ȳɟɥɢɧɚ ȭɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ

ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ

ɂɁ ɋɌȺɊȿ ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ
Ɏɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ



 ȳɟɥɢɧɚ ȭɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ

ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ

ɂɁ ɋɌȺɊȿ ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ
Ɏɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɋɚɲɚ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ȼɟʂɤɨ Ȼɪɛɨɪɢʄ
ɉɪɨɮ ɞɪ Ɇɢɥɟɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ

ɍɪɟɞɧɢɤ
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ȼɥɚɞɨ ɋɢɦɟɭɧɨɜɢʄ

Ɏɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɰɚɦɚ
Ɍɨɲɨ Ⱦɚɛɚɰ

ɂɡɞɚɜɚɱ
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ
ɉɟɞɚɝɨɲɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɢ

Ɂɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɚ
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ⱦɚɥɢɛɨɪ ɋɬɟɜɢʄ

ɒɬɚɦɩɚ
Grafomib, Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ

Ɍɢɪɚɠ 300
2020

ISBN 978-99938-55-58-3



 ȳɟɥɢɧɚ ȭɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ

ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ

ɂɁ ɋɌȺɊȿ ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ
Ɏɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɲɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɢ
Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ , 2020







 ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ

ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɭ

ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɨʁ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɚ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɭɦɨɬɜɨɪɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɨ
ɡɚɫɟɛɧɭ, ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɡɛɢɪɤɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
1929. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ
ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɨ 1953, 1958, 1964, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɯɭɦɧɨ ʁɨɲ ɢ
Ⱥɧɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1967. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.

ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɦ

ɪɚɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɭ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɛɚɜɢɦɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɟɡɦɚɥɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ. ɉɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ
ɩɪɢɜɭɤɚɨ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ
ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɨɜɟ
ɜɪɫɬɟ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ,
ɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ-ɞɜɢʁɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ
ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɢɯ, ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɧɞɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ
ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɛɢɜɲɟ ɋɎɊ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ

ϭ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɰɢʁɟɧɭ
ɧɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɧɚ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɧɨɜɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɭʄɢ
ɧɚɫɥɢʁɟɻɟɧɢ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɦ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ
ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɨ ɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ
ɚɩɨɥɨɝɟɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɐɪɧɨʁ
Ƚɨɪɢ. ɋɬɚɪɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɞʁɟ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɬɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ʁɟɞɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ. ɂ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɥɢɱɧɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɚ ɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɞɭɝɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɇɨɜɢɰɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɦɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ.1

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɥɢɪɫɤa

ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ. ɉɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɭ, ɫɩɚɞɚ ɭ
ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɥɢɪɫɤɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ, ɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ-ɦɨɬɢɜɫɤɨʁ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɬɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ.
ɉɨ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢ

ϭ
˃ɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ „ɋɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ
ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ“, ɨɞɛɪɚʃɟɧɟ 2002. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɭ, „ɩɨɞ ɬɟɲɤɨɦ ɫʁɟɧɤɨɦ ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ“ –
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ȴ. Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ.

Ϯ

ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ, ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ. O ɬɨɦɟ ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ
ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɤɚɠɟ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ: „ɀɚɥɨɫɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɟ ɢ
ɫɟɫɬɪɟ (ɪɚɡɭɦɟ ɫɟ: ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ)
ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢ ɨɫɟʄɚʁ, ɜɟʄ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ (ɩɨɞɜɭɤɚɨ
ȼ.ɑ.). ɀɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɦɪɬɜɚɰɚ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ, ɭ ɫɟɛɢ, ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ (ȼ.ɑ.):
ɧɚɪɢɰɚʃɟ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɫɟ, ɛɭɫɚʃɟ ɭ ɝɪɭɞɢ, ɧɢɫɭ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɡɢʁɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɭɦɢɬɚɧ
ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɱɭɜɟɧ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɱɨɜɟɱɚɧɫɬɜɭ (ȼ.ɑ.),
ɢ ɱɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɧɨ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɤɭɥɬɚ
ɦɪɬɜɢɯ.“(ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ: 1994).

ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ʁɟ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɭ

ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ ɛɨɥɚ ɡɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɢɦ ɛɢʄɟɦ. Ʉɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɪɯɚ
ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɧɚɪɢɰɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɢ
ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨ
ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɱɢɧ ɛɥɢɡɚɤ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ,
ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɢ
ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɠʃɚɜɚ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬ
ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɛɨɥɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ
ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɠɟʃɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ
ɨɫɦɢɫɥɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɦɟʂ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ,
ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɯɜɚɥɟ ɢ

ϯ

ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɭɡɨɪɢɦɚ
ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɇɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ
ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ.2

ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɨ, ɢ

ɪɟɤɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ, ɢɡ ɩɪɜɟ ɪɭɤɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ.
ɋɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɨɦ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ, ɨɫɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ, ɞɨɠɢɜɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɦ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɢ ɨɞɭɲɢ, ɢɫɩɪɚɡɧɢ:

„ɋ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɢ

ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁɧɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɪɟɝɪɢʁɚɧɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɦɚ ɞɪɚɠɢ ɫɜɨʁ
ɛɨɥ –'ɩɨɡɥɟɻɭʁɟ ɪɚɧɟ' – ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ
ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɭɡɛɭɪɤɚɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɤɚɞ 'ɪɚɧɟ
ɭɡɚɜɪɟ' ɢ ɤɚɞ ɭɫɤɨɜɢɬɥɚɧɚ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ
ɧɚɻɭ ɨɞɭɲɤɚ ɭ ʁɚɤɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɭ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɬɚʁ
ɢɡɪɚɡ – ɝɥɚɫɚɧ, ɦɟɥɨɞɢɱɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɟɬɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ –
ɧɚ ɧɚʁɛɪɠɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɝɭɲʃɚɜɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢ ɛɨɥ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ

Ϯ
 ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɚɪ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɪɨɻɟɧ ɭ Ƚɥɢɛɚʄɢɦɚ, ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɉʂɟɜɚʂɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɢ ɫɚɦ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɋɬɚɪɨʁ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɛɢɜɲɢ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɨɦ,
ɡɧɚɥɚɱɤɢ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ
ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɧɟɛʂɭ ɚ ʁɨɲ
ɡɧɚɥɚɱɤɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɨ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɨ. ɍɜʁɟɪɟɧɢ ɫɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ,
ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɭ, ɧɟ ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɭɬɚ ɛɢɜɚɨ ɭ ɨɧɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɢɧɢ
„ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ“ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɥɭɲɚ ɢ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭ
ɬɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɨɧɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ.

ϰ

ɧɟɲɬɨ ɱɭʁɧɨ ɢ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɟ, ɨɧ
ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɩɚʁɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁɧɨɝ
ɤɪɭɝɚ“ (ɩɨɞɜɭɤɥɚ ȳ. ȭ.). (Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ: 1985, 342).

Ɍɚʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ „ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁɧɢ ɤɪɭɝ“, ɞɚɤɥɟ,

ɱɢɧɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ, ɚ ɧɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭ ɛɨɥɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɬɚɤɨ
„ɲɬɨ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ, ɯɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɦɪɥɟ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɟ.“ ɍ ɬɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ
ɢɡ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɨɩɢɫɚ, ɥɢɱɧɢ ɛɨɥ ɫɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɚɜɚ,
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɧɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ „ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɢ
ɡɚɩʂɭɫɤɭʁɟ ɞɭɲɭ ɭ ɬɚɥɚɫɢɦɚ, ɩɨɬɢɫɤɭʁɭʄɢ ɡɚ
ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ ɫɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ɦɢɫɥɢ.“ Ɍɚɤɜɨ
ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɛɨɥɭ ʁɟ ʂɟɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ ɢ
ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɭ ɛɨɥɭ ɭ ɧɚʁɪɚʃɢɜɢʁɢɦ
ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢɦɚ ɩɨ ʃɭ, ɞɚ ɫɦɪɬ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɢʄɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʃɟɧ ɥɢɱɧɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɨɞ, ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɭ ɪɨɞɭ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɚ
ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮɢɪɚ, ɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ. ɋʁɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɚɝɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɚɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ (ɤɚɞɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ʁɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɲɥɚ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ)
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɜɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɂɚɤɨ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɟ
ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢɡɪɟɤɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɚ, ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ϱ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɧɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ
ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɜɨʁɚɤɨ: ɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɚʃɟ
ɢ ɯɜɚʂɟʃɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɚ ɛɨɥ ɢ ɠɚʂɟʃɟ ɡɚ
ʃɢɦ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɨɬɪɜɻɭʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɢ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɭ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɛɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɭɩɟɱɚɬʂɢɜɢɦ ɢ
„ɩɪɟɝɪɢʁɚɧɢɦ“ ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɚɦɬɟ: ɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɫɜɟ ɧɚʁʂɟɩɲɟ. ɂɡ ɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɜɪɯɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ
ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɚ. Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɠɟ:

„Ʉɚɞ ɛɨɥ, ɩɚɤ, ɞɨɫɟɝɧɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɭ ɬɚɱɤɭ

ɭɫɢʁɚʃɚ, ɭ ɞɭɲɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɚɧ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ: ɨɧɚ ɬɟɲɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɝɚ
ʁɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ – ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɭ, ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɨɲɬɪɢ ɛɨɥ
ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɧɨɜ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ, ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɜɟ ɞɪɭɤɱɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɱɭɞɧɨ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɟ –
ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɬɢɯɨɝ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɚ.“ (Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ: 1985,
342).

Ɇɚɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ

Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɢɡ ɞɭɲɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ,
ɨɜɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɨ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɨɦ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɭ ɫɥɭɲɚɥɚɰɚ, ɚ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɝɚ
ɩɨɬɤɪɟɩʂɭʁɟ ȼɭɤɨɜɨɦ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɲɤɨɦ ɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ

ϲ

ɫɜɟɤɪɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɨʂɟɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɫɧɚɯɟ.
Ʉɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɲɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɤɚɪ, ɝɚɧɭɬ
ɫɧɚɯɢɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɟʃɟɦ ɡɚ ʃɢɦ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢ,
ɢ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɤɚɨ, „ɫɬɢɫɧɭɨ ʁɨʁ ɪɭɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɨ
(Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ: 1985). Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɢɦɚ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɞɚ
ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚ ɢɯ ɱɭɜɚ ɢ
ɚɮɢɪɦɢɲɟ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɚ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɩɨɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ
ɬɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɚ ɫɜɪɯɚ.

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɢ

ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɬɨ ɜɢɞɢ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ ȭɭɪɢʄ – „ɠɢɜɚ ɪɟɱ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɪɚɧɢ
ɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ʂɭɞɟ. Ɋɟɱɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɦɚɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ; ɨɧɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɨʄ ɞɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɠɭʁɭʄɢ
ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɭ, ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫ ɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɝɪɨɛɚ;“ – ɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɰɢʂ ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ ɭ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ.“ (ȭɭɪɢʄ: 1940, 50). ɉɨ ɬɨɦɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɨɛɪɟɞɚɧ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ, ɢɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɚ ɨɧ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɛɟɡɛɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚɤ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɠɢɜɢɯ.

Ʉɚɨ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ

ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ, ɢɦɚ „ɬɪɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ: ɫɚɦɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɭ, ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ

ϳ

ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ.“ (ɇɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ-ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ:
1994, 3), ɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɦɪɟɠɟ ɦɢɫɚɨɧɢɯ ɢ
ɬɜɨɪɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢ
ɠɚɧɪɨɜɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ. ɍ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɇ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɭ
ɢɡ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨʂɚ „ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ“, „ɝɥɚɜɧɢ
ʁɭɧɚɤ“ ɢ „ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ“. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ
„ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ“ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ „ɦɢɫɚɨɧɟ ɫɯɟɦɟ“
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ „ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ ɡɚɞɟɫɢ ʃɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɟ ʂɭɞɟ“, ɤɚɞɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢ ɨ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ, ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ; ɬɭ, ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ
ɩɪɟɤɨɪɨɦ, ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ, ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚɦɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɩɨʂɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ „ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ“: ʃɟɦɭ ɫɭ
ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɟ ɢɡ „ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɦɪɬɜɨɦɟ.“ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ „ɫʁɚʁɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ
ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɫɬɚʃɟɦ.“ ɂ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨ ɩɨʂɟ –
„ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ“ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɨɫɭɞɭ
ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ „ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɟɨ
ɩɟɫɦɟ“. ɇ.Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɨɜɨɦɟ ʁɨɲ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɤɚɨ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɢ „ɬɭɝɨɜɚʃɟ ɰɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ
ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢ ɩɥɚɱ“ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɭ „ɨɛɭɡɟɬɨɫɬ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɟɦ
ɛɨɥɚ.“ ɂɡɪɚɠɚʁɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ

ϴ

ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ ɇ.Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ. ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢɡɦɢ,
ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ, ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɚ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ,
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɡɚɥɢɯɚɦɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ
ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɢ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭ ɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ/ɧɢɜɨɢɦɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.

ɍ ɬɪɚɝɚʃɭ ɡɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɢɦ, ɢɥɢ

ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɢɦ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɢɦ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɱɢɧɢ
ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ ȭɭɪɢʄ ʁɨɲ 1940.
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɨ3, ɚ Ⱦɚɝɦɚɪ Ȼɭɪɤɯɚɪɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ, ɫɟɞɚɦ „ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ“ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ,
ɲɬɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ, ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ,
ɢɧɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
Ȼɭɪɤɯɚɪɬɨɜɨʁ, ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ:

„1. Ɉɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ; 2. Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ

ɬɭɝɟ, ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨʄɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ;

ϯ
„1.
ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ, 2. ɬɟɲɤɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɢɡɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, 3. ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɠɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ, 4.
ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ
ɝɪɨɛɚ, 5. ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɬɢɲɚɨ, 6. ɧɚɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɚ ɧɟ
ɢɞɟ ɭ ɞɨʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɬɚɦɧɢɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɢ 7. ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ
ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ.“ (ȭɭɪɢʄ: 1940).

ϵ

3. ɉɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɚ ɢɡ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɦɪɬɜɨɝ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɫɦɪɬɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ; 4.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɫɢʂɚʃɟ ɦɪɬɜɨɝ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɛɪɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ,
ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɡɜ. ɩɨɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɯɜɚɥɟ
ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɲɭ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɨʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ; 5. Ɂɚɯɬɟɜ ɦɪɬɜɨɦɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɭ
ɩɨɫɟɬɭ; 6. Ɇɨɥɛɟ ɦɪɬɜɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɦɪɥɢɢ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ; 7.
ɉɪɨɤɥɢʃɚʃɟ ɭɛɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɟɬɭ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɭɦɪɨ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɨɦ ɫɦɪʄɭ.“ (Ȼɭɪɤɯɚɪɬ:
1990).

ɋɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɉɪɨɩ ɜɢɞɢ, ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ „ɩɪɜɢ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɞɨɤ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɱɟɦɭ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ʃɟɝɚ:
ɩɪɜɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ“.
(Ʉɪɢɧɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ ȼɢɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ: 1989, 110). ɂɡ ɬɨɝɚ
ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɢ
ɬɢɦɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɧɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ,
ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ʁɟ
ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ: ɬɨ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɦɢɫɚɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢ
ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʄɟ ɬɜɨɪɛɟɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ

ϭϬ

ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɨɞ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɱɢɧɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, ɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɭ,
„ɝɪɟɞɨɦ“, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɭ ɯɨɞɭ ɞɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɢʂɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɞɚʄɚ, ɧɚɞ
ɫɥɢɤɨɦ, ɧɚɞ ɨɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚɞ ɤɚɩɨɦ, ɧɚɞ ɨɪɭɠʁɟɦ, ɢ
ɫɥ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ. ɉɪɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ
ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɚ
ɧɟɦɚ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ
ɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɦ
ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɨɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ. ɍ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ. ɇɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɭ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɨ
ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ
ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɨ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɱɤɢɦ
ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɚʃɟ-
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɫɤɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ „ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ“ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ (ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɡɦɚɤɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞ
ɛɢɬɤɟ, ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ) ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ

ϭϭ

ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɭ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɨɝ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɟ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ,
ɫɦɚɬɪɚ Ʉɪɢɧɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ ȼɢɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ. (Ʉ. ɉ.
ȼɢɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ: 1989). ɍɦʁɟɫɬɨ „ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ“, ɦɢ
ʄɟɦɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ „ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ“ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɟ ɉɟɲɢʄ ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɨ
ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ.

ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ,

ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ
ɦɚʁɱɢɧɚ, ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɚ, ɛɚɤɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɧɚɯɢɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ;
ɜɪɥɨ ɪɢʁɟɪɤɨ ɬɭɠɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ, ɨɧɢ ɥɟɥɟɱɭ. Ʉɚɤɨ
ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɚ ɠɚɥɛɟɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɤɨɞ
ɧɚɫ, ɦɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɲɟ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢ. Ʉɨɞ ɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɨɲ ɢ
ɬɢɩ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ
ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ (ɢ, ɧɟɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ, ɩɥɚʄɚ) ɞɚ ɨɬɭɠɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ.

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɭ

ɞɚɜɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ
ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɡɚ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ
ʁɚɫɧɨ ɢɲɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɨɜɟ ɭɫɦɟɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚ

ϭϮ

ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ (ɇ.Ɇ.ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ: 1994); ɩɥɚɱ ɡɚ
ɋɜɟɬɨɩɟɥɟɤɨɦ ɭ ȴɟɬɨɩɢɫɭ ɩɨɩɚ Ⱦɭɤʂɚɧɢɧɚ,
ɥɢɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ
ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞɚɜɧɨ
ɝɭɫɥɚɪɢ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɫɧɢɦɚʃɭ ɩɥɨɱɚ (ɞɚɧɚɫ ɰɞ
ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɡɜɭɤɚ), ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɭ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɚɦ 1994. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɇɢɤɲɢʄɚ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɢ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɧɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ.

Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɨ ɛɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ

ɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ (Ɇɭɪɤɨ: 1951),
ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɢ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ʃɟɝɚ (ɒɚɭɥɢʄ: 1929). ɍ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɠɢɜɚ, ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɭɩɢɨ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ
ɡɛɢɪɤɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ, ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ
ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ
ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ
ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ.

ɋɬɚɪɨɦ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ

ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ȼɟɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ 1878. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʃɨʁ
ɞɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ

ϭϯ

ɏɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ. ȳɟɜɬɨ
Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ ʁɟ 1909. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɨɦ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɨ:

„Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. Ɉɞ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɚɦɨ
ɦɨɫɬɚɪɫɤɨ ɨɤɪɭɠʁɟ. Ɍɚʁ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ
ɭɧɟɫɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɨ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɇɨɜɨɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɋɚɧʇɚɤɚ, ɨɞ Ʌɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ.“

ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɧɨɝ

„ɦɨɫɬɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠʁɚ“, ɬʁ. ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ
ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ,
ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ Ȼɚʃɚɧɟ, ɉɢɜɭ, Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ
ɨɤɨ ɇɢɤɲɢʄɚ ɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɨʁ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ, ɡɚɬɢɦ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ ɨɤɨ Ɏɨɱɟ ɢ Ƚɨɪɚɠɞɚ (Ȼɨɫɧɚ), ɬɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ
ɨɤɨ Ⱦɭɜɧɚ ɢ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɚ. „Ⱥɤɨ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɦɨ ɬɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
ɫɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ,
ɨɧɞɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɚʁɭ.“ –
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɢɨ ɨɤɨ Ȼɨɤɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɫɚ
ɇɨɜɢɦ ɢ Ɋɢɫɧɨɦ.

ϭϰ

 ɐɢʁɟɩɚʃɟ ɬɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɬɢɱɟ
ɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɭ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ,
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ȼɢɏ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ „ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ“, ɚ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
„ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ“. ɐɢʁɟɩɚʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ
Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ. „Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɫɤɨ ɨɤɪɭɠʁɟ“ ʁɟ,
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ
1992-1995, “Ⱦɟʁɬɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ“
ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɭ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɭ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɫ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢɦ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ, ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɭ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɫɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ.

Ȼɢɜɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ,

Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤ ɪɨɻɟʃɟɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ
„ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ“ ɚ ɧɟ ɐɪɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɢɦɟ Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪɨɜɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɞɚ, ɢ
„ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɬɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ
ɩɨɞʁɟɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟɛɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ, ɢɫɬɢɱɭʄɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ
ɩɫɢɯɢɱɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ...“4 Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ


ϰ
ˁ̶̨̨̨̛̛̛̛̦̦̠̭̯̬̦̦̣̖̭̖̱̏̌̏̔̌̏̌̌̌͗̚ȳɟɜɬɨ Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ,
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2009, ɫɬɪ. 11.

ϭϱ

ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ
ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɢʁɟɻɭ. Ʉɚɤɨ
ɝɨɞ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɧɚ
ɩɨʂɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɬɜɨɪɢɧɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ „ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ“, ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɜɨɪɰɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɛɥɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɋɪɛɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ, ɫɜɟ
ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɟ ɭ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ.
Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ
ɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ȼɚʂɚ
ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɩɪɭɠɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɠɢɜɚɱɢɦɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɝɪɢʁɟɲɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɨɪɚɰɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɨɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ⱥ ɜɟʄ ɝɪɢʁɟɲɟ, ɫɚ
ɡɧɚʃɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚʃɚ.

ɉɨɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ

ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɟɤɚɞɟ
ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ
ɭɡɚɥɭɞɧɨ. Ɉɞɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɐɪɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚ (Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ 1878) ɢ ɭ
ɭʇɛɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɫɟɛɚɧ
ɩɨʁɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɚ ɨɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟʃɚ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɟ
ɧɚɰɢʁɟ (1945), ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɞ

ϭϲ

ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɰɢʁɟɥɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɟɬʂɟʄɚ
ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɜɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɭʄɚ ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɢ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɟ
ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɲɬɢɧɟ: ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ȼɭɤɚ
ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄɚ, ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɢ ȼɭɤɨɦɚɧɚ
ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɋɪɛɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ
ɱɢɫɬɨʁ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɲɬɢɧɢ ɞɭɤʂɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɟɞɟɚ, ɧɢ
ɤɪɢɜɢ ɧɢ ɞɭɠɧɢ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɬɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɩɨɢɫɬɨɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɫɚ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɦ, ɩɚ ʁɟ
ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɠɢɜɢ ɭ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɚɰ,
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɭ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬ.

Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ 1986. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,

ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɜɲɢ ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɩɢɫɚɨ
„ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ“, ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄɭ ɧɚɦɢʁɟɧɢɨ
ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɭ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ ɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɨ
ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ. ɂɫɬɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ
ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɬɜɭ „ɫɬɟɤɚɨ“ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɇɨɜɚɤ Ʉɢɥɢɛɚɪɞɚ, ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢ
ɋɪɛɢɧ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɝ

ϭϳ

ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɚ ʁɨɲ ɠɟɲʄɢ ɦɨɧɬɟɧɟɝɪɢɧɟɪ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ.

ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɱɢʁɢ ɧɚɫ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢ

ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɢʁɟɻɭ ɋɬɚɪɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ
ɦɨɧɬɟɧɟɝɪɢɧɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɚɰ,
ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ. ɐɪɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚ, ɩɨ ʃɟɨɜɨɦ ɞɭɛɨɤɨɦ
ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɭ ɢ ɡɧɚʃɭ, ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢɦ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ,
„ɒɩɚɪɬɚɧɰɢɦɚ“ (ɒɚɭɥɢʄ: 1921), ɤɚɤɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɧ
ɡɧɚɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ, ɫɜɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɭɫɦɟɧɢɯ
ɭɦɨɬɜɨɪɢɧɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫ, ɩɚ ɢ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɡ 1929. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɱɢɦ ɫɟ
ɢɡɚɻɟ ɢɡ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ, ɛɢɜɲɟ ɧɚɦ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɫɟ (ɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ), ɧɟɩɨɝɪɟɲɢɜɨ, ɬɭɦɚɱɟ ɤɚɨ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ, ɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɟ Ɇɟɥɢɫɚ Ȼɨɤɨɜɨʁ,
ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ɢ Ɉɤɫɚɧɚ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ
ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɍɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ. Ɍɨ ɧɚɫ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɜʁɟɠɢɦɨ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɨ ɭ
ɯɚɥɚɛɭɰɢ ɧɚɞɢɪɭʄɢɯ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ. (ȼɭɤ ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢɧ
ɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ Ɋɢɫɧɚ, ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɚɧɰɟɦ, ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɢɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɭ Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɭ).

ϭϴ

 ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɬɢɱɟ, ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɧɚɲɟɝ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɋɬɚɪɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɝɞʁɟ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɨ
ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɨ ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.

ɍ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɛɚɜɢɦɨ ɫɟ

ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɤɢɦ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ
ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɨɞ
1929. ɞɨ 1967. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɤɨɪɢɫɢɬɢʄɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ
ɚɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɟɦ
ɧɚ, ɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ (ȭɭɪɢʄ,
ɉɟɲɢʄ, ɇ.Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɢɧɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ
ȼɢɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟʁɚɧ Ⱥʁɞɚɱɢʄ), ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ
(Ȼɭɪɤɯɚɪɬ, Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ, ɉɪɨɩ). Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ ɛɢʄɟ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɨʁ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɨʁ (ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨʁ) ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɰɢ ɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ
ɪɚɞɭ, ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɢʁɟɻɭ.

Ɉɜɨɦɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɩɨɩɢɫ

ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ.

Ʉɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɟ ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢɰɟ:

ɋɇɌ – ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ 1929, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ϭϵ

ɁȿɆ – Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ɁɇɀɈ – Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ,

Ɂɚɝɪɟɛ

ȽȿɆ - Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ɋȺɇɍ- ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ,

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ϮϬ

ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ

ɂ ɇɈȼɂɐȺ ɒȺɍɅɂȶ

1. Ɏɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɭ ɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɚʃɭ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɬɜɨɪɢɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɨɞ
ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɉɩɨɧɚɲɚʁɭʄɢ ȼɭɤɚ,
ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɟ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ
ɥɢɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɟɩɢɤɟ, ɚ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɬɟ
ɨɛɢɦɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ. ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɭ 1924 –
1954. ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ
ɩɪɢɱɚ, ɩɟɬ ɡɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ,
ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɡɛɢɪɤɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɟɩɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ. Ɍɨɦɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɢ
ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɱɚ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɧɚɦɚ. ɇɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɤɨɝ
ɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɪɟɝɢʁɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚɤ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ. ɇɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɱɭɞɢɬɢ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɮɨɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ

Ϯϭ

ɝɪɚɻɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɫɚɤɭɩɢɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɢ
ɞɨɦɚɲɚʁɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɟɲɤɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ.

ɉɨ ɬɜɪɻɟʃɭ Ⱥɧɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ (ɁɇɀɈ 1967),

ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɨɞ 1909. ɞɨ 1959.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɂ ɨɧɚ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɢɡ 1929: ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɫɚɦ
ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɨ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɧ ɢ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ
ɬɟɪɟɧɚ.

ɉɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɨɲ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɻɚɤ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢɦ
Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢɦɚ. Ɍɭ, ɭ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢʁɢ,
ʃɟɝɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɬ ȼɭɤɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɪɚɞ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɨ ɬɟɦɭ „ȼɭɤ ɢ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɢʁɚɧ ȼɪɯɨɜɚɰ“ (ɨ ɫɤɭɩʂɚʃɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ
ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ). ɇɚ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɢɦ ɮɟɪɢʁɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨɦ
Ⱦɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɭ, ɛɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɟʃɟɦ ɢ
ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɬɜɨɪɢɧɚ. ȼʁɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɲ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢɦ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɡɚɱɟɥɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɭ
ɦɥɚɞɨɦ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɬɢ ɭ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ
ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ȼɭɤɚ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢɧɨɦ
ʁɟɞɧɨɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɢ
ɩɨɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ

ϮϮ

ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ (1916) ɛɢɨ ɭ ɒɚɪɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɬɚʂɨɧɭ, ɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɤɨ
Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɞɨ Ʉɪɮɚ. Ɉɞɚɬɥɟ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɀɟɧɟɜɭ ɢ
Ʌɨɡɚɧɭ. ɏɟɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɚɬʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ,
ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ, ɭɱɜɪɫɬɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɚɦ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɨ ɫɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɧɨɫɨɦ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɝɚ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚɨ ɧɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɛɚɜɢɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɢ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ
ɪɚɞɨɦ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ: ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ ɢɡ 1929.
ɨɛɢɥɭʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɝɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ
ɫɥɚɜɭ „ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɡɦɚɤɚ“. Ɂɚɬɨ ɢɯ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ
ɫɜɪɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɜɪɯ ɩɨ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɨʁ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ɋɇɌ 1929).

ɇɚɤɨɧ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɚ

ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɡ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɢ Ʌɨɡɚɧɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɝɚ
1919. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɇɢɤɲɢʄɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ
ɧɢɤɲɢʄɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ
ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɞɢɬɟɬɚ.
Ɍɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɐɪɧɨʁ
Ƚɨɪɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ. ɉɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɡɚ ɬɨ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɭ ɩɢɫɚɦɰɟɬɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɤɨɥɟɝɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ

Ϯϯ

ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɢɦɚ
ɧɚɲɚɨ ɡɚɝɭɛʂɟɧ ɥɢɫɬ ɫɚ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ
ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɟ, ɞɜɢʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. „Ɂɧɚɦ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɦɟ
ɛɚɜɢɨ ɤɚɞ ɫɦɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɩɚ ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɢ
ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɨʄɢ“, ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɝɚ (ɢɡ
ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɟ).5

Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ

ɨɞ ʃɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɭɜɢɞ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ,
ɡɚɩɢɫɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢʁɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɚɞɢɦɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɥɨɦɢɨ ɢ ɫɥɚɝɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɮɢɲɟ ɢ ɨɦɨɬɚɜɚɨ
ɩɚɩɢɪɨɦ ɫɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɨ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɰɚɦɚ ɛɪɨɲɭɪɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɻɢɧɢ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɛɢɥɬɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ – ɲɬɚ
ɦɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɰɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɲɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ. ɉɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɧɨɦ ɨɥɨɜɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɨɦ „ɦɚɫɬɢʂɚɜɨɦ“,
ɬɪɚʁɧɨɦ, ɩɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɨɦ, ɧɚɥɢɜ-ɩɟɪɨɦ.

Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɟɱɢɬɤɢ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɤɥɨɦ

ɨɤɭ. ɉɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫ ɩɭɧɨ ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢɰɚ, ɫɢɬɧɢɦ

ϱ
ɍ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɢ, ʂɭɛɚɡɧɨɲʄɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɤʄɟɪɢ
ȳɟɥɟɧɟ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜɟɧɚ.

Ϯϰ

ɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɭɜɢʁɟɤ
ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɨɦ. ɇɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ/ɩɪɢɱɟ.
ɇɚɱɢɧ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɞɭɛɨɤɨɦ
ɭɜʁɟɪɟʃɭ, ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɝ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨɰɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ
ɛɚɜɢ. ɋɤɪɚʄɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɢ
ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɭʁɟ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɱɭɨ. ɇɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɦɟɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɫʁɟɬɢɦɨ ȼɭɤɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɩʁɟɜɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɤɨ ɢɯ ɜɟʄ ɩɟɞɟɫɬ ɡɧɚ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ
ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɞɚɪɟɧ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ „ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɡɚɧɚɬɚ“;
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢɦ
ɩɭɬɨɤɚɡɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɭ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɧɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨ ɞɚ
ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɢʁɟɞ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.

ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ

ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɚ. ɂ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɢɦɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɭɡ ɬɨ ɢɞɟ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ.
ɇɚʄɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ, ɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɧɟɤɨɥɨɤɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɚ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. ɍ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ:

ɋɚɜɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɨʁɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɥɚɬɚ

Ȼʁɟɥɢɰɚ-ȼɭʁɚɲɟɜɢʄ, ȼɭɤɨɫɚɜɚ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɚ, ɉɟʁɤɚ

Ϯϱ

Ƚɚɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɨɫɚ Ⱦɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, 70 ɝɨɞ
(ɢɦɚɥɚ 1973), ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ȳɨɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɟɬɪɭɲɚ
ȳɨɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɟɥɚ Ʉɪɫɬɚʁɢʄ, ɨɞ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ (ɨɤɨ 40
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ), ɋɚɜɚ Ʉɭɥɢʄ, ɧɚɞ ɫɢɧɨɦ Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧɨɦ
ɬɭɠɢɥɚ, ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄ, 65 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, Ɇɢʁɨʂɤɚ
Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄ (ɬɭɠɢɥɚ 1943. ɝɨɞ.), ȴɭɛɢɰɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ,
ɀɢɜɚɧɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɂɤɨɧɢʁɚ Ɍɨɦɢʄ ɭɞɨɜɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ,
ɉɚɜɚ ɑɟɜɢʄ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɭɡ ɢɦɟ ɢ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢ
ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.

Ɂɚɛɢʂɟɲɤɭ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɞɦɟɬɚʃɚ

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ, ɚ ɨɧɚ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ.

„ɇɚɤɚ ȭɭɪɨɜɢʄɚ ɨɞɢɜɚ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɧɟɻɟ ɧɚ

ɩɨɤɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɠɟ:
ɋɜɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɟ

Ɍɨ ɦɨʁ ɪɨɞɟ!

Ⱥ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɢɜɚ ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɫɪɞɢɥɚ ɢ

ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ:
ɇɢɬ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ, ɧɢɬ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɢ,

Ɍɨ ɦɨʁ ɪɨɞɟ!

ɇɨ Ɇɪɻɟɧɚ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɚ

Ϯϲ

 ɂ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɛɚɪʁɚɤɬɚɪɚ

Ɍɨ ɦɨʁ ɪɨɞɟ!

Ʉɚɞ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚ'ɭ,

Ɍɭ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɢɬɚ'ɭ!

ɂ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɭ ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɨɞɢɜɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɤɭɩɢɥɢ

ɧɚʁʂɟɩɲɢ ʄɟɦɟɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɚʄɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɚ.“

ɇɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɠʃɚ „Ɍ“ ɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɨʁ

ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɢɥɢ
ɞɢɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. ɇɢʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɞɨɤɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ.
ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɬɨɧ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɤɥɚɩɚɥɨ ɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɨ-ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ
ɩɨɞɜɢɝɚ. ȿɜɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ:
Ⱦɨɻɟ ɧɚɦɚ ɞɨɛɪɢ ɝɥɚɫɢ

Ɂɚɤɪɚʂɢ ɫɟ ɤɪɚʂ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ,

Ɉɯɪɚɛɪɢ ɫɟ ɐɪɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚ

ɇɚɦɚ ɥɟɥɟ!

Ȼɥɚɝɨ ɥɟɝɥɨ ɭ ɤɚɦɟʃɟ,

ɇɟɦɚɲ ɱɟɦɭ ɪɟʄɢ ɛɥɚɝɨ

Ɇɢ ɫɦɨ ɭ ɞɨɦ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɟ

Ϯϳ

 Ʉɨ ɨɞɢɜɟ ɫ ɩɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.

Ʉɭɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɢʁɚɥɢ

Ɇɥɚɞɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ

ɋɜɟ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ

ɇɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɧɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢ,

ɋɚɦɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ

ɒɬɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɩɪɫɢ,

Ɍɟ ɲɚɧɱɟɜɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɟ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ (ɫɬɪ. 8) ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ:

ɒɬɨ ʄɟ ɧɚɦɚ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɚ,

ɒɬɨ ʄɟ ɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɰɪɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ,

Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɦɨɦɰɢ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢ. –

ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɦɚɥɨ ɞɚʂɟ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɢʃɚɚɜɚ:

ɨɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɦɨʁɟ

ɫɪɚɦɨɬɚ ʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɪɟɤɥɚ,

ʁɚ ɫɚɦ ɬɟɤɟ ɫɚɞ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ.

ȼɟʂɟ ʁɚɞɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɚ

40 ɛɪɚʄɟ ɦɨʁɟ

Ϯϴ

 ɋɜɟ ɫɢɜɢʁɟɯ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ

Ɇ ɥɚɞɚ ɦɨɦɤɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɧɢɤɚ

ɉɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɻɟɜɟɪɨɜɚ

Ʉɚ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɟ

ɋɜɟɦɭ ʁɚɞɭ –

Ʉɭɬʃɟɝ ɦɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɪʁɟɲɢɧɭ...

Ɂɚɫɬɪɚɲɭʁɭʄɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɜɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢ

ɢ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɢ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ
ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɤɥɨɩɢɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ
ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɚ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɟ
ɩɨɞɜɢɝɟ.

ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ( ɞɚʂɟ ɭ

ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɋɇɌ), ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 1929. Ɂɛɢɪɤɚ
ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɩɲɢɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ 101 ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ.
ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɭ „ɉɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ“ (1929) ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ
ʁɟ ɨɞɥɨɦɚɤ ɢɡ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɚ Ƚɟɪɯɚɞɚ Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧɚ ɩɨɞ
ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ „ɇɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ɧɚɲɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ“, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ
ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ Slavische Rundschau. (Gesseman 1929,
677-681). Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧ ɚɩɟɥɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɪɧɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ,
ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄɟɜɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɢɡ
1908, ɭ „Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɥɭ“, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɤɚɠɟ:

Ϯϵ

„ɂɡɜɟɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɦɨʄɚɧ
ɢɡɪɚɡ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟɦ,
ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɨɝɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʃɟɧ
(Ƚ. Ƚ.). Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɭ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɬɟ, ɩɨɦɢʃɭʄɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ
ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜ ɝɪɨɛ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ,
ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭ „ɩɟɫɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɞɢɠɟ ɞɨ
ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɥɢɤɚ“, ɚ ɬɢ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɭ
ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɯɟɪɨɢɤɨɦ ɂɥɢʁɚɞɟ ɢ Ɉɞɢɫɟʁɟ.

Ɉɛɢɦɚɧ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ

ʁɟ ɉɟɪɨ ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ „Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ“, ɝɞʁɟ
ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ „ɜɪɥɨ ɜɪɟɞɚɧ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɛɥɚɝɚ: ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ,
ɞɜɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɚ, ɢ ɫɚɞ ɟɜɨ ɤʃɢɝɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ. Ɋɨɻɟɧ ɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨɦ
ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɦɚɬɢɰɚ ɪɚɫɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɢ
ɧɚɲɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɨɟɡɢʁɟ, ɝ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ
ɭɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɩɨɟɡɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ.“
ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɢɯ
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɥɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɭɡɝɪɟɞ, ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɞɚ „ɫɜɟ ɬɟ ɩɨɤɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɟ
ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨ ɧɚɪɢɱɭ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ, ɜɢɲɟ ɧɨ ɡɚ

ϯϬ

ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ: ɥɟɩɨ ʄɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɥɚɜɧɢɦ
ɞɭɲɚɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ“.
ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɞɚʂɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱ
„ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɝɨɛɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɨʁ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ“, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɦɭ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ
ɬɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ – „ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ
ɢɩɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɟ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ, ɢ
ʁɟɡɢɱɧɨ, ɩɚ ɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨ, ɤɚɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ“

ɋɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɦɢɫɥɢ ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ,

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɞɚɥɟɤɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤɚ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɪɢɤ
„ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ“, ɬɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ,
ɨɧɟ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɢ „ɩɨɥɭɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɟ“, ɲɬɨ
ɫɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɟ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɨɫɟ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɭ:
„ɩɪɚɫɬɚɪɢ ɚɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɦɟɬɪɢɤɟ: ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ
ɪɚɱɭɧɚʃɚ ʁɟɫɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɰɚ“. Ʉɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɟ, ɨɧɟ ɫɭ
ɟɦɛɪɢɨɧ ɢ ɥɢɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɟɡɢʁɟ. „ȿɩɫɤɚ ɩɟɫɦɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ, ɧɢɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɚ ɬɟɤ
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɩɟɫɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɰɟɥɟ
ɧɚɪɚɲɬɚʁɟ, ɢ ʂɭɞɟ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ..“ (ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ
1929, 336).

ɍ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 1901-

1951. ɩɨʁɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɪɚɞ Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ,
1953.ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɁȿɆ 53). ɍ ʃɟɦɭ

ϯϭ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚ ɫɚɠɟɬɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ
ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨ 1929.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɬɚɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɨ ɧɚ
ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ, ɜɟʄ
ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧ ɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨʁ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ. ɍɡ ɱɥɚɧɚɤ ɨ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤ 4. ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ

ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ 1958. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɋɋɋɊ, ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨ ɪɚɞ
„Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɥɢɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.“ (ɒɚɭɥɢʄ: 1958). Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ʁɟ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ,
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɞɟɰɢɞɢɪɚɧɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ
ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ
1959, ɭ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢ ɥɚɫɤɚɜɭ ɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɂɚʁɰɟɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɭɫɩɟɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟ ɫɚɦɭ ɞɭɲɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1964, ɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɨɦ Zborniku za
narodni život i obiþaje, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ

ϯϮ

ɛɪɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ: Tužbalice ponajviše
iz durmitordkog kraja (ZNŽO knj. 42).

ɇɚɤɨɧ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɛɢʄɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ

ʁɨɲ ɲɟɫɧɚɟɫɬ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɟ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ
Lirske pjesme i tužbalice (iz ostavštine), ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ Ⱥɧɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɚ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ 1967, ɭ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ (ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɁɇɀɈ).

2. ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ

Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ

ɋɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ 1929. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɞɭɝɚɱɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ.
Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚʁɬɟɦɟʂɢɬɢʁɢ ɨɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ
ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɚ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɢ, ɨ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɡɚ
ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɤɭɥɬɚ
ɦɪɬɜɢɯ, ɨ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ

ϯϯ

ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɨ ɜɚɫɩɢɬɧɨʁ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ.

„ɇɚɲɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɞ ɫɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɚ“, ɤɚɠɟ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, „ɩɪɟɞ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɬ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɬɭ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁɢ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɧɨɫɬ ɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚʁʁɚɱɢ ɛɢɥɢ. ɋɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɞɚʁɟɦ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɫɜɟɫɰɢ, ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɛɪɨʁɭ, ɫɚ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɫɭ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɨ,
ɦɢ ɫɦɨ ɩɨɪɟɞ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɭɲɭ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ.“(ɋɇɌ
XXVII).

Ʉɚɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɢ

ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ „ɩɪɟɞ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɬ“ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ
ɠɢɜɨɫɬ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɝɢɧɭɥɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ
ɋɬɚɪɟ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, ɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɦɪɬ
ɨɩɥɚɤɢɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɚʄɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ
ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ. ɂɡ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ Ⱥɧɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ,
ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɇ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ɨɞ
1909. ɞɨ 1959. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.

ϯϰ

 Ⱦɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɭɲɟ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɩɨʂɟ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɨ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ʁɚɫɚɧ ɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɢɫɬɚɧɱɚɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ. ȼɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɢɡ
ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ:

„ɋɤɭɩʂɚɱɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɨɛɢɬɚ ɭɤɭɫɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɟ

ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɞɚɛɢɪɚɱɢ ɢ
ɦɢʁɟʃɚʁɭ, ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɧɚʁʁɚɱɟ, ɦɢʁɟʃɚʁɭ
ɧɚʁɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢʁɟ ɛɟɡ ɦɨʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɩʂɟʃɚ ɞɚ ɭɯɜɚɬɟ
ɬɪɚɝ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟ ɞɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ. Ɇɢʁɟʃɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡ, ʁɚɱɢɧɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɟ
ɦɢɫɥɢ. Ⱦɜɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɱɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɝɭ
ɭ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɚʃɭ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ
ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ, ɞɨ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢʁɢɯ,
ɢɡɞɚɲɧɢʁɢɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɢɯ...“

Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ

„ɭ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɚʃɭ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ“ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɨɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚʃɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɚ
ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɠɚɥɢ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɫɟ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɩʂɟʃɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɚ
ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɭ ɠɟɧɚɦɚ, ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢɦɚ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɭ
ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢɦɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɪɚʃɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɬɚɧɚɧɢʁɟ
ɢɧɬɢɦɟ. ȳɨɲ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ
ɩɨɞ „ɭɤɭɫɨɦ, ɫɩɪɟɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɦ“ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ

ϯϱ

ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟ
ɡɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɚʃɤɚɜɨɫɬ ɪɚɞɚ
ɫɤɭɩʂɚɱɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɰɢʁɟɥɚ
ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ
ɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɫɚɨɧɢɯ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ.
Ɍɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɚ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɢ
ʃɟɧɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ, ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɢɦ
„ɦɢʁɟʃɚʃɟɦ“, „ɢɡɨɫɬɜɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ“ ɢ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ
ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɡɚ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨʁ
ɦʁɟɪɢ ɫɜɟɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ, ɚ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨ-ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɢ,
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ.
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɬɢʃɫɬɜɚ
ɫɥɭɲɚɨ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɭɡ ɬɨ ɨɞɪɚɫɬɚɨ
ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭɡ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɫɤɨ ɩʁɟɜɚʃɟ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɢ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɨɲɬɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɤɭɫɚ ɭ
ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɧɟ, ɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɚɪɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɟɡɢʁɭ (ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ), ɧɢʁɟ
ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɭɦɢɨ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚɬɢ.

ϯϲ

Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɫɜɚɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɟ
ɞɚɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ʂɭɛɚɜʂɭ ɩɢɫɚɨ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ
ɞɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɞɚɨ ɞɭɲɭ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ“ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɭ
ɨɛʁɟɥɨɞɚʃɭʁɟ ɫ ɭɜʁɟɪɟʃɟɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ

„ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɫɚ“, ɤɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ „ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɭɝɟ ɡɚ
ɞɪɚɝɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ“ (ɋɇɌ 9), ɤɚɨ „ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɭ“, ɤɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɤɨʁɚ
„ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɜɟɡɭ ɫ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ“.
Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɪɟɥɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɥɢɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɟ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ „ɢ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 11): „Ⱦɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɨɩʁɟɜɚʁɭ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ, ɚ ɠɟɧɟ
ɨɛɪʄɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɟ, ɫɜɟ ɫɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɛɥɢɠɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ“ (ɋɇɌ 11). Ɉɜɞʁɟ
ɜɟʄ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ:
ʁɟɞɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɨɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɟ
ɛɨɥ ɡɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɫɪɰɚ, ɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ,
ɤɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɨɜɭ
ɜɪɫɬɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, ɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɬɨʁɟ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ
ɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ, ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ

ϯϳ

ɩʁɟɜɚ ɨ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭɡ
ɨɛɢʂɟɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɯ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢ
(ɞɚʄɟ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɚɱɤɢɦ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ
ɜɪɫɬɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɨɦ.

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɚɧ ɞɢɨ

ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɩɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɞɢɨ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ,
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: „ɍ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɢ
ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɫɦɪɬ ɛɟɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɬɢ, ɢɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɚɞɛɟ
ɜɟɫɟʂɟ ɛɟɡ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 15). Ȼɢɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
„ɧɟɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɢ ɜɢɲɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɦɪɬ“ ɤɚɠɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɦɪɥɢ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢɨ ɛɟɡ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ (ɋɇɌ 21). ɉɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ: ɨɧɚ ʁɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ. ɀɚɥɨɫɬ ɡɚ
ɭɦɪɥɢɦ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɠɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ
ɬɢɱɟ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ɢɥɢ ʁɭɧɚɤ: „ɐɢʁɟɥɢ ɫɤɭɩ
ɠɚɥɢ, ɢ ɦɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ“, ʂɭɞɢ ɥɟɥɟɱɭ ɢ ɛɢʁɭ ɫɟ
ɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɲɚɤɚɦɚ, ɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɨʁɤɚʁɭ ɢ ɛɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɫɚ
(ɋɇɌ 23); ɠɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɝɨɥɨɝɥɚɜɟ,
ɪɚɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɲɢɲɚɧɟ ɤɨɫɟ; ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ

ϯϴ

ɨɞɫɢʁɟɰɚʁɭ ɩɟɪɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɝɪɟɛɭ ɥɢɰɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɜɢ. Ɍɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɨɞɫɢʁɟɰɚʃɟ ɤɨɫɟ ɢ ɝɪɻɟʃɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɤʃɚɡ
Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɨ 1855. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ
ɭɩɨɤɨʁɢɨ: ɫɜɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ,
ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.

„Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɦɢɥɨɝ ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ

ɝɥɚɫ ɢ ɤɚɞ ɨɜɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ ɡɚɞɟɫɢ, ɧɟ ɬɭɠɢ
ɫɟ, ɧɟ ɫɦɢɲʂɚ ɫɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɤɚɨ ɭ
ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɡɢɜɚ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɠɟ“ –
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɧɟ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɢ „ɩɪɜɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ“.
ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ „ɫɬɪɚɯɚ“, ɤɚɨ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɦɪɬɜɚɱɤɢ
ɤɭɥɬ. ɋ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɨɞ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɟɡ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɧɟ ɭ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɤɨ ɛɢʄɟ ɭ
ɥɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ
ɠɢɜɢɯ ɚ ʁɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɬɩɪɟɦʂɟɧ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ. Ɍɟɤ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, „ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɬɢɲɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚ,
ɫɦɢɲʂɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɞɢɪɧɭɬɢ ɭ ɫɪɰɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 15), ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ
ɨɩɢɫ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
(ɩɨɞɜɭɤɥɚ ȳ. ȭ.) ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɉɜɨ
ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɡɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ

ϯϵ

ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɥɟɥɟɤɚʃɚ, ʁɚɭɤɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɭɤɚʃɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɝ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨɝ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɭ
ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ – ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ ɨɩɢɫɚ, ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ
ɩɪɜɨɝ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɥɟɥɟɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɭɤʃɚɜɨɦ ɛɟɡ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɪɟɤɚɨ ȼɭɤ, „ɤɚɤɨ
ɤɨ ɡɧɚ ɢ ɭɦɢʁɟ“ ɩɚ, ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɜɨ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ ɫɦɢɪɢ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ,
ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ, ɫɦɢɲʂɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ
ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ „ɞɢɪɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɰɟ.“ Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ
ɪɚɬɧɢɤ, ɟɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ
ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɭɩɚɪɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ-ʁɭɧɚɤɭ ɧɟ ɩʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɟɩɫɤɟ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɩɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɨɞ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨ
ɦʁɟɫɬɨ, ɞɚ ɟɩɫɤɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. Ɉɜɨ, ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɟ
ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨʁ
„ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ“ (Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ: 1992), ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɡɚ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʁ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
„ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɟɫɦɟ ɨ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɛɨʁɭ“ ɢ ɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
„ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ ʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɥɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɟɩɨɩɟʁɚ“

ϰϬ

ɨɩɪɟɡɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɇɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɨ
ɪɟɞɨɫɥɢʁɟɞɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɭɫɦɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ (ɇ.Ɇ.
ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ: 1994, 9).

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɨ, ɞɚʁɟ

ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ: „Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɬɭɠɢ
ɧɚɞ ɦɪɬɜɢɦ, ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɧɚ ɨɻɟɥɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɫɬɢ
ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɦɪɬɜɚɰ ɥɟɠɢ, ɫɥɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɭɠʁɭ, ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢ,
ɨɪɞɟʃɭ, ɭɡ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɨɬɤɟ, ɢ
ɨɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟɦ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɫɨɮɪɟ, ɩɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ
ɬɪɢ ɠɟɧɟ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ
ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɝɥɚɫɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɧɚ
ɠɚɥɛɭ...“ (ɋɇɌ 10). ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟɦ,
ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɭ ɨɤɨ ɫɨɮɪɟ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɜɢɞɢ
ɡɚɱɟɬɤɟ ɞɪɚɦɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ:
ɨɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ,
ɧɚɞɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɦɟɻɭ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɭ ɯɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɟ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢ
ɠɚɥɛɟɧɢɤɚ „ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɨɪɧɢɰɢ“ ɭɞɚɪɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɫɚ ɢ
ɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɨɞ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥ. „ɂɡ ɫɜɟɝɚ“, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, „ɢɡɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɝ ritus-a ɫɚ
ɡɚɱɟɰɢɦɚ ɦɭɡɢɱɤɟ ɞɪɚɦɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɭɩɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɞɢɫɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɯɨɪɭ.“ (ɁȿɆ
319).

ϰϭ

 Ʉɚɞɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɞɭ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɛɭ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ
ɩɪɚɬɟ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ „ɧɨɫɟ ɦɪɬɜɚɰɚ“, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ,
ɬɭɠɢ ɭ ɯɨɞɭ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ „ɬɭɠɢ ɨɬɟɝɧɭɬɨ ɢ
ɝɥɚɫɨɜɢɬɨ, ɫɚ ɩɪɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɥɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɭɜɭ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚ ɝɥɚɫ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ
ɩɪɢɦɢɰɚʃɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɦɢɰɚʃɟɦ ɲɚɤɟ ɭɫɬɢɦɚ.“
(ɋɇɌ 10). Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢ
ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɭ ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʃɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɟʄɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ
ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟʄɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɨɧɚʁ ɨ ɤɨɦɟ ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ
6
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɤ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɟʄɤɭ, ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ
ɭɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ.
Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɢ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ.

Ʉɚɨ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ

ɧɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ
ɠɚɥɛɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɬɪɩɢ ɢ

ϲ
„Ʉɚɞ ɫɚɦ ɛɢ ɭ ɛɚʃɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ʉɨɫɢʁɟɪɟɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɧɟɤ, ɨ
ɬɪɨɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɧɟɜɢ, ɢɡɢɻɨɲɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɫ ɩɨɞɛɨɱɟɧɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ, ɚ
ɲɟɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɨʁɟɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɜɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟ ɬɭɠʁɟɬɢ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ ɛɚʃɚɧɫɤɨɝɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ȼɚʄɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ
Ȼɚʃɚɧɚ, ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɛɭʃɟɧɟ 1863 – ʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɞɚɪɢɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɜɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ
ɭ Ⱦɭɝɢ ɧɚ ɇɨɡɞɪɚɦɚ.“ - ɡɚɩɢɫ ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄɟɜ ɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ
ɫɚɛɨɪɭ; ɭ: ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ 1986.


ϰϮ

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ
ɬɭɠɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɦɭɲɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ; ɡɚ
ɦɭɲɤɢɦ ɞʁɟɬɟɬɨɦ „ɨɞ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ
ɦɭ ʁɟ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ, ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ“ (ɋɇɌ 21),
ɚ ɡɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɞʁɟɰɨɦ ɢ ɠɟɧɚɦɚ, ɪʁɟɻɟ. Ⱦɚʂɟ: „Ɋɻɟ
ɢ ɢɡɪɨɞɢ ɧɟ ɠɚɥɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ.“ (ɋɇɌ 18). Ⱥɤɨ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɦɢʁɟɲɚ ʂɭɞɟ ɢ ɧɟʂɭɞɟ ɢ „ɨɛʁɟ
ɭɡɞɢɠɟ“, ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɭ ɜɪɲɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢ
ɝɪɟɲɤɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɚ. ɍ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɟ, ɤɚɠɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɧɟ ʂɭɬɟ: „Ɇɪɬɜɟ ɢ
ɨɠɚɥɨɲʄɟɧɟ ʁɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɨɫʁɟʄɢ!“ (ɋɇɌ 28). ɂɫɬɨ
ɬɚɤɨ, ɠɟɧɚ, ɨɞ ɫɬɢɞɚ, ɧɟ ɬɭɠɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɟɦ, ɚ
ɚɤɨ ɢɩɚɤ ɡɚɬɭɠɢ, ɜɪɚɬɟ ʁɨʁ ɬɨ ɩɨɲɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɍɨ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɚɠɟ ɨɜɚɤɨ: „Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɨɬɭɠɢɬɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɚ, ɡɚ ʃɢɦ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɢɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɭɦʁɟɥɚ. ɋɬɢɞ ʁɟ, ɚ ɫɪɚɦɨɬɚ
ʁɟ.“ ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɫɭ
ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ, ɚ
ɤɚɞɚ ɦɢɧɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɨ „ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɜɟʄɭ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ ɨɤɨ
ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɛɨɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɤɨ
ɫɜɨɝɚ.“ (ɁȿɆ 1953, 318).

Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɟ

ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɨɞ ɡɚɥɚɫɤɚ
ɞɨ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɨʄɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ

ϰϯ

ɪɟɥɢɤɬ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ
ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɭɲɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢʁɟ
ɧɨʄɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɚɦɩɢɪɢɬɢ ɞɨɡɜɚɧɟ
ɝɥɚɫɨɦ. ɉɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɭɜɟɱɟ, ɧɚ ɫɢʁɟɥɢɦɚ.

ɇɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ

ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ
ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɨ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭ
ɢɡɜɨɞɟʄɢ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ“, ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɨ
ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ. „ɍ
ɟɬɧ.(ɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ) ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɭ ɐ. Ƚɨɪɢ ɢ
ɉɪɢɦɨɪʁɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɟ
ɨɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɟ; ɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɫɚɦ, ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɤɨɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɫɚɛɨɪɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ, - ʃɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɟ ɜɟɫɟʂɟ ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ,
ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɨɫɧɟ, ɢɞɭ ɬɚɦɨ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢ ɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ...“ . Ɍɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɢ
ɞɨ ɬɚɤɦɢɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɭ ɩʁɟɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ.

ɇɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ

ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɤɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ
ɩɨɧɨɫɚ. „Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɬɭɲɤɚ, ɬɭɝɨɜɚɧɤɚ,
ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɭɝɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɚɝɢɦ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ“, ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɜɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɢ

ϰϰ

ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɫʂɟɞɧɨ ɞɪɠɚɨ. „ȴɭɛɚɜ ɢ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁɢ
ɢɡɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɠɢɜʂɭʁɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɡɟɦɚʂɫɤɢ, ɫɪɰɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ
ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ, ɝɞʁɟ ɦɪɬɜɢ ɠɢɜɟ.“– ɟɜɨ
ɦɢɬɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɩɢɫɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɟɤɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɛɥɨɤɭ „ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ“: „ɀɢɜɨɬ
ɡɟɦɚʂɫɤɢ ɭ ɠɟʂɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɢ
ɭ ɢɞɟɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩɟ ɦɪɬɜɢ, ɫɜɟ ɩɨ
ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ, ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ, ɫɜɚɞɛɟ, ɨɤɭɩɢ
ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ, ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ, ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɠɢɜɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ.“ (ɋɇɌ 9). ɋ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɬɭɠɟʃɟɦ: „ɫ
ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ, ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɨɦ ɛɨɥɚ,
ɜɟɥɢɱɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɟɜɚʁɭ... Ɉɜɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɧɟ
ɡɚɫɬɚɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɚɲʃɚ.“ (ɢɫɬɨ).
ɇɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɚɻɚʃɟ
ɫɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɬɚɦɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɢʄɚ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɥɢɤɟ
ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɭ „ɞɨʃɟɦ“ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ
„ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ“, ɨɧɨɦ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɫɥɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ: ɨɧɚ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɨɫɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ ɢ

ϰϱ

ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ
ɧɟʁɚɤɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɦɚ. „Ɍɚɦɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɥɢ
ɱɢɧɢ ɨɧɨ, ɤɚɠɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ
ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ...“ (ɋɇɌ 19). Ɍɨ ʁɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɭɬʁɟɯɚ
ɡɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɭɥɟɠ
ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ,
ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟʂɚ ɢ ɛɪɚɧɢɬɟʂɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ,
ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɲɤɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ.
ɍ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚʄɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɢ
ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɤɚɨ ɚɧɬɢɧɨɦɢʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɥɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ. Ɍɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ,
ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɦɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɢɪɚɨ
ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ (ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɧɚʁɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ), ʁɟɪ ɨɧɚ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɤɭɥɬ
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɭ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢɦ
ɪɚɬɨɜɚɢɦɚ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɲɟ ɜɟɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɨɪ-ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɨɩʁɟɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ.
Ɍɚɤɜɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ „ɠɢɜɟ, ɨɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɭ ɦɢɫɢʁɭ, ɩɨɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ
ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ; ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɭ
ɪɚʃɟɧɢɰɢ, ɦɚɥɚ ɞʁɟɰɚ, ɨɧɢ ɬɪɚɠɟ ɥɢʁɟɤɚ ɪɚɧɚɦɚ, ɚ

ϰϲ

ɭɦɪɥɟ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɡɚɜɢɞɧɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɧɟɜɢɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɨ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɚ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɭ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɪɟ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɢʁɭ ɪɚɧɟ.“
(ɋɇɌ 19). Ɍɟɤ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ
1953. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ
ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ:
Ⱥɤɨ ɫɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɨ,

ɧɢʁɟɫɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ.

Ɋɚɞɟ ʃɢɜɟ ɩɨɨɪɚɨ,

Ɋɚɞɟ ɨɜɰɟ ɩɪɟʁɚɝʃɢɨ,

Ɋɚɞɟ ɤɨɡɟ ɩɪɟɤɨɡɢɨ,

ɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢɨ,

ɢ ɥɢɜɚɞɟ ɬɪɢʁɟɛɢɨ. (ɁȿɆ 1953, 318 )

ɒɬɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ,

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɢɯ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ:

„Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢ, ɤɚɠɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɦ

ɠɢɜɨɬ: ɩɨɪɟɞ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ,
ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ
ɛɨɪɛɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ
ɡɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ; ɝɪɨɦ

ϰϳ

ɢɡ ɜɟɞɪɚ ɧɟɛɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɤɨɫɰɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɜɚɞɢ (ɫɚɦɨ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɦɟɥɨ) ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɭ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɢɲɥɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɨɦ
ɫɚ ɤɨɥɟɜɤɨɦ, ɨɛɚɰɢɨ ɤɨɥɟɜɤɭ ɚ ɞɟɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɠɢɜɨ;
ɞɨɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ ɧɟɤɨɝɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧ ɜɟɬɚɪ...“ (ɁȿɆ
1953, 316) ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɢ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɟ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɟ, ɩɨɞ
ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ „ɫɥɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɤʂɭɱɧɟ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɟ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨɝ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɭɦɚ“ (Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ: 1992)

ɂ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ: ɤɨ ɬɭɠɢ, ɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ,

ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɲɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ. Ɉɧ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɧɟɩɢɫɦɟɧɟ
ɧɚɞɚɪɟɧɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ ɫɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɨɞ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ: ʄɟɪɤɚ ɨɞ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɦɥɚɻɚ ɨɞ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ „ɛɟɡ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ, ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɢ
ɲɤɨɥɚ“ (ɋɇɌ 9). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ
ɚɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɨ ɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɨɩɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ. Ɍɨ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɨ „ɱɢɧɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɞɭɯɭ ɢ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɫɟ, ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ
ɪɟɞɭ ɋɪɩɤɢʃɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 28).

Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ „ɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɨʄ ɢ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁ ɫɜɨʁɟ

ϰϴ

ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɬɭɻɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɞɚ
ɫɚɨɫʁɟɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɭ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ“ (ɋɇɌ 13).

„Ⱦɨɛɪɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɩɢɫ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ,

ɭ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɻɟ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɩɚ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫʁɟɬɢɥɚ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɦɚɤɚɪ, ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ
ɭɦɪɥɨɝɚ, ɨɫʁɟɬɢ ɛɨɥ, ɪɚɠɚɥɢ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ, ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɭ, ɤɚɨ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ
ɢɞɟ ɭ ɤɨɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɭʁɟ ɜɟɫɟʂɭ ɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ. Ɍɭ ɨɩɟɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɦɚʃɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ,
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɭɠɛɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɚɤɨ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɢɪɚ, ɨɧɚ ɧɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ
ɡɧɚ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɫɜɪɲɢ, ɲɬɚ ʄɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɬɨɝɚ
ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɫɜɨʁɭ.“ (ɋɇɌ 15).

Ɇɥɚɞɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɢ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ

ɬɭɠɟ, „ɢɡ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɟ, ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟɫɭ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɠɚɥɛɟɧɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɟ,
ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 15), ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɨ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜʁɟɲɬɢɧɚ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ
ɩɨɢɦɚɥɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ: ɤɭɤɚɬɢ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ
ɢɫɬɨ, ɬɭɠɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɦ
ɝɭɫɥɚɪɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɩʁɟɜɚʃɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ
ɞɨɛɪɨʁ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɢ „ɱɢɧɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɚ“.

ϰϵ

 ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɤ ɬɭɠɢ ɧɚɞ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ, ɞɨɛɪɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ „ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɜɲɢ ɧɟɤɨɝɚ ɱɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ, ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɠɚʂɟʃɟ ɨɜɢɯ,
ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɩɪɟɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɭ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɬɟɦɭ, ɲɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɱɤɭ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ.“ (ɁȿɆ; 1953,
318). Ɉɜɚʁ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɨɩɢɫ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ: ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ
ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ
ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɨɠɚɥɨɲʄɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɥɚʁɬ-
ɦɨɬɢɜɚ: ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ, ɫɦɪɬ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɬɭɠɢ,
ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ, ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɧɨɜɟ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɬɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɚɠɟ ɭ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɭ. Ɍɨ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ, ɜɪɯɭɧɫɤɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ,
ɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɡɚ ɬɨ: „Ⱦɨɛɪɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɠɟʂɭ
ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɟ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ
ɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɨɝɥɚɫɢ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɯɜɚʂɟɧɚ; ɚ ɚɤɨ
ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɟɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ
ɜɢɻɟɥɚ, ɨɧɚ ɝɚ ɩɨ ɱɭɜɟʃɭ ɭɦɢʁɟ ɨɬɭɠɢɬɢ.“ (ɋɇɌ
17). Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ „ɫɟɛɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɨɝɥɚɫɢ“ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ
ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɬɟɤɚɤɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɫɜɨɝɚ

ϱϬ

ɭɦɢʁɟʄɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚ ɢ
ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ, ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ, ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨʂɭɛʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɭɤɭ ɨɞ ɨɧɟ
ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɢ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɩɨɯɜɚʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ
ɫɥɭɲɚɥɚɰɚ. ɑɟɫɬɨ ɬɨ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɢ ɩɨ „ɫɚɬ
ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ...ɫɜɟ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɢɦ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɤɨɪɧɢɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɜɨʁ ɛɨɥ ɢ ɬɭɝɨɜɚʃɟ.“
(ɋɇɌ 16).

Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɛɪɱɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ, „ɬɨ ɫɟ

ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɝɪɟɲɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɦɢʁɭ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ, ɚ
ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɬɚ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɱɭ.“ (ɋɇɌ 18). Ʉɚɞɚ,
ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɠɟɧɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɟɦ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɭɡɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɩɨɲɚɥɢɰɨɦ:
Ɍɟɛɟ ɧɨɫɟ, ɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɟ,

Ɇɨʁ ɂɥɢʁɚ!

Ⱥ ʁɚ ɨʄɭ, ɚ ɞɚ ɲɬɨ ʄɭ,

ȳɚ ɤɭɤɚɥɚ!

ȿ ɦɢ ɨɫɬɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɦɢʁɚ,

Ɂɥɚɬɚ ɦɨʁɚ!

Ɉɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɢɬɚ ɚɥɭɡɢʁɚ ɧɚ

ɫɟɤɫɭɥɚɧɭ ɭɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ.

ϱϭ

 ɋɜɨʁɟ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɞɚɪɚ, ɫɬɢɱɟ
ɭɜʁɟɠɛɚɧɨɲʄɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɢ
ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ. Ɂɚ
ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɤɚɠɟ: „ȼɨɥɢ ɛɢ ʁɟ
ɫɥɭɲɚɬɢ ɧɨ ɢɤɚɤɚ ɩʁɟɜɚɱɚ ɭɡ ɝɭɫɥɟ; ɨɧɚ ɩɨɛɪɚʁɚ
ɱɭɞɟɫɚ!“ – ɚ ɤɚɞɚ „ɜɟɲɬɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɛɨʁɟɜɟ ɢ
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ, ɤɚɠɭ: 'Ʉɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɭɬɟɤɥɚ'“ (ɁȿɆ
1953, 318). ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ
ɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɜɢɱɧɟ
„ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɭ“ ɛɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ. Ɂɚ ʃɢɯ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɬɜɨɪɰɢ „ɤɭɥɬɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ. „Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɠɟɧɟ
ɤɚɨ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɞɚʁɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ
ɦɨɪɚɥɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɝɜɨɡɞɟɧɟ ɩɭɤɨɜɟ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ
ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɟ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɨ ɤɚɨ
ɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɢɞɟɚɥ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ
ɫɦɪɬ ɢ ɭɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɩɨɧɨɫɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɧɚ;
ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɢ ɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭ, ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨʁ
ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ.“ (ɋɇɌ 20). ȳɭɧɚɰɢ ɩɚɥɢ
ɡɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ „ɧɚ ɲɚɧɰɭ ɤɪɜɚɜɨɦɟ ɢ ʁɭɪɢɲɭ
ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨɦɟ“ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɰɚɦɚ,
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɢ ɧɟ ɠɚɥɟ ɫɟ, ɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɚʁɭ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ „ɩɟɫɧɢɱɤɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɧɚɲɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ“, ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ (ɁȿɆ 1953, 317). ɂ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨ: ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɬɟɤɚɤɨ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɟ
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ

ϱϮ

ɤɪɜɚɜɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ, ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɬɨ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ
ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɢɦ „ ɯɪɚɧɭ ɢ ʇɟɛɚɧɭ“ ɧɚ
ɛɨʁɢɲɬɟ. „Ɉɬɭɞ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɨɧɚ ɪɟɬɤɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɛɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ.“ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ (ɁȿɆ 1953, 316).
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɦɪɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ
ɛɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɩɨɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɢ ɲɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ
ɭ ɛɨʁɭ, ɲɬɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɢɲɢ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ, ɲɬɨ
ɧɟʄɟ ɭʄɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ.

Ɉɩɢɫɭʁɭʄɢ ɦɨʄ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɢɧɨɜɟ
ɢ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ, ɚɥɢ, ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɱɢɧɟ ɠɪɬɜɭ – ɨɩɪɚɲɬɚʃɟɦ
ɤɪɜɢ ɭɛɢɰɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ – ɭɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ
ɤɪɜɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɥɚ ɥɚɧɚɰ ɤɪɜɧɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɟ.
Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɥɚɠɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɝ.

Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɢ, ɨɧɞɚ ɜɚʂɚ

ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɢ
ɡɧɚɥɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɦɢɱɢɬɢ ɤɨ ʄɟ ɛɨʂɟ, ɫɜɚɤɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ
ɠɚɧɪɭ, ɨɩʁɟɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ. Ⱥ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ,
ɤɚɠɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɫɥɭɠɟ ɫɟ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɫɧɢɱɤɨɦ
ɪɢɡɧɢɰɨɦ: ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɚ ɩɟɫɧɢɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɪɢɬɦɚ.“ (ɁȿɆ 1953, 318). ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ

ϱϯ

ɤɚɞɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ
ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟ
ɭɦɪɥɨɝ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɦɭɲɤɨɦ ɥɟɥɟɤɚʃɭ ɢɥɢ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɤɚʃɭ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɬɢɲɚ ɥɟɥɟɤ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɭ, ɨ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ʁɨɲ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɤ, ɬɨ ʄɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɢ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɬɭɠɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɦɪɬ ɢ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɬɢ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ.
ɉɨɛɪɨʁɚʄɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɜɚ, ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɝɚ
ɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɚʂɟ ɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ (ɞ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ!), ɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɬɨ
ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɥɚɝɚʃɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ,
ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɢ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ. Ɉɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ʃɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɡɚɩɨɱɟʃɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ, ʃɟɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ʁɟ „ɤɪɚʁʃɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɦɪɬ, ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ“. (ɋɇɌ 29). Ʉɚɤɨ
ɫɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɧɟ ɩʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɞɨɤ ɬɪɚʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ
ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɨ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɦ ʁɭɧɚɤɭ,
ɩɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ
ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɱɤɨ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ
ɞɨɛɪɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɭ ɞɚ ɡɚɫɧɭʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɢ ɟɩɫɤɭ
ɩʁɟɫɦɭ.

ϱϰ

 ɉʁɟɫɧɢɱɤɭ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɭ „ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ
ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ“ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ,
ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɨɜɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ (ɋɇɌ 12), ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɢ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ.

Ƚɥɚɫ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ

ɛɢɬɚɧ. „Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɫɦɨ, ɤɚɠɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɞɚ
Ɇɚɪɢʁɭ ɇɟɲɤɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ ɉɚɥɟɠɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɜɚɤɨ
ɫɥɭɲɚɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɪɨɤɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɛɨɥ
ɩɨɞɪɯɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɢʁɚ ɫɟ, ɞɟɥɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚʁɛɨɥɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ
ɫɥɭɲɚɨɰɟ“. (ɁȿɆ 1953, 319). Ɉ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ
ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ (ɦɢɫɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɢɱɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ)
ɨɬɤɟ (ɭ ɯɨɞɭ), ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɚ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɲɚɨɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ
ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɨɜɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ
ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɬʃɟ ɦɭɡɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨ
ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɭɡ
ɝɭɫɥɟ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɫɟ „ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɢɦ
ɝɥɚɫɨɦ, ɭɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɤ, ɞɢɡɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɫɩɭɲɬɚʃɟɦ
ɝɥɚɫɚ, ɬɪɨɧɭɬɢʁɟ, ʃɟɠɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɠɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɭɡ
ɝɭɫɥɟ, ɢɥɢ ɩʁɟɜɚʃɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɫ. Ɉɜɨ
ɞɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɢɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟʃɟɦ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ʁɚɱɢ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɧɚ

ϱϱ

ɫɥɭɲɚɨɰɟ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɜɢɲɟ, ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɨɬɟɝɧɭɬɨ, ɫɚ
ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɢɥɨɡɜɭɱɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩʁɟɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɟɝɧɭɬɢʁɟɦɢ ɫɚ
ɧɚɝɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɝɨɜɧɢɦ.“ (ɋɇɌ 26). Ɉɜɨɦɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ʁɨɲ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ „ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɨɫɦɟɪɚɰ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ, ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ
ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨɫɥɨɠɧɢɦ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɨɦ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ.“

Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɚɪ ɩɚ ɝɚ ɦɨɪɚ

ɢɫɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨ, ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɢɡ ɥɢɱɧɢɯ
ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ɫɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɭ. „Ɉɧɟ ɬɨ ɯɨʄɟ, ɨɧɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ, ʁɟɪ ɢɦ
ɫɪɰɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ; ɦɧɨɝɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ
ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɜɨʁ ɛɨɥ, ɞɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɭɠɟ“ (ɋɇɌ
24). „Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚɦɚ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɧɞɚ ɭ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɟɫɟ ɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɲɚ, ɢɡɝɭɛɢ
ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɫɚɬɟ, ɤɚɞ ɡɚɭɡɦɟ ɬɭɠɢɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɤɧɟ ɫ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɦɚɥɚɤɲɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 16), ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ
ɢɡɜɚɧ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɢ, ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɨɛɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɞɭɲɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɦ ɛɨɥɭ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɨɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ
ɫɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɞɚɪɚ, ɫɜɨɝɚ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɚ ɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ. Ʉɚɞɚ

ϱϲ

ɛɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɪɯɭɧɫɤɚ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬ, ɨɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɫɧɟɛɢɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɱɭɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢʁɟɜɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɭɝɚ.
Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɨɧ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɭ ʃɢɯ „ɫɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɚɲɬɟ ɢ ɞɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ.“ (ɋɇɌ 24).

ɉɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ.

ɉɪɟɦɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɭ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ. ɉɪɜɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɢ ɩɚ ɬɭɠɢ, ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɦɥɚɻɚ ɠɟɧɚ, ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɭʁɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ, ɚ ɬɪɟʄɚ ɱɢɧɢ
ɩɪɟɥɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ.

ɉɪɜɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɱɢɧɟ „ɠɟɧɟ ɲɭɬɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ

ɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɤɚɞ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɦɢɲʂɚʁɭ ɲɬɚ ʄɟ
ɪɟʄɢ, ɨɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɞɭ ɤɨɥɭ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɭ ɢ
ɜɟʄ ɭɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɞ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ
ɩʁɟɜɚɬɢ; ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɭ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɱɚɫɭ ɨɫʁɟʄɚ ɢ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪ.“ (ɋɇɌ 14). Ɍɪɟʄɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ „ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ,
ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɟ ɭ ɢɡɥɢɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ
ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁ, ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɚ
ɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɨɫɬ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɨɫɬ.“ (ɋɇɌ
15).

Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɚ

ɩʁɟɫɦɚ, ʃɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɬɭɠɟʄɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ

ϱϳ

(ɞʁɟɰɨɦ), ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɡɚ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ, ɤʄɟɪɢ ɡɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ,
ɫɧɚɯɟ ɡɚ ɦɭɲɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ: ɡɚ
ɞʁɟɜɟɪɨɦ, ɫɜɟɤɪɨɦ (ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɟɦ). „Ɇɚʁɤɚ
ɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɢɠɟ, ɚ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ
ɧɚʁɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢɜɨ“ (ɋɇɌ 16) – ɬɨ ɜɚɠɢ
ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ
ɦɢɧɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɢɯ ɦɨɝɭ ɢ ɭɡɞɢɡɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɢɬɢɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ. ɍ ɬɨɦ
ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɢ ɤʄɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɠɚɥɢɬɢ ɨɰɚ, ɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɫɧɚɯɚ
ɻɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɤɪɚ.

„Ɇɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɠɟɧɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ

ɫɥɭɲɚɥɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɨɫɚ...“ (ɋɇɌ
21). ɍ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɬɚɤɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ: ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɢɥɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ Ɂɨɪɤɨɦ.

Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟʃɟ. Ʉɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɨ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ɫɚɡɧɚɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ
ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ
ʁɟɫɬɟ ɬɚʁ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɨɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɟ,
ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ
ɩɥɚʄɚɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ, ɨɱɢɬɨ, ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ.

ϱϴ

 ɂɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɤʄɢ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ Ɂɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ ɢ Ɂɚ ɫɬɪɟʂɚɧɢɦ (ȳ. ɒɚɥɢʄ
1965). Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ
ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɭ, ɢ ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ
ɫɚɦɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɜɢɞɢ, ɚ ɧɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ Ⱦɚɤɢʄɚ.
ɉɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ
ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ Ⱥɧɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ
1967. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ.

 ɂ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ: ɤɨ
ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧ ɢ
ɨɠɚʂɟɧ. ɂɡ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɥɢʁɟɱɟɧ ɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ ɢ ɭɦɪɨ ɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ
(ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɪɚɬɚ, 1946.). Ɍɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɦɢɪɚɧ ɚ ɭɪɧɚ
ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ. Ɇɚʁɰɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɯɟɪɨʁ
ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨɝ ɨɩɪɨɲɬɚʁɚ: ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ

ϱϵ

ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɜɢʁɟɡɞɨɦ
ɩɟɬɨɤɪɚɤɨɦ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ, ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ. ɉɪɢʁɟ
Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ, ɦɚʁɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɚ ȳɟɜɪɟɦɚ,
ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɨʁ
ʁɟ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ „ɜʁɟɪɭ ɞɚɨ“
Ⱦɚ ʄɭ ɬɜɨʁɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɛɢɬɢ

Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɩɭɲɬɢɥɚ

Ɂɚ ȳɟɜɪɟɦɨɦ ʁɚɞɨɜɚɥɚ. –

ɚ ɬɨ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ

ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢ ɨɞɪɟʄɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɚɤɨ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɠɚɥɢɥɚ
ɫɢɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ʁɚɜɧɢɦ
ɬɭɠɟʃɟɦ. ɇɨɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟɜɨʁ
ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɚ, ɝɞʁɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ
ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɦɪɬɚɜ ɫɢɧ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɧɚʂɭɬɢɬɢ,
ɧɟ ɩɭɲɬɚ ɝɥɚɫɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ ɞɨɧɟɫɨɲɟ

ɢɡ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɞɚʂɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ

ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɦɚʁɰɢ, Ɋɚɞɟ,

Ʉɚɞ ɛɢɯ ʁɚɞɧɚ ɡɚɤɭɤɚɥɚ

Ɍɢ ʄɟɲ ɱɭɬɢ ɢ ɜɢɻɟɬɢ

ϲϬ

 ɂ ɧɚ ɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʂɭɬɢɬɢ.

Ɂɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɦɚʁɤɚ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɤɚɤɨ

ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɭʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɫɢɧɚ ɚ ɞɚ ʃɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ
ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɪɭɤɟ ɪɚɲɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɭ
ɩɨɫɦɪɬɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ, ɧɢ ɞɚ „ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɤɭʄɭ“
ʃɟɝɨɜɭ, ɞɚ ɦɭ „ɻɨɛɞɭ ɜɢɞɢ“ – ɫɜɟ ɫɭ ɨɜɨ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ, ɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɭɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɚ. ɂ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɧɢʁɟɦɨ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɡɚ ʃɭ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɢɱɧɭ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ ɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ, ɦɚʁɤɚ ɨɞɨɥɢʁɟɜɚ
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɭ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ
ɦɢɫɚɨɧɨɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ
ɧɢʁɟɦɨ ɫɥɚɠɟ ɭ ɫɥɢɤɟ, ɢ ɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟɦɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɡɚ ɬɨ:
ȳɚ ɫɚɦ ɪɭɤɟ ɭɜɢʁɚɥɚ,

Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɬɜɨʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ

Ʉɚɤɨ ɬɟɛɟ, ɫɢɧɟ, ɠɚɥɟ

Ⱥ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɤɟ ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚɥɚ

Ʉɭɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɦ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ,

Ɇɥɚɞɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɢ

Ɉɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɩʂɟɜɚʂɫɤɨɝɚ

Ⱦɨ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɫɢɧɟ, ɬɜɨɝɚ!

Ⱦɚ ɫɢ ɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ

ϲϭ

 Ɇɚʃɟ ɛɢ ɦɢ ʁɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ!

Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɭɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫ ɨɧɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɱɭʁɟ ɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ,

ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɟɜɢɞʂɢɜɢ ɢ ɧɟɱɭʁɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɭ ɫɪɰɭ ɢ
ɦɢɫɥɢɦɚ ɦɚʁɤɟ.

ɍ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢ
ɪɚɱɭɧ ɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚʃɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟɪ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚɨ ɢ ɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ.
ɉɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɫʂɟɞɧɨ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢɨ. Ɍɟɤ ɭɡ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ (ɨɞ ɫɬɨ
ɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ), ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ
ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ (ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ
ȶɚɧɭ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ). Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ: ɤɚɠɟ ɢɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ,
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɭ, ɡɚ ɤɢɦ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɜɚ
ʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ɨɜɚ:
„ɋɚɪɚ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɚ, ɨɞɢɜɚ ȳɨɤɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɱɭɜɟɧɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ Ⱦɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɚ.“ – ɭɡ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɛɪɨʁ 35.
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɚɦɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɢ
ɥɨɡɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɛɥɭ, ɭ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢ
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ.

ϲϮ

 Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɲɬɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɟ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɢ
ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɟ: ɭɫɦɟɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɧɚ
ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ „ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“, ɨɩɨɧɚɲɚʁɭʄɢ ȵɟɝɨɲɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟʄ
1953. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ „Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ“ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭɡ
ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɚɰɚ:
ɋɨɥɭɦɢʁɭ Ʉɚʂɟɜɢʄ, ȳɟɥɟɧɭ-Ɇɚʃɭ Ʉɢɬɚʂɟɜɢʄ,
ɋɬɚɧɢɰɭ ɇɢɤɢɬɨɜɢʄ, ɬɟɬɤɭ Ɇɚɪɢɰɭ ɉɟɥɚɝɢʁɟ
ȼɢɥɨɬɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ȭɭɤɭ Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɛɟɡɢɦɟɧɨ
ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɭ ɛɟɡɛɪɚɬɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɭ ɢɡ Ƚɚʁɬɚɧɚ.

ȼɪɢʁɟɞɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ȭɭɤɭ Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɭɞɢ ɜɚɠɧɟ
ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɢ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ.

„ȭɭɤɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄɚ ɞɢɜɧɨ ɬɭɠɢ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ;

ɫɬɚɪɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɧɟɦɨɝɥɚ, ɝɥɚɫ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɛ. Ʉɚɞ ɬɭɠɢ,
ɫɜɚɤɚ ɪɟɱ ʁɨʁ ɢɞɟ ɥɚɝɚɧɨ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. 'Ʉɨʁɟ ʁɨʁ
ʁɟ ɞɨɛɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚ', ɤɚɠɭ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɫɚɛɨɪɭ ɭ ɀɚɛʂɚɤɭ ɭ ɤɨɥɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɚɱɤɢɦ
ɧɚɬɟɰɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɨɞɫɤɟ
ʁɚɞɟ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɨɜɫɤɟ. ȭɭɤɢ ɞɨɫɚɞɢɥɨ, ɩɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨɪɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ. Ɉɬɢɲɬɟ
ɫɜɚɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɠɚɥɢɬɢ. Ɉɬɟ ɢɦ ȭɭɤɚ; ɨɬɟ ʃɨʁ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ɇɢɥɢʁɚɧɚ Ƚɚɜɪɨɜɚ. ɇɚɫɬɚɞɟ ɫɜɚɻɚ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɥɚ
– ȳɚ ʄɭ ɫɜɟ ɢɡɦɢɪɢɬɢ: ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɡɛɨɪɚ!

ϲϯ

ɋɜɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɡɛɨɪɚ; ɞɚʁ ɦɢ ɤɚɩɭ! ɍɡɢɦɚ ʁɨʁ
ɡɧɚɤɟ ɢ ɬɭɠɢ. ȭɭɤɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɢɪɢɥɚ, ɢ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ
ɨɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ, ʁɟɪ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɟɭɦɟɫɧɨ ɪɟɱɟ, ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚʁɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ.
Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɭ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ
ɞɨɛɚɪ. Ʉɚɠɭ: 'Ɍɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚ'“ (ɁȿɆ 1953, 325).

ɀɚɛʂɚɤ, ɫɚɛɨɪ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɬʁɟɰɚʃɟ ɭ

ɜʁɟɲɬɢɧɢ, ɤɨɥɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɚɱɤɨ, ɫɜɚɻɚ, ɭɫɦʁɟɪɚɜɚʃɟ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɬɟɦɭ, ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɚ ɢ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ
ɦɥɚɻɢɦɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ – ɫɜɟ ɨɜɨ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɨɩɢɫ. ɂ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ɨ
ɜɢɫɨɤɨʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚʃɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɭ ɤɨʁɢɦ
ɫɟ ɛɚɜɟ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɱɚɧ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ
ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɩɪɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɞɚ ɨɜɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤɢʃɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ
ɩɪɢɱɢɰɚ ɨ ȭɭɤɢ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɬɟɤɚɤɨ
ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩʁɟɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ
ɫɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɢ (ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɫɤɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥ); ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɞɭɱɚɜɚʁɭ
ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ. Ɍɨ, ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɚʂɚ,
ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɨɞɥɢɱɧɨ
ɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɢʁɭ ɬɨ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɟ
ɭɨɩɲɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɬɢ. ɑɢɦ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ

ϲϰ

ɞɨɛɪɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ, ɜɟʄ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɭɞ.
ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɢ ɫɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɨɛɪɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɞɨɛɪɢ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɢ.

Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨ

ɨɜɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ „ɧɚʁʁɚɱɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɥɟɦɟʃɢɜɚʃɚ,
ɤɭɥɬɚ ɜɢɬɟɲɬɜɚ; ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɧɚɠɧɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɟɦ,
ɫɧɚɝɨɦ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ, ʂɟɩɨɬɨɦ, ɱɢɫɬɨɬɨɦ
ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ, ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɢ
ɡɧɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ... ɨɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɭʄɢ ɭ
ɫɜɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɜɨʁɫɤɭ, ɫɜɚɤɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ...“
(ɋɇɌ 29). ɂ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨ. „Ƚɭɛʂɟʃɟɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɝ, ɪɟɝɢʁɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ, ɤɚɠɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁ, ...ɭɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɱɨɜʁɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɱɤɟ
ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɟ...“ Ʉɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɭɻɭ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɭ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɭ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɦɨ
ɩɨɧɨɫɧɢ ɲɬɨ ɞɚʁɟɦɨ „ʂɟɩɨɬɚɦɚ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɟ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɭɲɟ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɜʁɟɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɪɚʁɧɟ,

ϲϱ

ɨɩɲɬɟɱɨɜʁɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ, ɧɟɧɚɬɪɭʃɟɧɟ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ“. (ɋɇɌ 29).

ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ

ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ
ɞɨɦɟɬɚ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɨɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɞɨɦɟɬɟ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɧɟɩɢɫɦɟɧɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ
ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɤʃɢɲɤɨɝ ɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɢ ɦɢɦɨ
ɫɜɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤ IV

ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ 1958.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɋɋɋɊ
(ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚ), ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɨ ɪɚɞ Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɥɢɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.

ɍ ɬɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɨ

ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ „ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɨɜɭ“ ɤɨɞ
Ɋɭɫɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɤɨɞ ɉɨʂɚɤɚ ɢ
Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ, ɬɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɞɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɱɚʁ,
ɢɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɢɫɬɭ ɤɭʄɭ – ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɤɭʄɚ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄɚ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɚ
ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɢ. ɉɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢ

ϲϲ

ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɬɟ ɬɨ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ
ɩʁɟɫɦɚɦɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɟ Ȼɚʄɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɚʂ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɰɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɞɨɜɟɨ ɞɨ
ɪɨɩɫɬɜɚ ɢ „ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɨɫɬ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɚ“

ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ

ɞɟɰɢɞɢɪɚɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ:

„ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɝɨɪɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ

ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ: 1) ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɢɡɥɢɜ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɟɩɫɤɢɯ
ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ; 2) ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɬɢʁɟɫɧɨ ɫɭ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ, ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɢɤɥɟ ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫʁ ɬɟ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɟ ɢɫɬɢɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɠɭ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɟ ɢɫɬɢɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɨɦ, ɥɚɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡ
ɨɞ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɚ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ; 3) ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɪɫɤɭ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ, ɧɟɝɨ
ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɭ, ɝɞʁɟ ɢɯ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟʄɟɦɨ ɭ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ
ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ
ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ; 4)
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ
ɧɟɝɨ ɟɩɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɨɝɚʄɢɜɚɥɟ
ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɢɯ ɟɩɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ. ɍ ɋɪɛɚ,
ɝɭɫɥɚɪ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɬɚɤɦɢɱɢɥɢ ɧɚ

ϲϳ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɩʁɟɜɚɜɚʃɭ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ
ɯɟɪɨʁɚ.“ (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɚ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ȳ. ȭ.).

ɂɡ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɫɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɨ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɩɨ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭ,
ɝɞʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
ɭɨɱɢɨ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɟɩɫɤɨ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɢʁɟɞ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ. Ɉɜɨ ʄɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɬɢ ɢ
ɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɟ ɨ
ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɨɜɟ
ɞɜɢʁɟ ɭɫɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɟɬɫɤɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ.

ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ

ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ ɝɪɚɻɭ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚɨ „ɩɨɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɢɡ
ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ“, ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢɦɚ „ɩɨɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ“ ɞɚɨ ɬɚɱɧɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ „ɟɩɫɤɟ
ɡɟɦʂɟ“, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɥɚ Ɉɤɫɚɧɚ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ.

ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɬɢɱɟ, ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ

ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɫɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ
ɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɫɬɢ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɭ.

ϲϴ

ɇɢʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ 1929, ɧɢɬɢ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɧɟɤɨʁ ʁɚɫɧɨʁ ɢ
ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɭ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚ.

ϲϵ

ɆɈȳ ȼɂɋɈɄɂ ȾɍɊɆɂɌɈɊȿ,

ɆɈȳ ɉɈɇɈȼȿ ɋȼȿɆɍ ȳȺȾɍ

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ

ɉɪɜɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ 1929.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ȼɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚʁɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ
ɡɛɢɪɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɭ
ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɬɨ ɨɩɢɲɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɭɦɚɱɢ.

Ɂɛɢɪɤɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ 101 ɬɟɤɫɬ ɚ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ

ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ɉɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ
ɬɢɩɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɭ, ɲɬɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɭɧɭɬɚɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɧɢɯ
ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ; ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɡɚ ɤɢɦ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ,
ɤɨ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ, ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɢɩ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ „ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɟ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ“ (ɋɇɌ 28). Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ
ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɢɩɚɤ ʁɟ ɭ „ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ“ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ

ϳϬ

ɫɜɚɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨ
ɫɚɦɨ „ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ“. ɇɚɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɦɨɝɭ
ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɤɨ ɬɭɠɢ ɢ ɭ ɤɚɤɜɨɦ ɫɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ. ɍ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ,
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɨɞ 1 ɞɨ 101, ɫ ɬɢɦ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ 88 ɞɚɨ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɤɪɚʄɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ-ɩɨɲɚɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɦ
ɛɪɨʁɤɚɦɚ. ɉɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɨɩɥɚɤɭʁɭ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɪɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɛɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ,
ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ –
ɦɚʁɤɭ, ɤʄɟɪɤɭ, ɫɧɚɯɭ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɞɨɛɧɭ
ɞʁɟɰɭ.

1. Ɋɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ

ɍɡɦɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɫɬɚɜ Ɋ. ɉɟɲɢʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚ „ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
„ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ“, ɲɬɨ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɚ,
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɭ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ

ϳϭ

ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ7. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ
ɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɦɚ ɛɚɪ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɝɨɪɟ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ: ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ“, ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɚ
ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ –
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɚʂɢɯ, ɢ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɚ ɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ: ɩɨ
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ, ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ, ɩɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ
ɠɢɜɢɯ. ɂ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚ
ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɩɨ
ɬɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ.
ɋɚɦɨ ɦɚʃɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ
ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɭ, ɟɩɫɤɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ,
ɧɟɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ „ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ...ɫɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɟɩɫɤɟ
ɩɨɟɡɢʁɟ“ (Ɋ. ɉɟɲɢʄ: 2011, 245). Ɉɧɟ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ
ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ, ɩʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɦɢɱɟʃɢɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ. Ɇɨɝɭ ɫɟ

ϳ
ɍ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɭ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɭɫɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɟ ɉɟɲɢʄ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɤɨ ɤɨɝɚ
ɧɟɦɚ ɧɟɫɥɚɝɚʃɚ, ɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ“ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ.

ϳϮ

ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ, ɧɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ, ɢ ɩɨ ɭɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ
ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɛɟɧɢɦ,
ɬɭɠɢɥɚɱɤɢɦ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ:
ɒɬɨ ɦɟ ʁɚɞɨɦ ɡɚɧɭɻɚɬɟ,

ɉɪɢʁɨ ɦɨʁɚ! (ɋɇɌ 7);

ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ

ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɪɢɬɭɫɚ:
ȳɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɤɭɤɚɥɚ,

Ʉɭɤɚɜɢɰɚ! (ɋɇɌ 13);

ɢɥɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨʁ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɬɭɠɢ:

Ⱦɨɻɟ ɰɪɧɢ ɝɥɚɫ ɫ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɚ,

Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɪɟɱɟ: Ɉɯ, ɞɨ Ȼɨɝɚ! (ɋɇɌ 8).

Ɉɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɢ, ɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ

ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɛɨɥ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ
ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ.
Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɦɢɫɥɢ Ʉɪɚɜɰɟɜ, ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɫɢɠɟɚ.
ɍɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɠɟɚ „ɢɞɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɥɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɢ; ɭ
ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢ ɥɢɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ,
ϳϯ

ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ (ɩɨɞɜɭɤɥɚ ȳ.ȭ.) ɫɚ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ...ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɟɩɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɟ
ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ: ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ, ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɚɤ,
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɧɩɪ.
ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɚ, ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨ
'ɢɫɤɢɬɢ' ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɟ.“ (Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ: 1992).

ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɛɪɨʁ 7 (ɭ ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ

ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ: ɋɟɫɬɪɚɦɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ)
ɞɨɛɚɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɚɜɧɨ
„ʁɚɞɨɦ ɡɚɧɭɻɟɧɚ“ ɢ ɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɤɭɤɚɥɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ „ɤɢɬɭ
ɪɨɞɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ“:
ɒɬɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɢɬɚ ɫɜɚɬɚ,

Ⱥɥ' ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɛɚɪʁɚɤ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ,

Ⱥ ɡɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɛɨɪɢɬ ɧɟʄɭ.

ȿɮɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɩɭɧɨʄɚ/ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɚ

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɠɢɦɚ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɛɨɥ
ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ. Ɍɟɤ ɤɚɞ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ
ɫɬɪɢɰɚ ɫɟɞɚɦ „ɩɪɜɨ ɛɪɚɬɭɱɟɞɚ“, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɪɢɱɟɜɢ
ɫɚɦɨɯɪɚɧɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɧɭɤɚ „ɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɢɞɚ
ɨɱɢʃɟɝɚ“, ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ, ɫɚɞɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ:

ϳϰ

 Ⱦɚ ɦɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ʁɚɞɚ,

ɇɟ ɛɢɯ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɜɚɬɢ!

Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, ɩɪɜɨ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟɦ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ,
ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɨɱɢɬɨ ɜʁɟɲɬɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɜʁɟɫɧɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢ „ɫɟɫɬɪɚɦɚ“ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ
ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ
ɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɧɚɞ ɥɢɱɧɢɦ:
ɇɟ ɤɭɤɚʁɬɟ ɛɟɡɚɥɢɲɧɨ,

ɇɨ ɜɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɦɢɫɥɢɬɟ,

Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɪɚɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ,

ɉɨɦɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ,

ɇɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ,

ɇɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɚ,

ɋɭ ɞɜɚ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɩɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɚ,

Ⱦɟɜɟɬ ɛɪɚʄɟ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɚ,

ɋɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɦ ɱɟɫɬɢɬɢʁɟɦ.

Ɉɠɢɜʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɯ

ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɭ
ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨʁ
ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ
ϳϱ

ɭɫɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ „ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɝɜɨɡɞɟɧɟ
ɩɭɤɨɜɟ“ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɨɬɚʇɛɢɧɟ,
ɩɨɪɟɞɟʄɢ, ɢ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɫɨɤɨɥɟʄɢ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɟ:
ɉɪɢɫɬɚɞɨɲɟ ɫɢɬɧɢ ɬɢʄɢ

ɋɢɬɧɢ ɬɢʄɢ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɢ,

Ɉɞ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɲɬɟʃɚ,

Ȼɢɲɟ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɚ,

Ɍɜɪɞɟ ɜʁɟɪɟ Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɚ

ɂ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝɚ,

ɉɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɚ ɰɚɪ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ,

ɋʁɟɬɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ

ɂ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ.

ɋɚɦɨ ɬɚɤɜɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɢ ɰɚɪɚ

Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɬɢ, ɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ:
ɞɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɫɜɢʁɟɲʄɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɩɪɢʁɟɝɨɪ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ
ɢɦ ɠɪɬɜɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɫɥɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɟɦ:
ɂɦɟ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɥɨ

Ʉ'ɨ Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ ɢ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɭ.

ϳϲ

ȳɭɧɚɰɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɭ ɢ ȳɭɝ-Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɭ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɭ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜ:
Ɋɭɤɟ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɟ,

Ⱥ ɞɭɲɚ ɢɦ ɭ ɪɚʁ ɩɨɲɥɚ!

Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ ɟɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɢɞɟɚɥ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ,

ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ ʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ. Ʉɭɥɬ ɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ,
ɤɭɥɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɟɝɨɪɧɨɝ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ
ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɨɜɟ ɠɟɧɟ-ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɲʄɭ ɤɚɨ
ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɢʁɟɻɚ.

Ɉɫɜɟɬɧɢɰɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɫɭ ʁɭɧɚɜɰɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɡɦɚɤɚ

ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɢ, ɝɪɚɞɨɥɨɦɢ
ɢ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɟ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɨ ɢɞɟ. ȵɢɦɚ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɝɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ:
ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢ ɫɢɜɢ ɧɚɲɢ,

ɒɬɨ ɜɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ,

ɇɢ ɨɞ ɫɭɧɰɚ ɧɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ!

ɀɢɜɢ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɛɪɨʁɚɥɢ,

Ⱥ ɦɪɬɜɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɢ,

Ʉɚ ɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɬɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ, -

ϳϳ

 Ⱦɚ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ,

Ʉɚɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ,

Ʉɚɨ Ȼɨɲɤɨ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɭ,

Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟ, -

ɋɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɨʂɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ

ɂ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ. (ɋɇɌ 64).

Ƚɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɞɟ ɞɨɬɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɠɭ ɩɨ
ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚɦɚ ɢ ɢɡɧɚɞ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɭɡɨɪɚ. Ɇɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɞʁɟ,
ɭ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɢɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɱɭɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɭɤ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ ɢ
ɞɢʁɟɥɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ.

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɟ ɠɚɥɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɜɟ

ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɟ: „ɇɟʄɟɦɨ ɜɚɫ ɧɢ ɠɚɥɢɬɢ“,
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɨɫɜʁɟɬɥɚɥɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɡɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ
ɢɞɟɚɥɟ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɭ 66. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ
ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɭ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ, ɤɚɠɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɢɦɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɦɚʁɤɢ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ:

ȳɚ ɥɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢ ɤɭɤɚɬɢ,

ȼɢ ɫɬɟ ɦɟɧɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ,

ϳϴ

 ɇɚ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ ɫɪɟʄɨ ɛɢɥɢ

ɇɚ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɥɢ

ȭɟ ɫɟ ɦɟʁɞɚɧ ɞɢʁɟɥɢɨ!

Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɚɤɜɨɝɚ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɤɭɧɟ ɧɢ

ɛɨʁɧɨ ɩɨʂɟ, ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɢɫɤɨɛɢɥɚ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ɛɨʁɧɨ ɩɨʂɟ ɧɚɬɨɩʂɟɧɨ ɤɪɜʂɭ ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɚ:
ɇɨ ʄɭ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚ ɜɢ,

ɋɪɟʄɨ, ɰɜʁɟʄɟ, ɪɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɥɟ,

ȭɟ ɫɟ ɜɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɥɢ ɤɪɜɰɚ!

ȭɟ ɨɫɬɚɞɟ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɜɚɲɚ,

ȭɟ ɫɭ ɜɚɲɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɚɥɟ,

Ɍɭ ɫɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɚɚɝɪɚɞɢɥɚ

ɂ ɛɢʁɟɥɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ.

ɉʁɟɜɚɥɟ ɜɢ ɞɭɲɟ ɜɚɲɟ,

ɍ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨ, ɫɪɟʄɨ, ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, -

ȭɟ ɧɨ ɫɪɟʄɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɟ

Ⱦɭɲɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɚ!

Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ

ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ

ϳϵ

ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢ. Ⱥ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɞɢɨ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ, ɢ ɫɚɦɚ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ.

Ɇɨɬɢɜ Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɟ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-

ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɋɬɚɪɟ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɫɤɨ-
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ
ɧɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɋɟɫɬɪɟ, ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɫɧɚɯɟ,
ɞɨɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢɦɚ ɯɪɚɧɭ ɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɭɤɭ, ɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɬɤɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɢɥɢ ɨ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ ɢ
ɩɨɛʁɟɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ – ɩɨɥɨɦɭ ɧɚʁɛɢɠɢɯ ɭ
ɛɨʁɭ. ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 44, ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɜɭ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ.

Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɫ

Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ „ɨɞ ɉɪɟɩɨɥɰɚ ɩɚ ɞɨ ȼɪɚʃɟ“
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ:
ɇɢɻɟ ɤɭɥɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɞɟ,

ɒɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨɩɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɨɦɢɲɟ,

ɂ ɛɨɦɛɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɥɢɲɟ.

Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɛɪɚʄɭ,

ɞʁɟɜɟɪɟ, „ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ“ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɰɟ. ɇɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ,
ɤɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɟ:

ϴϬ

 ɂɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɞɨɯ,

ɋɜɚɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɥɚ, -

ɒɬɨ ɭ ɬɨɪɛɢ ɦɨʁɨʁ ɧɚɻɨɯ. –

ȳɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɯ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɟ,

ɂ ɰɪɧɭ ɢɦ ɤɪɜɰɭ ɨɩɪɚɯ,

Ɂɚɜɢɯ ɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɦɚɪɚɦɟ,

ɉɨɱɟɯ ɫɭɡɟ ɥɢʁɟɜɚɬɢ...

Ɉɜɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜ

ɦɨɬɢɜ ɢɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚ. ɑɢɧɢ
ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɢɪɚ
ɫɥɢɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɚ ɛɨɪɛɟ „ɡɚ ɤɪɫɬ ɱɚɫɧɢ ɢ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɡɥɚɬɧɭ“ ɨɞ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɞɨ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɭɞɢ ɢ

ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɧɢɡ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɥɟ
ɛɢɬɤɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɢɥɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ ɜɪɫɧɢɯ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɰɢʁɟɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɦɚɥɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɥɚ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɬɢ. Ɍɭ ʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ Ȼɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɚ ɢ Ɉɜɱɟ
ɉɨʂɟ, ɬɭ ʁɟ ɋɤɚɞɚɪ ɢ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɨ (Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɨɥɬ) ɢ
Ɏɭɧɞɢɧɟ, ɐɪɧɢ ȼɪɯ ɢ ɐɟɪ, ɬɭ ɫɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ

ϴϭ

ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɞɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ, ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɢ
ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɭɠɢ ɢ ɲɢɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɱɚʁ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ. ɋɜɢ
ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɦɢɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɡɦɚɤɚ, ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ
63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɞɭɠɢɯ ɭ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ,
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ. ȵɭ ʁɟ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɥɚ
ȳɚʃɚ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄɚ, ɨɞɢɜɚ Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɢɪɨɦ
Ȼɥɚɠɨɦ Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɨɦ, ɢ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ
ɫɜɨʁɨɦ – ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɇɨɜɢʄɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ

ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɥɚɠɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ,
ɭ ɤɚɤɜɨɦ ɫɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ „ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɩɢɫɧɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɨɝ
ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ.“ (Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ 2001). ɉɪɜɟ,
ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɩɢɫɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɥɨʁ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɧɭɞɢ ɩɪɢɱɭ. Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢ ɫɭ
ɭ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɨɤɨ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ: ɫɬɪɢɰ Ȼɥɚɠɨ Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɞɢɧɢ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɡɚɫʁɟɞɢ; ɧɚ Ⱦɟɱɢʄɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ
ɛɪɚɬ Ȼɨɲɤɨ; ɧɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɬ ȳɨɜɚɧ
ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɪɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɨ ɛɪɚɬ
ɉɟɪɨ; ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɜɪɚɬɢɦɚ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ, ɧɚ Ȼɪɞɢɰɢ, ɨɞ
ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɬɨɩɚ ɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɬ ȭɨɪɻɢʁɟ. ɋɟɫɬɪɚ –
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɦɚ, ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ ɨɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ȭɨɪɻɢʁɟ ɭ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɢ; ɨɬɚɰ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɬɭɠɢ ɧɚɞ ʃɢɦ;

ϴϮ

ɫɟɫɬɪɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɦɪɬɧɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɉɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɭ.

ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɢ

ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ, ɪɚʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɚ. Ɍɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ, ɢɫɩɪɢɱɚɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ
ɡɛɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɱɢɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɭɩɥɢʄɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɨɧɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɜɟ ɨɧɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɟɩɫɤɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ: ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ,
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪɚ, ɠɟʂɟ
ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɛɟ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɤɥɢɤɚ; ɜɟɥɢɱɚʃɟ ɢ ɝɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ;
ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɛɨɥɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ
ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ; ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ
ɨɫʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ; ɨɰɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨ
ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɡɛɪɢɧɭɬɚ ɞʁɟɰɚ ɢ
„ɩɪɟɦɥɚɞɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ“; ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɲɬɨ ɦɪɬɜɢ
ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɟɞ ɡɚ ɨɞɥɢɱʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ.

ɉɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ:
ɉɨɫɥɭɲɚʁɬɟ ɛɪɚʄɨ ɦɨʁɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɡɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɛɨɪɢɦ

ϴϯ

 ɂ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɭ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɭ,

Ɉɤɨ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ.

Ɍɭ ɦ' ɢɡɝɢɧɭ ɪɨɞ ɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ,

Ɉɤɨ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ ɢ Ȼɨʁɚɧɟ,

Ȼɨɝ ɢɯ ɤɥɟɨ!

ɂ ɤɪɜɚɜɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɚ,

Ȼɨɠɟ ɨɝʃɟɦ ɢɡɝɨɪɟɥɚ! –

ɧɚ ɟɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɬɟɦɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ: ɬɭ ʁɟ

ɢɧɜɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ „ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚʁɬɟ ɛɪɚʄɨ“ , ɬɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ -
„ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ“, ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɋɤɚɞɚɪ,
Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɨ, ɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ - „ɢɡɝɢɧɭ ɪɨɞ
ɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ“ – ɚɥɢ, ɟɩɫɤɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɩɨɞɥɢʁɟɠɭ
ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ: ɬɭ ʁɟ ɨɫɦɟɪɚɰ (ɚ ɧɟ
ɞɟɫɟɬɟɪɚɰ), ɡɛɨɪɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦɚ ɭ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢɦɚ, ɬɭ ɫɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɟ – ɬɢɩɢɱɚɧ
ɡɧɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ, ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚ
ɢ ɬɭ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɟɩɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɥɢɪɫɤɨɝ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɱɤɨɝ: ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɭʁɟ ɝɚ, ɢɥɢ: ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ
ɮɚɤɬɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢ
ɫɬɚɜ.

ϴϰ

 Ɉɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɩɨ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ʁɟ
ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɚ. ɋɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɭɫɥɚɪɢɦɚ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ
ɜɪɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɦɟɬɚʃɚ, ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɜʁɟɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚʃɚ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɚ ɢ ɜʁɟɲɬɚ, ɱɚɤ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜʁɟɲɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ. ɍ
ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɬɨɦɟ ɢɞɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɥɚɝɚʃɚ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɱɭ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɨɦ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɪɨɞɚ:
Ɂɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɫɜɢʁɚɯ Ȼɪɞɚ

Ȼɥɚɠɨ ɫɥɚɜɨ! –

ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɜɨɝ, ɢ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɬɧɢʁɟɝ

ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ, ɭ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚɦɚ, ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɟ
Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ. ɋɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɩɚɧɟɝɢɪɢɤ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɢɪɭ, ɩɚ ɬɟɤ
ɨɧɞɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ:
ɇɚɲ Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɭ,

Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ,

ɍ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɭ

ɂ ɭ ɞɚʂɧɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ!

ϴϱ

 ɇɨ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢ ɧɟ ɞɚɞɨɲɟ.

ɇɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ ɡɚɲɬɨ

ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɚ ɢɞɟ ɫɚɦ ɧɚ Ɏɭɧɞɢɧɭ ɩɚ ɦɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ
ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪ:
ɒɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɡɟ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɫɨɛɨɦ,

Ⱦɚ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɬɜɨʁɭ,

ɋ ɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɭ!

Ɍɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ Ȼɥɚɠɨɜɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ

ɡɚɫʁɟɞɢ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ:
Ʉɚɞ ɧɢ Ȼɥɚɠɨ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɩɚɞɟ,

ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨɤ ɧɢ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɫɬɚɞɟ.

ɉɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɫɭɧɰɟɦ ɨɩɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ

ɫɬɢɥɫɤɨ-ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɚ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ-ɫɭɧɰɚ ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ
ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɚʁɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɲʄɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɦɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ; ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɞɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɫɟɝɦɧɟɬɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ/ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ
ɰʁɟɥɢɧɭ ɢ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ.
ɋɭɧɰɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ,
ɛɥɢɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɢʄɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɭʁɟ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ: ɦɚʁɰɢ/ɫɟɫɬɪɢ ɨɱɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɨ/ɢɡɜɚɞɢɨ,

ϴϲ

ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭɡ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɭ:
Ɍɭ ɦ' ɨɫɬɚɞɟ ɜɟʂɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ,

Ɉ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢɨ

Ɇɨʁ ȳɨɜɚɧɟ!

Ɇɨʁɟ ɨɱɢ ɢɡɜɚɻɟɧɟ,

ɋɥɚɜɨ ɛɪɚɬɟ!

ȭɟ ɭɥɟʄɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɯ ɲɚɧɰɚ,

Ɍɟ ɬɟ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɲɟ,

ȳɚ ɬɢ ɬɭɠɧɚ!

Ɍɜɨʁɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɭɝɪɚɛɢɲɟ,

Ɍɟɛɟ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɦɟɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɭ,

Ɉɱɢ ɦɨʁɟ!

Ɉɱɢ ɢɡɜɚɻɟɧɟ, ɫɟɫɬɪɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ

ɨɫɥɨɧɰɚ ɭ ɪɨɞɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɞɭɛɨɤɟ ɬɭɝɟ, ɦɪɚɤɚ ɢ
ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɛɪɚɬɨɜʂɟɜɨɦ
ɫɦɪʄɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɤɟ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ, ɭ
ɭɫɦɟɧɨɦ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɟ
ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɥ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭ
ɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɥɢɱɧɭ ɬɭɝɭ ɢ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɭ
ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɬ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɨɛɟɡɝɥɚɜʂɟɧ, ɲɬɨ
ϴϳ

ɫɭ ɛɪɚɬɨɜʂɟɜɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɨɮɟʁ ɭɝɪɚɛɢɥɢ
ɫɟɛɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ, ɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɢ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɪɚɦɨɬɭ. Ɍɨ ɭɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ ɢ
ɫɟɫɬɪɢ ɬɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɩɚɞɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɧɨɫɚ,
ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɜɪɫɧɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ. Ɇɨɠɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ
ɬɨɝɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɜʂɟɜɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ
ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ-ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɮɨɤɭɫ ɫɜɨɝ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɛɨɥɧɢɦ „ɚɩɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɢɫɤɚɡɨɦ“:8
Ʉɭʁ ʄɟ ɬɜɨʁɚ ɥɭɞɚ ɻɟɰɚ

ɂ ɩɪɟɦɥɚɞɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ,

ɍɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɡɚɭɦɧɢɰɚ,

Ɇɨʁ ȳɨɜɚɧɟ!

ȳɚ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɢɦ ɞɭɝɚ ʁɚɞɚ,

Ʉɭʄɭ ʄɟ ɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ,

Ɇɚɥɭ ɻɟɰɭ ɩɨɫɤɢɬɚɬɢ,

ɉɥɚɤɚʄɟ ɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɥɢɰɚ,


ϴ
 ȼɢɞʁɟɬɢ: Dejan Ajdaþiü, Apelativni žanrovi usmene lirike,
Narodna umjetnost, Godišnjak Instituta za narodnu umjetnost,
Zagreb, 1991, knj.28, 207-2012.

ϴϴ

 Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɬɟ ɢɯ ɰɜɢʁɟʂɚɬɢ,

Ⱥ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɟ ɨɰɭ ɬɜɨɦɟ,

Ȼɪɚɬɟ ɫɪɰɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɻɚɬɢ!

ɇɚɥɢɱʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɫɥɚɜɧɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ

ʁɟɫɬɟ ɛɨɥɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɧɟɡɛɪɢɧɭɬɨɫɬ ɞʁɟɰɟ
ɤɨʁɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ, ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɞɚʂɟ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɬɚɰ, ɧɚɪɢɱɭʄɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ
ɫɢɧɨɦ ȭɨɪɻɢʁɟɦ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ:
Ʉɭʁ ʄɟ ɜɚɲɚ ɥɭɞɚ ɻɟɰɚ,

Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɬɟ ɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ,

Ʉɨ ʄɟ ɜɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɢ?

ɍ ɦɟɧɟ ɜɢ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɧɟɦɚ

ɂ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ʁɟ ʁɚɞɚɧ ɢɦɚ,

ɋɚɞ ɜɢ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɟɫɨɫɬɟ.

Ɉɱɟɜɨ ɛɨɥɧɨ ɧɚɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɫɢɧɨɦ

ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɞɨɦ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɝɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɢ
ɫɢɧ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢɬɢ, ɚ ɟɬɨ, ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɭʁɟ
ɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ, ɧɟɝɨ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɭ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɨɱɟɜɢ
ɫɚɯɪɚʃɭʁɭ ɫɢɧɨɜɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɟʄɟ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɨɞ
ɬɨɝɚ.

ϴϵ

 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɢ ɛɥɨɤ: ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɠɢɜɢɯ
ɭɧɟɫɪɟʄɟɧ ɭ ɪɨɞɭ/ɞɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ
ɫɬɚʁɚʄɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ
ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬ, ɚɧɬɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɫɥɚɜɟ – ɝɨɪʃɟɦ, ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɫɦɪɬɧɢɯ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ. ȭɨɪɻɢʁɟ, ʁɭɧɚɤ „ɩɨɞ
ɤɪɢɥɢɦɚ“ – ɨɪɚɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɨ, ɢɥɢ ɡɦɚʁ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɭ
ɨɧɨɦ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɨ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɦ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚɦɚ, ɩɚ
ɝɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɦɨɥɢ:
Ⱥɥɢ ʄɭ ɬɟ ɛɪɚɬɟ ɦɨɥɢɬ'

Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɻɟɲ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɭ

Ⱦɨ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɚʃɟɧɨɝɚ,

Ɍɢ ɫɢ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɥɢɦɚ,

Ɍɟ ɭɤɨɪɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɦɨɝɚ,

Ʉɚɤɨ ɧɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɤɧɭɨ,

ɍ ɬɭɻɢɧɢ, ɬɭɻɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ.

ɋɜɢʁɟɬ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ, ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ, ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɚ

ɧɢɜɨɚ: ɞɨʃɢ, ɝɪɨɛɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ, ɩɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɨɦ, ɢ
ɝɨɪʃɢ, ɧɟɛɟɫɤɢ. ɍ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɨɱɢɜɚʁɭ ɢ
ɞɭɲɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɯ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ,
ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ, ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɫɜɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɞɚ

ϵϬ

ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ.
Ɍɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɟ ɦɨɥɛɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɤɨɪɭ ɛɪɚɬɭ
ȳɨɜɚɧɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɢɤɧɟ ɭ ɬɭɻɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ
ɛɥɢɠʃɢɦɚ, ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɱɤɢ
ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ ɭ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɠɟʂɟ ɡɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ.

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɝɪɨɛɧɨɝ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ,

ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɟ, ɚ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɫɦɪɬɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ
ɧɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ
ɨɩɢɫɭ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʃɚ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ ɭ ɝɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɢɫɩɨɞ
ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɚ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ
ɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɉɟɪɚ, ɧɟɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɛɢɬɤɟ:
Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɢ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɨ,

ȳɚ ɩɨ ɧɨʄɢ ɬɭɠɧɚ ɩɨɻɨɯ,

Ⱦɨ ɤɪɜɚɜɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɚ,

ȭɟ ɧɨ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɦɪɬɜɨɝ ɧɚɻɨɯ,

Ⱥɥ' ɝɚ ɬɭɠɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ' ɧɟ ɲʄɚɯ,

ɐɪɧɢ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɨɜɢ

Ɉɛɚ ɨɤɚ ɢɡɜɚɞɢɥɢ,

Ⱦɢɱɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɝɪɻɟɧɨ,

ɉɨɞ ɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɯ ɡɟɦʂɟ,

ϵϭ

 Ɍɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɞɭɝɚ ɛɢɨ.

ȳɚ ɦɭ ɭɡɟɯ ɨɛʁɟ ɪɭɤɟ,

Ⱦɚ ɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɦ ɨɤɨ ɝɪɥɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɡɚɝɪɥɢɦ ɬɭɠɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ, -

Ⱥɥ' ɦɭ ɨɛʁɟ ɨɩɚɞɨɲɟ,

Ʉɭɤɭ ɦɟɧɟ ɡɚɧɚɜɢʁɟɤ!

Ɉɜɨ ɫɭ ɜʁɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ

ɞɟɬɚʂɢ: ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɭ ɛɪɚɬɨɜʂɟɜɟ
ɩɨɫɦɪɬɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɩɨɞ
ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ɋɟɫɬɪɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ
ɭɠɚɫɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ
ɧɚɦ ɞɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɢɦɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ
ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚʃɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɨɝ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɝ, ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ,
ɱɟɫɬɨɝ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. ɇɢʁɟ ɥɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ ʂɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ, ɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɦʄɟɧɚ, ɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɝɪɨɛɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ, ɩɨɞ
ɡɟɦʂɭ, ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɢ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɦ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɢɡ
ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɭ
ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɦ: ɞɨʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ʁɟ
ɝɪɨɡɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ. ɂ ɬɚ, ɩɪɜɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ,

ϵϮ

ʁɟɫɬɟ ɜɟʄ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɢ
ɜɚɞɟ ɨɱɢ ɢ ɝɪɞɟ ɥɢɰɟ (ɋɇɌ 26, ɋɇɌ 90 – ɝɚɜɪɚɧɢ
ɨɱɢ ɜɚɞɟ ɚ ɨɪɥɨɜɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɟ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɁȿɆ 1953,
ɫɬɪ.324, ɢ ɫɥ.), ɚɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢʁɢɯ
ɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ 63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɲɢɪɚ ɢ
ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 2
(ɁȿɆ 1953, 324) ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɰɢ
Ɍɚɪɢ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚ ɭɬɨɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɟɲɤɟ
ɛɢɬɤɟ ɫɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ:
ɋʁɟɞɨɯ Ɍɚɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɚɥɭ,

Ʌɟɞɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɡɚɤɭɦɢɥɚ,

ɐɪɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɩɨʂɭɛɢɥɚ

Ɍɟ ɦɢ ȼɥɚʁɤɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɞɚɞɟ

ȳɚ ɝɚ ɭɡɟɯ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɭ,

Ⱦɟɫɧɚ ɪɭɤɚ ɫɚɥɨɦʂɟɧɚ,

ȳɚ ɦɭ ɜɢɻɟɯ ɝɪɨɡɧɟ ɩɪɫɢ,

Ƚɪɨɡɧɟ ɩɪɫɢ ɩɪɨɥɨɦɢɲɟ,

ɇɚ ʃɢɯ ɩɪɨɡɨɪ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɲɟ.

ɍ 6. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɋɇɌ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɫ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ ɢ

ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɭ ɲɚɧɰɭ:
ɉɪɨɫɬɢɪɤɚ ɬɢ ɥɟɞɟɧ ɫɧɢʁɟɝ

ϵϯ

 Ⱥ ɩɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧ ɤɚɦɟɧ

Ⱥ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɤɚ ɫɭɜɚ ɦɭʂɚ

Ɍɟ ɬɢ ɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɦɪɡɧɭɥɟ!

Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɫɭɪɨɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɚ

ɧɚ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɞɚɧɚ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɞɨɦɚɲɬɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɟ ɬɚɦɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɛɢʄɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ
ɱɥɚɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ȼɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɡɚ
ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɨɦ ɉɟɥɚɝɢʁɨɦ (ɁȿɆ 1953, 321), ɡɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ
ɬɭɠɢ ɬɟɬɤɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ:
ɇɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɝɨʁɢɥɢɰɚ,

ɇɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɫɤɚ ɭɦɨɪɧɢɰɚ;

ȭɨɛɞɭ ʄɟ ɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɢ

ɂ ɥɢɰɟ ɬɢ ɩɨɬɚɦʃɟɬɢ,

Ⱦɢɜɧɨ ɪɭɜɨ ɩɨɦɟɦɥɢɬɢ!

Ɉɜɨ ɜɪɭʄɟ ʂɟɬɨ ɢɞɟ,

ɉɚ ʄɟ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɢʂɟɬɢ,

Ʉɪɭɩɧɟ ɨɱɢ ɢɡɜɚɞɢɬɢ.

Ɋɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɥɢɰɢ ɜɚɻɟʃɚ ɨɱɢʁɭ: ɧɚ

ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɨɜɢ, ɚ ɭ
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɦɪɚɤɭ ɡɦɢʁɟ. ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ
ϵϰ

(ɁȿɆ 1953, 320), ɤɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɨʁɚɻɟɧɟ
ɞɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ „ɥɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɭʄɨɦ“, ɬɨ
ʁɟɫɬ ɝɪɨɛɨɦ:
ȼɪɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ,

ȴɭɬɟ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɜɨʁɢɥɟ,

ɇɚ ɝɪɭɞɢ ɫɟ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɤɭɩɟ,

Ⱥ ɧɚ ɫɪɰɟ ɝɧɢʁɟɡɞɨ ɜɢʁɭ;

Ɇɪɤɢ ɛɪɰɢ ɨɛɨɪɟɧɢ,

Ɉɱɧɢ ɤɚɩɰɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ....

Ƚɪɚɧɟ ɪɭɤɟ ɫɚɫɭɲɟɧɟ,

Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɪʂɚɲ;

ɏɢɬɪɟ ɧɨɝɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɟ,

Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚɲ;

Ʌɟɞɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ. (ɋɟɫɬɪɚ

ɛɟɡɛɪɚɬɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ).

ɋɟɫɬɪɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɚɥɢ

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ „ɤɚɨ ɞɚ“ ɝɚ ɜɢɞɟ,
ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɪɬɜɟ
ɭɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɟ ɭ ɪɚɫɭɬɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ. ɋɥɢɤɟ

ϵϱ

ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɬɟɲɤɭ ɩɚɬʃɭ ɢ
ɛɨɥ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɠɚɫɧɭɬɨɫɬ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ:
ɨɦɢʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɤɭʄɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɪʁɟɲɢɧɟ, ɩɥɟɦɟɫɤɨɝ
ɩɪɜɚɤɚ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɞʁɟɬɟɬɚ, ɦɥɚɞɟ
ɠɟɧɟ.

ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɡɚ ɭɦɪɥɨɦ ɫɢɬɧɨɦ ɞʁɟɰɨɦ

ɧɟɦɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɪɨɜɢɯ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɞɨʃɟɝ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɦɚʁɱɢɧɭ ɛɨɥ.
ɇɚɨɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɢɬɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɥɢɤɚʃɭ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ
ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɢ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɦɨ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 63, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɫɚ Ɍɚɪɟ. ɂɡ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɢʁɟɞɚ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɭ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɢ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȭɨɪɻɢʁɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ
ɩɨɫɥɚɥɚ ɨɰɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɭ
ɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɉɟɪɭ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɫɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɨɩɲɬɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɭ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ, ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɞʁɟɰɚ,
ɛɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɱɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɛɢɬɤɚɦɚ,
ɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɢɦ ɯɪɚɧɭ, ɩɪɟɨɛɭɤɭ ɢ ʇɟɛɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɟ,

ϵϲ

ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ.
Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ
ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɟɞʁɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɬɨɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɝɢɧɭɥɨ ɚ ɨɧɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚɥɟ,
ɡɛɪɚʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɟ.

Ʌɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨʁ ɛɪɚʄɢ

ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɭɜɪɟɞɟ, ɨɫɜɟɬɟ,
ɦɨɥɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪɚ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɤɭɫ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɨɤɪɟʄɟ ɫɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨɝ ɛɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɤɚ
ɫɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɤɭʄɟ, ɛɨɥɭ ɲɬɨ
ɢɯ ɧɟʄɟ ɜɢɞʁɟɬɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɦ
ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ, ɢ ɫɥ. ɍ 63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ
ȭɨɪɻɢʁɚ ɭɫɤɥɢɤɨɦ:
Ɇɨʁ ȭɨɪɻɢʁɟ, ɫɭɧɰɟ ɦɨʁɟ!

Ⱥ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ:
Ɇɨʁɚ ɪɭɠɨ ɭ ɩɪɨʂɟʄɟ,

Ɉɞ ɦɢɪɢɫɚ ɧɚʁʂɟɩɲɟɝɚ,

ɋɚɞ ɨɞ ʁɚɞɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɝɚ!-

ɬɟ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɨɦ ɫɪɟʄɚ - ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɛɨɥ ɡɚ

ɛɪɚɬɨɦ. ɋɢɦɛɨɥ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɰɪɧɢ ɛɚɪʁɚɤ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ʁɟ
„ɩɨɩɟɪɢɥɚ“ ɧɚ „ɛɪɚɬɨɜɭ ɧɨɜɭ ɤɭɥɭ“, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɭ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɭ ɛɪɚɬɭ ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ:

ϵϳ

 ɇɚ ɤɭʄɭ ɬɢ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ɩɚɨ,

Ʉʂɭɧɨɦ ɲʂɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɥɨɦɢɨ,

ɋɭɡɨɦ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɭɝɚɫɢɨ,

Ʉɪɢɥɨɦ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɨ!

Ɇɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɚɡɧɟ/ɢɫɩɪɚɠʃɟɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɟ

ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɨɦ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ
ɫɭɞɢɨɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɤɫɚɧɚ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ „ɫɦɪɬ“ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ɢɧɤɚɪɧɚɰɢʁɚ
ɩɪɟɬɤɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ (Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ 1992),
ɭɡ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɬɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢʁɚ ɭɤɢɞɚ
ɨɛɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ: ɩɢɬɢ ɤɪɜ ɤɚɨ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ. ɇɚɦɚ
ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ
ɟɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ: ɨɧ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɰɪɧɢɯ
ɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪ. Ȼɨʁ ɧɚ Ɇɢɲɚɪɭ
ɢ ɞɪ.) ɚ ɨɛʁɟ ɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ɩɢʁɟ ɤɪɜ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɭ, ɨɧ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ, ɭɡɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɨɧ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɫɦɪɬ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɬɨɦɟ ɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ɢɧɤɚɪɧɚɰɢʁɚ
ɩɪɟɬɤɚ, ɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɤ
ɞɨɛɪɨɫɬɢɜɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄɭ, ɭ
ɧɚɲɨʁ ɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ „Ⱦɭɲɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ
ɭ ɝɨɥɭɛɚ, ɚ ɝɪɟɲɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ“ (ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
1994, 100), ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɧɞɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ
ɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ɢɧɤɚɪɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɢɥɢɯ

ϵϴ

ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɝɪɟɲɧɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɜɟɬɢ. ɍ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚʄɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢ
ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɡɚɨ ɝɥɚɫ ɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ
ɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɥɨɦ, ɚ ɭɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ʁɟ
ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɦ ɫɥɢɤɨɦ-ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ,
ɨɩɲɬɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɡɚɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ.

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɡɚɨ ɝɥɚɫ,

ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ 62. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɬɨʁɢ:
Ʉɚɞ ɩɨɥɟʄɟ ɰɪɧ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɟ,

Ⱦɨ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɚɲɟ,

Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ,

Ɋɟɞɨɦ ɫɧɚɯɟ ɞɨɡɢɜɚɥɚ,

ɉɪɟɞ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɱɚɥɚ.

Ɍɭ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɬɚɞɟ,

ɂɫɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɥɚ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɞɚɞɟ...

ɋɤɭɩɢɥɟ ɫɟ ɡɥɟ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɟ,

Ʉɨ ʄɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɭɝɪɚɛɢɬɢ...

Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɝɚɜɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɢ

ɭ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɭ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɚ. Ɉɧɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɤɨɝɚ ɢɡ ɤɪɜɧɨɝ

ϵϵ

ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɢɫɬɪɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɝɥɚɫ, ɛɚɪ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɟɞɟ
ɧɚʁɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ (ɦɚʁɤɭ, ɨɰɚ, ɛɪɚɬɚ) ɨɞ
ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɚʁ ɝɥɚɫ ɧɨɫɢ.

ɇɟɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɜɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɡɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ
ɧɨɜɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ. Ɇɚɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ
ɠɢɜɢɯ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ „ɥɢɲ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ“ ɢ „ɫ ɬɜɨɝɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ“, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢ ɭ
ɨɜɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ:
Ɇɨʁ ȭɨɪɻɢʁɟ, ɫɭɧɰɟ ɦɨʁɟ!

Ⱥɥ ʁɟ ʁɭɬɪɨɫ ɡɚɥɚɞɢɥɨ,

ɋ ɬɜɨɝɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɜɢʁɟɤ!

Ɉɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɢ ɫɬɢɯ ɧɨɫɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɫɟ ɲɬɢɬɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢɦ „ɨɛɪɟɞɨɦ ɢ
ɛɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ“
(ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ 2015). Ɍɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ, ɫɬɚɥɧɨ
ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɲɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɭ ɤɭɥɬɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ.

ϭϬϬ

 Ƚɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɡɧɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɝ
ɱɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɧɟɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ
ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɢʄɚ.

ɍ 63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɨɧɢ

ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɭ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ
ɩɨʂɭ:
Ⱥ ɤɨ ɛɢ ɜɚɫ ɩɪɟɛɪɨʁɢɨ,

ȳɚɞɚɧ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɦɨɪɢɨ! –

ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɭ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ

ɧɚɥɟɬɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɚ ɫ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ
ʁɭɧɚɤɟ ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɟ:
Ⱥɯ, ɤɨ ɛɢ ɜɚɫ ɩɪɟɛɪɨʁɢɨ,

ȼɢɬɟɡɨɜɢ!

ȳɚɞɨɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɦɨɪɢɨ,

Ɇɟɧɟ ɤɭɤɭ!

ɂɝɪɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ʁɚɞɚɧ/ʁɚɞɨɦ ɜɟʄ ɧɨɫɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɭ ɧɚ

ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɭ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɢ
ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɦɨɪɢɨ ɨɞ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɚ ʁɚɞɚ, ɚ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɟ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɨ ɭɦɨɪɟɧ/ɭɦɨɪɚɧ
ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɨɦ/ɨɞ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ʁɚɞɚ/ɩɨɦɨɪɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢɯ
ϭϬϭ

ʁɭɧɚɤɚ. Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɨɦ ɮɨɪɭɥɨɦ
ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ:
Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɟ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɛɨʁɚ,

Ⱥ ɯɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨʂɟ,

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɤɚ ɭɱɟɜʃɚɤɚ

ɂ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɜɟ ɩɨɛɪɨʁɚɨ,

Ɉ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ, ɝɥɚɫɧɢ ɪɨɞɟ!

Ƚɥɚɫɢɬ ɪɨɞ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɚ

ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ:
Ɉɤɨ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢ,

Ʉɚɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɢ

ɍ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢ!

Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ/ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ

ɬɜɪɞʃɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢ „ɦɥɚɞɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ“
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɛɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɭ ɤɥɚɫɭ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ
– ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɤɪɚʂ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ.

ɍ 48. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ

ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɦɧɨɠɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɡɚ ʃɢɦɚ:

ϭϬϮ

 ɇɟʄɭ ɠɚɥɢɬ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ,

ɇɢ ɫɜɟɤɪɨɜɟ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɟ,

ɇɢ ɻɟɜɟɪɟ ɤɨɬɨɦɚɧɟ,
ɇɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɰɟ, ɧɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɟ,

ɇɢ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ, ɧɢ ɤɭɦɨɜɟ.

Ʉɚɤɨ ʄɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɠɚɥɢɬɢ,

Ʉɚɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɛɪɨʁɚɬɢ,

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɞɢɜɢɬ ɫɢʃɟ ɦɨɪɟ,

Ⱥ ɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɞɭɝɨ ɩɨʂɟ,

Ⱦɟɫɧɚ ɪɭɤɚ ɩɢɫɚɪɟɜɚ

Ɇɥɚɞɚ ɦɨɦɤɚ Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧɚ,

ɇɟ ɛɢɯ ʁɚɞɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɥɚ

ɂ ɠɚɥɛɨɦ ɢɯ ɨɠɚɥɢɥɚ!

Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɚ

ɩɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɟ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ ɬɢɯ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ. ɏɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɟ ɫɟ
ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɜɚʂɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ
ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɡɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟ.
ȳɟɞɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ 63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɡɧɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɧɤɢ, ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢ ɋɤɚɞɚɪ

ϭϬϯ

ɦɨɪɚɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ, ɚ ɬɪɚɝ
ɬɨɝ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ:
Ⱥɦɚ ɟɜɨ ɝɪɞɧɢɯ ʁɚɞɚ,

ɒɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɱɭɥɚ ɡɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ,

Ⱦɚ ɬɟ ɛɟɞɟɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ

ɋɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɨɞ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɭɞɧɟ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ, -

Ⱥ ɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɨɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ,

Ɉɤɨ ɬɭɠɧɨɝ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɚ,

ɋɜɟ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɦɨɦɚɤɚ,

Ɉɯ ɥɢ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɢ ɪɨɞɟ!

ɋɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɭʁɭʄɚ ɢ

ɧɟɨɞɨʂɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚ ɧɚ ȶɟɥɟ-Ʉɭɥɭ ɤɨɞ ɇɢɲɚ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɡɢɞɚʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɛɢɥɨ, ɨɧɨ ɫɟ
ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɞɟɫɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɜɨʁɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɭ ʂɭɞɫɬɜɭ.

ɂɚɤɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɬɢɩɚ

ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɢʄɟʃɟ
ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ, ɯɪɚɛɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɚ, ɧɟ

ϭϬϰ

ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɢ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɬɚɦɧɢʁɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ
ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɠɢɜɟ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ
ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɦ
ɪɨɞɚ/ɩɨɥɨɦ ɞɨɦɚ, ɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ
ɩɨɧɨɜ ʁɚɞɚ/ɩɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɧɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ
ɜɨɞɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɝ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɩɨɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɚ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɟ ɠɢɜɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ ɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ
ɤɪɚʁɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ.

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ 63 ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚ

ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɢɬ.
ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚɦɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɦʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɢ
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɚɤ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ
ɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ
ɨɞɫɢʁɟɤɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ. ɂ
ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɨɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ. ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɫɭ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ 44, 52,
58, 61, 91 – ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚ
ɦɟɻɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦɚ.

Ⱦɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɜɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ

ȭɭɪɻɚ Ʌɚɤɭɲɢʄ, „ɫɬɚɪɚ ɱɭɜɟɧɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɪɨɞɨɦ

ϭϬϱ

ɢɡ Ɇɨɪɚɱɟ“, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɧɨʁ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɢ
ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɚ ɧɚɲɚɨ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɉɨɝɨɪɢɰɢ,
ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɨɜɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɨɞ ʃɟ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ,
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɜɨɞɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ, ɫɩʁɟɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ
„ʂɭɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ“ ɤɨʁɟ ȭɭɪɻɚ ɦɨɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ
ɨɩɪɨɫɬɟ (ɚɤɨ ɲɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɢʁɟɲɢ ȳ.ȭ.) ʁɟɪ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ
„ɭɱɟɜɧɢɰɚ“ ɧɟɝɨ „ɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɚ“ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ʁɚɞɢ ɧɚɭɱɢɥɢ
ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ. ɋɚɦɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɩɪɟɞ
ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɲɚɨɰɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɞɨ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɞɚ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɨɦ.
ȼʁɟɲɬɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɡɨɦ ɫɚɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ
ɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ:
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɢ,

Ɉɞ ɜɪɯ Ʉɨɦɚ ɝɥɚɫɢɬɨɝɚ,

ɉɚ ɞɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɨɝɚ

ɂ Ƚɪɚɯɨɜɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɚ,

ɉɚ ɞɨ Ⱦɭɝɟ ɢ Ƚɨɥɢʁɟ,

Ⱦɨ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɪɜɨɩɢʁɟ, -

Ɍɭ ɨɫɬɚɞɟ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ

ϭϬϲ

 ɂ Ȼɪɻɚɧɚ ɢ Ƚɪɚɻɚɧɚ
ɂ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ȿɪɰɟɝɨɜɰɢ

ɂ ɫɜɭʁ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢ.

Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ȼɭɤ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ

ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɨ ɜɨʁɟɜɚʃɭ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɐɪɧɟ
Ƚɨɪɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɟɡɢʁɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ
ɜɪɫɬɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɬɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ, ɡɚ ɨɜɭ 91.
ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ. „ȿɪɰɟɝɨɜɫɤɢ ɐɟɪɨɜɢʄɢ/ɢɫɩɨɞ Ʉɨɦɚ
ȼɭɤɨɜɢʄɢ“, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɍɨɞɨɪ ȼɭɤɨɜɢʄ, ɫɟɪɞɚɪ
ɉɢɥɟɬɢʄ, ɫɪɱɚɧɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ, ɦɥɚɞɢ ȿɪɰɟɝɨɜɰɢ – ɫɜɟ
ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ, ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɚ
ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɞɢʁɟɥɭ, ɤɨʁɢ, ɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ
ɩɪɟɛɚɰɢɜɚɱɟɦ ( ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ ɊɄɌ):
ɋɚɞ ʄɭ ɞɨʄɢ ʁɚ ɞɨ ɞɨɦɚ,

Ƚɥɚɫɢɬɨɝɚ! –

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɪɢɱɭ ɨ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɞɚɥɚ (ɞɨɦ) ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɩɟɬ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ: Ƚɭɫɢʃɟ, ɉɟʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɟ, ȭɚɤɨɜɢɰɭ –
ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ „ɧɚɦɚɫɬɢɪɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɢ/ɬɭɠɧɭ ɪɚʁɭ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥɢ“. ɋɥɢʁɟɞɢ
ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ, Ɋɭɝɨɜɚ, Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɚ, ɋɤɚɞɪɚ,

ϭϬϳ

ɩɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɭ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚɧɰɢɦɚ, ɛɢɬɤɟ ɫɚ
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɚɯɨɜɭ ɢ Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɭ, Ɏɨɱɢ,
Ƚɥɚɫɢɧɰɭ, Ʉɚɥɢɧɨɜɢɤɭ ɢ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɭ – ɫɜɟ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɚ ɧɟɤɨɝɚ ɨɞ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ. ɍ
ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɢ ɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɢ
ɬɟɲɤɟ ɩɚɬʃɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ:
Ɇɧɨɝɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɩɪɨɤɭɤɚɲɟ,

Ɉɫɬɚɞɨɲɟ ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ,

Ɇɧɨɝɟ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɛɟɡɛɪɚɬɧɢɰɟ,

ɂ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ,

Ɇɚɥɚ ɻɟɰɚ ɫɢɪɨɬɢɰɟ!

ɋɦɢɫɚɨ ɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɭ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ

„ɫɭɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ“ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɧɟ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɠɟʂɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ:
ɇɢʁɟɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɢ,

ɇɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɤɨ ɢ ɪɚʁɚ!

Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɪɟɫɤɚ ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ

ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ.

ϭϬϴ

 ɂ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɡɚ
ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɬɧɚ
ɬɟɦɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ; ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ
ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ. ɍ ɜɪɥɨ
ɞɨɛɪɨʁ, 40. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ
ɻɟɜɟɪɨɦ „ɡɥɚɬɨɦ“, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ, ɩɨ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɢ ɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ, ɦɥɚɻɢɦ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɦɭɠɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɦ ɻɟɜɟɪɭ ɫ
ɦɨɥɛɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɨʁ
ɛɪɚʄɢ. Ɇʁɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ Ɉɜɱɟ ɉɨʂɟ ɢ ɨɧɨ
ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ ɦɢɬɫɤɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ
ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ.

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ

ɢɡ ɭɜɨɞɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɞɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧ ɤɭʄɢ ɫɚ
ɪɚɬɢɲɬɚ:
Ɂɚɪ ɦɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɨʄɚɫ ɞɨɻɟ,

Ⱦɨɦɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ

ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɚ:

ϭϬϵ

 ɇɢʁɟ ɬɟɛɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɨɜɻɟ,

Ⱦɢɱɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɨ!

Ɂɚ ɝɥɚɜʃɚɦɚ, ɦɟɻ' ɠɟɧɚɦɚ,

ɀɟʂɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

ɋɧɚɯɚ ɬɭɠɢ „ɜɢɲɟ ɡɨɪɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ“ ɻɟɜɟɪɨɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟ

ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ʁɭɬɪɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɢɫɩɢʁɟʄɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ (ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɨʄɢ).
Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ
ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ: ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ
(ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬ) ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ
ɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɫɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ
ɨɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚɦɚ:
ɫɚɞɚ - ʁɭɱɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ – ɫɭɬɪɚ.

ɉɪɜɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɪ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɚɧɬɢɧɨɦɢʁɟ

ɦɪɬɚɜ (ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ) – ɠɢɜ (ɨɜɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ), ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ:
ɦɪɬɚɜ – ɝɨɪʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ (ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ). ȿɜɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ:
ɦɪɬɚɜ (ɫɚɞɚ) (*) ɠɢɜ (ɩɪɢʁɟ) (**)

* **

Ɂɚɪ ɦɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɨʄɚɫ ɞɨɻɟ Ʉɚɞ ɫɢ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ,

Ⱦɨɦɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ! Ⱦɨɦɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ⱦɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɱɟɲ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɜɟɱɟ ɂɡ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɛɨʁɟɜɚ,

ϭϭϬ

 Ɂɥɚ ɧɚɦ ɜɟɱɟ! Ɋɚɧɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ɉɞ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɱɭɥɢ ɛɢ ɬɟ,

ȳɚɞ ɧɚɫ ɱɭɨ!

* **

Ⱥ ɫɚɞ ɞɨɻɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɲɭɬɤɟ, ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɬɢ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɧɚʄɢ,

Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ? ɇɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ!

Ʉɚɞ ɭʂɟɡɟ ɧɟ ɫʁɟɞɟ ɧɚɦ, ȴɟɩɨɬɨɦ ɛɢ ɡɚɱɢɧɢɨ

ɋ ʁɚɞɨɦ ɫʁɟɥɢ! Ɍɚɛɨɪ ʂɭɞɢ!

** Ⱥ ɜɢɫɢɧɨɦ ɧɚɞɜɢɫɢɨ

ɇɚ ɤɚɤɟ ɫɢ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɫɩɚɨ ɋɜɚɤɨɝ ɦɨɦɤɚ!

Ƚɪɚɞɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ! Ɇɨʁ ʁɚɜɨɪɟ ɫɚɫɪɟɞ ɝɨɪɟ,

Ʉɭɞ ɫɟ ɻɟɞɟ ɻɨɛɞɚ ɬɜɨʁɚ, Ⱦɢɤɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ

ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɭ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɥɢɤɭ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɬɭɠɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ
ɛɢɪɚ ɨɧɟ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɟ ɢɡ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ
ɢɡɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɟ ɬɭɝɟ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ: ɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɚɪ
ɫɥɢɤɟ ɦɭɲɤɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɫɚ ɛɨɥɧɢɦ

ϭϭϭ

ɭɡɜɢɤɨɦ : ɤɭɞ ɫɟ ɻɟɞɟ ɻɨɛɞɚ ɬɜɨʁɚ – ɫɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɲʄɭ
ɬɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ, ɢɥɢ, ɫɥɢɤɭ ɜɟɫɟɥɨɝ ɢ ɛɭɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ
ɫɚ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɡɚʄɭɬɚɥɨɝ ɦɢɥɨɝ
ɛɢʄɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɩɫɢɥɨɲɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ ɲɬɨ
ʁɚɱɟ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɞɢɪɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɰɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.

ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɭ ɦɪɬɚɜ (ɫɚɞɚ)-

(ɨɧɚʁ) ɝɨɪʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ (ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ, ɫɭɬɪɚ, ɧɟɤɢ
ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ), ɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɠɢɜɢ ɭ ɛɨʂɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɧɚ
ɇɟɛɭ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬʂɢɜ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ
ɦɟɻɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɤɨʁɟɧɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɢɯ ɨɤɭɩʂɚ, ɞɚ ɢɦ
ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɡɢ. Ɍɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ
ɫɭ ɬɨ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɟɦɟ. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ, ɫɧɚɯɚ
ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɝɥɨɝ ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɬɪɠɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ʂɟɤɚɪɚ (ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ) ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ
ɦɭ ɪɚɧɟ ɢɡɜɢɞɚɨ:
ɉɨɧɟɫɢ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɧɚɦɚ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

ɉɚ ɨɬɢɻɢ Ɉɜɱɟɦ ɩɨʂɭ,

ɇɟɫɪɟɬɧɨɦɟ!

ϭϭϮ

 ȭɟɜɟɪɚ ʄɟɲ ɬɚɦɨ ɧɚʄɢ,

ɐɪɧɢ ɧɚɞɟ!

Ɍɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɨɤɭʄɢɥɢ,

Ʉɭɤɭ ɧɚɦɚ!

Ⱦɢɜɧɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɫɚɝɪɚɞɢɥɢ,

Ⱦɢɜɧɢ ɞɨɦɟ!

ȳɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɚɦ ɭ ɻɟɜɟɪɚ,

ȭɟɲɨ ɧɚɞɨ!

Ⱦɚ ʄɟ ɪɚɧɟ ɢɡɜɢɞɚɬɢ,

Ɂɥɚɬɨ ɜɢɞɟ!

Ɍɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɻɟɜɟɪɚ „ɨɤɭʄɢɥɢ“ ɟɭɮɟɦɢɡɚɦ ʁɟ ɡɚ

ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ, ɡɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨ-
ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɪɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ,
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɟ, ɞɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ
ɧɨɜɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢ ɻɟɜɟɪ ɛɢɨ ʂɟɤɚɪ,
ɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɧɚɞɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɥɢʁɟɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ.
ɂ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɛɪɚɬ, Ɋɚɞɟ, ɩɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɦ
ɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɚ ɢ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ: ɞɜɚ ɫɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɜɟʄ
ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɚ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɢ, ɡɥɚɬɨ, ɜɚʂɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ: ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭ „ɤɭʄɭ ɤɭʄɢɬ', ɪɚɞʃɭ ɪɚɞɢɬ'“, ɚ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ϭϭϯ

ɭɱɢɧɢ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɞ ɦɭ ɪɚɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɡɜɢɞɚɧɟ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ
ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɤɭʄɢ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ
ɩɨɫɟɠɟ ɡɚ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɬɨɦ: ɩɪɜɨ, ɤɭɤɚʄɟ ɧɚɞ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɥɢ ɦɭ
ɞɨɫɚɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɝɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ
ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ: ɧɟ ɛɢ ɥɢ ʁɟ „ɨɞɝɭɪɧɭɨ“.
Ɂɚɬɢɦ, ɦɚɦɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɭɠɧɨɦ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɫ ɦɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɬɢ ɤɪɫɧɭ
ɫɥɚɜɭ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɝɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɚ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɦɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ɧɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ,
ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɱɢʃɟʃɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ, ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɭɜɪɟɞɚ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ:
Ʉɨʃɚ ʄɭ ɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɞɢɬɢ

Ɉɞ ɢɧɚɬɚ!

Ƚɪɢɜɭ ʄɭ ɦɭ ɨɲɢɲɚɬɢ

ɇɟ ɞɚʁ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

ɐɪɧɟ ɤɢɬɟ ɭɞɚɪɢɬɢ,

ɐɪɧɢ ɧɚɞɟ!

Ɉɞɛɢɬɢ ɝɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɭ,

ɍ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɭ,

ɇɟɤ ɝɚ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɭɰɢ ʁɟɞɭ,

ȳɚ ɤɭɤɚɥɚ!

ϭϭϰ

 Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʃɚ, ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨɝ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ-ɤɨʃɚɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɚɫɬɚɪɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɤɨʁɢ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ʁɟ ɢ
ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. ɉɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɝɚ ɢ
ɭ ȼɢɲʃɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ „ɋɦɪɬ Ɇɚɪɤɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ“,
ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ Ɇɚɪɤɨ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨ, ɭɛɢʁɚ ɢ
ɫɚɯɪɚʃɭʁɟ ɤɨʃɚ ɒɚɪɰɚ.

ɋɚ ɬɨɝ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ

ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ
ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ:
Ʉɭʄɭ ʄɭ ɬɢ ɪɚɫɤɭʄɢɬɢ,

Ʉɭʄɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ɋɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ ɧɚʂɭɬɢɬɢ,

ɉɪɟɠɚɥɨɫɧɟ!

Ɉɞ ʃɢɯ ɻɟɰɭ ɡɚɤɥɚʃɚɬɢ,

Ɉʄɭ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

ɇɟɤ ɩɪɟɫɜɢɫɧɭ ɨɞ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ,

Ɇɨʁ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ!

Ⱦɚɤɨ ɛ' ɬɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɠɚɥɢɥɨ,

ɋɭɧɰɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

ɇɟ ɛɢ ɥ' ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨɝɪɚɧɚɨ,

ϭϭϱ

 Ƚɪɚɞɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

ɇɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ

ɡɚɜɪɲɧɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ
ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɚɩɟɥɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɛɪɢɝɭ ɡɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɢ ɪɟɞ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ
ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɦɪɬɜɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɛɪɢɝɨɦ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɞɢɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɱɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɫɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ
ɦɥɚɞɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ
ɧɚɞɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ
Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ

ɍ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ!

Ʌɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ

ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ: ɩɪɜɨ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɭ
ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɚɮɢɪɦɢɲɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɟɩɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ „ɞɨɦ“, „ɞɢɜɚɧ
ɫɜɚɬ“, „ɫɭɧɰɟ“, „ɞɢɱɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ“, „ɠɟʂɚ“ ʃɟɧɚ,
„ɨɱɢ“ ʃɟɧɟ. Ɍɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɢ ʁɟɫɭ, ɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ
ɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɚɤɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɩɨ
ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɩʁɟɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ,

ϭϭϲ

ɥɢɱɧɢ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɭ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ
ɩɨʁɚɱɢɜɚɱɢ ɬɨɝ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɤ ɭ ɬɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɦɨɝɭ
ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢɩʁɟɜɢ ɫɭ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ
ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɭɫɤɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ
ɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɞɦʁɟɪɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɢ ɥɢɤɭ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɚɫɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɭ
ɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɬɨɦɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɟ ɝɚ
ɨɠɚɥɢɬɢ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɧɚɯɚ, ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ
ɛɪɢɝɭ ɨ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɨʁ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ, ɛɪɢɝɭ ɨ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɨʁ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ
ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɻɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɞʁɟɰɟ, ɢ ɬɟɤ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢ ʁɟɬɪɜɢɧɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ
ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɢ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɢɦɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ, ɬɚɤɨ
ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚɦɚ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ
ɛɪɢɧɭʄɢ ɨ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɠɪɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ
ɨɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɱɚɫɬ ɦɪɬɜɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.

ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɧɟɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɢʁɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ
ɞɜɢʁɟ ɪɚɜɧɢ. ɉɪɜɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɟ ɦɭɲɤɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ
(ɜ. ɜɟʄ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ) ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɰɚ, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨɝ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɟɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɢ.

ϭϭϳ

Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɭ
ɥɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɟ ɭɜɨɞɢ
ɢɡɜɚʃɫɤɢɦ ɝɥɚɫɨɦ „ɜɟɥɟ“, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ
ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ: ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɭɠɢ.
ɉɪɜɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ,
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɟ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ. ɍ ɬɨʁ ɩɪɢɱɢ ɫɬɨʁɟ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ:
ȼɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɯɪɚɛɚɪ ɛɢɨ,

Ɉ ɫɨɤɨɥɟ!

ɂ ɭ ɲɜɚɩɫɤɢ ɲɚɧɚɰ ɢɲ'ɨ,

ȼɢɞɢ ɬɢ ɫɟ!

ɀɢɜɟ ɒɜɚɛɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɨ,

Ⱦɨɦ ɬɢ ɤɭɤ'ɨ!

ȼɚɥɢɥɢ ɬɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ,

Ɍɟɲɤɨ ɧɚɦɚ!

ɍɧɚɩɪɟɞɢɬ' ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟɤɥɢ,

ȳɚɞ ɧɚɦ ɪɟɤɥɢ!

ɇɟ ɠɚɥɢɦ ɬɟ ɤɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ,

Ɉ ʁɭɧɚɱɟ!

ϭϭϴ

 ɂ ɚɤɨ ɫɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɱɟɬɨɦ,

ɋɨɤɨ ɛɢɨ!

Ʉɭʄɭ ɫɢ ɧɚɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɨ,

ɋ ɬɜɨɝɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ! –

ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞʁɟɜɟɪ ɛɢɨ ɱɟɬɨɜɨɻɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɯɪɚɛɚɪ ɭ

ʁɭɪɢɲɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɲɚɧɚɰ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɨ
ɞɚ ɝɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɞɟ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɫɤɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ. Ʉɚɨ
ɞɭɝ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ,
ɚ, ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɬɢɥɧɚ ɢɡɦʁɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɭ ɭɡ
ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɟ: ɻɟɜɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɤɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɨɩɲɬɚ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ. Ʉɚɨ
ʁɭɧɚɤ, ɧɟ ɠɚɥɢ ɫɟ – ɧɟ ɠɚɥɢɦ ɬɟ ɤɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ – ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɚ ɧɟ ɠɚɥɟ, ɢ ɨɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ, ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɝ ɢ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ, ɢ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɞɪɚɫɬɚ ɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨ. Ɉɜɚʁ ʁɭɧɚɤ
ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɥɢɨ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɯ ɫɭɜɪɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ
ɠɪɬɜɨɜɚʃɭ ɡɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.

Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ-

ʁɭɧɚɤɭ ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚ. ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɤ ɲɬɭɪɢ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ. ɇɟɦɚ
ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɢɫɚʃɚ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ
ϭϭϵ

ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɭ ɫɦɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ 63.
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ. ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ɬɢɦ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ
ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɞɛɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɩɪɜɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɬɚɤɜɚ, ɜɢɲɟ
ɢɡɥɢɜ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɬɭɝɟ, ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ ɩɨɝɨɻɟɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɥɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ
ɦɭɲɤɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ „ɤɢʄɟʃɟ“
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɦɢɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ. Ɍɟɤ
ɬɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɡɚɥɢɯɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɛɥɨɤɚ
„ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ“ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɝ, ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɬɜɚ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɭɧɚɤ
ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɚɧ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɭɤɭɩɧɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ɨɧ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɝɭɛɢ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɭɬɚɩɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɨɧ
ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɢɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ʃɟɝɚ ɢ,
ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ, ɛɨʂɢ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ.

ɍ ɨɜɨʁ (40-ɬɨʁ) ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɞɚɤɥɟ,

ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɟ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɦɪɥɨɦ ɚ
ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɦ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɦ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɫɬɨʁɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɤɚɠɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɚʁʂɟɩɲɟ.

ϭϮϬ

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ
ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ ȭɭɪɢʄ,
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɠɪɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ, ɚ ɨɧɚ
ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɨɥɚɤɲɚ
ɫɢɝɭɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɥɚɡ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ (ɥɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɟ) ɮɚɡɟ ɭ
ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɢ, ɝɨɪʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ. Ɇʁɟɪɭ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɭɞɢɨ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɢɦ
ɦʁɟɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɭɥɨɝɨɦ. ɋɧɚɯɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢ
ɞʁɟɜɟɪɚ ɤɚɨ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɛɪɢɠɧɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɝ
ɤɨɦɲɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɨɝ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨ ɪɚʃɢɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɧɚɯɟ ɢ ɞʁɟɰɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɱɢɧɢ
ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɨɧɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɝɞʁɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ
ɦɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ. ɇɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɬɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɨ ɨɧɚʁ
ɢɧɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ „ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɢ
ɫɤɟɥɟɬ“ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɱɢɧɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɦ
ɩʁɟɫɦɨɦ.

Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɫɤɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɢ

ɞɪɭɝɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɬɨ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɢ
ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ. ɇɚʁɥɚɤɲɟ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɚɤɨ ɨɜɭ
ɭɩɪɟɞɢɦɨ ɫɚ 63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɨɦ, ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ. ɉɪɜɢ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ

ϭϮϭ

ɲɬɨ ʁɟ 63. ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɝɭɫɥɚɪ, ɢɦɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɢ,
ɫɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɢ ɩɪɢɱɭ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ, ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɢ
ʁɚɫɧɨ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ
ɫɚɦ ɨɛɪɟɞ; ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɚ ɡɛɨɝ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɭ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɭ
ɧɚʁɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɢʁɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɡɚ ɨɠɚɥɨɲʄɟɧɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɭ. Ɉɦɚɲɤɟ ɢ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ ɫɟ
ɩɚɦɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɪɢɱɚɜɚʁɭ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɬɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɬɪɟɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ – ɨ
ɫɜɟɦɭ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢɨ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɡɚɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ.

ȼɟʄ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɭɜɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢ

ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ – ɨɛɪɟɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɭ. ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɟ ɑɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɬɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: ɞɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɟ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ. ɂɡ ʃɢɯ ɢɲɱɢɬɚɜɚɦɨ
ɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɨʂɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ: ɩɪɟɞ ʃɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɬɢʁɟɥɨ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɭ, ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨ ɡɚ
ɫɚɯɪɚɧɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɞɢ: ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ – ɤɚɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɞɛɭ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɛɭ,
ɧɢʁɟɦɨɝ, „ɨɬɜɪɞɥɨɝ“, ɭ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ (ɡɚ
ɝɥɚɜʃɚɦɚ, ɦɟɻ' ɠɟɧɚɦɚ). Ɍɭ ɫɭ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ

ϭϮϮ

ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ. ȵɟɧɨ
ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɨ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ ɬɭ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɭ
ɞɜɨʁɚɤɨɦ ɫɦʁɟɪɭ: ɞɚ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ ɫɚɠɚʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ
ɫɚɠɚʂɟʃɟ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟ ɞɨɛɪɢɦ
ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɠɢɜɢ ɨɯɪɚɛɪɢɥɢ
ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɭɦɢɬɧɨɝ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɢɯ. ɇɚ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɫɭ ʁɨʁ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɤɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ, ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ʃɟɦɭ (ɭ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɭ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚɦɚ) ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɧɨɫɬ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɧɚɲɚɨ;
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ ɠɢɜɢ - ɦɪɬɜɢ, ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫʁɟɧɱɢ
ɬɟɲɤɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɰɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ ɢ ɞʁɟɰɟ,
ɞɟɡɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɫɥ. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɟ
ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɨɦ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɬɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɝɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɭ ɤɚɨ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɬɟ ɦɨɥɛɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɨɜɞʁɟ ɫɧɚɯɢ:
ɋɚɞ ʄɭ ɬɟɛɟ ɭɤɨɪɢɬɢ,

Ɂɥɚɬɨ ɞɨɦɟ!

Ɉɞ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɟ ʁɚɞɧɚ ɤɭɦɢɦ,

ϭϮϯ

 Ʉɭɤɚʁɭʄɢ!

ɇɟʁ ɥɢ ɲɬɨ ɝɨɻ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ,

Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɟ!

ɇɟʁ ɥɢ ɫɧɚɯɢ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɬɢ,

ɇɚɪɟʇɢʁɨ!

ɋ ɤɢɦ ʄɭ ɬɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɫɢɬɢ,

Ɇɨʁ ɩɨɧɨɫɟ!

ɍɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɨʂɟɬɢ,

Ʉɭɤɚɜɢɰɚ!

ɇɚ ɤɨɝɚ ʄɭ ɨɱɢ ɬɭɪɢɬ',

Ɉɱɢ ɡɥɚɬɨ!

Ʉɚɞ ɬɢ ɩɨɻɟɦ ɭ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ,

Ɇɨʁ ɞɟɥɢʁɨ!

ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɫɩʁɟɜɚɧɟ

ɫɭ ɭ ɨɫɦɟɪɰɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɨɦ ɨɞ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɥɨɝɚ, ɱɟɝɚ
ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ.

Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ

ɫɧɚɝɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɭ ɦɭɡɢɱɤɨɦ
ɢ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ, ɞɚ

ϭϮϰ

ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫʁɟɬɢɦɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ, ɦɟɥɨɞɢʁɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ʁɟ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɨɬɟɝɧɭɬɚ. Ⱦɨɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ
ɤɚɨ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɢʁɢ, ɬɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɬɟ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɢʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɫɤɥɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɞɢɠɟ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɭ
ɦɭɡɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ. ɍ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɫɦʁɟɧɚ
ɨɜɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɦɟɥɨɞɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɥɚɫɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚ ɬɟɧɡɢʁɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ,
ɲɬɨ ɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɫɜɪɯɚ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ. ɂ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɧɚ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɦɨɞɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɚɱɚ ɢɫɤɚɡ ɭ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɭ:
ɇɟʁ ɥɢ ɫɧɚɯɢ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɬɢ,

ɇɚɪɟʇɢʁɨ!;

ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚ ɤɚɞɚ

ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɫɬɢɯɭ:
ȼɚɥɢɥɢ ɬɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ,

Ɍɟɲɤɨ ɧɚɦɚ!

ɍɧɚɩɪɟɞɢɬ' ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟɤɥɢ,

ȳɚɞ ɧɚɦ ɪɟɤɥɢ! –

ϭϮϱ

ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɟɫɚɝɥɚɫʁɭ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɢ
ɨɛɟʄɚɧɨ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ
ɟɦɨɰɢʁɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ: ɭɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ, ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ ɢ ʁɚɞ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ
ɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɤɪɚʂɢ ɤɧɟɡ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɭɫɤɥɢɤɧɟ: ɥɟɥɟ
ɧɚɦɚ!

ɍ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɭ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɪɢɱɟ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɜɚ:

Ⱥ ɛɨɝɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɢɥɢ,

Ȼɨɝ ɢɯ ɤɥɟɨ!)

ɢɥɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜ:
ɐɚɪɟɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɲɟ,

Ȼɨɝɭ ɯɜɚɥɚ!

Ⱦɨɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɲɟ,

Ȼɥɚɝɨ ɧɚɦɚ! –

ɉɪɢɩʁɟɜ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ,

ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɬɢ ɢɡ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɬɢɯɚ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɟ
ɭ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢɡɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɛɚɰɢɜɚɱɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɡɧɚɤɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɭ 63. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ:

ϭϮϲ

 Ɉ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢɨ,

Ɇɨʁ ȳɨɜɚɧɟ!

Ɉ ɫɨɤɨɥɟ ɫ ɨɛɚ ɤɪɢɥɚ,

ɋɬɪɢɤɨ ɉɟɬɪɟ! –

ɉɪɢɩʁɟɜ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ

ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ:
ɒɬɨ ɢɡɜɚɞɢ ɦɚʁɰɢ ɨɱɢ,

Ɋɚɲɬɚ Ɇɢɪɤɨ! –

ɂ, ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɨ, ɭ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ

ɠɢɜɢɯ:
Ƚɪɞɧɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ,

ɋ ɜɚɲɟɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ! –

ɍ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɢ

ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ:
ȭɟ ɫɟ ɝɨɻɟ ɛɚɪʁɚɤ ɜɢɨ,

ɋɭɧɰɟ ɛɪɚɬɟ!

Ɍɭɞɚ ɫɢ ɦɢ ɫɜɭɞ ɥɟɬɢɨ,

Ʉɪɢɥɚɬ ɨɪɥɟ! –

ϭϮϳ

ɉɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɨɪɥɨɜɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɢ, ɡɦɚʁɟɜɢ, ɤɪɢɥɚɲɢ, ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɢ,
ɝɪɚɞɨɥɨɦɢ, ɚ ɢɡ ɭɠɟɝ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ ʁɨɲ ɢ
ɫɭɧɰɟ, ɞɟɥɢʁɟ, ɰɢɨ ɪɨɞ, ɰɢɨ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ, ɞɢɤɟ,
ɨɫɨɛɧɢɰɢ, ɢ ɫɥ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɢ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɨ
ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ.
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟ ɩɨɧɨɫ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ʁɭɧɚɤ
ɛɢɨ ʃɟɧ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ Ƚɟɪɯɚɪɬ Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ
ɢɫɤɚɠɟ ɬɭɝɭ ɢ ɛɨɥ ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ʃɟɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ
ɠɢɜɢɦɚ.

ɂ ɤɚɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɠɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɫɢɧɨɦ ɭ

ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɡɛɢʁɚ ɩɨɧɨɫ ɩɚ ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɛɨɥ ɡɛɨɝ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɝ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɭ
ɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɜɢɲɟɝ ɫɦɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɢ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ
ɩɚɨ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɪɨɞɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɭ
ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɛɢɪɚɧɢɦ
ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ:
ɠɢɜɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭɬʁɟɯɚ, ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɦɚ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɚ. Ȼɟɡ ɬɨɝɚ
ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨɞɧɢʁɟɬɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ
ɨɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.

ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 14 ɦɚʁɤɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ

ʁɟɞɢɧɰɟɦ, ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɧɚ „ɤɪɜɚɜɨʁ Ȼɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɢ“. Ɂɚ
ɝɪɨɛ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɭ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɚɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɬɭɠɢ
ɧɚɞ „ɩɟɪʁɟɦ“ ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɧɚɞ ɭɤɪɚɫɨɦ ɫɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ

ϭϮϴ

ɤɚɩɟ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ
ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɭ ʂɟɩɨɬɭ: ɧɚɞɦɚɲɢɨ ɛɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɨɦ ʁɟɥɭ ɭ
ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ ɚ ɜɢɥɭ ʂɟɩɨɬɨɦ. ɋɢɧ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɨ „ɨɞɝɨʁɱɟ ɢɡ
ɧɚɪɭɱʁɚ“, ɩɚɠɟɧ ɢ ɦɚɠɟɧ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ. Ɂɚɬɨ
ɦɚʁɤɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚ ɫɢɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ
„ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ“. Ʉɚɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɤɚɠɟ:
ɋɜɟ ɫɚɦ ʁɚɞɟ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɞɚɥɚ,

Ɇɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɟ!

ɬɨ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ

ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɰɢɨ ɪɨɞ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɨ,
ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɫɜɚ ɛɪɚʄɚ (ɋɤɚɞɚɪ ɧɚ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢ), ɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ: ɛɨɥ ɡɚ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ʃɭ ɢ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ,
ɚɥɢ, ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɫɢɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɧɚɞɦɚɲɭʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɟ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ:
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɫɪɱɚɧɢʁɟɦ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɫɢɧɟ!

ɋɜɚɤɚ ɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɚʁ ɫɪɰɚ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɫɢɧɟ!

Ⱥ ɫɪɱɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ ɫɪɰɚ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɫɢɧɟ!

ϭϮϵ

ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɟɩɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ
ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɤɚ ʂɭɛɚɜ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɢɧɟɬɟɪɟɫɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ
ɧɚʁɱɢɫɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɚʁʁɚɱɚ (ȭɭɪɢʄ 1940), ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɜɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ʂɭɛɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɢɧɭ
ɞɢɠɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɢ, ɬɚɞɚ ɨɧɚ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɨ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɛɨɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ. ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ 41 ɢ 21 ɦɨɠɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɛɪɚɬ ɢ
ɫɢɧ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɠɟɧɟ:
Ʉɨʁɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɦɚ,

Ɍɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɭ ɫɭɧɰɚ ɧɟɦɚ,

Ʉɨʁɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɫɢɧɚ ɧɟɦɚ,

Ɍɚ ɭ Ȼɨɝɚ ɞɢɨ ɧɟɦɚ .

ɋɭɧɰɟ ɢ Ȼɨɝ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɮɟɪɢ,

ɫɭɧɰɟ ɢɡ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɟ, Ȼɨɝ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ɛɪɚɬ ɢ ɫɢɧ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɢʃɚɦɚ. ɋɟɫɬɪɢ, ɛɪɚɬ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ,
ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬ ɚɥɢ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɚ ɦɚʁɰɢ ɞɚɪ ɨɞ Ȼɨɝɚ ɢ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɫɪɟʄɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ
ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɫɩɭɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɬɚʁ
ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɫɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɭʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɢ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɞɨɦɭ:
Ʉɨʁɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɦɚ,

ϭϯϬ

 ɍ ɪɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɪɟɬɟɧɚ,

Ⱥ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɟɧɚ,

ɋɭɧɰɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ

ɂ ɤɚɞ ɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɝɪɢʁɟ ʁɟ,

ɂ ɤɚɞ ɝɪɢʁɟ ɜɪɭʄɟ ɧɢʁɟ;

ɉɭɧɚ ɭɫɬɚ ɛɪɚɬɟ ɪɟʄɢ,

ɉɭɧɨ ɫɪɰɟ ɫɢɧɟ ɪɟʄɢ (ɬ. 21).

Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɜɚʂɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɭ

ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨʁ ɧɟ-ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɬɟ
ɠɟɧɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ɭ ɛɪɚɬɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɧɢɰɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɞɚʄɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɲɥɟ ɭ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ, ɨɧɞɚ
ʁɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɚ
ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ, ɢ
ɡɛɨɝ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɝ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɚ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɢɦɚ
ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɭ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɭ. ɇɟ ɝɭɛɢɦɨ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ
ɛɨʂɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ
ɛɟɡɛɪɚɬɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɱɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ
ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɜɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɜɨʂɟɧɢɯ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ.

ϭϯϭ

 ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ 14. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ
ɧɟɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɨɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɲɬɭ ɫɢɧɭ ʁɭɧɚɤɭ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɝɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ – ɦɟɻɭ
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɤɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɫɟ, ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɢ
ɫɪɟʄɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ
ɩɨɫɟɠɟ ɡɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɦɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɤɪɢɥɚɬɢɯ
ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɫɢɧ – ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ – ɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɟ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ
ɫɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ:
Ɂɥɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ Ȼɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɚ,

Ȼɨɝ ʁɟ ɤɥɟɨ!

ɋ ʂɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɜʂɭ ɡɚɦɭʄɟɧɚ

Ʉɭɤɭ ʂɭɞɢ!

ɂ ɝɥɚɜɚɦɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢʁɟɦ,

Ʉɭɤɭ ɧɚɦɚ!

Ɉɲɬɪɟ ɫɚɛʂɟ ɩɨɥɨɦʂɟɧɟ,

ɋɚɛʂɟ ɧɚɲɟ!

Ⱦɢɱɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟɧɟ,

Ⱦɢɱɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ!

ϭϯϮ

ɂɡɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɟ ɨ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɢ
ɡɚ ɠɪɬɜɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚ ɦɚʁɱɢɧɭ ɛɨɥ ɢ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɭ.
ȳɟɞɢɧɚ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɞɪɠɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɨɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɬɚʁɧɨ ɧɚɞɚ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɨɦ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɫ „ɤɪɜɚɜɟ
Ȼɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɟ“, ɚ ɬɚ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ
ɦɚʁɤɚ ɝɪɨɛ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɚ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ „ɰɪɧɚ ɧɚɞɚ“ ɤɚɠɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɢ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɦɚ,
ɧɟɜʁɟɪɧɢɦ Ȼɭɝɚɪɢɦɚ, ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɭ:
ɒɬɨ ɦɚɧ ɜɚɤɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɲɟ,

ɋɪɚɦ ɢɯ ɛɢɥɨ!

ɇɟɜʁɟɪɚ ɢɯ ɫɚɥɨɦɢɥɚ,

Ⱥɤɨ ɛɨɝ ɞɚ!

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɚ

ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɢɯ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɢ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɢʁɟ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ, ɢ
ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɢɥɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ.
ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚ ɭ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɭ
ɫɥɢɰɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɠɢɜɢ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɭ
ɛɟɡ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɟ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɬɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ
ɧɚʁɛɨɥɧɢʁɟ ɨɫʁɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɛɥɚɝɞɚɧɟ:
Ⱥɥ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ,

ɋɚɦɨ ɤɚɞ ɧɚɦ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɞɨɻɟ,

ϭϯϯ

 Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɻɟɬ',

ȳɚɞɧɢʁɟɦɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ,

Ʉɚɤɨ ɫ' ɦɚɥɚ ɻɟɰɚ ɦɭɱɟ

ɂ ɨ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɚɞɭ ɪɚɞɟ

ɂ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɟ ɭɬɭɪɚʁɭ,

Ⱦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɟ.

ɇɟ ɱɭʁɟ ɫɟ ʂɭɰɤɨɝ ɝɥɚɫɚ,

ɇɟ ɩɭɰɚʁɭ ɛɪɡɨɦɟɬɤɟ,

ɇɢɬ ɫɟ ɢɻɟ ɥɟɜɨɪ ɱɭʁɟ,

ɇɟ ɫɜɢɪɚʁɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɝɚʁɞɟ,

ɇɢ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɝɭɫɥɟ ɝɭɞɟ,

ɇɢɬɢ ɢɝɪɚ ɜɢɬɨ ɤɨɥɨ...

ɉɨɱɟɬɚɤ 1. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ

ɡɛɢɪɰɢ Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɥɢɱɢɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɭ ɞɪɚɦɭ.
Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɫɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɨʁɢɲɬɭ, ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɨɞ
ɫɚɛɨɪɚɰɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ:
ɂɞɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɤɭɤɚʁɭʄɢ,

ɂ ɩɨ ɥɟɞɭ ɢ ɫɧɢʁɟɝɭ.

ɋɧɢʁɟɝ ɛɪɨɞɢɯ, ɫɭɡɟ ɪɨɧɢɯ,

ϭϯϰ

 ɋɢɧɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɯ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɧɚɻɟɦ,

ɇɟ ɦɨɝɨɯ ɝɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɚʄɢ.

ȳɚ ɨɬɢɻɨɯ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɭ,

Ɍɭ ɦɭ ɥɟɞɧɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɧɚɲɥɚ.

Ʉɭʄɨ ɦɨʁɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɠʃɟɧɚ!

Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɠɚɥɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɢɧ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɞɢɜʂɢɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ

ɫɚɦ: ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɢɧɞɚɬɚ – ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɢʁɟ ɪɚɧɟ ɢ
ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟ, ɩɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢɨ, ɚ ʁɨɲ
ɬɟɠɟ ʁɨʁ ɩɚɞɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɫɚɦ:
Ɍɭɞɚ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ,

Ɉɫɢɦ ɜɭɰɢ ɢ ɛɚɭɰɢ

ɂ ɧɟɫɪɟɬɧɢ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɨɜɢ,

Ɍɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɟ.

ɋɢɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ, ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɢ, ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɬɟɤ

„ɩɨ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɫɚ ɞɢɜɧɚ“, ʁɟɪ ɦɭ ʁɟ „ɞɢɜɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ“
ɭ ɛɨʁɭ ɧɚɝɪɻɟɧɨ, ɨɞɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɚ
ɨɞɥɢɱʁɚ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɦɪɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ ɤɭʄɢ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɨʁ
ɫɟ ɭ ɤɭɤɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɭʁɟ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬɚɰ.

Ɇɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɢɡɜɢɪɟ ɢ ɢɡ ɬɭɝɟ ɲɬɨ

ʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɦ

ϭϯϱ

ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɢɦɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫ
ʁɚɞɨɦ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ:
Ɉɪɭɠʁɟ ɬɢ ɩɨɪɻɚɥɨ,

Ⱦɢɜɧɨ ɪɭɨ ɩɨɬɚɦʃɟɥɨ,

ɐɪɧɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɭɝɢɧɭɥɟ,

ɇɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɤɭʄɢ ɬɜɨʁɨʁ,

ɇɢɬɢ ɬɟɛɟ, ɧɢ ɨɞ ɬɟɛɟ,

Ⱦɚ ɬɢ ɧɚɞɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ,

Ⱦɚ ʄɟɲ ɨɬɤɭɞ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨʄɢ,

Ʉɭɤɭ ɦɟɧɟ ɤɭɤɚʁɭʄɢ,

Ɍɟɛɟ ɫɢɧɟ ɱɟɤɚʁɭʄɢ.

Ɉɜɨʁ ɨɩɨɪɨʁ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɢɩɚɤ,

ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɬʁɟɲɧɢʁɭ,
ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɭɡɚɥɭɞɧɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɱɟɤɚʃɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɢɡɝɪɢʁɟ ɫɭɧɰɟ ʁɚɪɤɨ,

Ɍɟ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ,

ȳɚ ɢɡɢɞɟɦ ɩɪɟɞ ɡɥɭ ɤɭʄɭ,

ɉɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɦ ʁɚɪɤɨ ɫɭɧɰɟ,

Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɪɟɱɟ: Ȼɥɚɝɨ ɦɟɧɟ,

ϭϯϲ

 ɋɚɞ ʄɟ ɦɟɧɟ ɉɟɬɚɪ ɞɨʄɢ!

ɉɨɢɫɬɨɜʁɟʄɟʃɟ ɫɢɧɚ-ɫɭɧɰɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɦɢɬɫɤɚ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɧɤɚɪɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɭ
ɛɟɫɦɪɬɧɟ ɯɟɪɨʁɟ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɟɞ „ɡɥɭ ɤɭʄɭ“

ɞɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɮɪɚɡɭ/ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
„ɡɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɬɢ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɤɭʄɚ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɤɭʄɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ, ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ, ɤɭʄɚ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɟ, ɢ ɮɪɚɡɟ „ɥɟɞɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɜɨ,
ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ. „Ʌɟɞɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ɢ „ɡɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ“, ɦɚ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɭ,
ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɭ ɟɩɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ „ɥɟɞɧɚ“ ɢ „ɡɥɚ“, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ
ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɠɢɜɢɯ
(ɚɥɢ ɭɧɟɫɪɟʄɟɧɢɯ). „Ɂɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ“, „ɡɥɚ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɚ“,
„ɡɥɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ“ – ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɭ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɩɭɬɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɢɡɜɚɧ ɦɨʄɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ. Ɇɚɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɨɫɟ
ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ. „Ɂɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɡɥɨ,
ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɬɪɩɢ ɡɥɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ „ɡɥɨɦ
ɫɭɞɛɢɧɨɦ“ ɢɥɢ „ɡɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɨɦ“ – ɢɡɜɚʃɫɤɢɦ
ɚɝɟɧɫɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ. ɍ
ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ

ϭϯϳ

ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ɬɨ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɫɬ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɟɦɚ ɥɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ.

ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɭʄɭ

ɧɚɡɨɜɟ „ɡɥɨɦ ɤɭʄɨɦ“, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨʁ
ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɚɜ: ɤɭʄɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚ
ɧɚʁɜɨʂɟɧɢʁɟɝ ɛɢʄɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɞʁɟɰɚ, ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ,
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɨɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɪɟʄɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɩɢ ɢ ɭ ʃɨʁ
ɩɪɟɬɪɚʁɚɜɚ; ɨɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚ ɧɚ
ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɭ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɨɡɢɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɨɦ.
Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ „ɩɪɚɡɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“, „ɢɫɩɪɚɠʃɟɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“,
„ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“. ɍ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ „ɡɥɚ
ɤɭʄɚ“ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɭ ɢɦɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɟɦɚ „ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ
ɤɭʄɚ“. Ʉɚɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɢɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ
ɡɚɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɬɚɦɭ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ. ɍ ɤɭɥɬɭ
ɦɪɜɢɯ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɢ ɬɨ
ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɛɨɥ ɛɟɡ ɭɬʁɟɯɟ. Ɂɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟ (ɠɟɧɟ
ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɜɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭ) ɤɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
„ɭɝɚɫɧɢɤ“ ɢ „ɭɬɪɟɧɢɤ“ ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɭ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɭ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ „ɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ“ ɢ „ɥɢɲ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ“ – ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɥɚ.

ϭϯϴ

 „Ʌɟɞɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ʁɟ ɟɭɮɟɦɢɡɚɦ ɡɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɨ
ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ʄɟ
ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ
ɧɟɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧɨɝ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ „ɝɪɨɛ“ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɜɢɞɢ ɭ 1. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ: ɦɚʁɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚ „ɭ ɤɚɦɟʃɭ“
ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɦɪɬɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 17, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɨɩɨɦɢʃɟ
ɫɚɛɨɪɰɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɩɚɧɟ ɝɢʃɟɧɢɤɟ ɭ
ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɨɤɨ Ȼɢɬɨʂɚ:
Ɇɧɨɝɭ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɫɬɟ,

ɇɢ ɝɥɟɞɚɧɭ ɧɢ ɤɨɩɚɧɭ.

Ɍɟ ɛɢɯ ʁɚɞɟ ɨɩɪɨɫɬɢɥɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɫɚɪɚʃɟɧɢ,

ɉɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦɟ,

ɇɨ ɧɚ ɦɭɤɭ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɥɢ,

Ⱦɚ ɢɦ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɨɱɢ ɜɚɞɟ,

ȼɪɚɧɢ ɰɪɧɢ ɤɪɜɰɭ ɩɢʁɭ

ɂ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨ ɦɟɫɨ ʁɟɞɭ, -

Ɂɜʁɟɪɢ ʄɟ ɢɦ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ... ( 17. ɬ.)

Ƚɪɨɛɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ „ɞɨʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ“ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɭɥɬɚ

ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɩɚɪ ɫɚ „ɝɨɪʃɢɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɨɦ“ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ϭϯϵ

ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɇɟɛɭ, ɚ ɨɛʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɝ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɱɢɧɟ „ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ“ ɤɚɨ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɭ „ɨɜɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ“ – ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɠɢɜɢɯ.

„Ʌɟɞɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɚ:

ɇɟɦɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ, ɧɢ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ,

Ʉɚɞ ɦɭ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨ'ɞɟ

ɍ ɤɭʄɭ ɢɯ ɡɜɚɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ, - (6. ɬ.).

Ⱦɨʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ, ɝɪɨɛ ʁɟ ɢ „ɬɚɜɧɢɰɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɤɟ ɢ

ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɤɟ“ (49.ɬ.), „ɧɟɦɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɢɡɥɚɡɚ / ɧɢ
ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɜɢɻɟʃɚ“ (51.ɬ.); ɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɬɚɦɧɢɥɚ ɢ
ɬɢɲɢɧɟ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɭ 53. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɦɨɥɢ ɫɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
„ɧɟ ɛɟɡɭɦɢ“ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɝɚ ɱɟɤɚ „ɡɟɦʂɢ ɭ
ɞɭɛɢɧɭ“:
Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɫɢɧɟ, ɫɪɟʄɨ ɦɨʁɚ,

Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɫɢɧɟ, ɫɧɚɝɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

Ʉɭɞ ɫɢ ɦɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɚɧɭɨ

ɇɢʁɟ ɧɟɛɭ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɭ,

ɇɢ ɨɛɥɚɤɭ ɭ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ,

ɇɟɝɨ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɭ ɞɭɛɢɧɭ,

ȭɟ ɫɟ ɥɟɝɭ ʂɭɬɟ ɝɭʁɟ,

ϭϰϬ

 ȴɭɬɟ ɝɭʁɟ ɢ ɚɤɪɟɩɢ.

Ʉɨɞ ɬɟɛɟ ʄɟ ɞɨɦɢʂɟɬɢ,

Ɍɜɨʁɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɝɪɞɢɬɢ,

ɉɨɜɪɢʁɟɞɢɬ' ɪɚɧɟ ʂɭɬɟ.

Ɉɩɲɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ „ɥɟɞɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ“ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ

ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ɤɭʄɨɦ ɠɢɜɢɯ: ɬɭ ɫɭ „ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢ“ ɢ
„ɜɪɚɬɚ“ ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ, „ɤɭʄɚ“ ɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɞɚ
ɩɪɨɤɢɫɧɟ (101), ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɪɭɲɢ, ɚ ɨɧɨ ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ʁɟɫɭ „ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ“ ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ:
ɡɦɢʁɟ ɢ ɚɤɪɟɩɢ. Ɂɦɢʁɚ, ɯɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɛɢʄɟ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨʁ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ, ɩɢʁɟ ɨɱɢ, ɫɚɜɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɞɪɚ, ɝɪɞɢ ɥɢɰɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɭʁɭʄɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɞɨʃɟɝ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɢ ɛɢɜɚ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɚ ɦɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ
ɫɢɧ ɢɡɛɟɡɭɦɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɥɢ
ɤʄɟɪɤɢɧɚ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɦ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɜɚʂɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ
„ɬɚɦɧɨɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɞɨ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ!“ (101).

ɍ ɨɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ

ɱɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɢ
ɡɚɭɡɦɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɦʁɟɧʂɢɜɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɝɚɫɢɨ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɫɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɤɭʄɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ, ɞʁɟɰɚ
ɩɨɫɤɢɬɚɥɚ, ɨɞɢɜɟ ɭ ɪɨɞ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɟ, ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ɛɟɡ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟʂɚ. ɉɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɢɡ

ϭϰϭ

ɤɭʄɟ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɟ, ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ
ɭ 15. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ:
ɍɞɪɢ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɪɚɦɟɧɢɦɚ,

ɐɪɧɢ ɧɚɞɟ!

Ɉʄɟɪɚʁ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ,

Ʉɚɦɢ ɧɚɦɚ!

ɉɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɬɜɨʁɭ,

Ȼɪɚʄɨ ɫɥɚɜɨ!

Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɢɩʁɟɜɚ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɭ

ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɫɤɨɪɚɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɠɟʂɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ
ɧɟɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɛɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ɋɟɫɬɪɚ, ɠɟʂɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ
ɝɪɨɛɭ ɬɭɠɢ:
Ɇɚɧɢ ɩɥɟʄ'ɦɚ Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɚ,

Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɭ!

Ⱥ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ,

Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɭ!

Ⱥ ɩɪɫɢɦɚ ȳɭɝ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɚ,

Ɉ, ɫɬɚɪɢɧɨ!

ȳɟɪ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɛɢɨ,

ϭϰϮ

 ȼɨʁɟɜɨɞɨ! (70. ɬ.)

Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɭ: ɞɚ

ɛɪɚɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɭ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɫɧɚɝɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɻɟ
ɫɟɫɬɪɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɻɟʃɟ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɬɨɜʂɟɜɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɦ ɫɥɨʁɟɦ
ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ

ɫɪɟɬɧɭ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɦɨɥɛɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ/ɦɚʁɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ
ɜɪɚɬɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ/ɫɢɧɚ:
ɐɪɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɨ, Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɦɚʁɤɨ,

ȳɚ ɥ' ɨɬɜɨɪɢ, ʁɚ ɥ' ɝɨɜɨɪɢ,

Ɉ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɟ, Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɛɪɚɬɟ,

ȴɭɬɚ ɝɭʁɨ, Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɫɟɫɬɪɨ,

Ɉɬɜɨɪɢ ɦɢ ɤɭɬʃɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɞɨɡɨɜɟ ɫɟɬɪɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɫ ʃɢɦɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ. (51.ɬ.)

Ɉɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɦɚʁɰɢ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɤɚɦɟɧɭ ɢ ɡɦɢʁɢ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ

ɧɚ ɦɢɬɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ,
ɫɬɚɪɨʁ, ɩɪɚɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɟɤ ɫɬɢɥɫɤɚ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ.

ϭϰϯ

 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚ. Ɇɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɥɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. „Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɢɦɚ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɫɟ
ɨɞɜɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɢɦ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ.“ (Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ
2001) – ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɨɱɢɬɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɚɥɚɧ
ɦɨɬɢɜ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɠɚɜɚ ɨɜɨɡɟɦɚʂɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɚ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɬɨ
ʁɟɫɬɟ „ɧɟɪɚɫɤɢɞɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɢɦ ɢ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ“ –
ɬʁɟɥɟɫɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ, ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚʂɟ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ.

Ⱦɨʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ʁɟ „ɥɟɞɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“, ɚ ɝɨɪʃɢ

ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ʁɟ „ɧɨɜɚ ɤɭʄɚ“. ɍ 23.ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ
ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɢɧ, ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ ɤɨɞ ɉɟʄɢ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɫɤɭʄɢɨ:
Ⱦɚɜɧɨ ɤɭʄɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ,

ɂɦɚ ɩɭɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɰɚ,

Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɬɚɦɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɢɨ,

ɇɨɜɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɫɚɝɪɚɞɢɨ,

ϭϰϰ

 ɋɚ ʃɢɦ ɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ.“

Ɍɚɱɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ

ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɥɢɨ ɭ
ɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬ, ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɭɬɨɩɢɨ ɭ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɤɭɥɬ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɭ
ɫɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɥɢɤɚ
ɨɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɚ Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ
ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɡɚɝɪɨɛɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɪɟɤɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ
ɠɢɜɢɯ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɡɥɚɬɧɢ
ɫɬɭɛ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɛɚ“ (23. ɢ 70. ɬ.), ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɨɧ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɟɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ (Ʉ.ɉ.
ȼɢɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ: 1989). Ʉɚɤɨ ɝɨɞ, ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɭ
ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭ
ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚɦɢɪɟɧɢ, ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢ
ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚɬɢ
ɭ ɱɟɬɟ ɢ ɱɟɬɨɜɚɬɢ, ɥɢʁɟɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɢʁɚɬɢ
ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɟ, ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɡɢ ɛɥɢɠʃɢɦɚ. ɍ ɉɪɜɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɜɢɞʁɟɥɢ ɫɦɨ, ɦɚʁɤɚ ɫ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɧɰɚ
ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɢɧ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ ɧɚ „ɜɪɚɧɰɭ
ɤɪɢɥɚɬɨɦɟ“, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɟ
ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ. ɋɟɫɬɪɚ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 10, ɧɚ
ɞɚɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɭɜʁɟɪɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɚ
Ⱥɧɻɚ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ, ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɧɢʁɟɦɚ
ɢ ɧɟɜɢɞʂɢɜɚ:

ϭϰϱ

 Ɍɢ ɫɢ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɚ,

ɂ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɢɥɨ,

ɇɟɝɨ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɡɢɜɚɲ,

ɇɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲ ɫɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ,

Ⱥ ɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɚɲ ɫɚ ɨɱɢɦɚ,

ɋɚ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢʁɟɦ ,

ɂ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɝɪɚɧɚɬɢʁɟɦ.

Ⱥɧɻɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɡɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ

ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ. ɉɨɬɪɚɠɢʄɟ „ɦɥɚɞɚ
ȼɥɚɞɚ“
ɂ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɝɚ ɭɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ,

Ⱥ ɪɚɧɟ ɦɭ ɭɛɥɚɠɢɬɢ. –

ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɫɬ ɦɨɬɢɜ Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɟ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɚ ɨɧ ɫɟ

ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɭ „ɦɪɬɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ“ ɫɚ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢɦɚ:
Ⱥɧɻɨ ɦɨʁɚ, ɦɭɞɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɨ!

Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ,

ɉɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɧɚɦ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɟ, -

Ȼɚɲ ɧɚɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɞɧɨ,

ϭϰϲ

 Ⱦɚ ɭɫɥɭɠɢɲ ɜɪɫɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ,

ȿ ɫɢ ɜɪɫɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ

ɂ ɚɤɨ ɫɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ.

ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 13, ɤɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ

ɦɨɦɚɤɚ ɭɬɪɟɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɨ: ɢɡ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɟ, ɢɡ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɟ ɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɧɚ ɯɢʂɚɞɟ, ɩɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɚɩɟɥɭʁɟ:
ɉɨɥɟɬɢɬɟ ɭɬɪɟɧɢɰɢ,

ɋɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɚ ɤɪɜɚɜɨɝɚ,

Ⱦɨɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɛɪɡɨɦɟɬɤɟ,

Ⱦɚ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚ ɜɢ ɨɩɭɲʄɟɥɟ,
Ⱦɚ ɝɚɻɚɬɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɨɜɟ,

ɇɚ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʁɟɦɚ;

Ʉɭʄɟ ɫɭ ɜɢ ɨɰɪʃɟɥɟ

ɂ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɚ ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɚ.

Ʉɚɤɨ ɝɨɞ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɢɥɢɧɢ ɧɚɥɟɬɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ

ɩɭɲɤɚɦɚ ɛɪɡɨɦɟɬɤɚɦɚ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɫɬɢɰɚɬɢ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɧɚ
ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ, ɧɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ,
ɞɚ ɭ ɧɚɥɟɬɭ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɟ ɰɪɧɟ ɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɪɧɟ ɛɚɪʁɚɤɟ
ɫɚ ɤɭʄɚ, ɞɚ ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɥɚɤɲɟ. Ʉɥɟɬɜɚ – ɞɚ Ȼɨɝ
ɞɚ ɜɢ ɨɩɭɲʄɟɥɟ – ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɚʁɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ
ϭϰϳ

ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɨɧɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ
ɩɨɦɨɝɧɭ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ: ɡɚɲɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɧɟ
ɱɢɧɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɬɪɚɠɢ.

ɋɟɫɬɪɢɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ – ɛɪɨʁ 21, ɫɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ

ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ. ɋɟɬɪɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɛɪɚʄɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɢ ɍɪɨɲɚ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɫɟ
ɬɪɟʄɟɦ, ɛɪɚɬɭ ȭɨɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɦɭ ɲɬɨ ʁɨʁ ɧɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜ ɢ „ɝɪɚɞɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ“ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ.
Ɂɚɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ „ɛɪɚʄɚ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɥɚ“ ɢ
„ɞɨɛɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɚɬɢɥɢ“, ɚ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢ ɫɬɪɢɰ
ɋɩɚɫɨʁɟ, ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɪɨɞɭ.
ɋɢɧɨɜɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɬɪɢɤɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ
ɨɤɭɩɢɬɢ ɞɢɱɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɟ – ɩɢɜɫɤɨɝ „ɛɚɧɚ“
ɋɨɱɢɰɭ, ɢɡ Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤɚ Ȼɚɲɨɜɢʄɟ, ɫɚ ȳɟɡɟɪɚ
ɒɢɛɚɥɢʁɟ, ɫɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ, ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ
ɩɪɢɬɟʄɢ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɬɚɛɨɪɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɟ

ɂ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɦɨɪɢɬɟ,

Ɉɤɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧɭ,

ɒɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɭ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ,

Ɂɦɢʁɢ ʂɭɬɨʁ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ,

Ɉɞɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɦ ʁɚɦɭ ɤɨɩɚ

ϭϰϴ

 ȳɚɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ.

Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɛɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ

ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɡɚɧɚɬɨɦ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɢ ɤʄɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɡɢ ɫɭ
ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ
ɞɨɦɚ.

Ⱥɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟ

ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ, ɬɨ ɫɥɢɤɚ
ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɠɚʂɟʃɟ.
ȳɟɞɧɚ ʁɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ, ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɠɟɲʄɚ ɡɚ
ɠɚʂɟʃɟ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ
ɞɢʁɟɥɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɨɪɞɟʃɟ ɢ ɝɞʁɟ ɭ ɫʁɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɭ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɪɚʁɭ ɠɢɜɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ. ɒɟɫɧɚɟɫɬɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɨɛɚ ɨɜɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ. ɍ ʃɨʁ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɰɚ
ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɪɢɰɚ ɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɧɚʁʂɭʄɨʁ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ:
Ʉɚɞ ʁɚ ɜɢɻɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɬɜɨʁɟ,

Ʉɚɤɨ ɞɢɜɧɨ ɤɨʃɟ ʁɚɲɭ,

ɋɚɛʂɭ ɩɚɲɟ, ɫɚɛʂɨ ɫɬɪɢɤɨ,

Ɋɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɚ!

Ⱥ ʁɚ ɩɢɫɧɟɦ ɤɚɨ ɝɭʁɚ,

ȭɟ ɦɢ ɬɟɛɟ ɲ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ,

ϭϰϵ

 Ʉɨ ɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɢ ɧɚɭɱɢɨ;

ȼɚɡɞɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɦɨɦɤɟ,

Ɇɟɻɭ ɦɨɦɤɟ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɟ.

ɀɚɥɨɫɧɚ ɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ, ɪɟɤɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ

ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ, ɨɫɨɛɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɬɨʁɟ, ɭ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɥɚɧ ɢɫɤɚɱɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ: ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɫʁɚʁ
ɩɪɢɩɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ ʁɟɪ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚ
ɩɟɪʁɚɧɢɰɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɢ ɩɢɫɚɤ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɲɢɪɟ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɬ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɭɦɢɪɢɨ, ɤɚɠɟ
ɞɚʂɟ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɰɚ, ɢ ɝɥɚɜɚɪɢ ɩɨɡɜɚɧɢ ɭ
ɩɪɢʁɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɭ ɧɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚʃɟ –
Ɍɟɛɟ ɫɬɪɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɲɟ,

Ɇɨʁ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɱɟ,

Ɋɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɢɤɨ!

Ɉɫʁɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɰɢ

ɩɨɜɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɪɚɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɬɨ ɭ
ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɞɜɢɝɟ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɨ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄɢ
ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɂɡɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ
ɨɧɞɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɛɟɫɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ, ɯɪɩɚ
ɡɚɪɻɚɥɨɝ ɝɜɨɠɻɚ:

ϭϱϬ

 Ⱥ ɤɭɞ ʄɟ ɬɢ ɩɭɫɬɚ ɫɚɛʂɚ,

Ʉɨ ʄɟ ɬɢ ɫɟ ɫ ʃɨɦɟ ɡɨɪɢɬ'?

Ʉɭɞ ʄɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɢ ɨɻɟɥɨ,

Ʉɭɞ ʄɟ ɩɟɪʁɟ ɢ ɨɪɞɟʃɟ?

ɂ ɞɚʂɟ:
ɇɨ ɬɢ ɫɚɛʂɚ ɩɨɪɻɚɥɚ,

Ⱥ ɩɭɬɢ ɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɨɲɟ,

Ʉɭɞɚ ɫɢ ɦɢ ɩɭɬɨɜɚɨ,

Ʉɭɞ ɫɢ ɫ ɱɟɬɨɦ ɱɟɬɨɜɚɨ.

Ɂɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɩɨɪɚɡ ɢ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ

ɫɜʁɟɫɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɰɚ. ɍ ɞɪɭɲɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ-ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ
ɪɚɬɧɢɤ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɢ, ɚ
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɧ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɜʂɟɧ, ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɦ ʁɭɧɚɤɭ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɨɫɬɢɜ.
Ƚɨɪɱɢɧɚ ɢ ʂɭɬʃɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɚ ʁɟ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɭɝɭ
ɨɫɦɢɲʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɬʁɟɯɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ
ɨɞɭɠɢɥɢ ɞɭɝ ɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɭ ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ
ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧɚ, ɛɨɥ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɬɭ
ɫɜɪɯɭ.

ϭϱϭ

 Ʉɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɦɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɨɧɞɚ
ʄɟɦɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɜɟ ɥɢɪɫɤɨ-ɟɩɫɤɟ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɛɨɥɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ
ɫɢɧɚ. Ɋɢʁɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫɭ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪɚ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ
Ɉ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢɦɚ. ɉɢɫɦɚ ɫɚ ɐɟɬɢʃɚ 1978. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɝɞʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ 78 ɩɢɲɟ ɨ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɰɨɦ
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɬɪɢ ɫɢɧɚ. Ɍɭɠɧɚ, ɩɪɢɱɚ
ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɧɟ ɤɭɤɚ, ɧɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɟ, „ɫɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɩɭɬɭ ɭ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɭ, ɩɚ ʄɭɬɢ ɢ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɚ ɫɟ.“ Ɍʁɟɲɟ
ɫɬɚɪɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɢɧɚ,
ɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ: „Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɚɬɢ, ɧɟɫɪɟɬɧɚ ʁɟ, ɫɜɚɤɚ ʁɟ
ɦɚɬɢ ɧɟɫɪɟɬɧɚ“. Ɍʁɟɲɟ ʁɟ Ȼɨɝɨɦ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚʂɟ
ɩɪɢɱɭ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɚ ɨɧɚ: „Ȼɨɝ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɦɨɝɭʄ, ɦɨɠɟ
ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɞɚɬɢ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ.“
Ʌɚɡɚ Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ ɧɚɬɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɱɟ ɤɚɞ ɨɧɚ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɢ
ɝɥɚɜɭ ɭ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɭ, ɧɢʁɟɦɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɥɚɫɚ – ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ
ȴ. ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ. Ɍɟɤ ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ
ɛɨɥɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɩɥɚɱɟɦ, ʁɟɪ ɦɨʄɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɭ,
ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤ.

ϭϱϮ

 ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɱɭɞɧɟ
ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚʁɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ: „ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ, ʁɨɲ
ɢɦɚɦ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɭ, ɧɟɤɚ ɢ ʃɢɯ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭ; ɡɚɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɢɯ
ɢ ɪɨɞɢɥɚ“, ɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟʄɢ ɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ
ɨɜɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚʁɤɢ, ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨɝ
ɬɢɩɚ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ
ɩɪɜɨɪɚɡɪɟɞɧɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɚ. Ɍɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɢ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɞɢɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚʁɟ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚɬɢ: ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ.
Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɟ, ɧɟ ɬɭɠɢ, ɧɟ ɞɚʁɟ
ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɨɞ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɢʁɟɠɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢ,
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɬɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ʁɨʁ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ
ɭʂɟɩɲɚɧɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɛɨɥɚ, ɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ. Ʉɚɤɜɚ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ, ɚ
ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɛɨɥɭ ɨɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɫʁɟɧɢ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɩɪɚɦ ʃɟɧɨɝ
ɛɨɥɚ ɧɢ Ȼɨɝ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨʄɚɧ?

Ʉɚɞɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɦɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɤɚɨ

ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɭ ɠɪɬɜɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ, ɪɚɬɧɢɤɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ,
ɨɧɞɚ ɜɚʂɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɢ ɛɨɥ ɨɜɟ
ɧɢʁɟɦɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚɦɨ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ
ɨ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚɦɚ, ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚɦɚ, ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɢɫɚɧɨɦ
ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ, ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɢɬɢ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ. ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ

ϭϱϯ

ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɬʁɟɪɚɧɚ, ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɧɟɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɚ, ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɚɥɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɢ
ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɠɪɬɜɚɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɧɟɭɦʁɟɫɧɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ʂɭɬʃɚ ɡɛɨɝ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɯɚʁɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɚɦɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɫɟɫɬɪɟ, ɨɞɢɜɟ, ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɟ –
ɫɩɪɟɦɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟ ɠɪɬɜɭʁɭ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫ ɩɭɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ
ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ. ɇɚ ɬɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢ ɛɟɡ
ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟʂɚ, ɬɚʁ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɛɪɟɦɟ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ
ɧɟʁɚɤɨɝ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ. ɂ
ɡɚɬɨ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟ, ɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɦɚ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ.

Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ

ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɥɚɤɭʁɭ ɤʄɟɪɢ,
ɫɧɚɯɟ, ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɦɚɥɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɞʁɟɰɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɡɚɨɛɢɻɭ
ɪɚɬɧɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɭʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɠɟɧɤɨɝ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ

ϭϱϰ

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ, ɧɚ ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɫɬ. ɍ
ɬɚɤɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɞɧɨʁ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨʁ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɦ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɛɢɜɚ ɩɨɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ
ɭɬʁɟɯɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɧɨɫɨɦ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢʁɚ
ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɭ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɢ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ʃɨʁ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɤɚɠɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɢɡ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɨ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɭʁɭʄɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɨʁ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ
ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢ
ɫɚɬɢɫɮɚɤɰɢʁɭ, ɬɚɦɨ ɧɟɝɞʁɟ – ɭ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɜɚɤɚ
ʂɭɞɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɦ.

Ʌɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ

Ⱥɤɨ ɫɢɧ ʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɭɦɪɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɛɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɩɚ ɬɢɦɟ

ɢ ɛɟɡ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɨɩɲɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ, ɨɧɞɚ ɧɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɭ
ɫɚɬɢɫɮɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨɦ

ϭϱϱ

ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 53.
Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɬɭɠɢ:
Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɦɢɥɚ ɫɢɧɚ,

Ɉɩɪɟɦɢɥɚ ɜʁɟɱɧɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ,

ȳɚ ɤɭɤɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ!

ɇɟ ɲʄɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɡɚɧɨʄɢɬɢ,

ɋɚɦɨ ʁɚɬɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɧɚ,

ɋɚ ɤɭɤɚɥɨɦ ɫɟɫɬɪɨɦ ɬɜɨʁɨɦ,

Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɫɢɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɫɢɧɟ, ɫɪɟʄɨ ɦɨʁɚ,

ɋɬɢɯ: ɧɟ ɲʄɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɡɚɧɨʄɢɬɢ – ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ

ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ
ɛɞɢʁɟ ɧɨʄɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɞɭɲɚ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɻɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɦɟɬɢ
ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ. Ɍɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɨɬɜɚɪɚ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɬɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ: ɢɦɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ,
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ, ɭɝɥɟɞɚ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɦɭɲɤɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɭ
ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɡɚɦɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɬɭ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ
ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɪɱɟ, ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ – ɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ. Ʉɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɚ, ɠɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢʁɟɬɢ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɧɟɦɚ

ϭϱϲ

ɱɢɦɟ ɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɫ ɤɢɦɟ: ɧɟɦɚ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɢɬɢ.
Ɍɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɫɭɪɨɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɭɪɨɜɚ
ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ „ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ ɤɭʄɚ“ ɢ
ɧɚ ɞɧɭ ʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɟ ʂɟɫɬɜɢɰɟ.

Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɧɨ

ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɪɨɻɚʁɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɪɨɞ, ɚ
ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɜɟɤɪɜɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɢɝɭ. Ɍɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɧɟɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ. ȼɚʂɚ ɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ
ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɭɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ
ɮɟɪɬɢɥɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɤ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɭɞʁɟɥɨɦ ɭ ɪɚɻɚʃɭ
ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɬɟʄɢ
ɩɪɢɫɬɨʁɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɧɚɯɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɤɨɪɚɤ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɫɚ
ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟɦ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɢ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɛɪɨʁ 32, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɬɭɠɢ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɡɚ
ɞʁɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ:
ȿ ɧɚɦ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɻɟɰɟ ɨɫɬɚ,

ɉɪɚɡɧɚ ɧɚɞɨ,

Ⱦɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɧɚɦ ɡɥɟ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɟ

ɉɨɫɢɻɟɥɟ.

ϭϱϳ

 ɋɚɞ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɭ ʁɚɞɭ ɛɨʁɢɦ,

Ⱦɢɤɨ Ɋɨɞɨ!

ȿ ʄɟ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ,

ɍɤ ɧɚɦ ɭ ɞɨɦ!

Ȼɪɡɨ ɭ ɪɨɞ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ,

ɇɚɦɚ ɥɟɥɟ!

Ʌɭɞɭ ɻɟɰɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ,

Ɉ ɦɨʁ Ⱦɭɲɨ!

ɍɜɪɢʁɟɞɢɬ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɧɟ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɞɨɦɟ!

Ɍɚɤɜɟ ɫɧɚɯɟ ɫɭ „ɡɥɨɭɦɧɢɰɟ“, „ɛɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɚ

ɛɢʁɟɫɨɜɢɦɚ“ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ, ɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɜʁɟɲɬɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ (ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɫɟɫɬɪɟ, ɪɨɞɢɰɟ) ɱɟɲʄɟ ɦɨɥɟ
ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɧɚɯɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ, ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɢʁɭ ɭɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɦɭ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢ, ɚ ɫɧɚɯɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɨɧɟ ɚɞɚɦɫɤɨɝ
ɤɨʂɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɛɟ ɬɢɦɟ
ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢ, ʁɚɜɧɨ, ɞɚʁɭ ɬɪɜɞɭ ɜʁɟɪɭ ɞɚ
ʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɡɚɪɚɞ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɦ
ɦɭɠɭ, ɞɚ ʃɟɝɭʁɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɢɠɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨ.

ϭϱϴ

 Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ
ɫɧɚɯɢ ɭ 53. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɞɨɤɭɱɢɜɢɦ.
ɂɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɟ – ɢɦɨɜɧɟ ɧɟɦɨʄɢ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɦɪɬɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɯɪɚɧɢɨɰɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɭɻɭʁɟ, ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɨɥ ɡɚ
ɫɢɧɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɰɟɦ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ʁɚɞɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɨʁ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɧɨɫɢ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ʂɭɛɚɜ ɢ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ
ɦɚʁɱɢɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɢɦ ɫɢɧɨɦ:
Ʉɚɞ ɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɟ ɭɦɢɪɚɬɢ,

ɋɧɚɝɨ ɦɨʁɚ, ɦɨʁ ɨɞɦɨɪɟ,

Ⱦɨɡɢɜɚ ɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ:

ɒɬɨ ɬɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɬɨ ɫɚɜɢɥɨ?

Ⱦɚ ɥ' ɬɢ ɪɚɧɟ ɞɨɞɢʁɚɥɟ,

Ⱦɚ ɥ' ɬɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɨɦɪɡɧɭɨ?

Ɉɧ ɤɪɨɡ ɦɭɤɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ:

ɇɟɦɨʁ ɦɟɧɟ ɦɚʁɤɨ ɡɜɚɬɢ,

ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɡɢɜɚɬɢ,

Ƚɪɞɧɟ ɪɚɧɟ, ɩɚ ɦɟ ɛɨɥɟ,

Ⱦɭɲɚ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ,

ϭϱϵ

 ɀɚɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɛɢʁɟɥ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ,

Ⱥ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɪɭ ɦɚʁɤɭ,

ɋɟɫɬɪɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɬ',

Ⱥ ɬɢ ɦɚʁɤɨ ɧɟɦɚɲ ɫ ɤɢɦɟ!

ɋɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɚ ʂɭɛɚɜ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɢɝɨɦ ɡɚ

ɧɟɡɛɪɢɧɭɬɨɦ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɦɚʁɱɢɧɚ ʂɭɛɚɜ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɟ ɪɚɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɛɨʂɚɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɚ ɫɢɧɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ʁɟɱɢʁɚɲɟ,

Ɇɚʁɰɢ ɫɪɰɟ ɰɢʁɟɩɚɲɟ,

ɇɚ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨ ɢ ɫɟɞɦɨɪɨ.

Ⱥɥɢ ʁɨɲɬɟ ɧɚɞɟ ɢɦɚɯ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɨɞɦɚɤɧɟ ɨɞ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɞɚ

ɪɚɬɧɢɤɟ - ɫɢɧɨɜɟ ɠɚɥɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɡɚɫɥɭɡɢ, ɨɧɞɚ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɛɨɥ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ
ɩɭɧɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɢ ɨɧ ʁɟ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɛɨɥɭ ɨɧɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢɡ
ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ – ɧɟɦʁɟɪʂɢɜ ʁɟ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɤɢ
ɡɜɭɱɢ ɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɧɟɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɢɜɢ ɦɚʁɱɢɧ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɧɚ
ɝɥɚɫ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɭɦɪɨ:
Ʉɚɞ ɻɟ ɱɭʁɟ ɰɪɧɚ ʁɚɬɤɚ,

ϭϲϬ

 Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɜɢɨ,

Ȼɢʁɟɥ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɦɢʁɟɧɢɨ,

ȳɚ ɩɨɢɬɚɦ ɤɭɤɚʁɭʄɢ,

Ⱦɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢɦ ɦɢɥɚ ɫɢɧɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɦɭ ɤɚɠɟɦ ɡɚ ɡɥɨ ɦɨʁɟ

Ⱦɚ ɦɭ ɤɭɤɚɦ ɞɧɟɜɢ, ɧɨʄɢ

Ȼɟɡ ɥɢʁɟɤɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɚ.

ȼɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɧɟɢɡɪɟɰɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɚ

ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ:
Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɚɞɛɚ,

ɉɚ ɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɫɢɧɚ ɠɟɧɢ,

Ⱦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɪɚɬɥɭɤ ɱɢɧɢ,

Ȼɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɧɟ ɞɨɫɚɞɢɥɨ,

Ɇɨʁ ɭ ɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɟ!

Ɋɚɞɨɫɬ ɛɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɚɞɢɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ɤɭɤɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɢɦ

ɫɢɧɨɦ ɧɟɦɚ ɪɨɤɚ „ɧɨ ɞɨɜɢʁɟɤ“, ɧɢ ɭɦɨɪɚ, ʁɟɪ
ɧɟɦɚ ɭɬʁɟɯɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɛɨɥɚ.

ɒɬɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɦɪɱɟɬɨɦ, ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟ

ɤɚɡɭʁɟ, ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ ɧɚɞɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɥɭʄɭʁɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɭɲɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɚɤ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ:
ϭϲϭ

 Ɉɫɬɚ ɝɭʁɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɻɟɧɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɬɢ ɦɚʁɰɢ ɨɱɢ ɜɚɞɢ,

Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɫ ʃɢɦɟ ɬʁɟɲɢ

ɂ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɧɟ ɬɜɨʁɟ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɦɨʁɚ, ɫɪɟʄɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

Ɉɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɫ ʃɢɦɟ, ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ

ɭɩɭɬɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɭɲɤɨɝ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ ɭ ɨɩɪɟɰɢ ɫɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɝɭʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɢɦɟ ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɦɪɱɟ, ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɨɱɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ. Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɢɡɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚɞɚ ɭ ɬɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɭ ɦɭɲɤɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɦɨɠɞɚ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ
ɢɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɝɭʁɚ – ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɱɟɲʄɟ
ɡɦɢʁɚ. Ƚɭʁɚ/ɡɦɢʁɚ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ „ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɬɤɚ
– ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɞɢ
ɧɚɞ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɨɦ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ɞɨɦɚ
ɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɚɰ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɨɛɚɜɚʂɚɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɟ
ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɧɨɫɢɥɚɰ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɨɧ ʁɟ
ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɢ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧ ʁɟ ɫ ʃɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɦ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ.“
(Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ: 1981, 108). ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɤɭʄɟ ɭɦɪɨ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɚ ɡɦɢʁɚ ɭɛɢɥɚ.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ, „ɞɨɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɤɭʄɧɚ
ɡɦɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɜɨʁɧɢɤ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɝ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢɧɚ, ɩɚ,

ϭϲϮ

ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɦɢʁɚ ɭɛɢʁɟ, ɭɦɪɥɨ ɛɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɱɟʂɚɞɟ“
(Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ ɫɬɪ 108).

Ʉɨʁɢ, ɨɧɞɚ, ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɢɦɚ ɝɭʁɚ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ „ɨɱɢ ɜɚɞɢɬɢ“ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɭ? Ⱦɚ ɬɨ
ɧɢʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɢɫɬɚ, ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɝɭʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɭ „ɥɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ“
ɨɱɢ ɢɫɩɢʁɚ ɭɦɪɥɨɦɟ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ: ɨɜɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɞʁɟɬɟɬɭ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɢ ɛɟɡɛɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ – ɞɚɤɥɟ ɨ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɢɡɧɢɦɧɨʁ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɢ ɩɢɲɬɢ ɤɨ ɝɭʁɚ ɭ
ɩɪɨɰʁɟɩɭ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɢɲɬɢ ɭ ɝɪɞɧɨʁ
ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨʄɚɧ. Ɍɚɤɜɨ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɡ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɝ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟʂɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ
ɜɪɚɬɢɦɨ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɦɨ „ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧ ɤɭɥɬ ɡɦɢʁɟ“ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ „ɡɦɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɤ-ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ“ (ȳ. ȭ.),
ɨɧɞɚ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ, ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ – ʁɟɫɭ
ɞɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟʁɚɤɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɦ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ʁɟɪ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɭɲɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɪɟɥɚ ɦɭɲɤɚ
ɝɥɚɜɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ
ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɢɲɬɢ ɢ ɤɭɤɚ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ

ϭϲϯ

ɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ ɜɟʄ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɫɬɚɪʁɟɲɢɧɚ, ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɚɤ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɦɢɦɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɨʂɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ
ɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɥɚɧɰɭ ɠɢɜɢ-ɦɪɬɜɢ,
ɞɭɠɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ: ɞɢʁɟɬɟ, ɠɟɧɫɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ – ɧɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɢɦ
ɞɨɜɨʂɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɢɫɩɭɧɟ. ɂ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚ
ɬɪɚɝɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ 53 ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɨ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ
– ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɤʄɢ „ɩɪɢɜɢʁɟ“ ɭɡ ɞɨɦ, ɫɩɚɥɚ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɦɚʁɤɭ ɢ ɧɟʁɚɤɨɝ ɭɧɭɱɢʄɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ
ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɝɭʁɚ, ɭɧɭɱɟ ɩɨɫɦɪɱɟ, „ɨɱɢ ɜɚɞɢ“, ɬɨ ɭ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɩɚɞɚʃɟ
ɦɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɱɢ ɨɞ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ
ɨɛɨɝɚ, ɚɥɢ, ɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ, ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚʃɟ ɞɚ
ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɢɧɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɨʂɟɧɢʁɟ ɛɢʄɟ.

ɍ 53. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ

ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɨɦ ɞɨʃɟɦ,
ɝɪɨɛɧɨɦ, ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɟ
ʁɭɧɚɤɟ. ɋɥɭɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɦɚʁɱɢɧɨɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɨɦ
ɛɪɨʁ 9, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɠɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ ɲɤɨɥɚɪɰɟɦ.
ɍɦɪɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ, „ɨɞ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɟ“, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɱɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɚɠɟɧ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ

ϭϲϰ

ɠɚɥɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɞ ɭɫɭɞɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ʁɨʁ ɫɢɧɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ:
ɇɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɢ, ɧɢ ʂɟɤɨɜɢ,

ɇɢ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ, ɧɢ ɝɥɟɞɚʃɟ!

Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ „ɛɥɢɡɭ“ ɫɢɧɚ „ɨɤɭʄɢ“ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ

ɫɜɚɤɢ ɞɚɧ ɢɲɥɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɝɪɨɛ ɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ:
ɐɪɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɩɪɟɤɥɢʃɚɬɢ,

ɇɟʄɭ ɥ' Ȼɨɝɭ ɞɨɫɚɞɢɬɢ,

ɇɟʄɟ ɥ' ɦɢ ɬɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ!

Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚ ɨɧɚ ɠɚɪɤɚ ɠɟʂɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɰɟ ȳɟɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ

ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɦɢɥɨɜɚɥɢ Ȼɨɝ ɢ ɚɧɻɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɢ ʁɨʁ
ɛɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ (ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɟɩɫɤɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ), ɢɫɬɨ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɨʁ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ/ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢ
ɢɫɬɚ ɦɢɬɫɤɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɢ ɧɟɛɨ ɤɚɨ
ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɫɟ. ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ
ȳɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ, ɱɭɜɚ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɫɜɟ ɭ
ɧɚɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɧɟɻɟ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɚɦɚ“, ɱɭɜɚ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɧɚ
ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɭ ɧɚɫɦɢʁɚɧɭ ɦɥɚɞɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɦɭ:
ȳɚ ɬɟ ɧɟʄɭ ɧɢ ɠɚɥɢɬɢ,

ɇɚɤɨ ɨɜɨ ɞɨ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ,

Ɇɨʁ ʁɚɛɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɚɩɬɢɨ,

ϭϲϱ

 Ɍɟɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ, ɧɟ ɫɚɡɪɢɨ!

Ʉɚɤɨ ɲɤɨɥɚɪɚɰ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɤ ɧɢ ʁɭɧɚɤ,

ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɤɱɢʁɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɢ ɮɨɧɞ
ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ. ɋɨɤɨ, ɜɢɬɟɡ, ɡɦɚʁ,
ɝɪɚɞɨɥɨɦ, ɫɚɛʂɚ, ɬɜɪɞɢ ɦɟɬɟɪɢɡ – ɬɨ ɫɭ ɟɩɢɬɟɬɢ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɫɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɟ, a ɡɚ ɧɟʁɭɧɚɤɟ
ɩɨɫɟɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɤɱɢʁɢɦ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɢɦɚ: ɫɢɧ ʁɟ ɛɨɪ,
ʁɚɜɨɪ, ɪɭɠɚ, ɰɜɢʁɟɬ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɛɟɧɢ
ɮɨɧɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɢ ɫɢɬɧɭ ɞʁɟɰɭ. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɢɡ
ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚɦɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɦɭ ɪɭɤɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɟ,

Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɛɨɪɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɪɟ!

Ɇɥɚɞɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ,

Ɇɨʁɟ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɫɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ!

Ⱥ ɥɢɰɟ ɦɭ ɩɨɬɚɦʃɟɥɨ,

Ɇɨʁɚ ɪɭɠɨ ɢɡ ɭɦɧɢɧɟ!

Ⱥ ɫɪɰɟ ɦɭ ɨɥɚɻɟɧɨ,

ɋɪɰɟ ɫɢɧɟ ɢɡ ʃɟɞɚɪɚ!

Ⱥɧɻɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ „ɰɜɢʁɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ –

„ɩɪɨɰɚɩɬɢɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɡɪɢɨ“, ɚ ɦɚɥɨɦ Ɉɛɪɚɞɭ (3.ɬ.):

ϭϲϲ

 Ɇɨʁ ɰɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɢɡ ɥɢɜɚɞɟ,

Ɇɢɪɢɲʂɚɜɢ!

Ⱦɢɜɧɨ ɥ' ɛʁɟɲɟ ɩɪɨɰɚɩɬɢɨ,

Ɋɭɠɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

Ɇɨʁ ʂɟʂɟɧɟ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɢɰɟ,

Ɇɨʁ Ɉɛɪɚɞɟ,

Ɇɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɭʁɭ ɢɡ ɲɭɦɢɰɟ,

Ɋɚɧɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

Ɇɨʁ ɝɨɥɭɛɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɮɟɡɚ

Ʉɚɦɢ ɧɚɦɢ!

ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɦɢɥɨɝ ɭɧɭɤɚ ɲɢɪɢ

ɢ ɧɚ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɦɢʂɟɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ – ɧɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦ
ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɩɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɝɪɚɧɟ ɛɨɪɭ/ʁɟɥɢ ɨɛɥɨɦʂɟɧɟ (ɤɚɨ ɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɟ
ɪɭɤɟ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɭ ɭ ɤɨɜɱɟɝɭ), ɰɜɢʁɟɬ ɩɪɟɪɚɧɨ
ɭɜɟɧɭɨ, ɫɭɧɰɟ ɫɟ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɥɨ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɥɢɱɧɚ, ɢɧɬɢɦɧɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɧɟɦɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ
ɨɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɚ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢʁɚ. ɍ ɬɪɟʄɨʁ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɦɚɥɢɦ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɦ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ
ɨ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɨ ɬɚɦɧɢɥɭ „ɥɟɞɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ“, ɚɥɢ ɧɢ
ϭϲϳ

ɧɚɡɧɚɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɪɚʁɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɢɜɚ
ɤɚɞɚ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɭɦɪɟ.

Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɦɭɲɤɚ ɞʁɟɰɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ

ɢɡɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɚ ɧɚɞɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɡɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɛɪ 51 ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɭɠɢ ɛɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɭɧɭɤɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɥɢ ɝɚ ɞɚ ɲɬɨ
ɛɪɠɟ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɠɟʂɟɧɢ
ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ: ɞɚ ɦɭɲɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɭɲɤɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɥɢ
ɤɪɫɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟʄɚ. ɀɟɧɫɤɢ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɨɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ
ɢ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɟʁɚɤɨɦ ɛɪɚɬɢʄɭ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ
ɫɢɬɧɨɦ ɪɭɱɢɰɨɦ ɬɨ ɭɪɚɞɢ, ɞɚ ɝɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɨɛɢ ɭ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɭɡɦɭ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɞʁɟɥɨɤɪɭɝ.

ȼɟʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɢ ɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɡɚ

ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ
ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɟ ɭ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ, ɚ ɬɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɚɠɢ
ɢ ɡɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ
ɪɟʄɢ, ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɦ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚɦɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ, ɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɛʁɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɫɥɢɤɚʃɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɢ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɦɪɥɢ ɞɢɨ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ:

ϭϲϴ

 Ɇɢɥɭ ɦɚʁɤɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɦ –

ɤɚɨ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɛɪɨʁ 55, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ

ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɫ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧ
ɲɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɤɭʄɢ ɤɚɨ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɢ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ
ɢɡɞɚʁɧɢɰɢ ɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫɭ ɨɬɢɲɥɢ ɭ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɨ
ɯɟɪɨʁɢ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ „ɧɚ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɟ“ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ

ɬɨ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɬɨ ʁɟ „ɠɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ“. ɋɟɬɪɚ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨʁ ɛɪɚʄɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ:
ȭɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɭ ɥɨɲɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ,

ɇɟɦɚ ɮɚɥɟ, ɧɢ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ,

ɇɟɦɚ ɝɥɚɫɚ, ɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ,

ɇɟɦɚ ɬɚɜɪɟ ɫɚ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ.

ɒɬɚ ɨɜɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɥɨɲɟ

ɫɪɟʄɟ ɲɬɨ ɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɢ
ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ? ɉɨɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟ
ɨɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ: ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɭ ɥɨɲɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ
ɧɢɫɭ ɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɧɟ ɱɭʁɟ, ɲɬɨ
ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨ ɢɦɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɢ
ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɦɟɻɭ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɨɩɲɬɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɭ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ. ɀɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ,
ϭϲϵ

ɧɚ ɧɢɠɨʁ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɨʁ ʂɟɫɬɜɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɢ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɟ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ, ɧɟɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ

ɢɡɜɢɧɢʄɟ ɫɟ ɲɬɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɫɚɧɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ʁɭɧɚɤɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟ-ʁɭɧɚɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟ. ɍ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɡɚ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɨɦ
Ⱥɧɻɨɦ (ɇɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ),
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɨʁ ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ:
Ⱥɧɻɨ ɦɨʁɚ, ɦɭɞɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɨ,

Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ,

ɉɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɧɚɦ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɟ, -

Ȼɚɲ ɧɚɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɞɧɨ,

Ⱦɚ ɭɫɥɭɠɢɲ ɜɪɫɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ,

ȿ ɫɢ ɜɪɫɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ

ɂ ɚɤɨ ɫɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ.

ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚ Ⱥɧɻɨɦ

ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ʁɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ
ɫɥɚɜɢ, ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ Ⱥɧɻɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɠɢ,
ɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɪɫɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɨɦʁɟɪ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɢ
ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ
ɞɢɱɧɨɦ Ⱥɧɻɨɦ. ȳɨɲ ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ɡɚ

ϭϳϬ

ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɚɲ ɪɟɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ, ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ
49. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ:
ɇɨ ɫɚɦ ʁɚɞɧɚ ɡɚɦɭɤɧɭɥɚ,

ȳɚ ɫɚɦ ɬɟɛɟ ɨɬɭɠʁɟɥɚ,

ȳɭɥɤɚ ɦɨʁɚ!

ɇɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɪɚɦɨɬɚ ʁɟ,

Ʉɚɞ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɦ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɨɜɟ,

Ʉɨʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɪɚɧɟ ɧɨɫɟ,

ɉɪɢʁɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɪɚɬɚ,

ɒɬɨ ɫɭ ɦɨɦɰɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɭɥɢ,

ɋɜɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɦɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɝɥɚɫɭ,

ɉɚ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɚʁɭ,

ɇɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɫ ɬɢʁɟɦ ɫɢɥɟ.

Ⱥ ɦɟɧɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɪɚɦɨɬɚ,

ɒɬɨ ɜɚɫ ɜɚɤɨ ʁɚɞɧɚ ɠɚɥɢɦ...

Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ

ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ
ɢ „ɫɢɥɟ“ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɢɡ
ɩɪɜɟ ɪɭɤɟ ɞɚ ɤɭɥɬ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ʃɟɝɭʁɭ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ,
ɞɚ ɨɧɟ ʁɟɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɢ
ϭϳϭ

ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ȴ. ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄɭ ɭ ɨɧɨɦ
ɫɭɫɪɟɬɭ ɫɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɨɦ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɭ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɨɫɬ ʃɟɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɧɨɫɚ
ɧɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɟ ɧɟʁɭɧɚɤɟ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɭ
ɞʁɟɰɭ, ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ
ɞɚ ɨɬɭɠɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɢɥɢʁɟ. ɋɩɪɚɦ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɜɢɯ
ɦɚʁɤɢ ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɞɨɻɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɜɚɠɧɟ, ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ
ɦɚʃɟ ɛɢɬɧɢ. „Ⱥ ɛɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɭɝɚʄɟ ɫɟ“ – ɤɚɠɟ
ȳɭɥɤɢɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ – ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ
ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ – ɬɨɥɢɤɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ „ɧɟɨɛɢɱɚʁ“, ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ 87 – „Ɍɭɠɛɚ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɜɨʁ“ (ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ), ɦɨɠɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɧɚʁɝɪɭɛʂɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɠɟɧɢ, ɨɛɨʂɟɥɨʁ
ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɦɭɠɚ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɧɨʁ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɭɡ ɨɜɭ
ɩʁɟɫɦɭ (ɤɨʁɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɚ ʁɨɲ ɠɢɜɚ) ɞɚ ɫɭ „ɩɨɤɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɢɡ Ɂɚɝɚɪɱɚ
ɞɨɲɥɟ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɛɭ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ,
ʁɟɞɢɧɤɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɧɭɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɛɨʂɟɥɚ ɢ ɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɬɭ“. ɉʁɟɫɦɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ:

87.
Ⱥ ɲɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɨɫɬɢɥɚ,

ϭϳϮ

 Ⱥ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɥɨɩɢɥɚ?

ɋɬɪɚɲɢɲ ɦɚʁɤɭ ɢ ɫɜɟɤɪɜɭ,

Ʉɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟɲ ɭɦɪɢʁɟɬɢ!

ȿ ɚɤɨ ʄɟɲ ɭɦɪɢʁɟɬɢ!

ɂɫɩɚɥɟ ɦɢ ɠɢɜɨʁ ɨɱɢ, -

ɇɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ,

ɉɨ ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ,

Ʉɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɬɢ ɦɢɥɢ ɛɢɨ, -

Ɂɚɞɚʁɟɦ ɬɢ ɛɨɠɭ ɜʁɟɪɭ,

ɍɞɚɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɝɞɚ ɧɟʄɟɲ,

ɇɨ ɫɭ ʂɭɞɢ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ,

Ⱥ ɩɨɝɚɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɥɢ!

ɉɚ ɢ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɭ,

Ⱦɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɢɞɭ.

ɋɜɚ ʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɫɚɡɞɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪɚ ɢ ʂɭɬɢɧɟ.

ɉɪɜɨ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɨɫɨɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɢ
ɝɪɭɛɨɲʄɭ ɝɪɞɢ ɦɥɚɞɭ ɠɟɧɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɨʂɟɥɚ,
ɞɚʁɭʄɢ ʁɨʁ ɞɨ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɧɭ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɭ,
ɭ ʃɟɧɭ ɛɨɥɟɫɬ ɨɞ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɢɦ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɨɦ.
ȳɨɲ ʁɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɨʁ ɢɧɫɢɧɭɢɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɨ

ϭϳϯ

ɨɤɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɦɥɚɞɢɦ ɦɨɦɰɢɦɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɤɚɨ ɭ
ɤɪɟɲɟɧɞɭ, ɢɡɪɢɱɟ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɭ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ɡɜɭɱɢ ɤɚɨ
ɤɥɟɬɜɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɥɚɞɢɰɚ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɭɞɚɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ! ɇɟʄɟ, ʁɟɪ
ɧɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɚ: ʂɭɞɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ, ɚ ɧɚ „ɩɨɝɚɧ“
ɧɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ ɨ ʃɟɧɨʁ
ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ, ɚ ɬɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢɫɬɚ
ɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɨʁ ɞɪɠɢ ɥɟɤɰɢʁɭ, ɜɟʄ ɡɧɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ, ɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ. Ɍɭɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨ ɲɢɪɨʁ ɫɥɢɰɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɠɟɧɟ (ʁɟɪ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɠɟɧɚ,
ɨɝɪɭɛʁɟɥɚ, ɡɥɨɭɫɬɚ, ɝɨɪɤɚ), ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɨ ɨɫɚɤɚʄɟɧɨɦ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɭ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ
ɪɚɱɭɧɚ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɢ ɥɭɤɫɭɡ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɪɚɬɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɬɧɨ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɰɢɨ ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɫɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɤɨ ɩɪɟɠɢɜʂɚɜɚʃɟ, ɧɚ ɜɢɞɚʃɟ ɪɚɧɚ ɢ
ɤɪɩɟɠ ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɟ, ɤɪɩɟɠ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ.

ɇɢʁɟ ɨɧɞɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɲɬɨ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɚɥɢ ɡɚ

ɤʄɟɪɢɦɚ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚɦɚ, ɦɚʁɤɚɦɚ, ɫɧɚɯɚɦɚ, ɡɚɨɜɚɦɚ,
ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɤɥɨɩɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɭɲɤɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ. ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɦɪɬ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ, ɰɪɩɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ
ɢɡ ɫɦɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɞɢɱɧɢɯ, ɜɢɫɧɢɯ ɢ
ɝɥɚɫɢɬɢɯ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɚ. ɀɟɧɫɤɨʁ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɧɨ
ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɢ ɪɨɞɭ.

ϭϳϰ

Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɠɚʂɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɢɦɚ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɧɨɫɧɚ ɜɢɞɚɪɢɰɚ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɪɚɧɚ
ɤɚɨ Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɚ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɢɰɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ
ɞʁɟɰɢ, ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ. Ⱥɤɨ
ɬɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ, ɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɭɠɧɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɥɚɡɢ.

ɍ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɟ ɀɭɝɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɚʁɬɚɧɚ ɡɚ

ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ Ɇɢɥɟɜɨɦ (62.ɬ.) ɬɟɦɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɨɞ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚ „ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɨɦ“ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɟ
ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ 87, ɚ
ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɫɟ ɭɤɥɚɩɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ.

Ɇɢɥɟɜɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɜɨ, ɫɚɦɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ. Ɉɧɚ

ʁɟ ɦɚʁɰɢ „ȼɢɬɚ ʁɟɥɚ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɢɰɟ/ɝɨɪɫɤɚ ɜɢɥɚ ɢɡ
ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ“ – ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɤɪɚʄɢ ɢɫɤɚɡ ɨ ʂɟɩɨɬɢ
ɦɥɚɞɟ ɠɟɧɟ. ɍɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɭɧɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ
– ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ. ɉɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ
ɤɚɨ ɦɢʂɟɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɡɢɦɢɰɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ. ɉɪɜɨ
ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɦɭɠɚ, ɩɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɚ ɪɟɞɨɦ
ɞɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟɝɚ, ɉɚɜɥɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɧ ɭɩɨɤɨʁɢɨ
ɫɧɚɲɢɰɢ ʁɟ ɩɭɤɥɨ ɫɪɰɟ, ɪɚɡɛɨʂɟɥɚ ɫɟ „ɨɞ
ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ“ ɢ ɭɩɨɤɨʁɢɥɚ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɬɭɠɢ:
Ⱦɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɦ ʁɟ ɨɤɢɬɢɥɚ,

ȭɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɢɦ ɲ ʃɨɦɟ ɞɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɟ,

ϭϳϱ

 Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ ʃɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɢɞɟ,

ȿ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ.

Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ

ɨɠɚɥɢ ɦɥɚɞɭ ɠɟɧɭ, ɞɚ Ɇɢɥɟɜɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɚ ɢ
ɡɧɚɧɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɢʃɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɥɚɝɨɞɢ.
Ɇɢɥɟɜɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɠɚɥɨɛɧɭ ɬɭɝɨɜɚɧɤɭ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɪɨɞɭ
ɢ ɞɨɦɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɤɭʄɭ ɭ
ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɞɚɥɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʃɟɝɭʁɟ ɫɜɟɤɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɤɪɜɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ
ɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɢɰɚ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɲɬɜɚ.
Ɂɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɦɢʂɟɧɚ, ɦɚʁɤɚ
ʁɟ ɲɚʂɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɨɤɢʄɟɧɭ, ɭ „ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɨɻɟɥɭ“,
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɢɞɟ ɨɞ ʃɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨɦ, ɦɭɲɤɢɦ ɢ
ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɦ, ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɱɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɫɟ –
ɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ. ɇɨ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɛɨʁɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ Ɇɢɥɟɜɭ
ɬɚɦɨ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɢɱɟɜɢ ɩɪɟɦɚɦɢɬɢ ɫɟɛɢ, ʁɟɞɜɚ ʄɟ
ɞɨɱɟɤɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɨɧɚ „ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢʁɚ ɛɥɚɝɢ
ɦɟɥɟɦ“. Ɇɢɥɟɜɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɯɜɚɥɟ ɢ
ɩɨɦɟɧɚ, ɢɡ ɱɟɝɚ ɢɡɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɚʁɱɢɧ ɩɨɧɨɫ ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɛɪɢɝɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɬɚɦɨ. Ɇɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɬɭɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɞʁɟ
ɢɡɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɜɚɧɚ, ɧɚʁɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ
ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ:
Ɇɨʁ Ɇɢɥɟɜɚ, ɪɚɧɨ ɦɨʁɚ!

ϭϳϲ

 Ɉɜɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɤɢɲɧɨ ʂɟɬɨ,

Ʉɭʄɚ ʄɟ ɬɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɩɚɬɢ,

Ʌɢɰɟ ʄɟ ɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɞɢɬɢ

ɂ ɨɻɟɥɨ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɚɱɤɨ.

Ȼɪɚɬɢɦɢʄɭ ɰɪɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ

ɂ ɨɬɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɭʁɟ ʂɭɬɟ,

Ⱦɚ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ Ɇɢɥɭ ɦɨʁɭ.

Ɇɨʁ Ɇɢɥɟɜɚ, ɫɪɰɟ ɦɨʁɟ!

Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɠɟɧɢɞɛɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ

ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɚɦɚ ɨ
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɚɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɬɚʁ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɢ
ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɭ 2.
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɫɢɧɭ ɤɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɡɨɜɟ ɭ
ɫɜɚɬɨɜɟ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɭɝɚɱɚɤ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ,
ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɭ 23. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɭɦɪɥɚ Ⱥɧɻɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɛɨɝɚɬ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɢ ɜɪɫɧɢɯ
ɦɨɦɚɤɚ ɢ ɜɪɫɧɢɯ ɫɜɚɬɨɜɚ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɟʄɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ
ɛɢɪɚɬɢ, ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ; ɛɢɪɚʄɟ ʁɨʁ ɦɭɠɚ ɛɪɚɬ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɤɚɠɟ:
Ⱥɤɨ ɨɞɟɲ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɉɟʄɢ,

Ʉɨɞ ɬɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢɜɨɝ,

ϭϳϳ

 Ɍɚɦɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɚ

ɂ ɦɨɦɚɤɚ ɛɢɪɚɧɢɤɚ,

Ɉʄɟ ɡɟɬɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ,

Ɉʄɟ ɬɟɛɟ ɭɞɨɦɢɬɢ,

ɉɚ ʄɟɲ ɦɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɱɚɦɚɬɢ,

ɋɩɪɟɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɚɬ'ɦɚ ɞɚɪɟ.

ɍɞɨɜɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚ

ɭɞɚɪɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. Ɋɟɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ʃɭ
ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɡɥɨɭɦɧɢɰɚ“ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɩɚɦɟɬɢ ɦɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɞ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ,

ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɚ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɯɜɚɥɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɨ ɫɜɨɦ ʁɚɞɭ ɢ ɛɨɥɭ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫ ɦʁɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ: ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ʄɟ
ɭɫɦʁɟɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɚ „ɜʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ“ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɫɤɟ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɥɚ ɡɚɦʁɟɪɤɟ
ɠɢɜɢɯ; ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɡɚ
ɦɭɠɟɦ ɬɭɠɢ.

ɍ 12. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɠɚɥɢ ɡɚ „ɦɢɥɢɦ

ɞɪɭɝɨɦ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɦ“ ɢ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɨɦ ɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ϭϳϴ

ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɭ ɞɨɤ ɢɯ
ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ. ɂɡ
ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɠɟɧɚ
ɭ ɜɪɥɨ ɬɟɲɤɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ. ɋɜɢɯ ɩɟɬ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɭ – ɭ ɪɨɞ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɪɚɬɢ. ɍ ɞɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ: ɨɛɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ
ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɭ; ɢɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ
ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ. ɒɬɚ ɨɧɞɚ
ɨɜɭ ɦɥɚɞɭ ɠɟɧɭ ɞɪɠɢ ɭ ɬɨʁ „ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ“,
ɤɚɞɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɨʁ
ɤɭʄɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɞɚʁɟ? ɇɢʁɟ
ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɠɟ, ɞɚ
ɨɞɭɠɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ:
ɇɢ ɻɟɜɟɪɟ ɭɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ,

ɇɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɪɢɥɚ

ɇɟɝɨ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɤɭɤɚɬ' ɩɨɱɟɯ

ɉɚ ʄɭ ɤɭɤɚɬ' ɞɨ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ.

ɇɟɜʁɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɩɢɬ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɚ

ɭɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɤɭʄɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɢɫɩɢɬ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ
ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɨɫɬ ɧɨɜɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɦɭɠɚ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɧɟɜʁɟɫɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚ
ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɚɦɚɧɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɦɭɠ ɧɚɦɢʁɟɧɢɨ, ɨɱɢɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɟɦ:

ϭϳϵ

 Ⱥɦɚɧɟɬ ɦɢ ɬɟɲɤɢ ɞɚɞɟ,

Ⱦɚ ɭɫɥɭɠɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɭ ɦɚʁɤɭ

ɂ ɧɟɫɪɟɬɧɚ ɨɰɚ ɬɜɨɝɚ,

ɉɨɬɨʃɚ ɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɛɢɥɚ.

ɂ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɦɭɠ ɡɚɞɚɨ ɬɜɪɞɭ

ɜʁɟɪɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɨɲɥɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɛɪɢɧɭɬɚ ɢ
ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɚ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʃɟɧ ɛɨɥɧɢ ɜɚɩɚʁ: „ɒɬɨ ɦɟ ɬɚɤɨ
ɢɡɧɟɜʁɟɪɢ,“ ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɡɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨɦ
ɨɫɜɟɬɨɦ, ɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɠɟʂɟɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭ,
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ:
Ⱥɦɚɧɟɬ ʄɭ ɩɨɝɚɡɢɬɢ,

Ɋɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ ɧɚʂɭɬɢɬɢ

Ɉɞ ɢɧɚɬɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɜɨɝɚ.

Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɚ ɧɚɞɚ, ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚ

ɞʁɟɜɟɪɭ, ɢ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ:
Ɂɚɞɚʁɟɦ ɬɢ ɜʁɟɪɭ ɬɜɪɞɭ,

Ɂɚɨɜɭ ʄɭ ɧɚɞɨɦɢɬɢ,

Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɧɟ ɝɭɛɢ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɛɚɪɟɦ,

Ʉɚ' ɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ʁɚ ɤɭɤɚɥɚ;

ϭϴϬ

 ȳɚ ʄɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɢ,

ɋ ɪɨɞɢɬɟ'ɦɚ ɜɚɲɢʁɟɦɚ,

Ʉɭɤɚɬ' ʄɭ ɢɦ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɬɢ,

Ɇɨʁ ɤɭɤɚʃɚ ɞɨɜɢʁɟɤɚ!

ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɢ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ, ɜɢɞɢ

ɫɟ ɞɚ ɜʁɟɲɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɟ ɨɬɭɠɢɬɢ
ɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɦɭɠɚ: ɧɟɦɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɢɡɥɢɜɚ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɞʁɟɜɟɪ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɭɬɭʄɭʁɟ ɢ
ɯɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɦɢɥɨɲɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɦɭɠɚ, ɚ ɢɫɩɭʃɟʃɟ ɡɚɜʁɟɬɚ, ɨɱɢɬɨ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɢɡ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɡɚɞɚɬɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ
ʂɭɛɚɜɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɠɪɬɜɚ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ʁɚɤɨɦ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɭ,
ɩɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɟɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɦ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɠɪɬɜɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ʂɭɛɚɜ.

ɋɥɢɱɧɭ ɠɪɬɜɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɢ

ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ (30.ɬ.), ɦɚʄɟɯɚ ɞʁɟɰɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ,
ɬɢɦ ɜɟʄɭ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɦɚʁɱɢɧɫɤɭ ɛɪɢɝɭ ɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɞʁɟɰɢ. ɂ ɬɨ ʁɟ ʂɭɛɚɜ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɞʁɟɥɨɦ
ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ, ɩɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɰʁɟʃɟɧɢʁɚ. Ɉɛɪɚʄɚʁɭʄɢ
ɫɟ ɡɚɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ʁɭɧɚɤɨɦ, ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ
ɩɪɜɨ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ, ɚ
ɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɨʂɟɧɨɦ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɭ.
ϭϴϭ

 ɒɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲ, ɦɨʁ ɡɚɨɜɚ,

Ⱦɚ ɭ ɻɟɰɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɧɟɦɚ,

ɇɟɝɨ ɦɚʄɭ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ ɡɨɜɭ,

ȼɟɥɢɲ ɦɚʄɚ ɬɭɻɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ,

Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɞɚɬɨ.

ɂɡ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɦɚʄɟɯɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɪɭɠɧɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɟ

ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɨɜɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɭɩɥɨ ɬɟɠɭ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɚɠɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɢ
ɠɟɧɚ. ɂ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨ: ɨɧɚ ʁɟ, ɜɨʂɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ
ɦɭɲɤɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ,
ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚʁɬɜɪɻɨɦ ɪɢʁɟɱʁɭ
ɨɜʁɟɪɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɜɨʂɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ
ɜʁɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɚ:
Ʉɭɧɟɦ ɬɢ ɫɟ, ɨɱɢʁɭ ɦɢ,

ɇɟʄɭ ɻɟɰɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ,

ɇɟɝɨ ʄɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɬɢ,

Ʉɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɥɚ,

Ɋɚɞ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ Ɇɢɥɢɫɚɜɚ,

ɒɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɤɪɫɬ ɤɪɜ ɩɪɨɥɢɨ

ɂ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ,

ϭϴϮ

 Ɋɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʄɭ,

Ɋɚɞ ɚʁɬɚɪɚ ɦɪɬɜɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ,

Ʉɭʄɭ ɧɟʄɭ ɪɚɫɤɭʄɢɬɢ,

ɇɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɬɢ.

ȴɭɛɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɭ ɨɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ

ɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɉɪɜɨ, Ɇɢɥɢɫɚɜ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɭɩɢɬɚɧ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɢ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɝɥɚɫɢ ɠɚɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ, ɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢ, „ɚʁɬɚɪ“ –
ɯɚɬɚɪ, ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ʃɟɧ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ: ɨɛɡɢɪ, ʂɭɛɚɜ,
ɦɢɥɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ. ɂɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɱ,
ɬɭɪɰɢɡɚɦ, ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɤɪɢɜɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɱɢɧɨ, ɩɚ
ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɨʁ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨʁ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɥɭɲɚɥɚɰɚ. ɒɤɪɬɨɫɬ ɭ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɦɚ
ʂɭɛɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɚɡ ʁɟ ɨɧɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨɝ
„ɫɬɢɞɚ“ ɤɨʁɢ ɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɮɬɢʃɟʃɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɮɚɧɢɫɚʃɚ ɧɚʁɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɢʁɟ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɞɜɨʁɟ ɜɨʂɟɧɢɯ. ȳɚɜɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ: ʂɭɛɚɜʂɭ ɢ ɛɪɢɝɨɦ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɨɦ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɨɦ, ɧɟʁɚɤɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢɦɚ. ȼʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɨɞɚɧɨɫɬ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɨʁ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ
ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ

ϭϴϯ

ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɢ „ɤɭʄɟʃɭ ɤɭʄɟ“. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ
„ɚɞɚɦɫɤɨ ɤɨʂɟɧɨ“.

Ɉɧɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɢɩ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɭ

ɪɨɞ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɞɚʁɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɝɥɚɫɭ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚ. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɧɢ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɞɨɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɚɤɨʄɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɦɥɚɞɢɦ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɦʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɤɪɭɲɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨʁ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɉɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ
ɫɟ ɭ ɨɧɨʁ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɩɨɲɚɥɢɰɢ, ɝɞʁɟ
ɂɥɢʁɢɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɯɨʄɟ, ɡɚɪɚɞ „ɡɥɚɬɟ“ ɫɜɨʁɟ, ɪɚɞɨ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɚɰɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ
ɜɟɧɭɥɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɭɲɢɥɟ ɧɟɝɞʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɩɟʄɤɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ,
ɧɟɝɨ ɝɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɥɟ, ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɦ
ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚɦɚ ɭɩɪɤɨɫ. ɂ ʃɢɦɚ ɜɚʂɚ ɨɞɚɬɢ ɱɟɫɬ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ
ɫɭɩɫɬɚɧɰɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ.

Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɡɧɚɥɟ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɪɭɝɚɥɢɰɟ,

ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ 88, ɚ ɢɦɚ ɢɯ
ɞɟɫɟɬ. Ɉɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɤɚɦɚ ɭ
ɡɛɢɪɰɢ.

ȳɟɞɧɚ Ɂɟʄɚɧɤɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɤɪɨɦ ɨɜɚɤɨ:

Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɥɢ ɦɟ ʁɚɞɚ ɭɛɢ,

ϭϴϰ

 ɍ ɩɨɝɚɧɫɤɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɬɜɨʁɭ,

ɋɜɟɤɪɟ ɛɚɧɟ!

Ɇɨʁ ɧɚʁɩɪɜɢ ɛɭɧɢɲɬɚɪɭ,

Ɇɨʁ ɜɨɥɚɪɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɪɭ,

ɋɜɟɤɪɟ ɱɨɱɟ!

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ ɨɞ ɧɟʁɭɧɚɤɚ

Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɚ ɨɜɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɨɝɨɜɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ, ɧɢ ʃɟɧ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɨʂɢ
ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɝɨɪɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ. ɍ ɩɟɬɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɠɟɧɚ
ɞɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɜɢʁɟɫɬ ɨ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɨʁ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɡɚɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨ ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɢ ɱɟɲʂɚʃɚ ɤɨɫɟ.
ɇɚʁɜɟɞɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɭ ɨɫɦɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ. ɍ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɧɨʁ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨ
ɋɨɮɬɚ „ɡɚɩɢɬɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɝɥɚɜɚɪɫɤɭ ɠɟɧɭ, - ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɧ
ɡɜɚɨ ɫɧɚɯɨɦ ɚ ɨɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɻɟɜɟɪɨɦ, ɢ ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟɫɭ
ɫɜɨʁɢ ɛɢɥɢ, - ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɚ ɨɬɭɠɢɥɚ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ
ɡɚɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɝɥɚɜɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɨɤ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɭɡɞɢɡɚɥɚ, ɨɧ
ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɚɨ ɢ ɤɪɢɥɚɨ, ɚ ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɚ, ɡɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɜɚɬɪɚʂ ɩɨɥɟɬɢɨ ɡɚ ɫɧɚɯɨɦ“.

Ⱥ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɭ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɨɜɚɤɨ:

Ɇɨʁ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ Ⱦɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɟ,

Ⱦɨɦ ɻɟɜɟɪɟ!

ϭϴϱ

 Ɇɨʁ ʁɚɛɥɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ,

Ⱦɢɤɨ ɻɟɲɨ!

Ɉ ɦɨʁ ɬɢʄɭ ɨɞ ɫɨɤɨɥɚ,

Ⱦɨɦ ɻɟɜɟɪɟ!

ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɚ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɦ ɞɢɱɢ,

ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɱɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɫɢɦ,

Ɇɨʁ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ ɩɨɧɨɲɚʁɭ!

Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ ɭɡ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɋɨɮɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɚɨ ɢ

ɤɪɢɥɚɬɢɨ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɞɢɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɤɨʁɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɬɪɚʂ ɪɚɞɢɨ:
ɇɨ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɚ ɡɚɦɭɤɧɭɥɚ,

ɉɚ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɚ ɩɨɫɟɜɢɥɚ,

ɉɪɨɤɭɤɚɥɚ!

Ⱦɚ ɬɢ ɪɟɱɟɦ ɦɨʁ ɫɩɚɢʁɚ,

Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɬɢ ʁɟ!

Ⱦɚ ɬɢ ɪɟɱɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɻɟɲɨ,

Ɇɚɥɨ ɬɢ ʁɟ!

Ɇɨʁ ɤɚɱɢɰɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɲɢʁɭ,

Ⱦɨɦ ɻɟɜɟɪɟ!

ϭϴϲ

 Ɇɨʁɟ ɞɟɛɟ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɤɥɨɩɰɚ,

Ʉɭɤɚʁ ɫɧɚɨ!

Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ,

ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɇɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɦɨɠɟ
ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ
ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɢʃɚ: ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɝɭɛɢɬɧɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ, ɫɧɚɯɚ, ɫɢɧɨɜɢɰɚ,
ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ, ɦɚɥɨʂɟɬɧɚ ɤʄɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɛɪɟɦɟ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɬɭɠɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤɢʃɚ.
ɇɟɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɬɢɨ ɢ ɉɟɪɨ
ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɞɨɛɢʁɚ
ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚ, ɬɭɠɟʄɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ,
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɢ ɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɭ
ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ
ɧɚʁɞɪɚɠɢɯ. Ɍɨ ɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɚ
ɠɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɡɚɦʁɟɪɢɬɢ.

Ʉɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤɢʃɚ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɭ

ɬɚɱɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪɧɨ ɨɦɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ
ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨɝ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ. Ɍɟ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨ-ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭɧɭɬɟɪ ɤɨɝɚ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ
ϭϴϳ

ɦɟɻɭʂɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɭ
ɫɮɟɪɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɪɭɲɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɬɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ
ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɭɲɬɪɛ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɢ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ, ɧɟ ɩɪɚɲɬɚ ɫɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɝɭɛɢ
ɞɨɛɚɪ ɝɥɚɫ ɭ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɚ ɢ „ɩɪɟɤɨɪɟɧɚ ʁɟ“, ɤɚɠɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ. Ʉɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤɢʃɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɟɝɧɟ ɞɨ
ɝɭɫɥɚɪɟɜɢɯ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚ
ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɧɚɞɦɚɲɢ ɭ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʃɟɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɯɭɧɫɤɨ,
ɨɞɦɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ
– ɨɧɭ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɭ ɤɚɬɚɪɡɭ ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɨ
ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢɨ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤ ɟɩɨɯɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɝɧɭʄɚ ɫɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ
ɛɨɪɛɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ; ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɚɪ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɚɰ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɛɨɪɛɢ,
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ; ɨɧɚ ʁɟ
ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɭɞɢɨɧɢɤ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩʁɟɜɚ
ɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɢ ɱɚɫɬ, ɨɬɪɠɭʄɢ ɢɯ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ

ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ, ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ, ɪɚɞɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɟɛɢ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ, ɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɟɛɢ
ɫɥɭɠɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ϭϴϴ

ʃɟɧɨ ʃɟɧɨ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɞɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɩʂɟʃɚ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ,
ɨɧɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɞɨ ɡɧɚʃɚ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɚ
ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢɰɚ), ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɭɦɢʁɟʄɭ ɦɨɠɟ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ) ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɭ 1. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɦɚʁɤɚ
ɩɪɨɡɢɜɚ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɢɡɜɚʃɫɤɨɝ, ɤɚɨ
ɲɥɚɝɜɨɪɬ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ:
ɒɬɨ ɫɢ ɦɚʁɤɨ ɡɚɱɭɬɚɥɚ,

ɒɬɨ ɫ ʁɚɞɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲ?

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ (17.ɬ.) ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚ

ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɫɚɦ ɻɟɰɭ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ,

ɂ ɻɟɜɟɪɟ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɜɟ, -

Ɍɪɟʄɚ (2.ɬ.), ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɦɚɥɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɨ

ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨʁ:
ȳɚ ɧɢʁɟɫɚɦ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ,

ɇɟɝɨ ɰɪɧɚ ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɚ!

ɉɚ ɢ ʃɨʁ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɥɢʁɟɤ,

Ʉɭɤɚɜɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɤɚ,

ɂɦɚ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɭɡɚɤɚ,

ϭϴϵ

 Ƚɨɪɭ ɢɦɚ ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɚ,

Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɻɟ ɧɢɤɨɝ

ɇɢ ɨɞ ɞɨɦɚ, ɧɢ ɨɞ ɪɨɞɚ.

Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɫɭɞɢɨɧɢɤ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ – ɨɫɢɦ

ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɦɪɬɢ
(ɇ.Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ), ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ, ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧ. ɍ
ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ
ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɤ ɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ,
ɨɧɞɚ ɛɢ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɢʁɟɞ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɨɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ
ɛɚɪɢɤɚɞɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɨɜɚɤɨ: Ɍɭɪɰɢ,
Ⱥɪɧɚɭɬɢ, Ȼɭɝɚɪɢ, Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢ, ɒɜɚɛɟ (Ⱦɪɭɝɢ
ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ). Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɧ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ
ɞɟɜɟɬɧɚɟɫɬɨɝ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ,
ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɨʁɟɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɢ ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟɧ ɧɚ
ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ „ɡɥɚ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɚ“: ɛɨɥɟɫɬ, ɫɜɚɻɚ ɫɚ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɢɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ, ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɭɫɨɜɚ,
ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɦɪɬ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ – ɫɜɟ ɨɞ „Ȼɨɝɚ,
ɯɜɚɥɢɦɨ ɝɚ“ – ɤɚɠɟ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ.

ϭϵϬ

 ɇɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ ɫɟ (Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ) ɡɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɲɬɨ
ɫɢʁɟɱɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɤɚɨ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɬɪɨɮɟʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟʃɚ ɢ
ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ, ɚ ɦɚʁɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚɦɚ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ ɧɚɝɪɻɭʁɟ
ɥɢɰɟ, ɥɢʁɟɩɨ ɢ ɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ „ɡɥɢ ɤɪɜɧɢɰɢ“ ɢ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɚ
ɤɚɡɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ ʁɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɨ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ, ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ - ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɚɧ ɢɡ ɨɬɚʇɛɢɧɟ. Ȼɭɝɚɪɢ ɤɚɨ
ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɭ ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮɢɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ
ɧɟɧɚɞɚɧɢ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɜɪɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɦɚ ɭ
ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɭɝʃɟɬɚɱɚ.
„Ⱦɚ ɜɢɲ ɱɭɞɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ/ɨɞ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ
ɡɜɚɧɚ:/ɭɞɪɢɨ ɢɯ Ȼɨɝ ɭ ɲʂɟɦɟ!“ – ɤɭɧɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ
(17.ɬ.), ʁɟɪ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɢɡɞɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ, ɚ ɨɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɫɬ ɩɨ ɜʁɟɪɢ ɢ ɩɨ
ɩɚɬʃɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ.

ȿɦɨɬɢɜɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ

ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɭ,
ɚ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɦɨʄɧɚ. ɇɚ Ȼɭɝɚɪɟ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɢɡ 56. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ
„ɋɨ ɢ ʂɟɛ ɢɯ ɨɝɭɛɚɨ!“ ɢ ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɨ ɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɯʂɟɛ

ϭϵϭ

ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɞɚɜɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɦɢɥɨɲʄɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɝɥɚɞɨɜɚɥɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ „ɡɥɚ ɧɟɛɪɚʄɚ ɧɚɲɚ
ɛɪɚʄɚ“ (4. ɬ.) ɢ „ʁɟɞɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɚ, ɡɥɚ ɧɟɜʁɟɪɚ“ (14.ɬ.).

Ʉɥɟɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɲɬɭ ɧɚ

ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ. ɍ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɥɨ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɝɚ
ɤɭɧɟ:
Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɨ, Ȼɨɝ ɬ' ɭɛɢɨ,

Ⱦɚ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɭɥɨ,

ɉɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɛɟ ɬɪʃɟ ɪɚɫɥɨ:

Ɍɭ ɦ' ɨɫɬɚɲɟ ɨɛɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ,

Ɇɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɬɚɬɚ! (83.ɬ.)

ɇɚʁɠɟɲʄɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭɩɭʄɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ

ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɝɚ
ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ: ɤɨɦɲɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭɛɢɰɚɦɚ.
Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɤɥɟɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɟɠɟ ɡɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ
ɞɭɛɨɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ, ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɭ
ɦɨʄ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɢ:
ȿʁ, ɤɪɜɧɢɱɟ, Ȼɨɝ ɬ' ɭɛɢɨ,

Ɋɭɤɚ ɬɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɭɲɢɥɚ,

ϭϵϮ

 Ⱥ ɩɭɲɤɚ ɬɢ ɩɨɪɻɚɥɚ,

ɉɨ ɪɻɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨ! (97.ɬ.)

Ɍɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ-Ɇɚʃɚ Ʉɢɬɚʂɟɜɢʄ (ɁȿɆ, 323),

ɠɚɥɟʄɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɦ, ɭɛɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɭ
„ɨɞ ɩɨɝɚɧɢ“, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɝ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢɯ, ɢɡ
ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɫɥɚɠɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɭ ɬɢɦɟ ʁɚɱɭ ɢ
ɠɟɲʄɭ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɛɢɰɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɬɧɢʁɢ ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ ɢ
ɱɨʁɫɬɜɭ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɤɭɧɟ:
Ɉɞ ʃɢɯ ɬɪɚɝɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ,

ɉɢʁɟɜɰɚ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɩʁɟɜɚɥɨ,

ɇɢɬɢ ɱɟɞɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɤɚɥɨ!

ɇɚ ɩɥɨɱɭ ɢɦ ɰɪɧɨ ɬɪʃɟ,

ɍ ɬɪʃɭ ɫɟ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɥɟɝɥɟ,

ɉɨ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɨɱɢ ɩɢɥɟ!

Ⱥɥɢ ɜɚɬɪɟ ɧɟ ɥɨɠɢɥɢ,

ɇɢ ɫɜɢʁɟʄɟ ɡɚɠɞɢɜɚɥɢ,

Ʌɟɬɭɪɻɢʁɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ!

ɒɬɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ

ɋɜɟ ɢɦ ɰɪɧɨ ɢ ɤɭɤɚɥɨ,

ɋɜɟ ɢɦ ɝɥɭɜɨ ɢ ɧɢʁɟɦɨ,

ϭϵϯ

 ɋɜɟ ɢɦ ɛɨɧɨ ɢ ɚɜɟɬɧɨ,

Ɉɧɢ ɬɭɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɨɜɚɥɢ,

Ʉɚɨ ɦɚʁɤɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ!

Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɩɚɤɥɚ, ɧɟɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɦɨʄɧɚ ɢ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ.

Ⱥɤɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɭɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɭ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɭ ɦɨʄ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ, ɚ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɤɥɟɥɨ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɰɪɧɚ
ɦɚɝɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɬɢɪɟ ɫɜɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɨ: ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɢ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ʂɭɞɫɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ
ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ „ɬɭɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɨɜɚʃɟ“ – ɩɚɬʃɚ
ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɚ ɨɫɜɢʁɟɲʄɟɧɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɫɤɚ ɤɚɡɧɚ. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ „ɤɚɨ ɦɚʁɤɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ“,
ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɜɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɦɟʄɟʃɟ
ɩɚɤɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ, ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɜʂɟɜɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ; ɧɢɲɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɻɟ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɨ

ɭɜɢɞ ɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɨɩʁɟɜɚɧɢɦ
ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɭʁɭʄɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ
ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɭɲɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɢ
ɫɤɭɩɨɰʁɟɧɚ. Ƚɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ
ɪɚɬɚ – ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɝ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɝɭɛɢ
ɛɟɡ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɢɫɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɪɯɨɦ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ
ɫɟ ɤɪɜɧɢɤɭ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɲɬɚ ɚ ɤɚɡɧɚ ɫɚɦʁɟɪɚɜɚ
ɢɡɜɚɧʂɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧɛɨɠʁɢɦ ɦɨʄɢɦɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ

ϭϵϰ

ɚɧɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɢ ɛɨɝɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɢɲɬɚ –
ɫɭɞɛɢɧɫɤɚ ɧɚɞ-ɦɨʄ. Ⱥ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ
ɫɤɥɨɩɨɜɢɦɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɡɢɜɚʁɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ
ɭɫɦʁɟɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɭ ɠɟʂɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɤɚɨ
ɫɦɪɬɨɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ.

ɍɩɨɪɟɞɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ ɪɚɬɧɨɦ

ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɦɪɬɢɨ ɧɟɦʁɟɪʂɢɜɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚ, ɢ ɨɧɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɤɪɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɦɨɪɚ
ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ʁɚɱɟ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢʁɟ,
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɛɨʁɢɬɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ,
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɱɢɧɟ ʂɭɞɢ
ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɟɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɬɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɫɬ
ɢ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨɝ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɞɚʁɚ, ɬɢɦ
ɜɟʄɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤ ɛɥɢɠɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɜɢ
ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɡɚɦɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɬɚ
ɡɚ ɢɡɞɚʁɭ ɠɟɲʄɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɪɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɭɛɨʁɢɬɨʁ
ɤɥɟɬɜɢ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɧɨ ɬɨ, ɞɚ
ɤɥɟɬɜɚ, ɦɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɢ
ɧɢɩɨɞɚɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ,
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɟ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ

ϭϵϱ

ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɬɟ ɤɥɟɬɜɟ, ɛɨʂɟ ɪɟʄɢ: ɛɢɨ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɚɧ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɨ, ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ.
ȿɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢɡɧɟɜʁɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɟ ɩɨɝɚɻɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚ. ɂɦɚ ɨɧɚ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ
ɢɡɪɟɤɚ ɞɚ ɧɚʁɞɭɛʂɟ ɛɪɚɬ ɛɪɚɬɭ ɤɨɩɚ ɨɤɨ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ

ɞɨɥɚɡɢ „ɨɞ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɯɜɚɥɢɦɨ ɝɚ“, ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɚ ɬɭ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɦɪɬ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɨɞ
„ɡɥɟ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɟ“ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɚʃɭ ɫɦɪɬ ɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ,
ɨɞ ɭɫɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ, ɨɞ ɝɪɨɦɚ, ɨɞ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɭ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ.

Ɂɥɚ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɟɭɮɟɦɢɡɚɦ ɡɚ ɫɦɪɬ; ɬɨ ʁɟ

ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɧɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɱɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ
ɢɡ ɦɢɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɨ ɤɭɝɢ ɭ ɥɢɤɭ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɚ
ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɭ ɪɭɰɢ (ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ: 1994, 278). ɉɪɨɬɢɜ
ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ, ɧɟɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ:
Ɉɞ ɫɬɪɢʁɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ,

ɇɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɢ, ɧɢ ʂɟɤɨɜɢ,

ɇɢ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ, ɧɢ ɝɥɟɞɚʃɟ“ –

ɤɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɭ 9. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɚ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɫɟ

ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɦɪɬ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɚ
ɫɢɥɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ.

ϭϵϲ

 Ʉɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɬ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɢɦ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɬɢɮɭɫ – ɞɨɧɢɨ ɝɚ ɢɡ
ȼɚʂɟɜɫɤɟ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɡɢɨ ɮɚɦɢɥɢʁɭ
ɢɥɢ „ɲɩɚʃɨɥɢɰɚ“ – ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɚ „ɲɩɚɧɫɤɚ
ɝɪɨɡɧɢɰɚ“ – ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢ ɢ
ɡɚɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɢɤɟ (ɭ
ɩʁɟɫɦɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɠɟ ɡɚɪɚɡɚ).

ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ „ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ“ ɤɨʁɢ „ɝɪɚɛɢ“

ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɪɫɧɢʁɟ, ʁɟɫɭ ɜɟʄ
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɫ ɨɧɨɝ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɟɛɢ, ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ, ɧɚʁɦɢɥɢʁɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ 10. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɨɦ Ⱥɧɻɨɦ:
Ɋɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɨɫɬɚɪɟɥɢ,

ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ʁɨʁ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ,

Ⱥɧɻɟɥɢʁɭ ɡɚɝɪɚɛɢɥɢ.

ɝɞʁɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟʂɢ ɤʄɟɪɢ ɡɚɪɚɞ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɚ

ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɚ ɭ 29. ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɧɚɯɚ
ɩɪɢɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɞʁɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ʁɨʁ ɭɝɪɚɛɢɥɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ ɚ ʃɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɞɜɨʁɟ ɦɚɥɟ ɞʁɟɰɟ:
Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɫɬɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɨɩɥɢɥɢ,

ɋɟɛɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɭɝɪɚɛɢɥɢ.

ϭϵϳ

 Ⱥ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɢɫɥɢɫɬɟ,

Ʉɭɞ ʄɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɦɨʁɟ,

ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɬɢ...

ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬɚ ɭɬʁɟɯɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɢ

ɭɜʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɱɟ
ɜɢɞɢ, ɫɧɚɯɢɧ ɩɪɟɤɨɪ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɫɚʃɟ
ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ
ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɨɞ, ɨɰɭ.

ɂ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ

„ɡɚɝɪɚɛɢɬɢ“ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɭɜɪɫɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɭ ɢ ɩɨ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɨɦ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭɬʁɟɯɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ
ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɢ
ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ.

ɂɡ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ

ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɨɧɚʁ ʁɭɧɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ
ɭ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ. ȵɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɜɚʁ – ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɠɢɜɢɯ, ɢ
ɨɧɚʁ – ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚɤ ɢɡ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ. ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɜɢɪɟ ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ
ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɪɥɢɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ϭϵϴ

ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɭ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬ. Ⱥ ɜʁɟɪɚ ɞɚ
ɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɭɬʁɟɯɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɛɢ ɠɪɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ, ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ-ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨ, ɫɜɟʁɟɞɧɨ,
ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɦɢɫɥɚ.

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɫɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟ,

ɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ ɛɨɥ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ. Ʉɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ, ɨɧɚ
ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɨɧɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɬɨ
ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚɦɚ,
ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢɡɦɢɦɚ, ɯɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɚɦɚ, ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɤɢɦ
ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɥɨɞɢʁɫɤɨ-ɦɭɡɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ: ʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɭɧɚ
ɦɭɲɤɟ / ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɢɫɬɭ
ʂɟɩɨɬɭ ɫɦɪɬ ɭɧɚɤɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɢɥɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɧɟ
ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɨɲɬɚɪ ɛɨɥ, ɤɥɢɦɚɤɫ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɩɢʃɭ
ɢ ɫɭɞɚɪɚʁɭ ɫɪɟʄɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ, ɪɚɞɨɫɬ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ;
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɢ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɢ ɩɨɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɨɡɢɜɨ.
ɋɦɪɬ „ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ“ ɤɚɠɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ʁɟɪ ɧɚ
ɫɦɪɬ ɫɟ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɜɢʄɢ ɧɢ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ Ȼɨɝɚ
ɦɨɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢ ɦɭɤɟ ɩɚɬɟɧɢɤɭ; ɫɦɪɬ ʁɟ ɬɚʁɧɚ,
ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɬɚʁɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ʁɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɧɟɬɧɭɨ ɢ
ɡɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɦɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɨɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɝ.

ϭϵϵ

ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɦɪɬɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ
ɜʁɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɪɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɛɢʁɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɢɦ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɬɨɩɢʁɚɦɚ: ɞɨɛɪɨɬɨɦ,
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɨɲʄɭ, ɩɪɚɜɞɨɦ, ʁɭɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɨɦ
ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ʂɭɛɚɜʂɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɛɥɢɠʃɟɦ ɫɜɨɦɟ.
ɇɚɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɢ, ɜʁɟɱɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬ.
Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɚɢɫɤɨɧɫɤɚ, ɦɢɬɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ „ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɫɬɭɛ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɛɚ“.
Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɫɬɨɝɚ, ɢɦɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɞɭɝɚ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ, ɢ ʂɟɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ, ɨɧɚʁ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɨɞɭɲɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɱɭɞɧɨ, ɚɥɢ ɬɢɯɨ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ȴ. Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ.

ϮϬϬ

 ϮϬϭ

 ɒȺɍɅɂɑȿȼ ȾɈɉɊɂɇɈɋ ɉɊɈɍɑȺȼȺȵɍ
ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ ɄɈȾ ɇȺɋ ɂ ɍ ɋȼɂȳȿɌɍ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ ɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ

ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɭ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ.

ɉɪɜɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɬɜɞɭ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɭ

ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɢ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜɚ ȭɭɪɢʄɚ,
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ 1940. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ
Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɭɜɢɞɭ ɭ ɬɭ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɭ, ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɫɭ ɩɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɰɢɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɢɡɚ ȼɭɤɨɜɢɯ, ɚɥɢ
ɨɜɞʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɚ ɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɤɪɢʁɟ
ɝɪɚɻɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ
ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ʁɨɲ
ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ. ȭɭɪɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɨ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, ɨɫɢɦ ɨɧɨɝ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ ɤɚɞɚ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɦɟɬɪɭ ɢ ɫɬɢɯɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ, ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɧɢɯ
ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɱɢɧɢ
ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɢɪɭ ɢɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ 1929. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɛɨʂɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜɪɲɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɢ
ɞɨɧɨɫɢɨ ɜɚɥɢɞɧɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ȭɭɪɢʄ ʁɟ

ϮϬϮ

ɬɚɱɧɨ ɨɫɚɦɧɚɟɫɬ ɩɭɬɚ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɭɡ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ȭɭɪɢʄ ɭ ɮɨɤɭɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɝ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɨɦɟɬɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ
ɢɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜ
ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ.

ɍ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ „ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ“

ȭɭɪɢʄ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ
ɧɚɭɤɟ ɪɟɤɥɨ ɢɧɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɧɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɫɤɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟ ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɤɪɟɩʂɭʁɟ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɦɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɚ ɦɢ ɫɦɨ
ɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ, ɧɚɥɚɡɢ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ, ɧɟɤɢ
ɦɨɠɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ȭɭɪɢʄɟɜɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ. ȼɪɢʁɟɞɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢɬɢ
ȭɭɪɢʄɟɜɢɯ „ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ“ ɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɟɡ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɤɥɨɩɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɬɟɤɭʄɭ
ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɩɨɟɬɢɤɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ.

ɍ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɢɧɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ

ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ȭɭɪɢʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɭ

ϮϬϯ

ɩʁɟɫɦɭ, ɤɚɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɞɭɝ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ. ɍ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɭ
ɢɡɨɛɢʂɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ
ɡɛɢɪɤɚ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ
ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɝɚ ɤɨɜɚ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɢ
ɛɥɨɤ: ɫɥɢɤɚʃɟ ɬɟɲɤɟ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ȭɭɪɢʄ ɭ ɢɡɨɛɢʂɭ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɩɨɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɚɧ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɡɚ ɬɪɟʄɢ: ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɢ
ɩɪɢɨɪɞɚ ɠɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɨɦ. ɍ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ
ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ
ɫɭɞɢɨɧɢɤ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɨ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɭ ɫɬɚʁɟ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɦɨɪɟ.
Ɇɨɝɭʄɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɩɬɢɰɚɦɚ
„ɨɛɥɨɦʂɟɧɢ ɤɪɢɥɚ“ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɞɪɜɟʄɟɦ „ɨɛɥɨɦʂɟɧɢɯ
ɝɪɚɧɚ“, ɚɥɢ ɬɟɤ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɭ. ɑɟɬɜɪɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɟɦɚ
ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ, ɞɢɝɧɟ ɢɡ ɝɪɨɛɚ, (ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ȿɜɚɧɻɟʂɟ
ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɩʁɟɫɦɢ), ɚɥɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɬɚ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɚ
ɫɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɢɰɚʃɟɦ.
ɇɚɪɟɞɧɢ ɛɥɨɤ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɨɪ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɲɬɨ
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɨʂɟɧɟ, ɞʁɟɰɭ, ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ,
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɲɬɚ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɠɚɨ

ϮϬϰ

ɭɱɢɧɢɥɢ, ɚ ɫ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɢ: ɧɚɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɚ ɧɟ
ɢɞɟ ɭ ɞɨʃɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɦɪɚɱɚɧ ɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɧ ɢɡ
ɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ – ɛɨʂɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦɚ ɢ
ɜɨʂɟɧɢɦɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ
ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ: ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ
ɨɞ ɠɢɜɢɯ. ɉɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ
ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ
ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɨɜɢɦ ɪɟɞɨɦ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʄɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ
ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɟ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ.

ɂɡ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɧɨ, ȭɭɪɢʄɟɜ

ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ.

ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɨ ʁɟ

ȭɭɪɢʄɭ ɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ. ȭɭɪɢʄ
ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɭ, ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɭ, ɠɟɧɢɧɭ-ɭɞɨɜɢɱɢɧɭ,
ʄɟɪɤɢɧɭ ɢ ɛɚɛɢɧɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɭɠɟ, ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ ɬɭ
ɭɛɪɚʁɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɦɥɚɞɢɦɚ, ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦɚ, ɡɚ
ɡɧɚɬɧɢɦɚ, ɡɚ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɭ, ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦɚ
ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɬɭɻɢɧɢ. ɋʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɬɢɩ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ ȭɭɪɢʄɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, ɚ ɬɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ, ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɞɨ ɝɪɨɛɚ, ɧɚ

ϮϬϱ

ɝɪɨɛɭ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ȭɭɪɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ.

Ʉɚɨ ɬɢɩ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ȭɭɪɢʄ ɭɡɢɦɚ

ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ 50, 65 ɢ 79, ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɭʄɢ
ɦɚʁɱɢɧɭ ɭɬʁɟɯɭ ɭ ɭɧɭɱɢʄɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɢɡɚ
ɫɢɧɚ (65), ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɭ ɭɬʁɟɯɭ ɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɞʁɟɰɢ: ɨɧɟ
ɫɭ ɬɭɻɚ ɤɭʄɚ, ɭɞɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɬɢʄɢ (50). Ȼɚɛɢɧɭ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɡɚ ɭɧɭɤɨɦ (ɛɪ. 3) (ɤɨʁɭ ȭɭɪɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ
ɩɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɭ ɢɡ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ: ɛɚɛɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɜɟɬɢɦ ɞɟɬɟɬɨɦ),
ɭɩɨɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɏɟɤɭɛɢɧɨɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɨɦ ɩɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ
ɞʁɟɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɩɥɚɤɭʁɭ. Ɂɚ ɬɢɩ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ȭɭɪɢʄ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɩɨ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ: 15, 18, 21,
36, 40, 44 ɢ 98. Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ 40 ɢ 3, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ
ɞɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɨɦ ɛɟɡɛɪɚɬɤɢʃɨɦ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɰɜɢʁɟʄɟɦ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɚɦɚ. Ⱦɜɚɧɚɟɫɬɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɠɟʃɟɧɢɦ ɦɨɦɤɨɦ, ɚ 81.
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɪɬ ɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ „ɦɨɦɤɨɦ ɛɭɝɚɪɢɧɨɦ“ ɡɚ
ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ Ⱦɚɪɚ „ɭɞɚɥɚ“.

ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ȭɭɪɢʄɟɜ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɭɡ

ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ 4, 6, 7,8 ɢ 15 ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɬɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ. „Ʉɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɫɭ ɬɨ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ,
ɛɪɚɧɢɨɰɢ ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɟ, ɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɟʁɚɤɟ ɞɟɰɟ, ɨɞɥɢɱɧɢ

ϮϬϲ

ʂɭɞɢ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɦɪɬ ɧɟɨɰɟʃɢɜ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɡɚ ɰɟɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞ.“ – ɢ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ: „ɂ, ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ,
ɩɨɯɜɚɥɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɧɚɞɦɚɲɭʁɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ!“ (ȭɭɪɢʄ: 1940, 100).

ȼɭɤɨɦɚɧ ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ 1970. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɧɢɨ

ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
(ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ: 1970). Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ ɫɚ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɦɢɫɥɢɦɨ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ, ɛɚɪ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ
1929, ɫɤɪɚʄɢɜɚɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɜɚʁɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɢɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
ɂɫɬɢɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ʁɟ ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɬɚɱɧɨ
ɧɚɜɟɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ ɭɡɟɨ ɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɫɤɪɚʄɢɜɚɨ ɧɟɤɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ
ɧɚɱɟɥɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢɫɩɚɥɨ ɛɚɲ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɢ ɠɚɥɢɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɟ:
ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɦɢɫɚɨ, ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɚ
ɩʁɟɫɦɟ, ɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ʁɟɫɬɟ ɰɢʁɟɥɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ.

Ʉɚɞɚ, ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚ Ⱥɧɻɨɦ ɭɡɦɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɞɢɨ, ɨɩɢɫ
ɞʁɟɜɨʁɱɢɧɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧ ɞɢɨ ɫɚɦ ɡɚ
ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɥɢɪɫɤɚ
ɩʁɟɫɦɚ:

ϮϬϳ

 Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ʁɭɬɪɨ, Ⱥɧɻɨ ɜɢɥɨ!

ɒɬɨ ɫɟ, ɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɨɞɡɢɜɚɲ?

ɇɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲ ɫɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ,

Ⱥ ɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɚɲ ɫɚ ɨɱɢɦɚ!

ɋɚ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢʁɟɦ

ɂ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɝɪɚɧɚɬɢʁɟɦ!

ȿ ɫɢ, Ⱥɧɻɨ, ɝɪɚɧɚʁɥɢʁɚ!

ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚɦɚ 43, 45 ɢ 62 ʃɟɝɨɜɟ

ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɚ ɦɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɨ ʁɨɲ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ (ɫɬɪ.
43):
ɍɡɟʄɭ ɬɢ ɨɲɬɪɭ ɤɨɫɭ,

ɉɨɛɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɜɚɞɭ,

Ɉɝɪɧɭɬɢ ɩɟɥɚɪɢɧɤɨɦ!

ɇɟɤɚ ʃɨɦɟ ɜʁɟɬɚɪ ɦɚɲɟ,

ɇɟɤ ɦɢ ɬɭɠɧɨʁ ɫɪɰɟ ɜɚɪɚ!

Ɉɜɚɤɨ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢ „ɤɨɦɚɞɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ“ ɧɢ ɩɨ

ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɨɞɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɡɚ
ɭɦɪɥɢɦ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɢɡ ʃɢɯ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ. Ɂɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ
ʁɟɫɬɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɚɥɢ
ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ

ϮϬϴ

(ɨɛɪɟɞɚ) ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ. Ɉɛɪɟɞ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚ, ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɬɚʁ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ
ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ
ɬɢʁɟɫɚɧ. ɍ ɨɛɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ
ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ: ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ
Ⱥɧɻɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɚɡɢɜɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɩɨɛɚɞɚʃɚ ɤɨɫɟ
ɧɚ ɥɢɜɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɩɟɥɟɪɢɧɨɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɧɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɨɜɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɡɜɚɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɨɦ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɱɢɫɬ
ɩɪɨɦɚɲɚʁ.

ɍ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ, ɭ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɨ

ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɭ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɢ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɬɚɱɧɨ. Ɉɧ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ „ɡɚɩɚɡɢɨ
ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ: 'ɩɪɜɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɞ ɫɜɟ
ɫɦɢɫɥɢ, ɤɚɨ ɩʁɟɜɚɱ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɭ ɨɧɨɦ
ɱɚɫɭ ɨɫʁɟʄɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ, ɨɧɚ
ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪ''“ (ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ: 1970,
16). Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɨɫɢɦ
ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɨ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɢ – ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ, ɢɥɢ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢʁɟ:
ʃɟɧɨ ɬɭɠɟʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢʁɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɭ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɬɢ

ϮϬϵ

ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɬɢɩ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ
(ɩɥɚʄɟɧɟ ɞɚ ɬɭɠɢ).

Ɉɞɛɚɰɢɜɲɢ ȭɭɪɢʄɟɜɭ „ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ“

ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞʁɟʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ: ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɫɚ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ „ɩɪɟɩʁɟɜ“ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ
ɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ, ʁɟɪ ɨɜɨʁ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ
ɫɥɢɱɧɭ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɭ: ɬɨ ɫɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɨ ʁɭɧɚɲɬɜɭ ɢ
ɯɟɪɨɢɡɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɧɨɫɧɟ.

ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭɧɢɨ ɭ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬ

„ɨɞɥɨɦɚɤɚ“ ɢɡ „ɤʃɢɝɟ ɇ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɢɡ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɩɨɞ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ“ 7, 98, 1, 43, 16, 40, 62,
20, 10, 82, 3, 49 ɢ 4. ɋɜɚɤɨʁ ɨɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ
ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɟ ɭɡɟɜɲɢ ɫɬɢɯ ɢɡ
ɫɚɦɨɝ ɨɞɥɨɦɤɚ.

ɋɚ ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɫɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɬɢɱɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɨ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ,
ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ
ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɞɚ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ȼ. ȭɭɪɢʄɭ,
ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɧɨɦɟ
ɤɨ ɬɭɠɢ, ɨ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ ɢ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɢ. Ⱦɚ
ʁɟ ɬɨ ɥɚɤɨ, ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɦɭ, ɜɟʄ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɚɲɚɨ
ɞɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɭɪɚɞɢ. ɇɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ

ϮϭϬ

ɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ
ɛɢɪɚɨ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ.

ɍ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɨɦ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ,
Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, „ɚ ɤɚɞɲɬɨ ɢ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢɯ“ ɢ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɢɨ 12. ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚ ɢ ɋɦɪɬ ɦɚʁɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɚ:
ɉɚ ʄɭ ɤɭɦɢɬ ɜɪɚɧɚ ɬɢɰɭ,

Ʉɚɞ ɧɚɥɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɨʁɚ,

Ɉɞ ɤɪɜɚɜɟ ɐɟɪ-ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ,

Ⱦɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɨɱɢ ɬɜɨʁɟ,

ɂɥ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɢɬɪɭ ɪɭɤɭ,

Ⱦɚ ɧɚ ʃɨʁɡɢ ɫ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ ɤɭɤɚɦ. –

Ʉɚɞ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɚʃɟ...

ȳɚ ɛɢɯ ɤɪɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɨɥɢɥɚ:

Ⱦɚ ɨɞɥɟ:ɬɢɦ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ,

Ⱦɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɢɦ ɤɢɬɭ ɛɪɚʄɟ,...

Ⱦɚ ɢɦ ɞɚɞɧɟɦ ɯɥɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ

Ϯϭϭ

 ɂ ɩɪɟɜɢʁɟɦ ɝɪɞɧɟ ɪɚɧɟ.

ɇɚɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ „ɡɚɱɟɬɤɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ

ɟɩɫɤɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɢ ɥɢɤɨɜɚ“ ɫɚ
ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɛɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ „ɚ ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ ...ɨɤɪɲɚʁ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ“, Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚʁɭ „ɧɚ ɟɩɫɤɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ.“ (Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ:1985,347), ɢ ɬɨ
ɩɨɬɤɪɟɩʂɭʁɟ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɛɪɨʁ 63:
ɋɜɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚɲɟ,

ɇɚ ʁɭɧɚɤɟ ɭɞɚɪɢɲɟ:

Ɂɚɩɢɲɬɚɲɟ ʁɚɫɧɟ ɬɪɭɛɟ,

Ɂɚɩɭɰɚɲɟ ɛɨʁɧɟ ɩɭɲɤɟ

ɂ ɬɨɩɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɥɨɦɢ –

ɉɨɬɪɟɫɟ ɫɟ ɰɪɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ,

ɇɚɨɛɥɚɱɢ ɜɟɞɪɨ ɧɟɛɨ:

ɍ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɫɪɰɟ ɢɝɪɚ!

„Ɉɜɨ ɡɜɭɱɢ, ɤɚɠɟ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ, „ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɫɦɟɪɚɱɤɚ

ɟɩɫɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɫɜɟ

ϮϭϮ

ɞɨɫɤɨɪɨ ɩʁɟɜɚɥɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ, ɢ ɭɡ
ɝɭɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ.“ (Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ: 1985, 348).

Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ „ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ

ɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɱɚɤ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ
ɫɭɩɪɨɬɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ“ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɢɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɤɭɧɭ Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɨɥ(ɬ), ɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ
ɧɟʄɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɢʂɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
„ɞɜɢʁɟ ɥɭɤɨɜɫɤɟ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɢɞɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞ ɤɪɨɡ ɝɨɪɭ
ɬɭɠɢɥɟ“ (83.ɬ.), ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɤɭɧɟ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɢʂɚ, ɭ ɩʁɟɫɦɚɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɨ
Ȼɚɪɞɚʃɟɥɨ.

ɂ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ

ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɠɟɧɢ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɟɦ, ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ
ɫɭ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɭ ɛɨʁɚɡɚɧ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɭ, ɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɦɥɚɞɨʁ ɠɟɧɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɨʂɟɥɚ ɨɞ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɦɭɠɟɦ. (87.ɬ.) Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɲɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ
ɦɥɚɞɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɞɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɩɪɞɚɥɢɰɚ,
Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɢ ɤɚɠɟ: „ɇɨɜɢɰɚ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞ ɨɞ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɨ ɩɚɪɨɞɢʁɟ ɢ
ɫɩɪɞɚɥɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɭ ɛɨɥɚ ɨɫʁɟɬɢɨ
ɫɚɦɨɠɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɞɦʁɟɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ.“

Ϯϭϯ

(Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ: 1985, 349). ɇɚɜɨɞɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɞɢɨ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɧɚɯɚ ɻɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɭ: ɫɩɚɯɢʁɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
– ɫɚɦɨ ɻɟɲɨ, ɦɚɥɨ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ

ɧɚʁɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɭ
ɞɟɤɚɞɚɦɚ ɨɜɨɝ, ɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɤɪɚʁɢɧɫɤɟ
ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɤɢʃɟ Ɉɤɫɚɧɟ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ. ɍ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨʂɭ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ, ɚ
ɧɚʁɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢʁɢ ɜɨɞɢɱɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɭ ʁɨʁ ȼɭɤ ɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ. ɇɟ ɫ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ Ɉ.
Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ
ɫɬɚɜɨɜɚ. ɍ ɨɛɢɦɧɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ Serbski golosinja.
Poetiþnij ta istoriko-geografiþnij analiz Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ:
1992), Ɉɤɫɚɧɚ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɞɭɠɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɢ ɒɚɥɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢɦɚ ɨ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ.
ɉɪɜɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ: „ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱ
ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ, ɫɜɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ ɬɟɲɤɨɦ
ɡɚɞɚɬɤɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʁ ɱɢɬɚɥɚɱɤɨʁ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ“, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ
ɯɜɚɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɭ ɜʁɟɲɬɢɧɭ
ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɱɚ ɭ ɨɩɯɨɻɟʃɭ ɢ

Ϯϭϰ

ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʃɟ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɢ ɬɚɥɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ
„ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ“. ɍ
ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ: ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɥɚɧ,
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ, ɫɬɢɥɫɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɫɤɟ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɥɧɨ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɦ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ:
ɛɟɡɦɚɥɨ, ɧɟɦɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɬɤɪɢʁɟɩʂɟɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ!

ɋɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɢʁɟ ɥɚɤɨ

ɫɥɨɠɢɬɢ. ȼɟʄ ɫɦɨ ɫɟ ɫ ɬɢɦ ɫɭɨɱɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ
ɫɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ.
Ɇɢɫɥɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɨ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɚɠʃɟ
ɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ.

Ʉɚɞɚ ɭ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ „ɫɦɪɬ“ ɝɪɭɩɢɲɟ

ɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɢ
ɢɧɤɚɪɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɬɪɨɱɥɚɧɢ
ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɧɢ ɧɢɡ: ɝɚɜɪɚɧ-ɜɭɤ-ɡɦɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɨɜɚɤɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɥɚɠɟ: „ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɧɢ ɧɢɡ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɝɚɜɪɚɧ-ɜɭɤ-
ɡɦɢʁɚ – ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ
– ɝɚɜɪɚɧ – ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ;
ɡɦɢʁɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɦʁɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɭ, ʄɟɪɤɭ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ...ɜɭɤ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɡɚ
ɦɥɚɞɨɝ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ“.

Ϯϭϱ

 Ɉɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɜɟʄ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɭ
ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ
„ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ“ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ
ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɚ „ɝɪɟɲɧɟ ɞɭɲɟ“. Ɍɨ ɫɟ,
ɧɚɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɤɨɫɢ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ: ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɦɚ ɧɟ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ
ɝɪɟɲɧɢɦ, ɧɟɝɨ ɞɭɲɚɦɚ ɩɭɧɢɦ ɜɪɥɢɧɟ. Ɂɦɢʁɚ, ɤɚɞɚ
ɫɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ, ɫɟɫɬɪɭ, ɤʄɟɪ, ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɟ, ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ
ɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɛɪɢɧɭɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɦɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɫɟ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɦ
ɧɚɲɟ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ. Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɧɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɚʄɢ
ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɭɤ „ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ
ɩɪɟɬɤɚ“, ɨɧɨɝ ɧɚɲɟɝ „ɯɪɨɦɨɝ Ⱦɚɛɟ“, ɧɚɲɟɝ
ɬɟɪɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɩɪɚɨɰɚ, ɤɨʁɢ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ, ɢɦɚ
ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɚ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɞɭɲɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɞɚʁɟ. ȼɭɤ ɫɟ
ɭ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɥɟɲɢɧɚɪɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɭ ɫɚ ɝɚɜɪɚɧɨɦ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɧɟɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧɨɝ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨɝ
ʁɭɧɚɤɚ.

Ϯϭϲ

 ɍ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ „The problem of performance
typology the case of serbian mourners“ (Mykytenko
2012, 91-96), Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɚ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ ɢ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ, ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ
ȼɭɤɚ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɬɢɩ, ɢ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ
ɡɚ ʁɨɲ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ. Ɉ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨʁ
ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɜɟʄ ɫɦɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɬɢɱɟ ȼɭɤɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ, ɨɧ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɬɢɩ
ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɬɨɪɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ, ɚ ɫ ɬɢɦ
ɫɟ ɫɥɚɠɟ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.

ɂ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɭ „ȿɬɧɨ-ɩɨɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɚ

ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɢʁɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɬɭɠɟʃɚ“ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨɜɨʁ ɞɚ
ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɚ ɩɨɬɤɪɢʁɟɩɢ. (Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ:
2001.)

Ɋɚɞɨɜɢ Ɉɤɫɚɧɟ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɭ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ
ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɫɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɠɟʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɞɢɨ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɟɬɫɤɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɟ.

Ϯϭϳ

 ȼɪɢʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɟ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɤɢʃɚ, ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ Ɇɟɥɢɫɚ
Ȼɨɤɨɜɨʁ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ „Gender
and War in twentieth-century ȿtern Europe“, ɭ ɫɜɨɦ
ɪɚɞɭ: „Kosovo maiden's: Serbian women
commemorate the wars of national liberation 1912-
1918“ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ 1929. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ ɨ
ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɟ, Ɇ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɨʁ ɬɨ
ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɢ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ: „Conducting research on women's
laments in the aftermath of the world war, Novica
Šauliü drew a direct line between the Kosovo maiden
and the Mother of the Jugoviüi to Serbian women
mourning the dead from Serbia's war liberation.“
(Bokovoj: 2006), - ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ, ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɨɫɧɚɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ. ɇɚɜɨɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ ɱɭɜɚɥɟ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩʁɟɫɦɚɦɚ „ɪɚɬɧɢɤɟ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ...
ɭɡɞɢɠɭʄɢ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɛɟɫɦɪɬɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɝ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ“.

Ϯϭϴ

 Ɍɨ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɠɢɠɢ
ɢɧɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɟɡɦɚɥɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɞ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɟʃɟ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɞɪɠɟ ɞɨɝɦɟ ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ Ɇɚɪɚɦɛɨɚ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
1957, ɢ ɩɨɞɝɪɢʁɚɜɚɧɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ, - ɞɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ
ɫɩɚɞɚ ɭ „ɥɚɠɧɟ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɟ“ (ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ: 2001).
Ɉɫɜʁɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ 2000. ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ Ɇɢɨɞɪɚɝɚ
ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ, ɢ 2012, ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ
(2012, 20). ɋɪɟʄɨɦ, ɬɨʁ ɞɨɝɦɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɢ, ɧɟɝɨ, ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ
ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ, ɨɩɪɟɡɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ
ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɉɢɬɭɥɢʄ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɟɩɫɤɢɯ
ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ (ɉɢɬɭɥɢʄ:
2007), ɢɥɢ ɛɪɢɬɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ
ɉɟɬɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ/Ⱦɢɜʁɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɩʁɟɫɚɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ
ɱɢɧɢ ɋɚɲɚ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, ɨɩɨɜɪɝɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɨɝɦɚɬɫɤɨ-
ɫʂɟɞɛɟɧɢɱɤɨ „ɡɞɪɚɜɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ“ (Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ:
2018) ɩɚɭɲɚɥɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɫʂɟɞɛɟɧɢɤɚ
„ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ“, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ Ɇɚɪɚɦɛɨɚ (ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ:
2000) ɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ (Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ 2018:
125-135).

Ϯϭϵ

 ɋɪɟʄɨɦ, ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɮɚɫɰɢɤɥɚ ɨ
ɬɨɛɨɠʃɢɦ ɥɚɠɧɢɦ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ Ⱦɟʁɚɧ
Ⱥʁɞɚɱɢʄ, ɩɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɨɝ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. (ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ: 2001, 334 ).
Ɂɚɬɨ ʄɟɦɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ɬɢɦ, ɨɜɞʁɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ.

Ⱥɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ ɛɪɚɧɢ

ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɨɟɬɢɤɚ, ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɭ ʁɟ Ʌɨɬɦɚɧ
ɜɢɞɢɨ, ɚ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɟɬɢɤɚ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ Ɉ.
Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɞɧɟɛʂɚ ɭ
ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɭɫɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɧɢ.
Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɭ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ Ȼɚɬɪɢʄɟɜɟ
ȼɭɤ ɭɫɬɜɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɟ
ɛɢ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɚ ɚɭɬɨɪ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɡɧɚ ɫɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɫɚɦ ȵɟɝɨɲ, ɨɧɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɝɨɪɟ
ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɜ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ
ɧɟɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢʁɢ – ɦɨɝɚɨ ʁɟ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ
ɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɮɚɥɫɢɮɢɤɚɬ – ɧɟ ɛɢ, ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɭ
ɬɚɤɜɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɭɠɢɥɢɰɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ
ɫɩʁɟɜɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ, ɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɚɦɨ

ϮϮϬ

ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɲɬɨ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɠɚɧɪɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, ɫɥɨɠɢɨ ɩʁɟɫɦɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɩʁɟɫɦɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɩʁɟɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɩɢɫɦɟɧɚ ɢ
ɞɚɪɨɜɢɬɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɤɚ. Ɇɢ ɫɟ, ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ɬɢɦ,
ɥɨɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɲɬɢɰɟ ɧɢɫɦɨ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ.

ɇɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ, ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ, ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ

ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɭ ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɢɡ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɢ ʂɟɩɨɬɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝ
ɭɫɦɟɧɨɝ ɠɚɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɢɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ɩɪɭɠɢɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɢɞ ɢ ɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɭ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. Ⱦɚ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɡɚɥɭɞ, ɩɨɬɜɪɞɟ
ɫɬɢɠɭ ɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɢ ʃɟɦɭ ɢ ɧɚɲɨʁ
ɭɫɦɟɧɨʁ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ
ɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ ɉɟɲɢʄ,
ɇɨɜɚɤ Ʉɢɥɢɛɚɪɞɚ, ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɪɚɧɢɦɢɪ
Ƚɭɲɢʄ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɭ ɢ ɬɪɭɞ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɝɨɪ ɧɚ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɜʂɟʃɭ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ.

ϮϮϭ

 ϮϮϮ

 ɂɁȼɈɊɂ

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1921: ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɐɪɧɚ ɝɨɪɚ,

Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ: Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1929: ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ,
Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: „ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɦɢɫɚɨ“.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1953: ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ,

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 1900-
1951, 316-326.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1958: ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢɱ, ɉɪɢɱɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ ɜ

ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɟɩɢɱɟɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɫɥɚɜʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɥɚɜʁɚɧɫɤɚʁɚ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ,
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟʁ III, Ɉɬɞɟʂɧɢʁ ɨɬɬɢɫɤ, Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ
ɇɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1964: Novica Šauliü, Tužbalice ponajviše iz

durmitorskog kraja, Zagreb: Zbornik za narodni
život i obiþaje, JAZU, knj. 42.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1967: Novica Šauliü, Narodne lirske

pjesme i tužbalice (iz ostavštine), priredila A. Šauliü,
Zagreb: Zbnornik za narodni život i obiþaje JAZU,
knj.43.

ϮϮϯ

ɒɚɥɢʄ: (ɒɚɭɥɢʄ-Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄ, ȳɟɥɟɧɚ): ɫɟɞɚɦ
ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɛɢʂɟɠɧɢɰɟ, ɞɧɟɜɧɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɚ ɇ. ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ: ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɚ, ɧɟɞɚɬɨɜɚɧɨ.

ϮϮϰ

 ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ

Ⱥʁɞɚɱɢʄ 1991: Apelativni žanrovi usmene lirike,

Zagreb: Narodna umjetnost: Godišnjak Instituta za
narodnu umjetnost, knj. 28, 207-212.

Ⱥʁɞɚɱɢʄ 1993: Ɉ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ

ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɋɚɫɤɨɜɧɢɤ, 71-72.

Ⱥɪɚɧɢɬɨɜɢʄ 1993: Ⱦɨɛɪɢɥɨ Ⱥɪɚɧɢɬɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɢɨ-

ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ, ɐɟɬɢʃɟ:
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɜʁɟɫɧɢɤ, XXII, 1, 97-124.

Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ 2012: Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɠɧɢ

ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ-ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɜɟɫɤɟ, 19 (ɧ.ɫ.) 8, 9-
24.

Ȼɨɤɨɜɨʁ 2006: Melissa Bokovoy, Kosovo maiden's:

Serbian women commemorate the wars of national
liberation 1912-1918, u: Gender and war in
twentieth-century Eastern Europe, Indianapolis:
Indiana university press.

Ȼɭɪɤɯɚɪɬ 1990: Ⱦɚɝɦɚɪ Ȼɭɪɝɯɚɪɬ, Ɍɟɤɫɬ-ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ

– ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
Ɋɚɫɤɨɜɧɢɤ, ɝɨɞ. 16, ɛɪ.61-62, 85-102.

ϮϮϱ

Ȼɪɚɭɧ1 982: Ɇ. Ȼɪɚɭɧ, ɋɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɚ
ɩɟɫɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ȼɭɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ, Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ.

Vidakoviü Petrov 1989: Krinka Petrov Vukoviü , O

narodnim tužbalicama, Beograd: Književna kritika,
4, 99-114.

ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄ 1986: ȼɭɤ ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ,

ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ɞ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ: ɇɂɉ
„ɉɨɛʁɟɞɚ“.

Gesseman 1929: Gerhard Gesseman, Serbische

Totenklagen. Zur literaturgeschichte und
charakterologie der Patriarchlitat, Slavische
Rundschau, 8, October, S. 677, 681.

Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧ 1929: Ƚɟɪɯɚɪɬ Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧ, ɇɟɦɚɱɤɢ

ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ
ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɛɪ. 7724, 5.

Gušiü 1967: Branimir Gušiü, Novica Šauliü, Zagreb:

Zbornik za narodni život i obiþaje južnih Slavenɚ,
JAZU, knj.43, 653-657.

Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ 2009: ȳɟɜɬɨ Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ,

Beograd: ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ..

ϮϮϲ

ȭɭɪɢʄ 1940: ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ Ɇ. ȭɭɪɢʄ, Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.

ɀɢɜɚ ɪɟɱ 2011: Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɇɚɞɟ

Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ-ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, ɋȺɇɍ.

Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ 1981: ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɇɢɬɫɤɚ ɛɢʄɚ

ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: „ȼɭɤ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ“,
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟʁ.

Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ 1985: ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ɭ:

Ɉ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɦ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ:
ɋɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬ.

Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ 1966: Ljubomir Zukoviü, Vjeþna mladost

tužbalica, Sarajevo: Osloboÿenje, 23.januar.

ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ 2001: Ȼɨʁɚɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɝɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ

ɨɛɪɟɞɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ.

Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ 1968: ɐɪɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚ ɢ Ȼɨɤɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ,

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɇɨɥɢɬ.

Ʉɢɥɢɛɚɪɞɚ 1966: ɇɨɜɚɤ Ʉɢɥɢɛɚɪɞɚ, ɒɟɫɬ

ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɧɟɭɦɨɪɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ, ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ
ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɨɛʁɟɞɚ, 23.

ϮϮϳ

Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ 2018: ɋɚɲɚ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɨʄ, ɍ ɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ
ɫɭɧɰɟ ɨɝɪɢʁɚɥɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɄ „Ɏɢɥɢɩ ȼɢɲʃɢʄ“.

Ʉɪʃɟɜɢʄ 1991: ɏɚɬɢʇɚ Ʉɪʃɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɢʁɚɥɨɝ ɫ

ɬɪɚɞɢɜɢʁɨɦ – ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɥɢɪɢɰɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ʉʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ,
XXIII, 85, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.

Ʉulišiü 1979: Stara slovenska religija u svjetlu

novijih istraživanja posebno bakanoloških, Sarajevo:
Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine,
knj. 3.

Ʌɨɬɦɚɧ 1976: Jurij Lotman, Struktura umetnþkog

teksta, Beograd: Nolit.

Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ 1994: ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ

ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɨ ɤɧɟɡɭ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɭ ɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨʁ ɛɢɰɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ʉʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ʁɟɡɢɤ, ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XLI, ɛɪ. 3-4, 1-9.

Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ 1992: Ɉɤsana Mykytenko, Serb'ski

golosinja. Poetiþnij ta istoriko-geografiþnij analiz,
Ʉɢʁɟɜ: Akademija nauka Ukrajine.

Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ 2001: Ɉɤɫɚɧɚ Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ, ȿɬɧɨ-

ɩɨɟɬɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ ɭ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɢʁɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ

ϮϮϴ

ɬɭɠɟʃɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ
ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚ ɭ ȼɭɤɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɟ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɚ.

Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ 2012: Oksana Mykytenko, The problem

of performance tipology the case of serbian
mourners, Ljubljana: Tradiciones, 41/1, 91-96.

Murko 1951: Matija Murko, Tragom srpskohrvatske

moderne epike. Putovanja u godinama 1930-1932, I
knj., Zagreb: JAZU.

ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ 1929: ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, Ɉ

ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢɦɚ, ɉɢɫɦɚ ɫɚ ɐɟɬɢʃɚ 1878. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ.

ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ 1990: Ɉɝɥɟɞɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɟɬɢɤɟ,

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɟɲɢʄ Ɋ.- ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɇ 1997: Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ ɉɟɲɢʄ,

ɇɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ
(1888-1966), ɭ: ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤ.

ɉɢɬɭɥɢʄ 2007: ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɉɢɬɭɥɢʄ, ɉɨɪɟɤɥɨ

ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɭ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɚɦɚ ɟɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɝ
ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ: Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ
Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, XXXVII 1-
14.

ϮϮϵ

ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ 1980: ɉɟɪɨ ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ,
Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ. ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɝ. ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ:
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ, „ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɦɢɫɚɨ“, ɭ
II ɤʃɢɡɢ ɂɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɯ ɞʁɟɥɚ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: ɋɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬ.

ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ 1908: ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ

ɬɭɠɚʂɤɟ, ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ: Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɨ ɤɨɥɨ,
XIV, 172, 184, 245, 280, 309, 354.

ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ 1994: ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɚ

ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɤʃ.5, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
ɋɄɁ, ȻɂȽɁ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, ɉɚɪɬɟɧɨɧ Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇ.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1965: Anica Šauliü, Uvod u: Lirske pjesme

i tužbalice, Zagreb: Zbnornik za narodni život i
obiþaje Južnih slovena, 43, 181-201.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ 1965: ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ, Ʌɢɪɫɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ

ɩɨɟɡɢʁɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ: Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ.

ϮϯϬ

 Ϯϯϭ

 ɂɆȿɇɋɄɂ ɊȿȽɂɋɌȺɊ

Ⱥʁɞɚɱɢʄ Ⱦ. 19,88,219

Ⱥɪɚɧɢɬɨɜɢʄ Ⱦ. 224

Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ Ⱦ. 219

Ȼɚʄɨɜɢʄ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ 67

Ȼʁɟɥɢɰɚ-ȼɭʁɚɲɟɜɢʄ Ɂɥɚɬɚ 25

Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄ ȳɚʃɚ 82

Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɚɜɚ 25

Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɨʁɚ 25

Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄ Ȼɥɚɠɨ 82

Ȼɨɲɤɨ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄ 76,78

Ȼɨɤɨɜɨʁ Ɇɟɥɢɫɚ (Melissa Bokovoy) 218

Ȼɪɚɭɧ Ɇ. 225

Ȼɭɪɤɯɚɪɬ Ⱦɚɝɦɚɪ (Dagmar Burghardt) 9, 10

ȼɢɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ Ʉ. 10, 11, 19, 145

ȼɢɥɨɬɢʁɟɜɢʄ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ 63

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ȼɢɲʃɢʄ Ɏ. 115

ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄ ȼ. 17, 18, 42, 202

ȼɪɯɨɜɚɰ Ɇ. 22

ȼɭɤɨɫɚɜɚ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɚ 25

Ƚɚɝɨɜɢʄ ɉɟʁɤɚ 25

Ƚɟɡɟɦɚɧ Ƚ. (Gerhard Friedrich Franz Gesemann) 29,

30, 128, 134

Ƚɭɲɢʄ Ȼ. 221

Ⱦɟɞɢʁɟɪ ȳ. 14-16

Ⱦɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ Ɋɨɫɚ 25

Ⱦɚɤɢʄ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ 59

ȭɭɪɢʄ ȼ. 7, 9, 19, 121, 202, 203-207

ɀɭɝɢʄ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ 175

Ɂɚʁɰɟɜ 32, 73

Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ 162, 163

Ɂɭɤɨɜɢʄ ȴ. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 188, 200, 210-214

ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ȼ. 144, 145

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ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ȼ. 219, 220

ȳɨɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ 25

ȳɨɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɉɟɬɪɭɲɚ 25

ȳɨɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ɂɥɚɬɚ 25

ȳɭɝ-Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ 76, 77, 78, 142

Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ ɋɚɪɚ 62

Ʉɚʂɟɜɢʄ ɋɨɥɭɦɢʁɚ 63

Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ ȼ. 7, 21, 22, 220, 221

Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ ɋ. 223, 334

Ʉɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ 76,78,

Ʉɧɟɡ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ 38

Ʉɢɬɚʂɟɜɢʄ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ-Ɇɚʃɚ 63, 193

Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɚ ɻɟɜɨʁɤɚ 81

Ʉɪɫɬɚʁɢʄ ȳɟɥɚ 26

Ʉɢɥɢɛɚɪɞɚ ɇ. 18, 221

Ʉɭɥɢʄ ɋɚɜɚ 26

Ʌɚɤɭɲɢʄ ȭɭɪɻɚ 105

Ϯϯϰ
Ɇɚɪɤɨ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄ 78, 115, 142

ȭɭɤɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ 63

Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ-ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɇ. 8, 9, 13, 19, 41, 187, 190

Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ɉɛɢɥɢʄ 76, 76, 85

Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ Ɉ. 19, 40, 48, 68, 74, 82, 98, 214-218,

220, 221

Ɇɭɪɤɨ Ɇ. 13

ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ ȴ. 152-153, 172

ɇɟɲɤɨɜɢʄ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ 55

ɇɢɤɢɬɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɚɧɢɰɚ 63

ȵɟɝɨɲ, ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɉ. 63, 220

Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ 26

Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄ Ɇɢʁɨʂɤɚ 26

ɉɟɲɢʄ Ɋ. 19, 72, 221

ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ ɇ. 107

ɉɟɬɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ȼ. 223, 224

ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɋ. 100

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ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ȶɚɧɚ 62

ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ȴɭɛɢɰɚ 26

ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɀɢɜɚɧɚ 26

ɉɢɬɭɥɢʄ ȼ. 219

ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ Ɇ. 219, 224

ɉɪɨɩ ȼ. 10, 19

Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɢʄ Ȼ. 22

Ɋɚɞɨʁɟɜɢʄ Ⱦ. 17

ɋɥɢʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɉ. 30, 31, 187

Ɍɨɦɢʄ ɂɤɨɧɢʁɚ 26

ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ ȼ. 29, 30

ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ 14, 15

ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ ȼ. 3, 98

ɑɟɜɢʄ ɉɚɜɚ 26

ȹɚɤɨɜɢʄ ȼ. 17, 207, 210

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ Ⱥ. 22, 33, 34, 59.

ɒɚɭɥɢʄ ȳ. 59
Ϯϯϲ
ɋȺȾɊɀȺȳ

ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ.............................1

Ɍɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ ...............................................................2

ɋɬɚɪɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ.............................................. .13

ɇɨɜɢɰɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄ.....................................................18

ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɇȺɊɈȾɇȿ ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ ɂ ɇɈȼɂɐȺ

ɒȺɍɅɂȶ

1. Ɏɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɢɰɟ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɚ...........21

2. ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ......33

ɆɈȳ ȼɂɋɈɄɂ ȾɍɊɆɂɌɈɊȿ,

ɆɈȳ ɉɈɇɈȼȿ ɋȼȿɆɍ ȳȺȾɍ.............................70

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɒɚɭɥɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɚ..........70

1. Ɋɚɬɧɢɱɤɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ................71

2. Ʌɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɬɭɠɛɚɥɢɰɟ......................155

ɒȺɍɅɂȶȿȼ ȾɈɉɊɂɇɈɋ ɉɊɈɍɑȺȼȺȵɍ

ɌɍɀȻȺɅɂɐȿ ɄɈȾ ɇȺɋ ɂ ɍ ɋȼɂȳȿɌɍ ........202

ɂɁȼɈɊɂ ..............................................................223
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ.....................................................225

ɊȿȽɂɋɌȺɊ ɂɆȿɇȺ...........................................232