light bulbs, each designed to draw P power from a certain voltage supply are joined in series and
that combination is connected across that supply. The power consumed by one bulb will be-
(A) n P (B) P (C) P/n (D) P/n 2
10. To get maximum current through a resistance of 2.5 , one can use ' m ' rows of cells, each row having ' n ' cells.
The internal resistance of each cell is 0.5  . What are the values of n & m, if the total number of cells is 45.
(A) 3, 15 (B) 5, 9 (C) 9, 5 (D) 15, 3

A
11. Two circular rings of identical radii and resistance of 36each are placed in such a way
that they cross each other’s centre C1 and C2 as shown in figure. Conducting joints are
C1 C2
made at intersection points A and B of the rings. An ideal cell of emf 20
volts is connected across AB. The power delivered by cell is B
(A) 80 watt (B) 100 watt (C) 120 watt (D) 200 watt
12. Circuit for the measurement of resistance by potentiometer is

shown. The galvanometer is first connected at point A and zero
deflection is observed at length PJ = 10 cm. In second case it is
connect at point C and zero deflection is observed at a length
30 cm from P. Then the unknown resistance X is
R
(A) 2R (B)
2
R
(C) (D) 3R
3
13. Two long coaxial and conducting cylinders of radius a and b are separated by a material of conductivity  and a
constant potential difference V is maintained between them, by a battery. Then the current, per unit length of the
cylinder flowing from one cylinder the other is :
4  4 2 2
(A) V (B) V (C) V (D) V
n (b / a) (b  a) n(b / a) (b  a)
14. 50 V battery is supplying current of 10 amp when connected to a resistor. If the efficiency of battery at this
current is 25%. Then internal resistance of battery is :
(A) 2.5  (B) 3.75  (C) 1.25  (D) 5 
106
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
15. A battery is supplying power to a tape-recorder by cable of resistance of 0.02 . If the battery is generating
50 W power at 5V, then power received by tape-recorder is : (neglect internal resistance of battery)
(A) 50 W (B) 45 W (C) 30 W (D) 48 W
16. In the shown wire frame, each side of a square (the smallest square) has a A B
resistance R. The equivalent resistance of the circuit between
the points A and B is :
(A) R (B) 2R (C) 4R (D) 8R
109
17. A spherical shell, made of material of electrical conductivity (-m)–1, has

thickness t = 2 mm and radius r = 10 cm. In an arrangement, its inside surface is +
-
kept at a lower potential than its outside surface.
The resistance offered by the shell is equal to -
(A) 5 x 10–12  (B) 2.5 x 10–11  (C) 5 x 10–12  (D) 5 x 10–11 
18. Two cylindrical rods of uniform cross-section area A and 2A, having free electrons per unit volume 2n and n
respectively are joined in series. A current  flows through them in steady state. Then the ratio of drift velocity of free
 vL  2n n
electron in left rod to drift velocity of electron in the right rod is  v  is :
 R 
1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
2
Charge
19. A charge passing through a resistor is varying with time
as shown in the figure. The amount of heat generated in
t
time ' t ' is best represented (as a function of time)
by:
H H H H
(A) (B) (C) (D)

2sec
t t t t
1sec 1sec 2sec 1sec 2sec
20. Two cylindrical rods of same cross-section area and same length are connected
in series to an ideal cell as shown. The resistivity of left rod is  and that of
right rod is 2. Then the variation of potential at any point P
distant x from left end of combined rod system is given by.
v v v v
(A) (B) (C) (D)

x x x x
21. A copper sphere of 10cm diameter is lowered into a water filled hemispherical copper vessel of 20 cm diameter so that
the sphere and the vessel becomes concentric. Electrical conductivity of water is  = 10–3 (– m)–1. The electrical
resistance between the sphere and the vessel is :
(A) 1591.6  (B) 1450  (C) 1682.4  (D) 1489.6 
107
22. In the shown circuit the resistance R can be varied :

R
r
r
E E
E
The variation of current through R against R is correctly plotted as :
i i i i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
R R R R
23. A cylindrical solid of length L and radius a is having varying resistivity
given by  = 0x where 0 is a positive constant and x is measured
from left end of solid. The cell shown in the figure is having emf V and
negligible internal resistance. The electric field
as a function of x is best described by :
2V 2V
(A) ×x (B) ×x
L2
0 L2
V
(C) ×x (D) None of these
L2
SECTION - II : MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
24. Two cells of unequal emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are
joined as shown in figure. VP and VQ are the potential at P and Q
respectively.
(A) The potential difference across both the cells will be equal
(B) One of the cell, will supply energy to the other cell.
(C) The potential difference across one of the cells will be greater than its emf.
E1r2  E 2 r1
(D) VP – VQ =
r1  r2
25. In the circuit shown in the figure
(A) power supplied by the battery is 200 watt

(B) current flowing in the circuit is 5 A
(C) potential difference across 4  resistance is equal to the potential difference across 6 resistance
(D) current in wire AB is zero
26. In the figure a conductor of nonuniform cross-section is shown. A
steady current  flows in it.
(A) The electric field at A is more than at B. A
(B) The electric field at B is more than at A. B
(C) The thermal power generated at A is more than at B in an element of small same width.
(D) The thermal power generated at B is more than at A in an element of small same width.
108
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
27. In the figure shown: (All batteries are ideal)
(A) current through 25 V cell is 20 A (B) current through 25 V cell is 12.5 A

(C) power supplied by 20 V cell is 20 W (D) power supplied by 20 V cell is  20 W
28. Consider a resistor of uniform cross sectional area connected to a battery of zero internal resistance. If the
length of the resistor is doubled by stretching it then
(A) current will become four times.
(B) the electric field in the wire will become half.
(C) the thermal power produced by the resistor will become one fourth.
(D) the product of the current density and conductance will become half.
29. A variable current flows through a 1 resistor for 2 seconds. Time (A)
dependence of the current is shown in the graph. 10
(A) Total charge flown through the resistor is 10 C.
(B) Average current through the resistor is 5A.
(C) Total heat produced in the resistor is 50 J.
O 2 t(s)
(D) Maximum power during the flow of current is 100 W.
30. A conductor of truncated conical (frustum) is connected to a battery of emf
 as shown in the figure.
If at a section distant x from left end, electric field intensity, potential and rate of
generation of heat per unit length are E, V and H respectively, then which of the
following graph(s) is/are correct ?
E H H V
(A) (B) (C) (D)
X X E X
31. AB is part of a circuit as shown, that absorbs energy at a rate of 50 W. E is an emf device that has no internal
resistance.
(A) Potential difference across AB is 48 V. i=1A
(B) Emf of the device is 48 V. A B
2.0 E
(C) Point B is connected to the positive terminal of E.
(D) Rate of conversion from electrical to chemical energy is 48 W in device E.
32. The galvanometer shown in the figure has resistance 10 .It is shunted by a series combination of a
resistance S = 1 and an ideal cell of emf 2V. A current 2A passes as shown.
(A) The reading of the galvanometer is 1A

(B) The reading of the galvanometer is zero
(C) The potential difference across the resistance S is 1.5 V
(D) The potential difference across the resistance S is 2 V
109
SECTION - III : ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

33. Statement-1 : When an external resistor of resistance R (connected across a cell of internal resistance r) is
varied, power consumed by resistance R is maximum when R = r.
Statement-2 : Power consumed by a resistor of constant resistance R is maximum when current through it is
maximum.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
 
34. STATEMENT-1 : The current density J at any point in ohmic resistor is in direction of electric field E at that point.
STATEMENT-2 : A point charge when released from rest in a region having only electrostatic field always moves
along electric lines of force.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
35. Statement-1 : A wire of uniform cross section and uniform resistivity is connected across an ideal cell.
Now the length of the wire is doubled keeping volume of wire constant. The drift velocity
of electrons after stretching the wire becomes one fourth of what it was before stretching the wire.
Statement-2 : If a wire ( of uniform resistivity and uniform cross-section) of length o is stretched to length
n o, then its resistance becomes n 2 times of what it was before stretching the wire
(the volume of wire is kept constant in stretching process). Further at constant potential
difference, current is inversely proportional to resistance. Finally drift velocity of free
electron is directly proportional to current and inversely proportional to cross section area
of current carrying wire..
36. Statement-1 : In the circuit shown both cells are ideal and of fixed emf, the resistor of resistance R1 has fixed
resistance and the resistance of resistor R2 can be varied( but R2 is always non-zero). Then the
electric power delivered to resistor of resistance R1 is independent of value of resistance R2.
R1
R2 E2
E1
Statement-2 : If potential difference across a fixed resistance is unchanged, the power delivered to the resistor
remains constant.
110
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
37. Statement–1 : The power delivered to a light bulb is more just after it is switched ON and the glow of the filament
is increasing, as compared to when the bulb is glowing steadily, i.e., after some time of switching ON.
Statement–2 : As temperature increases, resistance of conductor increases.
38. Statement-1 : For calculation of current in resistors of resistance R1, R2 and R3 in the circuit shown in
figure 1, the circuit can be redrawn as shown in figure 2 (this means that circuit shown in
figure 2 is equivalent to circuit shown in figure 1). All the cells shown are ideal and identical.
R1 R2 R1 R2
R3 E E
E E
R3
(fig.1)
(fig.2)
Statement-2 : Whenever potential difference across two resistors is same, both resistors can be assumed
as a combination of two resistors in parallel.
SECTION - IV : COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension # 1
V
Resistance value of an unknown resistor is calculated using the formula R  where V and I be the readings
I
of the voltmeter and the ammeter respectively. Consider the circuits below. The internal resistances of the
voltmeter and the ammeter (Rv and RG respectively) are finite and non zero.
V V
A A
R R
E E
r r
Figure (A) Figure (B)
Let RA and RB be the calculated values in the two cases A and B respectively.
39. The relation between RA and the actual value R is

(A) R > RA (B) R < RA
(C) R = RA (D) dependent upon E and r.
40. The relation between RB and the actual value R is :
(A) R < RB (B) R > RB (C) R = RB (D) dependent upon E and r.
111
41. If the resistance of voltmeter is Rv = 1 k  and that of ammeter is RG = 1 , the magnitude of the percentage
error in the measurement of R (the value of R is nearly 10 ) is :
(A) zero in both cases (B) non zero but equal in both cases
(C) more in circuit A (D) more in circuit B
Comprehension # 2
In the arrangement shown in the figure when the switch S2 is

open, the galvanometer shows no deflection for  = L/2.
When the switch S2 is closed, the galvanometer shows no
5
deflection for  = L . The internal resistance (r) of 6 V cell,
12
and the emf E of the other battery are respectively. Wire AB
is potentiometer wire and resistance of other conducting
wires is negligible. (Internal resistance of cell
E is negligible)
42. Calculate emf of cell E :

(A) 6 V (B) 5 V (C) 12 V (D) 10 V
43. Calculate the internal resistance 'r' :

(A) 1  (B) 2  (C) 3  (D) zero
44. If the current in 8  resistance is 2A then the current through resistance 'R' (in ampere) is :
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
Comprehension # 3
In the circuit shown, the resistances are given in ohms and the battery is assumed ideal with emf equal to 3.0
volts.
45. The resistor that dissipates maximum power.

(A) R1 (B) R2 (C) R4 (D) R5
46. The potential difference across resistor R3 is

(A) 0.4 V (B) 0.6 V (C) 1.2 V (D) 1.5 V
47. The current passing through 3V battery is

(A) 10 mA (B) 30 mA (C) 40 mA (D) 60 mA
112
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
SECTION - V : MATRIX - MATCH TYPE

48. Column I gives physical quantities of a situation in which a current i passes through two rods I and II of equal
length that are joined in series. The ratio of free electron density (n), resistivity () and cross-section area (A) of
both are in ratio n1 : n2 = 2 : 1, 1 : 2 = 2 : 1 and A1 : A2 = 1 : 2 respectively. Column II gives corresponding results.
Match the ratios in Column  with the values in Column  .
i
A B C
Column  Column 
Drift velocity of free electron in rod 
(A) Drift velocity of free electron in rod  (P) 0.5
Electric field in rod 

(B) (Q) 1
Electric field in rod 
Potential difference across rod 
(C) (R) 2
Potential difference across rod 
Average time taken by free electron to move from A to B
(D) Average time taken by free electron to move from B to C (S) 4
49. In the circuit shown, battery, ammeter and voltmeter are ideal and the switch S is initially closed as shown.
When switch S is opened, match the parameter of column I with the effects in column II .
R R
V
S
A
E
(A) Equivalent resistance across the battery (p) Remains same
(B) Power dissipated by left resistance R (q) Increases
(C) Voltmeter reading (r) decreases
(D) Ammeter reading (s) Becomes zero.
50. Consider the circuit shown. The resistance connected between the junction A
A and B is 60  including the resistance of the galvanometer. The switches
have no resistance when shorted and infinite resistance when opened. All S1 15 S3

the switches are initially open and they are closed as given in column . 
20
Match the condition in column  with the direction of current through
galvanometer and the value of the current through the battery in column . 30 

30
Column  Column  S2 S4
B
(A) Only switch S1 is closed (P) Current from A to B
180V
(B) Only switch S2 is closed (Q) Current from B to A
(C) Only switch S3 is closed (R) Current through the battery is 12.0 A
(D) Only switch S4 is closed (S) Current through the battery is 15.6 A
(T) Current through the Galvanometer is 1.2 A
113
SECTION - VI : INTEGER TYPE

51. Find current in the branch CD of the circuit (in ampere).
52. The circuit shown in the figure contains three resistors R1 = 100  , R2 = 50  & R3 = 20  and cells of emf's
E1= 2V & E2. The ammeter indicates a current of 50mA. Determine the current(mA) in the resistor R2
53. All batteries are having emf 10 volt and internal resistance negligible. All resistors are in ohms. Calculate the
current in the right most 2 resistor.
x
54. In the circuit diagram shown if the current through the 1  resistor is A then x is.
2
55. The efficiency of a cell when connected to a resistance R is 60%. What will be its efficiency (in%) if the external
resistance is increased to six times.
0.1m
56. Figure shows a cell in which unit positive charge experience a – +
1A – + 1A
constant non electric force of 10N and a constant electric force of – + +
– 8N
– 10N +
+
8N in directions shown in the figure. Find the emf of the cell,
difference across the cell (in volt) Cell
E
57. Consider the potentiometer circuit arranged as in figure. The potentiometer
wire AB is 300 cm long. (A) At what distance from the point A should the 12r B
jockey touch the wire to get zero deflection in the galvanometer ? (B) If the
jockey touches the wire at a distance of 275 cm from A, what will be the G
current in the galvanometer? 2r
58. In the circuit shown all five resistors have the same value 200 ohms and each cell has an emf 3 volts. if the open
x
circuit voltage is volt then x is.
10
A
114
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. B
14. C 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. D 21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. B 26. A
27. B 28. B 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. B 36. D
EXERCISE - 2 : PART # I
1. A,C,D 2. A,C 3. AD 4. A 5. A, C 6. A, B 7. B 8. A,C,D 9. A,B,C

10. D 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. A,C 16. B,C 17. A,C 18. A,B,C
19. C 20. A 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. D 27. B
28. B 29. AB 30. AC 31. AB
PART # II
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. E 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
1. A  P ; B  Q, S ; C  S ; D  P, R, S 2. A Q ; B  P ; C  P ; D  Q
3. A Q ; B  P ; C  P 4. A  P ; B  P ; C  Q ; D  Q,S
PART # II
Comp. # 1 : 1. A 2. D 3. D Comp. # 2 : 1. B 2. B 3. D
Comp. # 3 : 1. C 2. B Comp. # 4 : 1. A,C 2. B,D 3. A,B
Comp. # 5 : 1. A 2. B 3. B Comp. # 6 : 1. B 2. B 3. A
Comp. # 7 : 1. C 2. A 3. B Comp. # 8 : 1. B 2. B 3. D
Comp. # 9 : 1. C 2. A 3. C
EXERCISE - 4
31 1.5  63.5  10  3
1. 31 C , A 2. = 1.1 × 10 –3 ms–1 or 1.1 mm s–1 3. (i) Q = 1200 C (ii) n = 75 x 1020
3 1.6  6  9
2 1 n2 –1
4. (a) n =  1017 = 1.25 × 1017 (b) 106 A/m2 . 5. 10 A. 6. (i) 41ºC (ii) ºC .
1. 6 2 273
0.35
7. T2 8. 0.2 % 9. (i) R = = 0.175  (ii) R = 7 x 10-5 
2
10. (a) E = 10 V each (b) (a) act as a source and (b) act as load (c) VA = 9V, VB = 11 V (d) PA = 9 W, PB = 11 W
(e) Heat rate = 1 W each (f) 10 W each (g) 9V, 11V (h) –9W, 11 W
125
11. V 12. (a) all equal (b) b, then a and c equal (c) a, c equal, b
9
13. (a) 7.5 V, (b) 24 mA (c) greater than 12 V.
50 22  11 125
14. (a) = 4.55 A (b) = 48.4  (c) 1000 W (d) 240 cal s-1 (e) 80/3 gm 15. = 31.25 watt
11 5 4
115
16. PA = 8 W & PB = 32 W, A is more likely to fail his examinations

17. (a) VA = VB = VC = VD = 0 V, VE = VF = VG = VH = 10 V, V = VJ = VK = 15 V
(b) V1 = 15 V, V2 = 5V, V3 = 15 V (c) each act as a source
(d) 17.5 A (), 15A() 2.5 A (), 5A () from left toright in given circuit. (e) 1  resistance (f) left most battery.
25 5
18. V = 2.78 V, A = 0.278 A 19. 19 V 20. (a) 10 . (b) 3200 J
9 18
21. 5 A, 74 V, 49 V (+ve terminal is connected at point B) 22. Rf = 2.
23. (a) R = 10  (b) 1A in each (c) V3 = 3V, V2 = 2V, V4 = 4V (d) 10 W (e) 1 W (f) 9W (g) 9V (h) 4  resistance (i) 3 W.
1 1
24. (a) R = 3  (b) i = 2A, i1 = A, i2 = 1A, i3 = A (c) V = 4V in each (d) 12 W (e) 4W (f) 8 W (g) 4 (h) 4W
2 2
25. (a) 3.7 V (b) 3.7 V 26. (i) RAB = 5/6  (ii) RCD = 1.5  (iii) REF = 1.5  (iv) RAF = 5/6  (v) RAC = 4/3 
150
27. (ii) 1.5 A 28. (i) = 21.43 V, (ii) 1600  29. CE: ED = 2 : 1 30. 12.5 , 170 
7
12 12  8.5
31. (a) 1 A (b) 2/3 A (c) 1/3 A 32. (a) 0.1 A (b) 0.3 A 33. (i) = 1.4 A, (ii) = 11.9 V
8.59 8.59
1 1 1
34. (i) = 0.5 A (ii) = 0.0833 A (iii) 1.5   0.4 = 1.7 V 35. VB – VA =21/5 = 4.2 V,  = 35/2 mA = 17.5 mA (B to A)
2 12 2
1.2 10.5
36. zero in the upper 4  resistor and 0.2 A in the rest two. 37. (a) = 0.57 (b) 1 (c) = 1.75
2.1 6
S
V=0.2 volt
(I-Ig) 30  2  10 3
38. (A) S = = 0.2013  (B) R = 70 
0.3  2  10 3
G
G
I=0.3A Ig Ig R
20
39. (A) 24 V, (B) 28 V 40. V =  / ( + 1) = 2.0 V. 41. V 42. (i)
3
4  70  9 .5
(ii) 200  (iii) 1.1 – = –0.23 V 43.   1  9.5 = ohm 44. (a) 1.25 V,
3  60  6
(b) saving of galvanometer from damage and to prevent the cell discharging fast (C) No, (D) Yes, (e) No, (f) No
20 20
45. x = , Y= 
7 3
1. 3 2. 3 3. 4 4. 4 5. 2 6. 4 7. 3 8. 1 9. 2 10. 1 11. 3 12. 2 13. 2

14. 2 15. 4 16. 4 17. 4 18. 2 19. 2 20. 2 21. 3 22. 2 23. 3 24. 3 25. 3 26. 2
116
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
27. 1 28. 4 29. 2 30. 4 31. 4 32. 4 33. 4 34. 1 35. 2 36. 1 37. 4
PART # II
l MCQ's One correct answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A C B A D B A A A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C A D C A A C D C C
l MCQ's one or more than one correct answers 1. A,D
l Assertion-Reason 1. D
106 voltmeter
l Subjective (i) No, (ii) (ii) 8 3. G1
100
Ammeter
x C 12
A
y 103
D G2
G
E
4. R1=R2. So B give more accurate value 5. 4 6. B 7. 1 Amp. 10. C 11. C,D
MOCK TEST
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. D
10. D 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. D 18. B
19. C 20. B 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B, C, D 25. A, C 26. A, C 27. B,D
28. B, C 29. A, B D 30. A, B C 31. B, D 32. B, D 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A
37. A 38. C 39. A 40. A 41. D 42. C 43. B 44. A 45. A,
46. A, 47. C 48. A Q ; B  S ; C  S; D Q 49. A Q; B R ; C R ; D R
50. A P, S, T ; B  Q, R ; C Q, T; D  P 51. 15 52. 20 53. 70 54. 5 55. 90
3E
56. 0.8 volt , 1.0 volt r = 0.2  57. (a) 157.5 cm (b) 58. Inshort circuit
32 r
117

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE - 1 8.
Single Choice
I
1. j  nev d
A
4I 16I
 nev ...(i)  nev ' ...(ii)
d 2 d 2
4I v
From equation (i) & (ii)   v' = 4v
16I v 
2. j  Current density n  Charge density This is balanced wheat stone bridge

From maximum power transfer theorem
j Internal resistance = External resistance
j = –nevd v d1 =
n1 e
3R  6R
j n 1  4 = 4 = 2R R = 2 
v d2 = , 1   n 2  4n 1 3R  6R
n2e n2 4 9.
v d1 n 2 4n 1
  =4:1 30 60 2V 20
v d2 n1 n1
2envA 3 1
3. i = nevdA; I   ( nevA)  nevA V = IR 2 = (I)(20)  I  A
4 2 10
i 2
4. vd  As A  so vdvP > vQ V 2
Ane 10. P= I2R =   R = R
R (R  r )2
L L L2  is constant and (R+ r) increases rapidly Then P
5. R R  RRLL2
  
A L V
V2 V
2 2 2
11. P  Initially, I 
L L L L L d R 2R
6. R   
A L AL V m  2 
Power across PX=PY=  R
d,  same for all as the material is same for all.  4R 
25 9 1 2V 4V2 2V 2
R1 : R2 : R3 = : : = 125 : 15 : 1 Finally, I = , Power PX  , Py  Pz 
1 3 5 3R 9R 9R
Hence Px increases, Py decreases.
Alternative method :
Brightness i2R when S is closed current drawn from
battery increases because Req decreases. i.e. current in
7. X increases. So brightness of X increases and current
in Y decreases. So brightness of Y decreases.
 
12. R 1  A , R 2  A As A1 < A2 So R1 > R2
Balanced Wheatstone Bridge 1 2
1 1 7 36 36 85  In series H = I2Rt H R ; H1 > H2

As    So RAB= 7  V2 1
9 12 36 7 7 7 In parallel H= t H ; H1 < H2
R R
118
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
10 P Q P S
13. P = i2R 10 = i2 5 
 i2   2  i = 22.   
 ...(i)
2 S 625 Q 625
5
i5 2 Q P P 676
i   
 ...(ii)
i4   P4    4 , P5= (i2)5 S 676 Q S
2 2
PP44 1 P 676 S
 P4  55 , P = 10 =2 cal/s
  From (i) & (ii) 
PP5 5 5 4
5 S 625
(676) (625) = S2  S = 650
1
14. V =  + i(r) 12.5=  + (1)  =12 V
2 23. Potential gradient
(As the battery is a storage battery it is getting charged)
 12 
x=   4  2Vm 1
15. V = IR  0.2 = I (20)  8  16 
Ig = 0.01A (through the galvanometer) Effective emf of E1 and E2
Ig G = (i – ig)S  (0.01) (20) = (10 – 0.01)S
 S = 0.020  E2 E2

r2 r1 1
16. The correct answer is R = 0 E= E   volt
1 / r1  1 / r2 2
17.
4V 0.8 
1 1 1
Balancing length AN =      m  25cm
2 2 4
I1
R=0.8  24. Potential gradient

0.8 
I2
 5   4.5 
x  1.5 Vm -1
4V 0.8   0.5  4.5   3 
1.6 I1 – 0.8 I2 = 4 ...(i) 3

Here (x) (AC) =3 
 AC   2m
1.6 I2 – 0.8 I1 =4 ...(ii) 1.5
from eq. I1 = I2 =5
voltage difference across any of the battery.  E   9r 
25. Potential gradient x= 
 10r   L 
0.2  I According to question
Va Vb
1V
Va –1 + 0.2 × 5 – Vb = 0 E E E  E9r  9r 5L 5L
         
  
 
Va – Vb = 0 Volt   
2 210r 10rL L  9 9
V V 26. (25W– 220V)

18. Rv =  G  910   90
ig 10  10 3 V12
2
220 
P1 = , R1  = 1936
10 R1 25
 V = 10  No. of divisions =  100
0.1 (100W–220V)
2
12 V22 220 
19. I   0 . If i=0, P2 = , R2  = 484 
4 2 R2 100
potential difference is equal of EMF of cell. = 12V In Series (I same)
H=I2Rt, H  R so if R1>R2 then H1 > H2
12
20. 20 + R =  R=100 R1 is likely to fuse
0.1
 V   V    V2 V2 A r 2
21. E=    & E=   ' '
 ' '  27. P = =   V  same 
  3  33 //22 22 R ρ 
119
32. Ans. (A)
2 8V
3V 1 E
r 4V
28. A B A B 33. Iwire = = 0.2 A
 3V
0.4  50 
Potential difference across voltmeter,
2 10V
V = Ir – 2
2 sint = 0.2 × 50 x –2 2 cost = 10 V
E 1 E 2 10  8 
  10  2V
r1 r2 10 
E=  2 2  1 volt and
1 1 1 1
  4V V x
r1 r2 2 2
0V (let)
r1 r2 4V
r= =1 . Therefore A B
r1  r2  2V
 V = 20  (cost) cm/s
2 2 2 2
V V V VA A
  
29. P   ...(i) 34. Total length of wire = 90 + 90 = 180 m ; Total resistance of
RR L L wire = 180/5 = 12 
nE n  1.4
V 2VA2 A 10V 2 2
10VAA As I =  0.25 =  n = 4.7
P   

 ...(ii) R  nr 12  5  n  2
 L  9L 
 L    Total number of cells required = 5
10
10
from eq. (i) & (ii) P   P 4
9 6 6 12 
35.
 10 
 P  P A 6 6 B A 6 6 B
P P   11
 100  9

 100  100 100
 100   10011.11%
11.11%
PP PP 99   R=10
eq 
A   B
1
  100    100
 100 
 10011.11%
11.11% 36.
P 9 1,2,3 1',2',3'
O O
30. In parallel combination the equivalent resistance is less 4,5,6 4',5',6'
7,8 7',8'
than the two individual resistance connected and in
series combination equivalent resistance is more than Points 1, 2, 3.........8 are of same potential and 1', 2',
the two individual components. 3'.........8' are of same potential.
31. Given circuit can be reduced to 3R

Req =
V 8
9 V
9
9
9
1
A
1
A 4V
4V
4
Reading of ammeter =  1A
3 1
Reading of voltmeter = 3 × 1 = 3V
120
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
dq
EXERCISE - 2 4. I  2  16 t
Part # I : Multiple Choice dt
Power : P = I2R = (2 – 16t)2R
1
E r  E 2 r1 2  3  1  4 2 8
1. E eq  12  
r1  r2 34 7 Heat produced =  Pdt   (4  256 t 2  64 t)Rdt
0
1/8
1V 3 R
 256 t 3 64 t 2   joules
=  4 t   R =
 3 2   0 6
2
D B 5. Both '4' and '6' resistors are short circuited therefore
2V 4 Req of the circuit in 2 is 10 A.
B i1 Power = VI = 200 watt
Potential difference across both 'A' and 'B' = 0
2/7 1 6. It is the concept of potentiometer.

3  4 12
req =  ;i=  A
34 7 12 13 7. By applying node analysis at point b
2
7 R1 R1
V V/2 V/4
A
a b
R2 R2 R2
B
0 0 0
V V V V
V  R
2 1
 2 4  2  00 
 1 
 1  2 R1 R 11 RR22 RR22 22
VB > VD =2   ; VD–VB = – V
 13  13
R1 R 3
From Figure 1 : 8. For wheat stone Bridge condition is 
R2 R4
2 Therefore null point is independent of the battery
VB + 4i1–2–VD=0; – 2 + 4i = 0 voltage.
13
9. V = E + ir and in charging current flows from
6 6 positive terminal to negative terminal.
i= A ; VG = 3 – 3 ×
13 13
10. V = E – ir V = –ri + E
21 6 19 Slope of graph 'V' and 'i' gives 'r' intercept of graph 'V'
VG  V , VH = 1+1 × =VH = V
13 13 13 y
and 'i' gives E tan  =  r.
x
     A 2R/3
A 2 O
R 4
R 7R
  4 11.  R 2R 
2. 28V =  5 3
A R B R
B 11R
    B 
RAB =
18
Req = 14  I = 2A; VAB = iR = 7 volt 12. If n batteries are in series than the circuit can be made as
nE nr
3. Free–electron density and the total current passing nE E
through wire does not depend on 'n'. i 
 i.e. independent of n.
nr r
121
13. If n batteries are in parallel than the circuit can be made
3/4  30V
E r/n i
nE 19.
as i 
r
n 1/4 
Both 30V are in parallel
i is directly proportional to n .
1 3
30  i  i  0  i = 30 A
14. Slope of 'V' vs 'i' graph give internal resistance 4 4
 r=5 20. If e.m.f of c is greater than the e.m.f. of the 'D'
Intercept gives the value of e.m.f. E = 10 volt Ir = 0
E So r does not play any role of zero deflection in
Maximum current is imax =  2A
r galvanometer.
15. In parallel combination current gets divided therefore
parallel combination supports i = i1+ i2 is 20A in series
current remain same therefore the series combination
supports i = 10A.
16. For Ammeter IgG = (I – Ig) R 21.

B i/3 C i
i/6
Ig A i/3
2i/3
G D
R i/2
i/6 i/3
F
I – Ig G i/6
i/3 i/6
H
50 × 10–6 × 100 = 5 × 10–3 × (R) R  1 i
i/6 E
For voltmeter Ig(R + G) = V

50 A (R + G) = 10V So current in FC=0
 R + G = 200 k
 R  200k 
22. Assume DE  R1
17. As power in 2 is maximum when the current in it is EC  R2
R1 + R2=1
maximum. Current in it will maximum when the value of
VB=VE
Req is minimum  R=0
Means balance wheat stone bridge
Heat =i2RT (36)(2) = 72 W
R1  1
20  5 P R 1 R1  2
20 20 1  ; 
18. imin =   A Q S 1 R2
R min 200 10
R1  1
75  R2   1  R1
20 20 2 B R1  2
imax =   Amp G
R max 250 25 R 1  1  R 1  2  R 12  2R 1
1 R 12  2R 1  1  0 R1 = –1 + 2  R2  2  2
Potential = iminRPM =  75  7.5 V
10
2 CE R 2 2  2
Across potentiometer V = imaxRPM   75  6 V    2
25 ED R 1 2 1
122
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
E1  E 2 E1
23.  ;(E1 + E2) (r1 + R) < E1(r1+r2+R)
r1  r2  R r1  R V
27. R  slope 
I
E1R + E2R + E1R < E1r2 + E1R; R(E1 + E2) < E1r2
On solving we get E1r2 > E2(R + r1)
24. So R 
2
P=I R
R P
P  I2
28. When S2 open

12 Assume resistance of AB = R
 1A  Vx=1=1 × X  X=1 Resistance of wire per unit length.
X Yr
R E
12 x= I=
When Y shorted I = L R
1r
Now in AC
12
10=12 – Ir  10  12   r E R L
1  r   6
R L 2
10+10 r = 12 + 12 – 12r 10r =2 r = 0.2 
E = 12V
When S2 closed
25.
E R 5L 5E 5  12
V1 =      5V
R L 12 12 12
 5
6 – I1r = 5  6    r  5  r=2 
 10 
29. Rearranged circuit between A & B is :
B
A
Between A and B
 A 7 B
( 9 + 0.9) × 10 × 10–3 = (I–10mA) × 0.1 
3
 990 mA = I – 10mA
(due to symmetry)
I = 1000 mA = 1A Total resistance of circuit
7 2 9
26. If all were in series all of them would have being getting =  = 3  . i = =3A
3 3 3
discharged. But since, 2 are in opposite polarity, they Heat produced in cell
will be getting charged.
 2
V (nE  4) = I2 r = (3)2 ×   = 6W
V = E+iR getting charged i    3
R nR Current in resistance connected directly between
as (nE–4) as 4 batteries will be cancelled out 7 7
A&B  3   1.4 A
15 5
 nE  4   4  2
= E+  R , = E +  E   = 2 1   E
 nR   n  n 7 7
  3   1.4 A )
15 5
123
30. VP – VQ = 2(2R)  4 R = 24 – (2R)I1 After short circuiting current in the resistance becomes
zero therefore power become zero.
R R
P A Q 4. For potentiometer short circuit = x 1
2A
1.5R 24V 0.5R
R S x Depends only on primary circuit
I1
R 3R (A) E1x  1 if secondary circuit remain same
T U (B) R x  1 if secondary circuit remain same
I2
V
(C) S.C= 1 if x remain same
 I1R = 12 – 2 R, E – I2 (4R) = 4R, I1 + I2 = 2
 E = 20R – 48 Part # II : Comprehension
Comprehension–1
31.
dx B 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D)
A
2r 4r Comprehension–2
x 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D)
dx dx Comprehension–3
rx = r +rx = r(1 + x)  dRx = 2
 2 1. (C) 2. (B)
rx r (1  x) 2
Comprehension–4
 dx   1  1. As potential of 1, 2 and 3 are same potential difference
R1   2 2
 2 1  1    , across them 'zero'.
0 r (1  x )
x r   1
1 dx   1  
R2    1    1  1  o
 r 2 (1  x)2 r 2  
2 3
For null point
2. As 1, 2 and 3 are having same potential therefore
R 1 10
  R1  R 2 we can draw it.
R 2 10
1 1 1 3 22
1 
     O 1,2,3
11   1   2 2 1  
1
 3 + 3 = 4   = m
3 R01 = R/3 ; R02 = R/3; R03 = R/3
Part # II : Assertion & Reason 3. As point 1,2,3 are equipotential V = I R12
 V = 0 therefore I = 0 for R12, R23,R31
1. C 2. B 3. E 5. A 6. A 7. B Comprehension–5
8. A 9. C 10. D 1. Power through fuse
EXERCISE - 3 P = I2R = h × 2r
Part # I : Matrix Match Type h = heat energy lost per unit area per unit time
I = current.
1. A  P ; B  Q, S ; C  S ; D  P, R, S
h  2 r 
2. A Q ; B  P ; C  P ; D  Q I2   r3  I  r3/2

3. After closing the switch net resistance decreases r 2
therefore there will be increases in the current.
3/2 3/2
After closing the switch V 2 becomes zero hence  I1   r1   4 8
V = V1.  I    r   
1

1
2 2
S
V V2
2. P = VI 20kw  2000 =
20
R R
v1 v2 V = 200 volt V < 200 volt
A 3. At maximum power delivery R = r, so  = 50%
124
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Comprehension–6 2. Loss in power

1. In balancing condition, current in the circuit should be = i2r = (50)2(.04) = 100 W
zero which happens at =20 cm according to graph.
3. Total input
 20
2. At balance point   V  6  1.2V – Loss in power
100 100
3. At  = 0, applying kirchhoff's 2nd law in the circuit = Useful power
containing cell, = IR Input power  14 (50)  700 w
where I is the current at = 0, &  is the emf of the cell. Loss in power  100 w,
 1.2 Rate of conversion = 600 watt
R =   30 
I 40  10 3 EXERCISE - 4
Subjective Type
Comprehension–7
1. Current is maximum when resistance in the circuit is Section (A)
minimum. i.e. when S1,S3,S5 are closed because then all
V 31
resistances will be short circuited Imax = 0 . 1. 31 C , A
R 3
2. After regular closing of switches, total resistance
decreases gradually. 1.5  63.5  10  3
2. = 1.1 × 10–3 ms–1
1.6  6  9
V02 V02 P1 7
3. P1 = , P2 = So  or 1.1 mm s–1
R 37 P2 37
R
7 3. (i) Q = 1200 C (ii) n = 75 x 1020
Comprehension–8 Section (B)

E1  E 2 E E E  E2 2
1. I1 = , I1 + I2 = 2 I2 = 2 - 1 4. (a) n =  1017 = 1.25 × 1017
R1 R2 R2 R1 1.6
1
I2 R1
I+I
1 2
(b) 106 A/m2 .
2
E2 R2
I1
E1  n 2 –1
5. 10 A. 6. (i) 41ºC (ii) ºC .
273
 1  E  1 1  E 7. T2 8. 0.2 %
 I 1 =   E2 + 1 & I 2 =    E2 - 1
 R1  R1  R1 R 2  R1 0.35
9. (i) R= = 0.175  (ii) R = 7 x 10-5 
2
1 0.3
 = R1 = 20
R1 6 Section (C)
10. (a) E = 10 V each
1 1 0.3
and + =  R2 = 40 (b) (A) act as a source and (B) act as load
R1 R2 4
(c) VA = 9V, VB = 11 V
E
Now as 1 = 0.3  E1 = 0.3 × 20 = 6V (d) PA = 9 W, PB = 11 W
R1
(e) Heat rate = 1 W each
Comprehension–9 (f) 10 W each
1. V = E + ir 50 12 0.04 
(g) 9V, 11V
= 12 + (0.04) (50)
(h) –9W, 11 W
= 12 + 2  14 V
125
PART # I : AIEEE/JEE-MAIN

26. (i) RAB = 5/6  (ii) RCD = 1.5 
12 5
11. V (iii) REF = 1.5  (iv) RAF = 5/6 
9
12. (a) all equal (b) b, then a and c equal (v) RAC = 4/3 
(c) a, c equal, b 27. (ii) 1.5 A
13. (a) 7.5 V, (b) 24 mA (c) greater than 12 V. 150

28. (i) = 21.43 V, (ii) 1600 
7
50 22  11
14. (a) = 4.55 A (b) = 48.4 
11 5 29. CE: ED = 2 : 1
(c) 1000 W (d) 240 cal s-1 (e) 80/3 gm 30. 12.5 , 170 
31. (a) 1 A (b) 2/3 A (c) 1/3 A
125
15. = 31.25 watt 32. (a) 0.1 A (b) 0.3 A
4
16. PA = 8 W & PB = 32 W, A is more likely to fail his examina- Section (E)

tions
12 12  8.5
33. (i) = 1.4 A, (ii) = 11.9 V
17. (a) VA = VB = VC = VD = 0 V, 8.59 8.59
VE = VF = VG = VH = 10 V , V = VJ = VK = 15 V 1 1
(b) V1 = 15 V, V2 = 5V, V3 = 15 V 34. (i) = 0.5 A (ii) = 0.0833 A
2 12
(c) each act as a source
1
(d) 17.5 A (), 15A() 2.5 A (), 5A () from left to (iii) 1.5   0.4 = 1.7 V
2
right in given circuit.
35. VB – VA =21/5 = 4.2 V,  = 35/2 mA = 17.5 mA
(e) 1  resistance
(B to A)
(f) left most battery. 36. zero in the upper 4  resistor and 0.2 A in the rest two.
25 5 1.2 10.5
18. V = 2.78 V, A = 0.278 A 37. (a) = 0.57 (b) 1 (c) = 1.75
9 18 2.1 6
19. 19 V
Section (F)
20. (a) 10 . (b) 3200 J
S
21. 5 A,74 V,49 V(+ve terminal is connected at point B) (I-Ig)
Section (D) 38.

G
22. Rf = 2. I=0.3A Ig
23. (a) R = 10  (b) 1A in each

30  2  10 3
(c) V3 = 3V, V2 = 2V, V4 = 4V (d) 10 W (e) 1 W (f) 9W (a) S = = 0.2013 
0.3  2  10 3
(g) 9V (h) 4  resistance (i) 3 W. V=0.2 volt
1 1
24. (a) R = 3  (b) i = 2A, i1 = A, i2 = 1A, i3 = A
2 2 (b) R = 70  G
Ig R
(c) V = 4V in each (d) 12 W (e) 4W (f) 8 W
(g) 4 (h) 4W
39. (a) 24 V, (b) 28 V
25. (a) 3.7 V (b) 3.7 V 40. V =  / ( + 1) = 2.0 V.
126
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
5. On redrawing the circuit between A and B we get

20
41. V
3 A
3V 3V 3
3
I = 1.5A
2
42. (i)
B 3
2
3
3 3
A B
(ii) 200 
4 3V
(iii) 1.1 – = –0.23 V
3 3V
6. For a given volume, the resistance of the wire is expressed
 70  9 .5
43.   1   9.5 = ohm as
 60  6
2
44. (a) 1.25 V, (b) saving of galvanometer from damage R  R  2
Volume
and to prevent the cell discharging fast
2
(c) No, (d) Yes, (e) No, (f) No RR22  2   R  R1
  4  2 3
RR11    R1
20 20
45. x = , Y=  So, the change in resistance of wire will be 300%
7 3
A
EXERCISE - 5 D
2
Part # I : AIEEE/JEE-MAIN
7. 2
6V C
1. In order to convert an ammeter into a voltmeter, one has 1.5
to connect a high resistance in series with it.

3. The emf of the standard cell E 100 6
On redrawing the diagram, we get I = =4A
The emf of the secondary cell e 30 1.5
6
E 100 30E
  e 

e 30 100 2 1.5
A B
C
4. Ig=1A; G=0.81; I=10A
2

10A 1A 0.81
6V
9A 3
1.5 1.5 1.5

S

 Ig  1
S   G ; S   0.81  0.09 
 I  I g  9 6V
6V
127
8. Let resistances be R1 and R2 As 500 and R are in series value of
R1R 2 VR
then S = R1 + R2 and P = R  R 2
R   100 
1 2 IR 1 / 50
2
S R  R 2  R R
n  1  1  1 2 E,R1 E,R2
P R 1R 2 R2 R2 13.
2
 R1 R 
=    2   4 4
n n min4 4
 R1 R1 
1 4 rr 22 A
A rr2 44 R
9. Given that  & 11    11  121 
2 3 rr22 33 A22 r2
A 99
In parallel : I1R2=I2R2 2E
Current in the circuit 
I1 R 2  A 3 4 1 R1  R 2  R
hence   2  1   
I2 R 1 A 2 l1 4 9 3 potential difference across cell with R2 resistance
x y 2E
 E  IR 2  E   R2
10. R1  R 2  R
But potential difference = 0
2E
 E   R 2 R = R2 – R1
R1  R 2  R
20cm 80cm 14. Current supplied by the source to the external resistance
E
x yy xx 11 I=
 
  Rr
20 8080 yy 44 E
If r>>R; I=
4x y r
which will be constant
15. The internal resistance of a cell
 e  l   240 
Now r   1 R   1  1 R =   1  2=2
 vT   l2   120 
a 100-a
16. Kirchoff's first law is based on law of conservation of
charge.Kirchoff's second law is based on law of
4x y conservation of energy.
  a 50 cm

a a 100
100 a a
17. Specific resistance (B)A ; diameter dB=2dA
12. Voltage across R=2V  Resistance  B
B
Hence, voltage across 500=10V  ? for Resistance  1
A  A
500
G
B  B  A  A  B A A B
12V 2V  
R AB AA  A B A A
2
 B A  dia B  1
10 1 10 1  2 =
 22  2
Current through 500 =  A=  A  A B  dia A  2
500 50 500 50
128
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
18. Given that The current delivered by the source is

R100°C = 100 V 5
I   0.5 A
RT°C = 200 R 10
T=? 21. Let the resistance of the wire at 0°C is R0 also let the
R100=R0[1+(100)] ...(i) temperature coefficient of resistance is .
RRT] ...(ii) R50=R0[1+(50–0)] ....(i)
On dividing eq. (ii) by eq. (i), we get Similarly R100=R0[1+(100–0)] ...(ii)
RT 1  T On dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get

R 100 1  100  R 100 1  100  6 1  100 
 ; 
On solving, we get T=400°C R 50 1  50  5 1  50 
 6  300   5  500   1  200 

P R
1
19. S1
 / C
200
Q
S2 1
On replacing   / C in equation (i), we get
Under balanced condition 200
PP RR P P R  S1  S 2   1   1
 

  5=R0 1  50  
5  R0 1  4 
QQ S S
1 2 QQ S SS1 S 2  200   
S1  S 2 5 
55RR0 0 
 
RR00 44
20. 4 
10
A C
5 10 C 20 B 55
55 RR 55
55  88
22.  

 R   220
A 20
20 80 80 22
10
D B 24. Choosing A as origin,
I
5V E  j  
2 r 2
On redrawing the circuit, we get a  b
C I 1 I  1 1
20 25. VC  VB    dr  
10
2 a r2 2    a  b  a 
A B
10
I  1 1 
5 VB  VC   
10
2   a  a  b  
D
27. For series combination
5V
1 R 01   2 R 02
It is a balanced Whetstone bridge having Reff as S 
R 01  R 02
30  15
Reff =  10 
45 R01 = R02 = R0 (given)
C   2
30 S  1
10 20 2
A B For parallel combination
10
1 1 1
5 10 15  
 R R1 R2
D
1 1 1
  
5V 5V R eq R 0 (1  1 t) R 0 (1   2 t)
129
1 1 1 (120) 2
  R heater   60 
R0 R 0 (1  1 t) R 0 (1   2 t) 240
2
1   p t  120
V2   48  106.6
2 (1 + pt)–1 = (1 + 1t)–1 + (1 + 2t)–1 54
So change in voltage = V1 – V2  10.4 Volt
using binomial expansion
33. To increase the range of ammeter, resistance should be
  2
2 – 2pt = 1 – 1t + 1 – 2t  p = 1 decreased (So additional shunt connected in parallel) so
2 total resistance to ammeter decreases.

28. R =  R  2
A
R R 2 
  = 2[0.1] = 0.2% increase.
R R 
Part # II : IIT-JEE ADVANCED
5
29. R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4  R   100  5  Single Choice
100
1. Net resistance of the circuit is 9.
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 20  current drawn from the battery,
R 20 9
For combination  100   100  5% i= =1A = current through 3 resistor
R 400 9
30. i = 0.2 A,  = 4 × 10–7 -m, A = 8 × 10–7 m2
3 A 2 C 2
7
i 0.02  4  10 9V
1A i2 i4
x  = 0.1 V/m 8 8 4
A 8  10 7
i1 i2 i3
31. Due to greater heating as H = I2R B D
2 2 2
25W get fused.
Potential difference between A and B is
32. VA – VB = 9–(3+2) = 4V = 8i1
 i1 = 0.5 A  i2 = 1 – i1 = 0.5 A
6
240 Similarly, potential difference between C and D
VC – VD = (VA–VB) – i2(2+2)= 4 – 4i2=4 – 4(0.5)=2V= 8i3
 i3 = 0.25 A
Therefore, i4=i2–i3 = 0.5 – 0.25
i4 = 0.25 A
6
240 2. As there is no change in the reading of galvanometer
with switch S open or closed. It implies that bridge is
balanced. Current through S is zero and
IR = IG, IP= IQ.
60
3. Current I can be independent of R6 only when R1, R2, R3,
(120) 2 R 4 and R 6 form a balanced wheatstone’s bridge.
R bulb   240 
60
R1 R 3
Therefore,  R1R4 = R2R3
120 R2 R4
V1   240  117.07
246
130
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
9. P=i2R Current is same, so PR.

 3E  2  V2 
 H t In the first case it is 3r, in second case it is (2/3)r, in III
4. In the first case t = msT ..(i)  R 
R
r 3r
When length of the wire is doubled, resistance and mass case it is & in IV case the net resistance is
3 2
both are doubled. Therefore, in the second case
RIII < RII<RIV<R1  PIII < PII<PIV < P1
 NE 2 5 4 3
.t = (2m)sT ....(ii) 10. RPQ = r, RQR = r and RPR = r
2R 11 11 11
Dividing eq. (ii) by (i), we get  RPQ is maximum
11. BC, CD and BA are known resistance. The unknown

N2
=2  N2 = 36  N=6 resistance is connected between A and D.
18
 G
12. Vab = ig.G=(i–ig)S  i =  1   i g
5. The circuit can be redrawn as follows S
2R 2R 2R 2R
S
2R
r r r r (i-ig)
P Q P Q
2R 2R
2R 2R 2R 2R
a ig G b
i
4R
2Rr Substituting the values, we get i=100.1 mA

2r R+r
P Q P Q
13. W=0. Therefore, from first law of thermodynamics,
4R
U= Q = i2Rt= (1)2 (100) (5× 60) J = 30 kJ
14. Current in the respective loop will remain confined in the

loop itself. Therefore, current through 2 resistance = 0.
V2 V2 Current always flow in closed path.
6. P= so, R=
R P
15. H = I2Rt I  same
2 2
V V
 R1 = & R2=R3 =
100 60
250 2
Now, W1 =  R1
 R 1  R 2 2

250 2 250 2 So H  R R= ,same.
and W2 =  R 2 and W3  r 2
 R 1  R 2 2 R3 1
So H  R  HBC = 4HAB
r2
W1:W2:W3 = 15:25 :64 W1<W2<W3
2 R 2R 2
7. Ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter in
16.
parallel. G G
AC
8. The ratio will remain unchanged.
CB
131
R > 2  100 – x > x Multiple Choice
P R
Applying  7.5 amp
Q S
v 15 V
2 K  1.5  6 
2 x R x  20 1. I= R 24V
R p  7.5 
We have  ..(i)  ...(ii) eq
R 100  x 2 80  x
Solving eq. (i) and (ii) we get R=3 9V 1.2 K
17. Given circuits can be reduced to
240 60
I=  = 7.5 mA
1
32 8
1 3V  3V
2
2
P1 = 3 = 9W
2
P2 = 3 = 18W (A) Current I is 7.5 mA
1 12
(B) Voltage drop across RL is 9 volt
P1 V12 R2 225  1.2

2 3V (C) = × 2 = 1.6
2 P2 R 1 v2 2  81
P3 = 3 = 9 W
2 2
(D) After interchanging the two resistor R1 and R2
V 2.4
I= =  7 = 3.5 mA
V2 R eq (48)
18. P  and 100W > 60W > 40W
R 2
P1 V2 RL v 
= 1   1 
P2 R L (v 2 ) 2  v2 
VV2 VV2 VV2 11 11 11

   
  
RR100
100 RR6060 RR4040 RR100
100 RR6060 RR4040
[Note : Although 100 = 60 +40 so at room tempeature 21 V

24V
V 2V VV 2
VV 2
11 11 11
   
  
R 100 R R
R 100 60 60 R R
40 40 R R 100
100 R R
6060 RR4040 3V
(Applicable Only at room temperature) ]

2
9 
   = 9
3 
Assertion - Reason
19. 1. Ans. D
Subjective Problems
1. (i) There are no positive and negative terminals on
the galvanometer because only zero deflection
is needed.
G
(ii)
x 12
A J B
L L  C D
20. R     independent of L
A Lt t
132
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
(iii) AJ = 60 cm  BJ = 40 cm MOCK TEST

If no deflection is taking place. Then, the 7V
Wheatstone’s bridge is said to be balanced, 1. i= = 1 A.
7
X R BJ Current flows in anticolockwise direction in the loop.
X 40 2
Hence, 12  R    Therefore 0 – 1 × 2 – 1 × 2 – 5 = V1
AJ 12 60 3 V1 = – 9 V.
x= 8
50
2. The rheostat is as shown in figure. Battery should be 2. i=
20  R
connected between A and B and the load between C and Potential drop across R = Potential drop across AB
B i
A C E
50V
i
R
20
B 10 D i F
50
 .R = 30  R = 30 
20  R
3. G = 10 mA  G = 10
S ( – G) = GG where S is shunt is parallel
S = 0.1
4. Case I
3.   
Rg × =    × 4  Rg = 16 
5  5
/5
G
4. Slide wire bridge is most sensitive when the resistance

of all the four arms of bridge is same. Hence, B is the
S=4
most accurate answer. Case II
,1
4 2
,1 16 1 = ( – 1)  1 = /13
6
5. 16 = Rg
R G
2 2
 2    
J1   R and J 2  R as  2.25
 R  2  R 1/2 J
4
2 2
      J1 2
J1  R and J 2    R as  2.25
R2  R  1/ 2  J2
so decrease in current to previous current
4 2 4 2  / 5   / 13 8
So  2.25
 2.25 R R 4 

 4
R  2  1  2R 2 = = Ans.
/5 13
133
5. In figure all resistance are connected in parallel. 10. For maximum current, net resistance of cells must be
equal to 2.5
A R B 2R R B
n (0.5)
i.e. = 2.5 .........(1)
m
& m × n = 45 .........(2)
solving, we get n = 15, m = 3
2R  R / 2
So Req = and current in all resistance flow
2R  R / 2 11. From the figure.
from positive terminal of battery (means A end) to AC1 = AC2 = C1C2 = radius
negative terminal of battery (means B end).
 AC1B = 120°
6.  wheat stone bridge is in balanced condition
Hence the resistance of four sections are
100 x
Hence equivalent resistance R across AB is
100 100 x
So =
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + or R = 4
R 24 12 12 24
1
 = 2 x = 100  V2 (20)2
2 Power = = = 100 watt.
R 4
P 12. In potentiometer wire potential difference is directly
proportional to length
7. Let potential drop per unit length a potentiometer wire
R be K.
r=R
Power maximum when r = R. For zero deflection the current will flow indepen-
So, power consumed by it will decrease. for R > r.
dently in two closed circuits
R = K × 10 .... (1)
Er R  r  r 
8. V = E – ir = – =E   R + X = K × 30 .... (2)
Rr  Rr 
ER (2) – (1)
V=  V = 0 at R = 0 I0 I0
(R  r)  X = k × 20 .... (3) P Q
V = E at R =  G
Divide (1) & (3) R X
So (B) is correct option.
B
R 1 I
9. Voltage across each bulb will be I
  x = 2R
V X 2
V1 = iR = . R = (V/n)
nR
so power developed by each bulb = 
13. E = ,
V V V V2
2 2  0 r
iV1 = . = 2 &P=
nR n n R R where  is the linear charge density on the inner cylinder.
b
P  b
So power consumed by one bulb =
n 2 and V =  E.d = 2 0
n 
a
.... (1)
a
134
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
     18. Since current = neAvd through both rods is same
Now ; =  J .dA =   E.dA = .2  r 
2 0 r vL
2 (n) e A vL = n e (2A) vR or =1
Current per unti length will be : vR
 dq
 =  .... (2) 19. i = = slope of q - t graph
0 dt
From (1) = – 5 (which is constant)
Amount of heat generated in time t
2   0
 =   n(b / a) V H = i2RT
0 H  t.
2
= n (b / a) V 20. From relation E = J, the magnitude of electric field is
greater in right rod as compared to left rod. There fore
Alternate
magnitude of potential gradient in the right rod is greater.
V (remember potential is continuous).
Ib =
R v
b
1 dx 1 b 2V
R=  = n   =
x a
 2x .1 2   a   n (b / a)
x
14. 50 = 10 [R + r] Therefore the variation is shown by figure.
R+r =5 21. The arrangement is shown in figure. Consider the hemi-
R R spherical shell of radius r and thickness dr as shown.
=  0.25 =
Rr Rr Resistance of this shell is :
R + r = 4R
r = 3R
5cm
5 dr 10cm
then R= = 1.25 , and r = 3.75 .
4
r
15. P = V, 50 = 5 × 
 = 10 A
Power lost in cable = 2 R = 10 × 10 × 0.02 = 2 W
Power supplied to T.R. = 50 W – 2 W = 48 W
dr
16. The circuit can be folded about B and redrawn as dR =
  2 r 2
A R R R R B r  10 cm
2 2 2 2 1 dr
R
R = 2    r2
= 1591. 6 .
R r  5 cm
2 2
R R R 22. Redrawing the given circuit diagram as shown below:
2 R 2 2 Using point potential theory,
2
R B VE VE VE
2   0 V
r r R
R R R R R
2 2 2 2 2 r r
2 1 R
R A B  (V – E)    =0
2 r R E
E Y
E
Hence equivalent resistance between A and B is 2R. 2 1 X 0V Z
As  0
r R
1 t
17. R = × So V – E = 0
 4 r 2
VE
Using values R = 5 x 10–11  So, current through R, i = =0
R = 5 x 10–11  R
whatever be the value of R.
135
23. Consider an elemental part of solid at a distance x from 26. The area of cross-section of conductor at point A is
left end of width dx. less than that at point B. So current density at A is
Resistance of this elemental part is, higher. Hence, the electric field at A is more than at B
and the thermal power generated at A is more than at
L
0 xdx 0 L2 B in an element of small same width. since resistance
dx 0 xdx
dR = =  R =  dR    at A is greater
a 2 a 2 0 a 2 2a 2
27.
x dx
V Power supplied by 20 V cell = (–1) (20) = – 20 W

V V  2 a 2 as the cell is not supplying the power, it is eating the
Current through cylinder is,  = = power (getting charged)
R  0 L2
28. As the length is doubled, the cross section area of
2V the wire becomes half. Thus the resistance of the
Potential drop across element is, dV = IdR = x dx
L2 L
wire R   becomes four times the previous value.
A
dV 2V
E(x) = = 2 x. Hence after the wire is elongated the current becomes
dx L one fourth. Electric field is potential difference per
unit length and hence becomes half the initial value.
24. (A) p.d. across each cell = VP – VQ
(B) If i is clockwise then E2 is source and for anti– V2
The power delivered to resistance is P  and
clockwise current E1 is source. R
(C) P.D. = E – ir (when battery supplies energy) = hence becomes one fourth.
E + ir (when battery consumes energy). 29. Total charge =  dt = Area under the curve
E1  E 2 = 10 C
By KVL i= (Anticlockwise)
r1  r2  dt
Average current = = 5A
E1r2  E 2 r1  dt
 V P – VQ = E 1 – i r 1 = 2
r1  r2 2
Total heat produced =   2 Rdt =  (5t  10) .1
25. there is zero potential difference across 4  and 6  0
resistance. 200
dt = J
3
Maximum Power = 2R when I is maximum current.
= 100 x 1 = 100 W
30. Let a be the radius of left end side cross–section, then
radius of cross–section at distance x from left end is a +
bx where b is a constant.
i i 1
From J = E  = E  E =  as i and  are
A A 
20 same for all cross–section
i= = 10 A power by battery
2 1 1
E =  (a  bx) 2
pb = i = 20 × 10 = 200 W Ans. A
136
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
i2 Since current becomes one fourth and cross-section area

Rate of heat generation per unit length, H = , of wire becomes half, therefore from above equation the
A
drift velocity of electron becomes half. Hence statement
1 H i 2 A  is false.
So H   =   i = constant
A E A i
36. The potential difference across the resistance is always
  V X |E1 – E2| in magnitude. Hence statement 1 and 2 are true
 i dx
dV = -E • dx   dV = 0 (a  bx)2 and statement 2 is correct explanation of statement 1.

37. Just after switching ON the bulb, the filament of bulb is
i  1 1 i  bx  cold and its resistance is low. But after some time as
V =      =   .
b  a  bx a  ab  a  bx  filament gets hot, its resistance increases and hence with-
draws less power from the source as compared to initial
31. Resistance absorbs energy at the rate of 2W. duration.
Potential difference across AB  VAB. = 50 W
VAB = 50 V 38. The points A and B are at same potential, then under
Drop across resistor is 2V, therefore EMF of E is 48 V. given conditions points A and B on the circuit can be
As AB is absorbing energy at the rate of 50 W, 48 W connected by a conducting wire. Hence the circuit can
is being absorbed by E. Thus E is on charging mode be redrawn as shown in figure 2.
i.e. current is entering from +ve terminal of E.
32. Let the currents be as shown in the figure A B

KVL along ABCDA R1 R2
R1 R2
R3 E E E
E
A 10 B R3
Fig-1
2 i (fig.2)
2-i Therefore statement 1 is true. Statement 2 is obviously

C false.
1 D 2
R . RV
 – 10 i – 2 + (2 – i)1 = 0 i=0 39. RA = R  R < R
V
Potential difference across S = (2 – i)1 = 2 × 1 = 2 V.
40. RB = R + RG > R
33. Both statements 1 and 2 are true. In statement-1 R is
varied while in statement-2 R is kept constant. 41. % error in case A.
Hence both statements are independent.
   RA  R  RV 
34. From relation J   E , the current density J at any point × 100 =   1 × 100
 R  R  RV 
in ohmic resistor is in direction of electric field E at that
point. In space having non-uniform electric field, charges R
released from rest may not move along ELOF. Hence = R  R × 100  - 1%
V
statement 1 is true while statement 2 is false.
% error in case B
35. As the length of wire is doubled, the cross-section area
RB  R R
of wire becomes half. Therefore resistance of wire × 100 = G× 100  10%
1 R R
becomes four times and current becomes th of the Hence percentage error in circuit B is more than that
4
initial value. in A.

also vd = 42. (C)
neA
137
43. Case-I S2 is open 6 r The equivalent resistance of circuit across the cell is
50+25 = 75 ohms
Therefore current drawn through cell is
E
Potential gradient = L/2 3
L ×1000 mA = 40 mA.
75
E L L
So 6= 48. (A) Since current in both rods is same.
L 2  n1ev1A1 = n2ev2A2
E = 12 V
E v1 n 2 A 2 1 2
  =  =1
Case-II S2 is closed v2 n 1 A1 2 1
6
i= 
10  r (B)  E = J = 
A
E 5L
6 – ir = E1 1 A 2
L 12 2 2
   =  =4
E 2  2 A1 1 1
6
6– r=5
10  r
p.d. across rod  E  AB
6r (C) = 1 =4
=1 p.d. across rod  E 2  BC
r  10
6r = r + 10 Average time taken by free electron to move from A to B
r = 2 (D) Average time taken by free electron to move from B to C
AB v 2
=  =1
v1 BC
44.
49. When switch S is opened then right side resistance R
which was short circuited earlier contributes to
equivalent resistance. Hence, equivalent resistance
across the battery increases, power dissipated by left
resistance R decreases, voltmeter reading decreases
Current in 4 resistance = 4A and ammeter reading decreases.
Total current = 4 + 2 = 6A 50. When switch S1 is closed
45. The equivalent circuit can be redrawn as shown in
figure1. From figure 1 it is obivious that power dissipated
by R1 is maximum.
When switch S2 is closed When switch S3 is closed
25
Potential difference across R2 is = × 3 volt =1 volt
25 + 50
Therefore potential difference across R 3 or R 4
20
= ×1volt =0.4 volt
20 + 30 When switch S4 is closed
138
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
51. Let potential of point ‘P’ be ‘0’. Potential at other

points are shown in the figure apply kirchoff’s cur-
2
rent law at point x.
5A
A 2 D
B 2
20A 10A x  10 x  10 x  20 (x  10)  0
5A + + + =0
10A 4 2 4 2
3
 x - 10 + 2x - 20 + x – 20 + 2x – 20 = 0
30
 Req = 3/2i = = 20 Amp. 35
3/2 6x = 70  x = volt.
3
From figure current through B  D branch = 5 Amp.
10V 4
X (assume)
2 2 5A x-10
10 10
2 2
20A 2 4
3 5A
10 I 20V
20A 10A So current coming 10V
from this branch 20
= 15 Amp. P 10
0(assume)
52. Applying KVL in loop ABCD 35

20 
 = 3 = 25 A. 54.
5
A
4 12 2
E1 = ( + 0.05) R1 + R2
  = – 20 mA
 Current through R1 = 30 mA towards right
v  20 v
+ + v  5 = 0 ; v  20 + v + 2 (v  5) = 0
2 2
 4v  20  10 = 0
30 15 15 15  10 5
v= = ; v–5= 5= =
4 2 2 2 2
5/2 5
 i = = amp. Ans.
1 2
Current through R2 = 20 mA towards left
out put power
Applying KVL in loop BGFE 55. Efficiency =  =
input power
E2 = ( + 0.05) 100 + (0.05)20 = 4 volts
i2 R 
53. The simplified circuit is. = i=
i Rr
R
=
Rr
R
0.6 =
Rr
We have to find .
139
 3R + 3r = 5R or 2R = 3r Alternate method
6R 12 r
 new efficiency  =
6R  r
= 0.9 = 90% Ans.  = 300 cm  r’ = (275) ×
300
r’ = 11r
56. V = Potential difference across the cell = Electric field
Using KVL in loop (i)
× width of the cell
E – 1 .11r – r – r = 0 ................(i)
= 8 × 0.1 = 0.8 volt ....Ans. and in loop (ii)
= emf of the cell = 10 × 0.1 = 1.0 volt ....Ans.
E
Also r is the internal resistance and i is the current – 1 11r + ( – 1)2r + =0 ...............(ii)
2
drawn from the cell
V =  – ir or 0.8 = 1 – 1r  r = 0.2  ....Ans. E r I
57. (a) When Jockey is not connected. I I
11r r
E
 = 13 r .............(i) I1 2 I
Resistance per unit length 2r (I – I1)

E/2
12 r
= /cm Solving equation (i) and (ii) we have
300
 Let  be the length when we get zero deflection. E 5E
1 = and =
16 r 32 r
E E E 12r
   = ()     So current in galvanometer
2 2 13r 300
5E E 3E
  = 157.5 cm Branch = ( – 1) =  
32 r 16 r 32r
(b) Let potential at C is zero
3E
Then apply Kirchoff’s st law g =
32 r
E
x0
x 0 (x  E  0) 3E
+ 2 + =0 (a) 157.5 cm (b)
11 r 2r 2r 32 r
11E
 x= 58. R = 100  ,  = 3V
16 A
In open circuit
E x–E r
x 333 B
i= So VAB =  + ir
5  200
11r 0 r
x
C 3
E =3+ × 400
2 2r 5  200
x
x– E
2
VAB = 4.2 V Ans. In short circuit
E  11  E
x  
g = 2 =  16  2 = 3E
2r 2r 32 r
140

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