ɆɂɇɂɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə

ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

Ǎ. ǐ. ǐǠǑǗǛǏ

ǎǕǛǘǛǐǕǤǒǞǗǍǬ ǛǤǕǞǟǗǍ
ǐǛǝǛǑǞǗǕǢ ǞǟǛǤǚǨǢ ǏǛǑ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ
ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ

ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
2002
 ɍȾɄ 628.35
ȻȻɄ
Ƚ93

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɟɤɚɧ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚ-

ɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɨɜ ɘ. ȼ.
Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ɇɍɉ
ɀɄɏ «ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚɝɨɪɜɨɞɨɤɚɧɚɥ» ɉɪɢɟɦɵɲɟɜ ɘ. Ɋ.

Ƚɭɞɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ.
Ƚ93 Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ.– ȼɨɥɨ-
ɝɞɚ: ȼɨȽɌɍ, 2002. – 27 ɫ.
ISBN 5-8785-74-6

ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 290800 ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ ɡɚɧɹ-
ɬɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ “ȼɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ”.

ɍȾɄ 628.35
ȻȻɄ

ISBN 5-8785-74-6 © ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ

ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2002
© Ƚɭɞɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ., 2002
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ
XIX ɜɟɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɱɢɳɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ, ɜ ɱɚ-
ɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ – ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ
ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɝ-
ɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɩɨɹ-
ɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ 893 ɝ., ɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ 5 ɥɟɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 94 ɝ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɷɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɢɫ-
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɜ 922 ɝ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ "Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ" ɢ "Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ 94 ɩɨ 922 ɝ.", ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɦ
ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ (Ʉɨɠɭɯɨɜɫɤɚɹ) ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 37 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɦ3/ɫɭɬ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɜ 929-
933 ɝɝ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ, ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ.
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɨɬɧɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɤɭɩɟ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɱɢ-
ɫɬɤɢ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 290800 «ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ», ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 500 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
ɇɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɨɯɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɵ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨ-
ɦɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ:
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ, ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ, ɨɤ-
ɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.

3
. ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ,
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɢɬɪɢɬ- ɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ-ɢɨɧɵ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ:
ƒ ɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ;
ƒ ɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɢɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ (ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ).
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ. Ȼɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ (ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ). Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɦ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɥɨɦ (ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡ-
ɦɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ).
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɢɥɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɟ.
.. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɯɢɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ – C54H22O82N8S7. ɋɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
70÷90 % ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ 0÷30 % ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɜ ɢɥɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ – ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɉɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɤɨɦɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɯɥɨɩɶɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 3÷50 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɨɤɨɥɨ
200 ɦ2 ɧɚ  ɦ3 ɢɥɚ.
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɭ, ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɦ. Ȼɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ 2 ɜɢɞɚɦɢ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ.
Ȼɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ, ɩɥɟɫɧɟɜɵɯ ɝɪɢɛɨɜ,
ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ, ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦɢɰɟɬ, ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɪɚɱɤɨɜ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ. ȼ
 ɦ3 ɢɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 2⋅04 ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ȼ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɤɨɩ-
ɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ (ɡɨɨɝɥɟɢ). Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɬɢɩɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɫ, ɛɚɰɢɥɥɭɫ, ɧɢɬɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɦɨɧɚɫ ɢ ɞɪ.

4
 ȼ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ: ɫɚɪɤɨɞɨɜɵɟ, ɠɝɭɬɢ-
ɤɨɜɵɟ, ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɢɟ ɢɧɮɭɡɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (ɨɞɧɚ ɢɧɮɭɡɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞ-
ɧɟɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 40 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ). Ɉɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɚ ɢ
ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ. ɇɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɪɚɬɤɢ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɦɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɢɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ (80÷90%)
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɚ ɤ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɯɥɨɩɶɹ ɨɫɟɞɚɸɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɥ-
ɤɢɟ.
Ȼɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ÷2 ɦɦ. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. Ȼɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ, ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ ɧɚɫɟɤɨ-
ɦɵɯ, ɱɟɪɜɟɣ, ɤɥɟɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ  ɦ3 ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ⋅02
ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ.
.2. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ –
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ – ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɛɟɥ-
ɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɢ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ), ɭɫ-
ɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ-
ɧɵɟ. Ⱦɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɣ (ɚɩɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ) ɢ ɧɟɛɟɥɤɨ-
ɜɨɣ (ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ) ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ, ɚ ɛɟɥ-
ɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɳɟ-
ɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɷɤɡɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ – ɷɧ-
ɞɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶ-
ɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫ-
ɫɨɜ: ɨɤɫɢɪɟɞɭɤɬɚɡɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ, ɝɢɞɪɚɥɚɡɵ, ɥɢɚɡɵ, ɢɡɨɦɟɪɚɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɝɚɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ 80÷00 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɤɫɢɪɟɞɭɤɬɚɡɵ: ɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚ-

5
ɡɵ (ɨɬɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ), ɤɚɬɚɥɚɡɵ (ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ) ɢ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɡɵ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ).
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ – ɚɤɬɢɜɚ-
ɬɨɪɵ (ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ, ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+), ɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ).
Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɭɛ-
ɫɬɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬ-
ɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. ɋɪɨɤ ɚɞɚɩ-
ɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɞɧɟɣ.
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
CxHyOzN + O2 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯ ⎯⎯→ CO2 + H2O + NH3 + ΔH; (I)
CxHyOzN + NH3 + O2 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯ ⎯⎯→ C5H7NO2 + CO2 + H2O + ΔH; (II)
C5H7NO2 + O2 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ CO2 + H2O + NH3 + ΔH; (III)
NH3 + O2 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯ ⎯⎯→ HNO2 + O2 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯ ⎯⎯→ HNO3, (IV)
ɝɞɟ CxHyOzN – ɜɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ; C5H7NO2 – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ; ΔH – ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ (I) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ), ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ (II) – ɞɥɹ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɚɧɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ). Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ (III) ɢ (IV) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ 4 ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ
(I) ɢ (II).
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɮɟɪ-
ɦɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ (ɢɥɢ ɄɨȺ, ɄɨȺ–SH, ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɚɰɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). Ʉɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ Ⱥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ b-ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɨɷɬɢɥɚɦɢɞɚ ɩɚɧɬɨɬɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɚ – ɚɞɟɧɨ-
ɡɢɧ-3,5-ɞɢɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ (C2H36O67P3S) ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 767,56. ɄɨȺ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɚɰɢɥɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɄɨȺ.
Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɷɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɚɦɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢ,
ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ, ɚɧɢɥɢɧ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɥɨɯɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ,
«ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ» ɉȺȼ, ɬɪɟɯɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɭɜɟ-
ɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
—CH3; —OOCCH3; —CHO; —CH2OH; —CHOH; —COOH; —CN;
—NH2; —OHCOOH; — SO3H.
.3. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ /7/:

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 C6H2O6 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯ ⎯⎯→ C3H4O3 ⎯ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ
⎯ ⎯⎯→ CH3–CO–S–ɄɨȺ → ɐɌɄ → CO2 + H2O,
ɝɞɟ CH3–CO–S–ɄɨȺ – ɚɰɟɬɢɥ-ɄɨȺ; ɐɌɄ – ɰɢɤɥ ɬɪɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨ-
ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ 0 ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɐɢɤɥ ɬɪɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɰɢɤɥ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ, ɰɢɤɥ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɐɌɄ) ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥ-ɄɨȺ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɲɚɜɟɥɟɜɨ-ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢ-
ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɫ-ɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɢɦɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞ-
ɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨ-ɹɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ
ɜ ɤɟɬɨɝɥɭɬɚɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɤɟɬɨɝɥɭɬɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɤɰɢɧɢɥ-ɄɨȺ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɹɧɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɭɦɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɛɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨ-ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɧɨɜɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɚɰɟɬɢɥ-ɄɨȺ.
Ɇɟɬɚɧ ɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥ
Ɇɟɬɚɧ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
CH4 → CH3OH → HCHO → HCOOH → CO2.
ɗɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɪɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɚɰɟɬɢɥ-ɄɨȺ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɐɌɄ:
CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO → CH3COOH → Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥ-ɄɨȺ → ɐɌɄ.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
O
CH3(CH2)nCH3 ⎯⎯→ 2
CH3(CH2)nCH2OH → CH3(CH2)nCHO →
→ CH3(CH2)nCOOH → β–Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ → Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥ–ɄɨȺ → ɐɌɄ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ. ɉɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɟɧɨɥ, ɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧ, ɮɟɧɚɧɬɪɟɧ, ɚɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɟɧ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɝɢɞ-
ɪɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɚɬɨɦɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ.
ɇɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɇɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɞɨ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɨ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɹɜ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

7
(ɫɦ. ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ IV). ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɨɬɳɟɩɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ (ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ). ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɧɚɥɢ-
ɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ-
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ.
Ⱦɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ NH3):
NH2OH → NH3
NO3– → NO2 → NO
N2O → N2
.
Ⱥɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɞ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
CO(NH2)2 + 2H2O → (NH4)2CO3 ↔ 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O.
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɋɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɋɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɟ-
ɪɚ, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɨɧɚɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ:
HS– → S → S2O32– → S4O62– → SO42–
ɢɥɢ
HS– → S2O22– → S2O32– → S2O52– → S2O72– → SO42–.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ. ɀɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ-
ɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ:
4FeCO3 + O2 + 6H2O → 4Fe(OH)3 + 4CO2 + ΔH.
Ⱦɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ:
MnO2+ + /2O2 + 2HO– → MnO2 + H2O.

.4. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ

ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢ-
ɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ pH ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-
ɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ.
Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟ-

8
ɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ 2÷3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 20÷30°ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢ-
ɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ.
ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤ
ɧɨɜɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ
ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ.
ɋɨɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɫɩɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ: Sb > Ag > Cu > Hg > Co > Ni > Pb >
Cr3+ > V > Cd > Zn > Fe.
Ⱥɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ.
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪ-
ɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ
ɦɚɫɫɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɣ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛ-
ɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ȼɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫ-
ɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ N,
S, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ N, P ɢ K. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɨɫɟɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɥɚ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ-
ɬɟ, ɤ ɜɫɩɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ. Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ : N :
P ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɨ 3 ɫɭɬɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 00 : 5 : . ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ 20 ɫɭɬɨɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ

9
200 : 5 : .
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɟ,
ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɣɧɵɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ.

2. ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɎɂɅɖɌɊɕ

2.. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ

Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ (ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 2.):
ƒ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ 2
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ (ɬɟɥɨ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ); 
ƒ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ 3
ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ;
ƒ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ 6
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ;
ƒ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ 4 5
ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
ɉɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, Ɋɢɫ. 2.. Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɪɚɫ-  – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ; 2 – ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɧɟ ɨɫɟɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪ- ɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; 3 – ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɚɹ
ɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ; 4 – ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; 5 –
ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; 6 – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɜɫɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɦɟɪɬɜɟɜɲɚɹ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɫɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɥɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɡɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɟɣ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ:
ƒ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ: ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ: ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɚɷɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ) ɢ ɫ ɟɫ-
ɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɫ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ) ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɟ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ: ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ;

0
ƒ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ: ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ) ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ);
ƒ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ: ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ
(ɝɪɚɜɢɣ, ɲɥɚɤ, ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬ, ɳɟɛɟɧɶ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ (ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɚɫ-
ɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ.
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ: ɤɚɩɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ÷2 ɦ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ – 2÷4 ɦ ɢ ɛɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ
8÷6 ɦ.
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
ƒ ɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ (ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ);
ƒ ɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɛɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ (ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ);
ƒ ɫ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬ-
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɨɤ, ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɥɚ-
ɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɭɥɨɧɚɯ;
ƒ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ, ɧɚɫɚɠɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢ-
ɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
2.2. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
Ʉɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ȼ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɣ. ȿɫ-
ɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ. ɗɬɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ÷3 ɦ3 ɧɚ  ɦ2 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ.
ɋɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɦɭ ɞɧɢɳɭ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɤ ɨɬɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɨɬɤɚɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ.
Ʉɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ – ,5÷2 ɦ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɳɟɛɟɧɶ, ɝɪɚɜɢɣ ɢ ɝɚɥɶɤɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ
25÷40 ɦɦ. Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɵɲɟ 220 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɞɨ 5 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚ-
ɸɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹɦ.


ȼɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ (ɚɷɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ)
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɰɢɹ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ȼ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɞɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ɇɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɵ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ 200 ɦɦ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 50000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ, ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚ-
ɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 2÷4 ɦ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 40 ɞɨ 70 ɦɦ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 300 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
0÷30 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ⱥɷɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ȼɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɂɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 8÷6 ɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 50000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɞɨ 20÷25 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – 60÷80 ɦɦ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ, ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ-
ɥɢ.
2.3. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ
ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦ: ɧɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ
ɞɟɲɟɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ ɜ ɷɤɫ-
ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɨɨɪɭ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɱɧɵɟ, ɡɚɫɵɩ-
ɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɟɪɚ-
ɦɢɤɢ, ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ, ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɝɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɟ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ 3÷8 ɦ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ 0÷250 ɤɝ/ɦ3, ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ 60÷250 ɦ2/ɦ3. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ  ɦ3 ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6÷8 ɦ3.
2.4. ɉɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬ-

2
ɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ:
ƒ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ƒ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ;
ƒ ɥɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ;
ƒ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɚ.
ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ, ɲɧɟɤɨɜɵɟ, ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ, ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ:
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɵ
ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
ɉɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ  ɦ3/ɫɭɬ ɞɨ
50 ɬɵɫ. ɦ3/ɫɭɬ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ 500÷000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɦɚɥɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɤɟɦɩɢɧɝɨɜ, ɞɨɦɨɜ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɢ-
ɟɜ, ɜɚɯɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ȼ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ-
ɦɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ÷5 ɦ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɨ 30÷80 ɲɬɭɤ ɢ
ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.2).
A–A
2 3 4 5

 6

2 3 4 5

A A

 6

Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ

 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ; 2…5 – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ; 6 – ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ

3
 Ⱦɢɫɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ, ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɤɚɧɟɣ; ɢɯ ɬɨɥ-
ɳɢɧɚ ÷0 ɦɦ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ÷50 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɚ, ɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. ɇɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ
ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞ-
ɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɯɥɨɩɶɹɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɥɨɦ. ɇɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ  ɦ2 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ – ɞɨ 200 ɝ/ɫɭɬ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢ-
ɫɬɤɢ – 50÷98%. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 3 ɱ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɞɨ 000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɚ-
ɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ.
ɀɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɨɛɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-
ɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ, ɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɛɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ.
Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 2÷3 ɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 2÷2,5 ɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
0,5÷5 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ. Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.
2.5. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦ
Ɋɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɭɫ-
ɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ Ⱥ–Ⱥ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ 4 2

ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ 
ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ:
ƒ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ: ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ
ɠɟɥɨɛɚ, ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡ-
ɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɢ (ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ); 4 3
ƒ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ: ɤɚɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɠɟɥɨɛɚ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ- 2 
ɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸ-
ɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɢ. Ⱥ Ⱥ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟ- Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɠɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
 – ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɤ; 2 – ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; 3 – ɪɚɡ-
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ. ɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 4 – ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ

4
ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ, ɪɚɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ
ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.3).
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɨ-
ɹɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɤ ɫ ɫɢɮɨɧɨɦ.
ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.4).
ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɨɪɨɲɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡ-
ɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɨ-
2
ɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ,73R, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ – ,5R (R – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ).
 ȼɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɢɬɶ.
ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
0,5÷0,2 ɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ
ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ 8÷32 ɦɦ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜ- ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ  ɦ/ɫ, ɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɤɚ ɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ – ɞɨ 0,75 ɦ/ɫ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ
 – ɤɨɪɩɭɫ; 2 – ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɡɨɧɬɢɤ
ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ,5 ɦ, ɤɨ-
ɧɟɱɧɵɣ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɬɨɹɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ. ɋɬɨɹɤ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɢ. ȼɨɞɚ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɉɨɞ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ-
ɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.5).
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ, ɧɚ-
ɩɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ. ɋɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.5. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦ/ɫ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ – ɧɟ
ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0 ɦɦ, ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
– ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5÷ ɦ.
ȼɨɞɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ. ɋɨɫɬɨɢɬ

5
ɢɡ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɪɚɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɧɚɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 5÷32 ɦɦ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɧɢɳɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɛɨɣɧɵɯ ɪɨɡɟɬɨɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɋɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡɥɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɢ, ɭɞɚɪɹɹɫɶ ɨ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɛɨɣɧɵɟ ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢ ɜɧɢɡɭ, ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
2.6. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ
Ʉɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
I. Ȼɟɡ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kbf:
Kbf = Len/Lex, (2.)
ɝɞɟ Len ɢ Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
2. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Kbf ɩɨ /8/
ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Hbf ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qbf.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kbf ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ Tw, °ɋ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ Hbf, ɦ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qbf, Tw = 8 Tw = 0 Tw = 2 Tw = 4
3 2
ɦ /(ɦ ⋅ɫɭɬ) Hbf =,5 Hbf =2 Hbf =,5 Hbf =2 Hbf =,5 Hbf =2 Hbf =,5 Hbf =2
 8 ,6 9,8 2,6 0,7 3,8 ,4 5,
,5 5,9 0,2 7 0,9 8,2 ,7 0 2,8
2 4,9 8,2 5,7 0 6,6 0,7 8 ,5
2,5 4,3 6,9 4,9 8,3 5,6 0, 6,7 0,7
3 3,8 6 4,4 7, 6 8,6 5,9 0,2
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ . ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Kbf ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬ-
ɪɟɬɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ.

3. ɉɨ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Qw, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ

ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ Fbf:
Fbf = Qw/qbf, ɦ2. (2.2)
4. ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nbf ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2 ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6÷8.
ȼɫɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ.
ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ
ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ 3×3; 3,6×4; 9×2; 2×2; 5×5; 2×8 ɦ ɢ ɞɪ., ɫ ɜɵɫɨ-
ɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ 2,3; 3 ɢ 4 ɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 6, 2, 8,
24, 30 ɦ, ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ 2, 3, 4 ɦ.
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Vbf:
Vbf = nbfFHbf, ɦ3, (2.3)
ɝɞɟ F – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɦ2.

6
 6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ Vmud, ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ:
00q Q L
Vmud = 6 mud w en , ɦ3/ɫɭɬ, (2.4)
0 (00 − Pmud )a
ɝɞɟ qmud – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 8 ɝ/(ɱɟɥ⋅ɫɭɬ); Pmud – ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 96 %; a – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ,
ɝ/(ɱɟɥ⋅ɫɭɬ).
II. ɋ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ
. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kbf, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
Len ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ (220 ɦɝ/ɥ).
2. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qbf ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
Hbf.
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬ-
ɪɨɦ Lmix:
L mix = L ex K bfmin , ɦɝ/ɥ, (2.5)
min
ɝɞɟ K bf – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɟ ɤ Kbf ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2..
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ Krec:
Krec = (Len – Lmix)/(Lmix – Lex). (2.6)
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ Fbf:
Fbf = Qw(Krec + )/qbf, ɦ2. (2.7)
6. ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Vbf ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ Vmud ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.3) ɢ
(2.4).
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
I. Ȼɟɡ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟ
Kaf = Len/Lex, ɩɨ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Hɚf, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qɚf ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ qa.
2. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (2.2) ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ qɚf ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ Faf.
3. ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ naf ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
4. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.3) ɢ (2.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Vaf ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ-
ɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ Vmud. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ
qmud ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 28 ɝ/(ɱɟɥ⋅ɫɭɬ), ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ Pmud ɪɚɜɧɚ 96 %.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qair:
Qair = qaQw, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ, (2.8)
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɢɡ-
ɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

7
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kaf ɩɪɢ Tw, °ɋ, Haf, ɦ, ɢ qaf, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ)
qa, Haf,
Tw = 8 Tw = 0 Tw = 2 Tw = 4
ɦ3/ɦ3 ɦ
qaf=0 qaf=20 qaf=30 qaf=0 qaf=20 qaf=30 qaf=0 qaf=20 qaf=30 qaf=0 qaf=20 qaf=30
2 3,02 2,32 2,04 3,38 2,5 2,8 3,76 2,74 2,36 4,3 3,02 2,56
8 3 5,25 3,53 2,89 6,2 3,96 3,22 7,32 4,64 3,62 8,95 5,25 4,09
4 9,05 5,37 4,4 0,4 6,25 4,73 ,2 7,54 5,56 2, 9,05 6,54

2 3,69 2,89 2,58 4,08 3, 2,76 4,5 3,36 2,93 5,09 3,67 3,6
0 3 6, 4,24 3,56 7,08 4,74 3,94 8,23 5,3 4,36 9,9 6,04 4,84
4 0, 6,23 4,9 2,3 7,8 5,68 5, 8,45 6,88 6,4 0 7,42

2 4,32 3,88 3,0 4,76 3,72 3,28 5,3 3,98 3,44 5,97 4,3 3,7
2 3 7,25 5,0 4,8 8,35 5,55 4,78 9,9 6,35 5,4 ,7 7,2 5,72
4 2 7,35 5,83 4,8 8,5 6,2 8,4 0,4 7,69 23, 2 8,83
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ . Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ qa, Haf ɢ Tw ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ Kaf
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ.

II. ɋ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ.
. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kaf, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
Len ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ (300 ɦɝ/ɥ).
2. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qaf, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
Haf ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ qa.
3. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.5) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ Lmix, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɟ
ɤ Kaf ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2.
4. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ Krec.
5. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.7) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ Faf, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ.
6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:
Qair = qa(Krec + )Qw, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ, (2.9)
ɢ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
I. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ 93÷96 % ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ 90÷0 ɦ2/ɦ3
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ,
ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɚ, ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬ-
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 50÷00 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ
ɬɪɭɛ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 50÷50 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 30÷75 ɦɦ ɫ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ.

8
 . ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɗ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Hpf ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ /8/ ɢɥɢ
ɬɚɛɥ. 2.3 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qpf.
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ Vpf ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ Fpf:
Vpf = Qw/qpf, ɦ3;
(2.0)
Fpf = Vpf/Hpf, ɦ2,
ɝɞɟ Qw – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
3. ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ, ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɝɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ 3÷6 ɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qpf, ɦ3/(ɦ3⋅ɫɭɬ), ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Hpf, ɦ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ
Hpf = 3 Hpf = 4
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɗ, % Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Tw, °ɋ
8 0 2 4 8 0 2 4
90 6,3 6,8 7,5 8,2 8,3 9, 0 0,9
85 8,4 9,2 0  ,2 2,3 3,5 4,7
80 0,2 ,2 2,3 3,3 3,7 5 6,4 7,9

II. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ

. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄ5 ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex
ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.4 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ η.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.4
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ η ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ Lex
Lex, ɦɝ/ɥ 0 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
η 3,3 2,6 2,25 2 ,75 ,6 ,45 ,3 ,2

2. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KT:
KT = 0,2⋅,047Tw – 20. (2.)
3. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ P, %,
ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ Sɭɞ, ɦ2/ɦ2). ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Hpf.
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚ-
ɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹɦ Mpf:
Mpf = PHKɌ/η, ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ). (2.2)
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ qpf:
qpf = MpfSɭɞ/Len, ɦ3/(ɦ3⋅ɫɭɬ), (2.3)

9
ɝɞɟ Len – ȻɉɄ5 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
6. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.0) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ Vpf ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ Fpf.
7. ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ȻɉɄ5 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ Len ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ Lex ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.6 ɧɚ-
ɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨ ȻɉɄ5 ɧɚ  ɦ2 ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɭ-
ɬɤɢ Mdf ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ KT (ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Tw ≥ 20°ɋ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬ KT = ).
a Mdf, ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ) ɛ KT
40 

35 8
3
0,98
30 7

25 0,96
4 2 6
20
0,94
5
 5
0 0,92
5 20 25 30 35 Lex, ɦɝ/ɥ 0 5 20 25 30 35 Mdf, ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ)
Ɋɢɫ. 2.6. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ
ɚ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ȻɉɄ5 ɧɚ  ɦ2 ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ
ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ Mdf ɨɬ ȻɉɄ5 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ Len ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ Lex ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ɛ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ KT ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Mdf ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw;
 – ɩɪɢ Len = 00÷200 ɦɝ/ɥ; 2 – ɩɪɢ Len = 200÷300 ɦɝ/ɥ; 3 – ɩɪɢ Len = 300÷400 ɦɝ/ɥ; 4 – ɩɪɢ
Len = 400÷500 ɦɝ/ɥ; 5 – ɩɪɢ Tw = 7°C; 6 – ɩɪɢ Tw = 0°C; 7 – ɩɪɢ Tw = 3°C; 8 – ɩɪɢ Tw = 6°C
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ Fɨɛɳ:
L Q
Fɨɛɳ = en w , ɦ2. (2.4)
M df K T
3. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɢɫɤɚ Ddf , ɦ, ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ Fdf:
Fdf = πDdf 2/2, ɦ2. (2.5)
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ndf:
ndf = Fɨɛɳ/Fdf. (2.6)
5. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ns, ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ nss ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ n:
n = ndf/(nsnss). (2.7)

20
 6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ B:
B = 0, + δn + δ2(n – ), ɦ, (2.8)
ɝɞɟ δ – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦ; δ2 – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɦ, (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,05÷0,03 ɦ).
7. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ L:
L = nss(0,2 + Ddf), ɦ. (2.9)
8. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ H = (0,4÷0,5)Ddf, ɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɜɚɥɚ ɫ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ no, ɦɢɧ-, ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɞɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ δ3 =
= 0,03÷0,05 ɦ.
ȼɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
I. ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɸ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ qmax:
qmax = qw/nɫɟɤ, ɥ/ɫ, (2.20)
ɝɞɟ qw – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɥ/ɫ; nɫɟɤ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
2. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ Hɨɛɳ, ɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬ-
ɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ dɨɬɜ (ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 8÷32 ɦɦ), ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ-
ɬɢ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 0,5 ɦ), ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
(0,5÷0,2 ɦ) ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ Δh, ɦ.
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ H′ɫɜ
(ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ,5 ɦ):
H′ɫɜ = Hɨɛɳ – Δh, ɦ. (2.2)
4. ɉɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨ-
ɪɚ H′ɫɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Dɨɪ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ q′ɫ.max.
Hɫɜ, ɦ Hɫɜ, ɦ
2,5 2,5

2 2
 2 3
2
,5 ,5

 
3
0,5 0,5

0 0
 2 3 4 5 Dɨɪ, ɦ 20 40 60 80 00 20 qɫ, ɥ/ɦɢɧ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.7. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Dɨɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ qɫ ɨɬ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ Hɫɜ
 – ɩɪɢ dɨɬɜ = 9 ɦɦ; 2 – ɩɪɢ dɨɬɜ = 22 ɦɦ; 3 – ɩɪɢ dɨɬɜ = 25 ɦɦ
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ lɫ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ

2
ɪɹɞɚɦɢ lɪ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ; ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ nɫ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ nɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ n:
lɫ = ,73Dɨɪ/2, ɦ; lɪ = ,5Dɨɪ/2, ɦ; (2.22)
nɫ = B/lɫ; nɪ = A/lɪ, (2.23)
ɝɞɟ A ɢ B – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɦ;
ɩɪɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɧɨɦ nɪ: n = 0,5nɫ(nɪ + ) + 0,5(nɫ + )(nɪ – );
(2.24)
ɩɪɢ ɱɟɬɧɨɦ nɪ: n = 0,5nɪ(2nɫ + ).
6. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ (ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɢ-
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ Σh:
Σh = Δhɞɥ + Δhɦ – Σhɜ, ɦ, (2.25)
ɝɞɟ Δhɞɥ – ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɦ; Δhɦ – ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹɯ (ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɦ; Σhɜ – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɦ.
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ (ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ – ɞɨ  ɦ/ɫ, ɜ ɪɚɡɜɨ-
ɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ – ɞɨ 0,75 ɦ/ɫ) ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɤɫɢ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ q′ɫ.max ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ Δhɞɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ hk:
Δhɞɥ = Σhk = Σiklk, ɦ, (2.26)
ɝɞɟ ik – ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ k-ɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɦ/ɦ (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ /9/); lk –
ɞɥɢɧɚ k-ɬɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɦ.
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ Δhɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ
ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚɯ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɯ, ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ, ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɮɨɧ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ
ɩɭɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɹ:
vk2
Δhɦ = ∑ ζ ɦ, (2.27)
2g
ɝɞɟ ζ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ //; vk – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɞɨ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɫ.
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ Σhɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
vk2 − vk2+
hɜ = ∑ , ɦ, (2.28)
2g
ɝɞɟ vk ɢ vk+ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɫ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.5).
7. ɍɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ Hɫɜ:

22
 Hɫɜ = Hɨɛɳ – Σh, ɦ. (2.29)
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Hɫɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ H′ɫɜ, ɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.5
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ

Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ,

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛ,

ȼɢɞ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ, ɥ/ɫ
ɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ

i, hɞɥ, Δhɦ, hɜ,

ɦɦ
ζ

ɦ
ɦ/ɦ ɦ ɦ ɦ

… … … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … … …
Δhɞɥ Δhɦ Σhɜ

8. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ Hɫɜ.min (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ

ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦ) ɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɨɞɢɧ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪ q′ɫ.min.
9. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɟ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ qɫ.min, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ qmax:
qɫ.min = q′ɫ.minn ≥ ,5 qmax, ɥ/ɫ. (2.30)
0.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ Σhmin ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ Hɪɚɛ:
Σhmin =Σh(q′ɫ.min/q′ɫ.max)2, ɦ; (2.3)
Hɪɚɛ = Hɨɛɳ – (Hɫɜ.min + Σhmin), ɦ. (2.32)
.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ qɫ.mid:
qɫ.mid = ,(q′ɫ.min + q′ɫ.max)n/2, ɥ/ɫ (2.33)
ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ Vɛɚɤ:
Vɛɚɤ = 0,06(qɫ.mid – qmax)tɨɩ, ɦ3, (2.34)
ɝɞɟ tɨɩ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɚ, ɦɢɧ, (÷5 ɦɢɧ).
2.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɚ tɧɚɩ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɟɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ t (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5÷6 ɦɢɧ):
tɧɚɩ = 6,7Vɛɚɤ/qmax, ɦɢɧ; (2.35)
t = tɧɚɩ + tɨɩ, ɦɢɧ. (2.36)
II. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ
. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ Dɨɪ:
Dɨɪ = D – 0,2, ɦ, (2.37)
ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɦ.

23
 2. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ nɬɪ, ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩ-
ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɹɤɟ (2, 4 ɢɥɢ 6), ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ Dɬɪ:
4q
Dɬɪ = 000 , ɦɦ, (2.38)
πvnɬɪ
ɝɞɟ q – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɸ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɦ3/ɫ; v – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɦ/ɫ, (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,5÷ ɦ/ɫ).
3. ɇɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ nɨɬɜ:

nɨɬɜ = . (2.39)
 − ( − 0,08 / Dɨɪ )
2

4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ri:

ri = 500Dɨɪ i nɨɬɜ , ɦɦ, (2.40)
ɝɞɟ i – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ n0:
q
n0 = 34,8 ⋅ 06 2
, ɦɢɧ-, (2.4)
nɨɬɜ dɨɬɜ Dɨɪ nɬɪ
ɝɞɟ dɨɬɜ – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ, ɦɦ, (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0 ɦɦ).
6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ hɨɪ:
2
⎛ q ⎞ ⎛ 256 ⋅ 06 8 ⋅ 06 294 Dɨɪ ⎞
hɨɪ = 000⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − + ⎟ , ɦ, (2.42)
⎜ nɬɪ ⎟ ⎜ d ɨɬɜ
4 2
nɨɬɜ 4
Dɬɪ k 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
ɝɞɟ k – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɥ/ɫ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.6.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ /8/, ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦ, ɜɵ-
ɫɨɬɚ ɬɪɭɛ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,2 ɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.6
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ k
Dɬɪ, ɦɦ 50 63 75 00 25 50 75 200 250
k, ɥ/ɫ 6 ,5 9 43 86,5 34 209 300 560

2.7. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ

ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 780 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 85 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw = 3°ɋ; ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ a = 40 ɝ/(ɱɟɥ⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɨɩɭɫ-
ɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (220 ɦɝ/ɥ), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ.

24
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kbf:
Kbf = 85/5 = 2,3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ Tw ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ Kbf ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Hbf = 2 ɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ qbf = ,5 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.2) ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ:
Fbf = 780/,5 = 520 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ D = 2 ɦ ɫ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nbf = 5 ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ F= 3 ɦ2.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.3) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ:
Vbf = 5⋅3⋅2 = 30 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ:
00 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 780 ⋅ 85
Vmud = 6 = 0,72 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
0 (00 − 96 )40
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.2
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 255 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ 2..
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɩɭɫ-
ɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (220 ɦɝ/ɥ), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kbf:
Kbf = 220/5 = 4,7.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ Tw ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ Kbf ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Hbf = 2 ɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ qbf =  ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ).
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɟ ɤ Kbf ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.: Kbfmin = (3,8 + 5,)/2 =
= 4,45, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.5) ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
Lmix = 5⋅4,45 = 27 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ:
Krec = (255 – 27)/(27 – 5) = 0,9.
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.7):
Fbf = 780(0,9 + )/ = 928 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɫɬɨ-
ɪɨɧ 2×8 ɦ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nbf = 5 ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ F= 26 ɦ2.
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.3):
Vbf = 5⋅26⋅2 = 260 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ:

25
 00 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 780 ⋅ 255
Vmud = =  ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
0 (00 − 96 )40
6

ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.3
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 3600 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 203 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Lex = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw = 2°ɋ; ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ a = 40 ɝ/(ɱɟɥ⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɨɩɭɫ-
ɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (300 ɦɝ/ɥ), ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ. ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨ-
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kaf = 203/2 = 9,7.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2 ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Haf = 4 ɦ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫ-
ɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ qa = 8 ɦ3/ɦ3 (ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ 2°ɋ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨ-
ɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ Kaf = 9,7:
qɚf = 0 – (0 – 20)(,2 – 9,7)/(,2 – 7,54) = 4, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.2) ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ:
Faf = 3600/4, = 965 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ D = 8 ɦ ɫ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ naf = 4 ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ F= 255 ɦ2.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.3) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
Vaf = 4⋅255⋅4 = 4080 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ:
00 ⋅ 28 ⋅ 3600 ⋅ 203
Vmud = = 48,3 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
0 (00 − 96)40
6

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.8):

Qair = 8⋅3600 = 08800 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ-
ɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɗȼɊ-3 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 2500 ɦ3/ɱ ɢ
ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ ɞɨ 60 ɦɦ (ɬɚɛɥ. 8 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ).
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.4
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɍɟ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 2.3.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kaf = 203/2 = 9,7. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2 ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ
ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Haf = 3 ɦ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ qa = 0 ɦ3/ɦ3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qɚf = 0 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɟɬ Kaf = 8,23. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ (9,7), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɪɟ-
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.5) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ:

26
 Lmix = 2⋅8,23 = 73 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ:
Krec = (203 – 73)/(73 – 2) = 0,97.
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.7):
Faf = 3600(0,97 + )/0 = 628 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ D = 24 ɦ ɫ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ naf = 4 ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ F= 452 ɦ2.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.3) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
Vaf = 4⋅452⋅3 = 5424 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ:
00 ⋅ 28 ⋅ 3600 ⋅ 203
Vmud = = 48,3 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
0 (00 − 96)40
6

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.9):

Qair = 0(0,97 + )3600 = 62790 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ
ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɐɑ-70 ʋ3 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 3500 ɦ3/ɱ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ ɞɨ
90 ɦɦ (ɬɚɛɥ. 8 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ).
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.5
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 25500 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 30 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Lex = 6 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw = 4°ɋ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ: ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ. Ɉɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ:
ɗ = 00⋅(30 – 6)/30 = 88 %.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Hpf = 3 ɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.3 ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ:
qpf =  – ( – 8,2)(85 – 88)/(85 – 90) = 9,3 ɦ3/(ɦ3⋅ɫɭɬ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.0) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ:
Vpf = 25500/9,3 =2742 ɦ3,
ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ:
Fpf = 2742/3 = 94 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ (npf = 2) ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ
ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ:
4 Fpf 4 ⋅ 94
D= = = 24, ɦ.
n pf π 2π
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ D = 24 ɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ

27
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.6
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ȻɉɄ5 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len =
= 30 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ Lex = 0 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 2.5.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.4. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ η, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 3,3. Ɉɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 4°ɋ:
KT = 0,2⋅,0474 – 20 = 0,52.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ (ɩɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɨɫɬɶ P = 85 % ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ Sɭɞ = 80 ɦ2/ɦ2) ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ Hpf = 4 ɦ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹɦ:
Mpf = 85⋅4⋅0,52/3,3 = 5,7 ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ:
qpf = 5,7⋅80/30 = 9,64 ɦ3/(ɦ3⋅ɫɭɬ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.0) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ:
Vpf = 25500/9,64 = 2645 ɦ3,
ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ:
Fpf = 2645/4 = 66 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ (npf = 2) ɜɨɫɶɦɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ:
Fpf 66
D= = = 0,8 ɦ.
n pf 2 2 2⋅2 2
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ D = 2 ɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɬ:
a = 0 ,5 D 2 − 2 = 0 ,5 ⋅ 2 2 − 2 = 4,6 ɦ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.7
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 800 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄ5 ɩɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 20 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄ5 ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Lex = 20 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Tw = 0°ɋ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.6,ɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
Mdf = 6,5 ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.6,ɛ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨ-
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ KT = 0,975.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ:
20 ⋅ 800
Fɨɛɳ = = 0442 ɦ2.
6 ,5 ⋅ 0 ,975

28
 ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Ddf = 2 ɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɱɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.5):
Fdf = 3,46⋅22/2 = 6,3 ɦ2.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.6):
ndf = 0442/6,3 = 658,
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ns = 2 ɩɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ nss = 8 ɢ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.7) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ:
n = 658/(2⋅8) = 03,6 ≈ 04.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ δ = 0,0 ɦ,
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ δ2 = 0,05 ɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.8) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɲɢɪɢ-
ɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ:
B = 0, + 0,0⋅04 + 0,05(04 – ) = 2,7 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.9) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ:
L = 8(0,2 + 2) = 7,6 ɦ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ H = 0,5⋅2 =  ɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɪɚɳɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɚ ɫ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ no = 2 ɦɢɧ- ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɞɧɚ ɫɟɤ-
ɰɢɢ δ3 = 0,05 ɦ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.8
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ qw = 05 ɥ/ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ
ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Haf = 4 ɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ A×B =
= 8×2 ɦ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɸ ɛɢɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.20):
qmax = 05/5 = 2 ɥ/ɫ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ Hɨɛɳ = 2 ɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪ-
ɫɬɢɹ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ dɨɬɜ = 25 ɦɦ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ Δh = 0,5 ɦ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ 0,5 ɦ, ɜɵɫɨ-
ɬɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ – 0,2 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ
ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ:
H′ɫɜ = 2 – 0,5 = ,5 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Dɨɪ = 3,8 ɦ ɢ ɦɚɤ-
ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ q′ɫ.max = 0 ɥ/ɦɢɧ = ,83 ɥ/ɫ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
(2.22) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ lɫ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹ-
ɞɚɦɢ lɪ:

29
 lɫ = ,73⋅3,8/2 = 3,3 ɦ; lɪ = ,5⋅3,8/2 = 2,9 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.23) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ nɫ ɢ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ nɪ:
nɫ = 2/3,3 = 3,63; nɪ = 8/2,85 = 6,32.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ 7 ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɧɟɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɨ 3 ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟ-
ɪɚ, ɜ ɱɟɬɧɵɯ – ɩɨ 4. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.24) ɩɪɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɹɞɨɜ
ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
n = 0,5⋅3(7 + ) + 0,5(3 + )(7 – ) = 24.
ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.8).
,05
2,7

3,3

I
3,3

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 
B= 2

3,3

9
3,3

0
3,3

II
2,7

,05

0,3 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 0,3

A = 8

Ɋɢɫ. 2.8. ɋɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ

…0 – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ; I – ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɤ; II – ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ

d = 60 d =80 d = 50 d = 200

l = 0,5 l = 2,9 l = 2,9 l = 2,9

8 7 6 5 4 3 2
d = 60 9
l = 0,7
d = 25 d = 200 d = 250 d = 250
l = 2,9 l = 2,9 l = 2,9 l=2
d = 60
l = 3,3
0

Ɋɢɫ. 2.9. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ

30
 ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɬɨɱɤɚ
0 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.8), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 2.9) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
(2.26–2.28). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɜɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.7.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.7
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ

Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ,
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛ,

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ, ɥ/ɫ
ɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ

ȼɢɞ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ i, hɞɥ, Δhɦ, hɜ,

ɦɦ
ζ

ɦ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦ/ɦ ɦ ɦ ɦ

 43,92 250 0,8 — ȼɯɨɞ ɜ ɫɢɮɨɧ — — 2,5 0,084 —

–2 43,92 250 0,8 2 — 0,0045 0,009 — — —
2 43,92/38,43 250 0,8/0,73 — Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ — — 0,9 0,03 0,006
2–3 38,43 250 0,73 2,9 — 0,0035 0,0 — — —
3 38,43/3, 250 0,73/0,58 — Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ — — 0,9 0,024 0,0

3–4 3, 200 0,9 2,9 ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 250×200 0,007 0,02 0,2 0,008 —
4 3,/25,62 200 0,9/0,74 — Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ — — 0,9 0,037 0,03
4–5 25,62 200 0,74 2,9 — 0,049 0,04 — — —
5 25,62/8,3 200 0,74/0,54 — Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ — — 0,9 0,025 0,03
5–6 8,3 50 0,94 2,9 ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 200×50 0,0 0,032 0,2 0,009 —

6 8,3/2,8 50 0,94/0,65 — Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ — — 0,9 0,04 0,024

6–7 2,8 25 0,92 2,9 ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 50×25 0,03 0,038 0,2 0,009 —
7 2,8/5,49 25 0,92/0,4 — Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ — — 0,9 0,039 0,035
7–8 5,49 80 0,78 2,9 ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 25×80 0,05 0,044 0,3 0,009 —
8 5,49/3,66 80 0,78/0,52 — Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ — — ,5 0,047 0,07

8–9 3,66 60 0,96 0,5 ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 80×60 0,032 0,06 0,2 0,009 —
9 3,66/,83 60 0,96/0,48 — Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ — — 0,6 0,028 0,035
9–0 ,83 60 0,48 3,3 — 0,009 0,03 — — —
0– ,8 60 0,48 0,7 Ɉɬɜɨɞ 90° 0,009 0,006 ,2 0,04 —
ɫɩɪɢɧ-
ɤɥɟɪ
Δhɞɥ = 0,29 ɦ

Δhɦ = 0,43 ɦ

Σhɜ = 0,53 ɦ

ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.25) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ

ɞɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ:
Σh = 0,29 + 0,43 – 0,53 = 0,479 ɦ.

3
 ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ:
Hɫɜ = 2 – 0,479 = ,52 ɦ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ (,5 ɦ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɦ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ Hɫɜ.min =  ɦ,
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪ q′ɫ.min = 88 ɥ/ɦɢɧ =,47 ɥ/ɫ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɟ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.30):
qɫ.min = ,47⋅24 = 35,2 ɥ/ɫ,
ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ,5⋅2 = 3,5 ɥ/ɫ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.3, 2.32) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫ-
ɯɨɞɟ Σhmin ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ Hɪɚɛ:
Σhmin = 0,475(,47/,83)2 = 0,3 ɦ;
Hɪɚɛ = 2 – ( + 0,3) = 0,69 ɦ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ tɨɩ = 4 ɦɢɧ,
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɪɢɧɤɥɟɪɵ qɫ.mid ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɛɚɤɚ Vɛɚɤ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.33) ɢ (2.34):
qɫ.mid = ,(,47 + ,83)24/2 = 43,56 ɥ/ɫ;
Vɛɚɤ = 0,06(43,56 – 2)4 = 5,4 ɦ3.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.35, 2.36), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɚ tɧɚɩ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ t:
tɧɚɩ = 6,7⋅5,4/2 = 4,3 ɦɢɧ;
t = 4,3 + 3 = 7,3 ɦɢɧ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ «ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ–ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ» ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸ-
ɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5÷6 ɦɢɧ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 2.9
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫ-
ɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ qw = 295 ɥ/ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ
D = 24 ɦ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ Hpf = 3 ɦ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.37) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ:
Dɨɪ = 24 – 0,2 = 23,8 ɦ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɸ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: q = 295/2 = 48 ɥ/ɫ =
= 0,48 ɦ3/ɫ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.38) (ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ v = 0,8 ɦ/ɫ):
4 ⋅ 0 ,48
Dɬɪ = 000 = 242,7 ≈ 250 ɦɦ.
3,46 ⋅ 0 ,8 ⋅ 4

32
 ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.39) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɪɭɛɟ:

nɨɬɜ = = 49.
 − ( − 0,08 / 23,8)
2

Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.40):
r = 500 ⋅ 23,8  49 = 975 ɦɦ; r2 = 379 ɦɦ; r3 = 689 ɦɦ; …;
r0 = 3083 ɦɦ; r20 = 4360 ɦɦ; r30 = 5340 ɦɦ; …;
r00 = 9749 ɦɦ; r20 = 0679 ɦɦ; r49 = 900 ɦɦ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ dɨɬɜ = 20 ɦɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
(2.4), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ:
0,48
n0 = 34,8 ⋅ 06 2
= 0,9 ɦɢɧ-.
49 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 23,8 ⋅ 4
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.6 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɛ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 250 ɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
k = 560 ɥ/ɫ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.42) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨ-
ɫɢɬɟɥɹ:
2
⎛ 256 ⋅ 06 8 ⋅ 06 294 ⋅ 23,8 ⎞
⎛ 0 ,48 ⎞
hɨɪ = 000⎜ ⎜⎜ 4
⎟ 2
− 4
+ 2
⎟⎟ = 0,0 ɦ.
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⋅ 49 250 560 ⎠
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɭ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ,
ɪɚɜɧɵɣ hɨɪ = 0,5 ɦ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɧɚ 0,2 ɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

3. ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄɂ

3.. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ

Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ –
ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚ-
ɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɡɴɹɬɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ:
 ɷɬɚɩ – ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪ-
ɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɡ-
ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
2 ɷɬɚɩ – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚ-
ɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ-ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚ-

33
ɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɛɟɥɨɤ-ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ.
3 ɷɬɚɩ – ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɨ-
ɫɢɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɴɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.):
. Ʌɚɝ-ɮɚɡɭ I, ɢɥɢ
ɮɚɡɭ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɚ ɤ ȻɉɄ
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. I II III IV V

ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ȻɉɄ,

ɯɨɞɢɬ.
2. Ɏɚɡɭ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢ- Ȼɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ
ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɮɚɡɭ ɭɫ-
ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ) II, ɜ
ȼɪɟɦɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɩɢɬɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɬ- Ɋɢɫ. 3.. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄ
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɛ-
ɦɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɚɤ-
ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.
3. Ɏɚɡɭ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ III, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ
ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ.
4. Ɏɚɡɭ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ IV, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ.
5. Ɏɚɡɭ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ) V, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟ-
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ.
ȼ ɮɚɡɚɯ II ɢ III ɢɞɟɬ ɛɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ «ɨɦɨɥɚɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ», ɜ ɧɟɣ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜ ɮɚɡɟ IV ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɠɢ-
ɜɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚ ɜ ɮɚɡɟ V ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɢɪɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɞ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ.
3.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
. Ⱦɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ
ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɝ/ɥ. Ⱦɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɥ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
2÷5 ɝ/ɥ.
2. ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ qi – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɱɚɫ:

34
 24 Len
qi = , ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ),
ai ( − s )t at
ɝɞɟ Len – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ; s – ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɞɨ-
ɥɢ; tat – ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱ.
3. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ρ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɧɹɬɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ (ɬ.ɟ.
ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ), ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
L − Lex
ρ = en , ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ),
ai ( − s )t at
ɝɞɟ Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬ-
ɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Lex ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5÷20 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɥ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɱɟ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɥ ɦɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɢɥ ɛɭ-
ɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢ – ɫɜɵɲɟ 500 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ),
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 50÷500 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ) ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ
– ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 65÷50 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ). ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ 65 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ)
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬ.ɧ. «ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ».
4. ɂɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ Ji – ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɧɢ-
ɦɚɟɬ  ɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ji
3
30-ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɫɦ /ɝ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ
ɨɫɟɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɬ
60÷90 ɞɨ 20÷50 ɫɦ3/ɝ. ɉɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ-
ɞɨɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ («ɜɫɩɭɯɲɢɣ ɢɥ»)
– ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.2. qi
5. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ- Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɞɟɤɫɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ
ɫɭɬ.
3.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɚɯ
Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3)
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɤ ɜɵ-
ɯɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɣ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ.

35
 Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, 
4
2 3
ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, 5
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ 6
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ; ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɩɨ ɝɢɞ-
ɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɱɢɫɬ-
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ɤɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ
Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ  – ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; 2 – ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ; 3 – ɜɬɨɪɢɱ-
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ; 4 – ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; 5 ɢ 6
ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ- – ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɟɬ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ. Ⱦɪɭ- ɧɵɣ ɢɥ
ɝɚɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ.
Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.4)
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ

ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ 2 3
4
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ: ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɵɦ ɢɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ, ɢ 6
7
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨ- 5
ɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ – ɷɬɨ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɱɢɫɬ-
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɤ- ɤɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨ- 7 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɢɥɚ
ɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ,5÷2,5 ɱ, ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ – ɜ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ 3.5)

4 4ɚ
2 3 2ɚ 3ɚ

5 5ɚ
6ɚ
I ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ

2 ɢ 2ɚ – ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ I ɢ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ; 3 ɢ 3ɚ – ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ I ɢ II ɫɬɭ-
ɩɟɧɢ; 4 ɢ 4ɚ – ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ I ɢ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ; 5 ɢ 5ɚ – ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ I ɢ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ; 6ɚ – ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ, ɧɚɢɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ

36
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
(ɢɥ ɫ I ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɚ ɢɥ ɫɨ II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ I ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ).
3.4. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
ɉɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 3.6):
ƒ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ (ɫɯɟɦɚ I) – ɫɨ- I 
ɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ 2
ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɧɢ- 3
ɠɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ II

ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ 2
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ;
ƒ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ (ɫɯɟɦɚ II) ɫ ɩɨɞ- 3
ɜɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɚɷɪɨ- III 
ɬɟɧɤɚ. ɉɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ-
2 3
ɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɥɩɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ; Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. ȼɢɞɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ
 – ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; 2 – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ; 3 –
ƒ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
(ɫɯɟɦɚ III). ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɵɞɭɳɢɦɢ. ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢ-
ɫɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɢ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɞɨ 300 ɦɝ/ɥ – ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟ-
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬ-
ɜɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢ-
ɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
ɉɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɜɫɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ 3 ɬɢɩɚ:
ƒ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɵɲɟ 500 ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ II ɢ III ɮɚɡɭ (ɫɦ.

37
 ɪɢɫ. 3.);
ƒ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ) ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɵɲɟ
50 ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ). Ⱥɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ III ɮɚɡɭ;
ƒ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ (ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ). ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
65÷50 ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ III ɢ IV ɮɚɡɵ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ
ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (V ɮɚɡɚ). Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
3.5. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ (ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸ) ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɣɧɭɸ (ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
Ⱥɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ:
ƒ ɦɟɥɤɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ÷4 ɦɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ;
ƒ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5÷0 ɦɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɳɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ;
ƒ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0 ɦɦ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɫɨɩɥɚ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɢɡ-
ɤɨɝɨ (ɞɨ 0 ɤɉɚ), ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ (0÷50 ɤɉɚ) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 50 ɤɉɚ) ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɹɜ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɡɚɞɟɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɜ ɞɧɢɳɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɨɹ-
ɤɚɦ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.7).
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɪɭɛɵ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ɍɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧ- 
ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ: ) ɪɚɦɧɵɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɦɵ ɫ ɧɚ- 2 4
ɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ;
2) ɬɚɪɟɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɚɪɟɥɨɤ,
ɨɛɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ; 3) ɪɟɲɟɬɱɚɬɵɣ, ɫɨ- 3
ɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɫ ɧɚɬɹ-
ɧɭɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɩɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ.
Ⱦɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɭ- Ɋɢɫ. 3.7. Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɣ
ɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ-  – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞ; 2 – ɫɬɨɹɤ; 3 – ɮɢɥɶɬ-
ɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɭ ɞɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ. Ɍɪɭɛɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɜɟɪ- ɪɨɫɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ; 4 – ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ

38
ɫɬɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3÷4 ɦɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɯ  2 3 4
ɬɪɭɛ – ɡɚɫɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɨɣ.
ȼ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ «ɋɩɚɪɠɟɪ», ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɭ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸ-
ɳɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɞ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɡ-
ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɪɨɛɥɟ- Ɋɢɫ. 3.8. Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɂɇɄȺ
ɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɭ-  – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞ; 2 – ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ; 3 – ɩɟɪɟ-
ɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ; 4 – ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ
ɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 50 ɦɦ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵ-
ɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɢɡ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ 0,5 ɦ ɨɬ ɞɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɵ ɂɇɄȺ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.8). Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ
ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ÷7 ɦɦ. Ɋɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 0,6÷0,9 ɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɭ-
ɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɞɪɨɛɢɬɫɹ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɚɥɚ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɧ-
ɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɤɚɦɢ. ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɜɟɫɚɦɢ.
3  2 4
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɹ-
ɦɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ (ɪɨɬɨɪɨɦ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢ-
ɪɭɸɬ:
ƒ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɢɦɩɟɥɥɟɪɧɵɟ (ɤɚ-
ɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ) ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ; Ɋɢɫ. 3.9. Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ «ɋɢɦɩɥɟɤɫ»
ƒ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ  – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ; 2 – ɤɨɧɭɫ ɫ
ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ; 3 – ɩɨɥɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; 4 –
ɪɨɬɨɪɚ: ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ
ɨɫɶɸ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ: ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɢɫɤɨ-
ɜɵɟ, ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɨɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ  2
ɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɢɥɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚ-
ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟ- Ɋɢɫ. 3.0. Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ
 – ɞɢɫɤ; 2 – ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ

39
ɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɢɩɚ «ɋɢɦɩɥɟɤɫ», ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ, ɳɟɬɤɢ Ʉɟɫɫɟɧɟɪɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ «ɋɢɦɩɥɟɤɫ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɵɣ ɤɨɧɭɫ, ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ-
ɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 3.9). ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɚ 5÷20 ɫɦ. ȼɧɢɡɭ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɭ-
ɫɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ ɢ
ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ, ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨ-
ɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.0). Ɂɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ
ɜ ɞɢɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɢ.
Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ʉɟɫɫɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɜɨɪɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɫɦ. Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ 0÷2 ɫɦ. ȼ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɨɪɫɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɨɥɤɢ.
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɪɨɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟ-
ɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. Ⱥɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ 3
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɮɢɪɦ 2
«Ⱦɨɪɪ-Ɉɥɢɜɟɪ» ɢ «ɉɟɪɦɭɬɢɬ». ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟ- 
ɪɢɣɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɧɟɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ
ɬɢɩɚ ɉɆ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.).
Ɋɢɫ. 3.. ɉɧɟɜɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɋɬɪɭɣɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɉɆ
ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜ  – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 2 – ɤɨɥɶ-
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨ- ɰɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ;
ɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɨɩɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɨ- 3 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɦɢ
ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 3.2). ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ 2

ɷɠɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɢ ɜ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɢ,


ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɭ-
ɯɚ.
3.6. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ 3
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɬɢɩ ɚɷɪɚɰɢ- Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ
ɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-  – ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; 2 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ
ɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 3 – ɫɠɚɬɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ

40
 Ⱦɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ–
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɦɵ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ
3 2 5

4
3
IV
3
III
3
II 3

I
6

Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. ɉɥɚɧ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ

 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ; 2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ; 3 – ɳɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ (ɲɢɛɟɪ);
4 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ; 5 – ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 6 – ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ; I…IV – ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ
ɂɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ-
ɫɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɪɟ-
ɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ 2÷4 ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟ-
ɩɟɧɶɸ: ɨɬ 25% ɞɨ 75%. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,5÷9 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɞɨ 6 ɦ.
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.3.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨ-
ɪɚ, ɩɪɢ 25% ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ I, ɚ
ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ II. ɉɪɢ 50% ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ
ɧɟɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ I ɢ II, ɩɪɢ 75% ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ – ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ I, II ɢ III.
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ–ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ «Ɉɤɫɢɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ» ɮɢɪɦɵ «Ⱦɟɝɪɟ-
ɦɨɧ» (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.4). ɋ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɧɚ ɜ

4
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɳɟɥɢ – ɜ 3 3
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɚɷɪɨ- 2
ɬɟɧɤɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-  4
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɢ-ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬ- 5
ɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. Ɉɤɫɢɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ-ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ  – ɜɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɨɱɢ-
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 3 – ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ; 4 – ɭɞɚ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ; 5 – ɩɨ-
ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɞɚɱɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ.
3.7. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ
I. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ai = 2÷3 ɝ/ɥ.
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ:
Lex CO 
ρ = ρ max ⋅ , ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ), (3.)
Lex CO + K l CO + K O Lex  + ϕai
ɝɞɟ ρmax – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ), (ɩɪɢ-
ɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ); Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ; CO – ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ, (2 ɦɝ/ɥ); Kl – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ-
ɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ, (ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ); KO – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢ-
ɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɦɝ O2/ɥ, (ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ); ϕ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥ/ɝ, (ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ).
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tatm :
L − Lex
tatm = en , ɱ, (3.2)
ai ( − s )ρ
ɝɞɟ Len – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ; s – ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ,
(ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ).
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ qi:
24(Len − Lex )
qi = , ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ). (3.3)
ai ( − s )tatm
5. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫ Ji, ɫɦ3/ɝ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qi.
6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Ri:

42
 ai
Ri = . (3.4)
000 J i − ai
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ri ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,3 ɞɥɹ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨ-
ɫɚɦɢ, 0,4 – ɫ ɢɥɨɫɤɪɟɛɚɦɢ, 0,6 – ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɬɟɱɧɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ
ɂɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ Ji, ɫɦ3/ɝ,
ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɢɥ qi, ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ)
00 200 300 400 500 600
Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ 30 00 70 80 95 30
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ:
- ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ — 0 70 80 20 60
- ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ — 00 40 70 00 30
- ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ — 300 200 250 280 400
- ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɜ — 220 50 70 200 220
- ɯɢɦɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ — 90 60 75 90 20

7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ Watm:

Watm = qwtatm, ɦ3, (3.5)
3
ɝɞɟ qw – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ /ɱ.
8. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɩɪɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɞɨ 50 000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ – 4÷6,
ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ – 6÷8). Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ lat ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
lat = Watm/(natncorbcorHat), ɦ. (3.6)
ɝɞɟ ncor – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ; bcor – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ, ɦ; Hat – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɚɷ-
ɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ.
9. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Pi:
Pi = 0,8Ccdp + KgLen, ɦɝ/ɥ, (3.7)
ɝɞɟ Ccdp – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ, ɦɝ/ɥ;
Kg – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,3.
II. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai mix = (2,5÷4,5) ɝ/ɥ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟ-
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɞɨɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɡɚɧɹɬɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ) Rr (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 0,3).
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ
ai mix.
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tatm ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ai mix.
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ qi ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ai mix.
5. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ Ji, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qi.
6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Ri ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4)
ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai mix. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ri ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚ-

43
ɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.
7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ (Watm + Wr):
(Watm + Wr) = qwtatm, ɦ3. (3.8)
8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ Watm:
W + Wr
Watm = atm , ɦ3 ,
⎛ R ⎞ (3.9)
 + ⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟
⎝  − Rr ⎠
ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ Wr:
Wr = (Watm + Wr) – Watm, ɦ3. (3.0)
9. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ) ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ (Watm + Wr). ɉɨɞ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ.
0.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ai:
(Watm + Wr )ai mix
ai = , ɝ/ɥ.
⎛  ⎞ (3.)
Watm + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟Wr
⎝ 2 Ri ⎠
.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Pi ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7).
III. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ai = 3÷5 ɝ/ɥ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ Ji (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 00 ɫɦ3/ɝ).
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Ri ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4).
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ri ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡ-
ɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ Lmix :
L + Lex Ri
Lmix = en , ɦɝ/ɥ. (3.2)
 + Ri
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tatv:
 + ϕa i ⎡ Lmix ⎤
t atv = (
⎢ OC + K )(L − L ) + K C ln ⎥K p , ɱ (3.3)
ρ max C O ai ( − s ) ⎣
O mix ex l O
Lex ⎦
ɝɞɟ Kp – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ: Kp = ,5 ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬ-
ɤɟ ɞɨ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; Kp = ,25 ɩɪɢ Lex > 30 ɦɝ/ɥ.
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ qi ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ
Lmix (ɜɦɟɫɬɨ Len) ɢ tatv.
6. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ Ji ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qi. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 0 %, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ 2, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɨ-
ɜɵɣ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qi.

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 7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ Wat:
Wat = qw( + Ri)tatv, ɦ3. (3.4)
8. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 4 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟ-
ɥɹ, ɜɵɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
9. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Pi ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7).
IV. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ai = 2÷4,5 ɝ/ɥ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ Ji (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 00 ɫɦ3/ɝ).
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Ri ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4).
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ri ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡ-
ɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Lmix ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2).
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ tatv:
2,5 Lmix
t atv = lg , ɱ. (3.5)
ai Lex
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ar:
⎛  ⎞
ar = ai ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ , ɝ/ɥ. (3.6)
⎝ 2 Ri ⎠
6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ar.
7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡ-
ɧɟɧɢɣ tO:
L − Lex
t O = en , ɱ. (3.7)
Ri ar ( − s )ρ
8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ tr:
tr = tO – tatv, ɱ. (3.8)
9. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ–ɪɟɝɟɧɟ-
ɪɚɬɨɪ ta-r:
ta-r = ( + Ri)tatv + Ri tr, ɱ. (3.9)
0.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ–ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪ ai mix:

ai mix =
( + Ri )tatvai + Ritr ar , ɝ/ɥ.
(3.20)
t a −r
.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ qi:
24(Len − L ex )
qi = , ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ). (3.2)
ai mix ( − s )ta −r

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 2.ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ Ji ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qi. ȿɫɥɢ
ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 0 %, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨ-
ɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ 2, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɤɟ.
3.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ Wat ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4) ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
Wr:
Wr = qwRitr, ɦ3. (3.22)
4.ɉɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ (Wat + Wr) ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
5.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Pi ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7).
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ
I. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ
ȼ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ.
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ Ca:
⎛ h ⎞
Ca = ⎜ + a ⎟CT , ɦɝ/ɥ, (3.23)
⎝ 20,6 ⎠
ɝɞɟ ha – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ (ha = Hat – 0,3); Hat – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ;
CT – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ /2/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.2
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 0, Ɇɉɚ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɋ 5 0 2 4 6 8 20 22 24 26 28
CT, ɦɝ/ɥ 2,79 ,27 0,75 0,26 9,82 9,4 9,02 8,67 8,33 8,02 7,72

2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ qair:

qO (Len − Lex )
qair = , ɦ3/ɦ3, (3.24)
KK 2 KT K3 (Ca − CO )
ɝɞɟ qO – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɦɝ/ɦɝ ɫɧɹɬɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɞɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɞɨ 5÷20 ɦɝ/ɥ – ,, ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɜɵɲɟ 20 ɦɝ/ɥ – 0,9; K – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬ-
ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ faz/fat ɩɨ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ faz/fat
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 0,), ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ K = 0,75; K2 –
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ha, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4;
KT – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
KT =  + 0,02(Tw – 20), (3.25)
ɡɞɟɫɶ Tw – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, °C;
K3 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ 0,85, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ
ɜ ɧɢɯ ɋɉȺȼ – ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ faz/fat ɩɨ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, K3 = 0,7; CO – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢ-

46
ɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ, (2 ɦɝ/ɥ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.3
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ faz/fat
faz/fat 0,05 0, 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,75 
K ,34 ,47 ,68 ,89 ,94 2 2,3 2,3
K3 0,59 0,59 0,64 0,66 0,72 0,77 0,88 0,99
Ja,max, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ) 5 0 20 30 40 50 75 00

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.4
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ha, ɦ 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9  3 4 5 6
K2 0,4 0,46 0,6 0,8 0,9  2,08 2,52 2,92 3,3
Ja,min, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ) 48 42 38 32 28 24 4 3,5 3 2,5

3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Ja:

q H
J a = air at , ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ), (3.26)
t at
ɝɞɟ tat – ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ja ɛɨɥɶɲɟ Ja,max ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ K (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3), ɬɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ faz/fat ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ qair ɢ Ja. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ja
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ Ja,min ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ K2 (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4), ɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ Ja = Ja,min, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
J t
qair = a at , ɦ3/ɦ3. (3.27)
H at
4. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫ-
ɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ, ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ
ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ nd:
J b
nd = a cor , (3.28)
J ad f d
ɡɞɟɫɶ Jad – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ), ɩɪɢ-
ɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2, 3, 4 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ; fd – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ  ɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ2/ɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2, 3, 4 ɉɪɢɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ, bcor – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qair:
Qair = qairqw , ɦ3/ɱ, (3.29)
3
ɝɞɟ qw – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ /ɱ.
II. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ȼ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-

47
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ.
. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.5). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ (4÷6) ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Lt ɦɟɠɞɭ Lmix ɢ Lex. ɉɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tatv ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Lt, ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ Lex.
2. ȼɟɫɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɜ-
ɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ nja, (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ 6 ɱɚɫɬɟɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɦ
ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ L′en ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ L′ex.
Lt, ɦɝ/ɥ
Lmix

Lex
 2 3 4 5 6
0 t, ɱ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.5
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
 2 3 4 5 6
L′en, ɦɝ/ɥ
L′ex, ɦɝ/ɥ
qO, ɦɝ/ɦɝ
q′air, ɦ3/ɦ3
J′a, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ)
Q′air, ɦ3/ɱ
n′d, ɟɞ

3. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

ƒ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ q′air ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.24), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ L′en ɢ L′ex;
ƒ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ J′a ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

48
 ′ H at n ja
qair
J a′ = , ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ); (3.30)
tat
ƒ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Q′air:
Q′air = q′airqw/nat, ɦ3/ɱ; (3.3)
ƒ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ n′d ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.28), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ J′a.
4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.5).
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ Qair, ɦ3/ɱ, ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɫɟɯ
Q′air ɩɨ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɦ ɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɦ.
III. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ.
. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ qair ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.24).
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Ja ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.26), ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ–ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ta-r.
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟ-
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ Ja = ,33Ja, ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – Ja2 = 0,67Ja.
4. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɹ-
ɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ nd ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.28) (ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ
Ja) ɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ nd2 = nd/2.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qair ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.29).
ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ
. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɞɨ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ hɬɪ, ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɚ:
hɬɪ = Σilɬɪαtαp, ɦɦ, (3.32)
ɝɞɟ i – ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20°ɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
0, Ɇɉɚ, ɦɦ/ɦ, (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ); lɬɪ – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɚ, ɦ; αt –
ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ /2/:
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɋ –20 –5 –0 –5 0 +5 +0 +5 +20 +30 +40
αt ,3 , ,09 ,08 ,07 ,05 ,03 ,02  0,98 0,95
αp – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ /2/:
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, Ɇɉɚ 0, 0,2 0,5 0,7 0,2
αp  ,7 ,4 ,57 ,8
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵ-
ɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɚɯ
– 0÷20 ɦ/ɫ, ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɹɤɚɯ – 4÷0 ɦ/ɫ) ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-

49
ɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢ-
ɞɨɪɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ.
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ p ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,2÷0,2 Ɇɉɚ.
2. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɚɯ hɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɚɯ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɯ, ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ, ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚɯ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ:
v2
hɦ = ∑ ζ ρα p αt , ɦɦ, (3.33)
2g
ɝɞɟ ζ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 6 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ); v –
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɦ/ɫ; ρ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
,293 p ⋅ 273
ρ= , ɤɝ/ɦ3, (3.34)
0 ,(273 + t )
ɡɞɟɫɶ t – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, °C; p – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, Ɇɉɚ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.6).
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɨɤ Hɨɛɳ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɞɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ pɩ:
Hɨɛɳ = (hɬɪ + hɦ)/000 + hɮ + Hat, ɦ; (3.35)
pɩ = 0, + 0,0Hɨɛɳ, Ɇɉɚ, (3.36)
ɝɞɟ hɮ – ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ, ɦ; Hat – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ pɩ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ p, ɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ.
5. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qair ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ pɩ ɩɨɞ-
ɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 7 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2-ɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 5000 ɦ3/ɱ, ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ –
. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ: ɞɨ ɬɪɟɯ – , ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ – 2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.6
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ

Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ lɬɪ,

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Q,

Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛ d,

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɢɞ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ v,
ɬɨɱɟɤ

ɦɦ/ɦ

ɦɦ/ɦ
ɦ3/ɫ

ilɬɪ,

hɬɪ,
ɦ/ɫ
ɦɦ

ɦɦ

ɦɦ
hɦ,
ɦ

i,

… … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … …
Σhɬɪ Σhɦ

50
3.8. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ qw = 2370 ɦ3/ɱ;
ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ Q = 80000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len =
= 35 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟ-
ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Ccdp = 20 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Len < 50 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨɫɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ai = 2 ɝ/ɥ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ CO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ, ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ:
ƒ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρmax = 85 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Kl = 33 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕ = 0,07 ɥ/ɝ;
ƒ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ s = 0,3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
5 ⋅ 2 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 2,2 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
5 ⋅ 2 + 33 ⋅ 2 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 5  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 2
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
35 − 5
tatm = = 4,04 ɱ.
2( − 0,3)2,2
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
24(35 − 5 )
qi = = 508 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
2( − 0 ,3)4 ,04
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
Ji = 95 + (95 – 30)(508 – 500)/(500–600) = 97,8 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4):
2
Ri = = 0,24 .
000 97 ,8 − 2
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ri ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɨɬ-
ɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨɫɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ Ri = 0,3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ:
Watm = 2370⋅4,04 = 9575 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ʋ 902-2-27/28 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:

5
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 8;
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 2;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 4,5 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 4 ɦ;
ƒ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 296 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 9575/(8⋅2⋅4⋅4,5) = 33,3 ≈ 33 ɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7):
Pi = 0,8⋅20 + 0,3⋅35 = 36,5 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.2
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ qw = 90 ɦ3/ɱ;
ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ Q = 45000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len =
= 75 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 20 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟ-
ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Ccdp = 6 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Len > 50 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ c
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɬɟɱ-
ɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai mix = 3,5 ɝ/ɥ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ CO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ Rr = 0,3. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ:
ƒ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρmax = 85 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Kl = 33 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕ = 0,07 ɥ/ɝ;
ƒ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ s = 0,3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai mix = 3,5 ɝ/ɥ:
20 ⋅ 2 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 23 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
20 ⋅ 2 + 33 ⋅ 2 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 20  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 3,5
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɢɥɚ ai mix:
75 − 20
tatm = = 2,75 ɱ.
3,5( − 0 ,3)23
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɢɥɚ ai mix:
24(75 − 20 )
qi = = 552 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
3,5( − 0 ,3)2 ,75
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
Ji = 95 + (95 – 30)(552 – 500)/(500–600) = 3,2 ɫɦ3/ɝ.

52
 Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ
ɢɥɚ ai mix:
3,5
Ri = = 0,656.
000 3,2 − 3,5
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ri ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɥɚ (0,6), ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.8):
(Watm + Wr) = 90⋅2,75 = 3273 ɦ3.
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (3.9), (3.0) ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
3273
Watm = = 229 ɦ3;
⎛ 0,3 ⎞
+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝  − 0,3 ⎠
Wr = 3273 – 229 = 982 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ (Watm + Wr) = 3273 ɦ3 ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ
ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ ʋ 902-2-25/26 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 4;
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 2;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 4,5 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 4 ɦ;
ƒ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 864 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 3273/(4⋅2⋅4⋅4,5) = 22,7 ≈ 24 ɦ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ lr = lat⋅ncor⋅Rr = 24⋅2⋅0,3 =
= 4,4 ɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ:
3273 ⋅ 3,5
ai = = 2,85 ɝ/ɥ.
⎛  ⎞
229 + ⎜ + ⎟982
⎝ 2 ⋅ 0,656 ⎠
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7):
Pi = 0,8⋅6 + 0,3⋅75 = 8,3 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.3
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ qw = 3250 ɦ3/ɱ;
ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ Q = 0000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len =
= 43 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟ-
ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Ccdp = 30 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Len < 50 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-

53
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ
ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨɫɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ:
ƒ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρmax = 85 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Kl = 33 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕ = 0,07 ɥ/ɝ;
ƒ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ s = 0,3.
Ⱦɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ai = 3 ɝ/ɥ,
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ Ji = 90 ɫɦ3/ɝ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
CO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ:
3
Ri = = 0,37.
000 90 − 3
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɫɬɨɣ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨɫɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ri ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ:
43 + 5 ⋅ 0 ,37
Lmix = = 08,4 ɦɝ/ɥ.
 + 0 ,37
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
 + 0 ,07 ⋅ 3 ⎡ 08,4 ⎤
t atv = (2 + 0 ,625 )(08 ,4 − 5 ) + 33 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ln ,5 = ,9 ɱ.
85 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3( − 0 ,3) ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ, ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɭɥɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Lmix = 08,4 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ tatv = ,9 ɱ:
24(08 ,4 − 5 )
qi = = 558,9 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
3( − 0 ,3),9
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬ-
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
Ji = 95 + (95 – 30)(558,9 – 500)/(500–600) = 5,6 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɧɭ Δ = 00(5,6 – 90)/90 ≈ 28%, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫ Ji = 5 ɫɦ3/ɝ:
3
Ri = = 0,527;
000 5 − 3
43 + 5 ⋅ 0,527
Lmix = = 98,8 ɦɝ/ɥ;
 + 0,527

54
  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 3 ⎡ 98,8 ⎤
t atv = (2 + 0 ,625 )(98 ,8 − 5 ) + 33 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ln ,5 = ,75 ɱ;
85 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3( − 0 ,3) ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
24(98 ,8 − 5 )
qi = = 547 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
3( − 0 ,3),75
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ qi:
Ji = 95 + (95 – 30)(547 – 500)/(500–600) = ,5 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ: Δ =
= 00(5 – ,5)/,5 ≈ 3%, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ:
Wat = 3250( + 0,527),75 = 869 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 4 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɹ
ʋ 902-2-95 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 6;
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 2;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 3,2 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 4,5 ɦ;
ƒ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 48÷54 ɦ;
ƒ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 386÷559 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 869/(6⋅2⋅3,2⋅4,5) = 50,3 ≈ 5 ɦ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 54×5 ɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 5⋅2/4,5 ≈ 22 ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 30-ɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ
ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɨ: 5⋅2/6 = 7 ɦ. Ɉɛɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ vɫɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,2 ɦ/ɫ:
Sɨɬɜ = qw/(3600natvɫɦ) = 3250/(3600⋅6⋅0,2) = 0,752 ɦ2.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7):
Pi = 0,8⋅30 + 0,3⋅43 = 46,9 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.4
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ qw = 250 ɦ3/ɱ;
ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ Q = 80000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len =
= 240 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 20 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟ-
ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Ccdp = 60 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Len > 50 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ c ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɪɚ-
ɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨɫɚɦɢ.

55
 Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ:
ƒ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρmax = 85 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Kl = 33 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕ = 0,07 ɥ/ɝ;
ƒ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ s = 0,3.
Ⱦɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ai = 3,5 ɝ/ɥ,
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ Ji = 90 ɫɦ3/ɝ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
CO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ:
3,5
Ri = = 0,46.
000 90 − 3,5
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬ-
ɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɢɥɨɫɨɫɚɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ri ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ:
240 + 20 ⋅ 0 ,46
Lmix = = 70,7 ɦɝ/ɥ.
 + 0,46
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.5) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɟ:
2,5 70,7
t atv = lg = ,24 ɱ.
3,5 20
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ:
⎛  ⎞
ar = 3,5⎜ + ⎟ = 7,3 ɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 2 ⋅ 0,46 ⎠
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɢɥɚ ar:
20 ⋅ 2 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 9 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
20 ⋅ 2 + 33 ⋅ 2 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 20  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 7 ,3
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7):
240 − 20
tO = = 4,94 ɱ.
0,46 ⋅ 7 ,3( − 0,3)9
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.8) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
tr = 4,94 – ,24 = 3,7 ɱ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.9) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɷ-
ɪɨɬɟɧɤ–ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ:
ta-r = ( + 0,46),24 + 0,46⋅3,7 = 3,5 ɱ.

56
 ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.20) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤ–ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ:

ai mix =
( + 0,46),24 ⋅ 3,5 + 0,46 ⋅ 3,7 ⋅ 7,3 = 5,34 ɝ/ɥ.
3,5
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
24(240 − 20 )
qi = = 4,2 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
5,34( − 0 ,3)3,5
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨ-
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ:
Ji = 80 + (80 – 95)(4,2 – 400)/(400–500) = 8,7 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɧɭ Δ = 00(90 – 8,7)/8,7 = 0,2 % > 0 %, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɹ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ Ji = 8 ɫɦ3/ɝ:
3,5
Ri = = 0,396;
000 8 − 3,5
240 + 20 ⋅ 0,396
Lmix = = 77,6 ɦɝ/ɥ;
 + 0 ,396
2,5 77,6
t atv = lg = ,27 ɱ;
3,5 20
⎛  ⎞
ar = 3,5⎜ + ⎟ = 7,92 ɝ/ɥ;
⎝ 2 ⋅ 0,396 ⎠
20 ⋅ 2 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 8,4 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);
20 ⋅ 2 + 33 ⋅ 2 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 20  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 7 ,92
240 − 20
tO = = 5,44 ɱ;
0,396 ⋅ 7 ,92( − 0,3)8,4
tr = 5,44 – ,27 = 4,7 ɱ;
ta-r = ( + 0,396),27 + 0,396⋅4,7 = 3,42 ɱ;

ai mix =
( + 0,396),27 ⋅ 3,5 + 0,396 ⋅ 4,7 ⋅ 7,92 = 5,64 ɝ/ɥ;
3,42
24(240 − 20 )
qi = = 400,2 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
5,64( − 0,3)3,42
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ qi:
Ji = 80 + (80 – 95)(400,2 – 400)/(400–500) = 80,03 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ: Δ =

57
= 00(8 – 80,03)/80,03 ≈ %, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
Wat = 250( + 0,396),27 = 4450 ɦ3,
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.22) – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
Wr = 250⋅0,396⋅4,7 = 445 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 4 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟ-
ɪɚɬɨɪɚ (Wat + Wr) = (4450 + 445) = 8595 ɦ3 ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɹ ʋ 902-2-78 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 4;
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 4;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 3,2 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 4,5 ɦ;
ƒ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 36÷42 ɦ;
ƒ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 2070÷246 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 8595/(4⋅4⋅3,2⋅4,5) = 37,3 ɦ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ 3 ɦ, ɬ.ɟ. lat = 39 ɦ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 72×39 ɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɚ ɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 39⋅4/4,5 ≈ 35 ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 30, ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ-
ɫɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7):
Pi = 0,8⋅60 + 0,3⋅240 = 200 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.5
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ qw = 2370 ɦ3/ɱ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 35 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-
ɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 22°C; ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɋɉȺȼ. ɇɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ Hat = 4,5 ɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 4 ɦ; ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ tat = 4,04 ɱ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ha = Hat – 0,3 = 4,5 – 0,3 =
= 4,2 ɦ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ
22°C: CT = 8,67 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ:
⎛ 4,2 ⎞
Ca = ⎜ + ⎟8,67 = 0,35 ɦɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 20,6 ⎠
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ faz/fat = 0,2. ɉɨ

58
ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: K = ,68,
ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ
ɋɉȺȼ: K3 = 0,64. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4 ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ
ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: K2 = 2,52 + (2,92 – 2,52)⋅(4,2 – 4) = 2,6. ɉɨ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɭɥɟ (3.25) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ:
KT =  + 0,02(22 – 20) = ,04.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.24):
,(35 − 5)
qair = = 5,44 ɦ3/ɦ3.
,68 ⋅ 2,6 ⋅ ,04 ⋅ 0,64(0,35 − 2)
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.26) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
5,44 ⋅ 4,5
Ja = = 5,38 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
4,04
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Ja,max =
= 20 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ), ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Ja,min = 3,5–(3,5–
– 3)⋅(4,2 – 4) = 3,4 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ). Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ja ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ Ja,min ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ Ja,max, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 250 ɦɦ (fd
= 0,25 ɦ2/ɦ), ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ 200 ɦɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ Jad = 30 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.28) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɦɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
5,38 ⋅ 4,5
nd = = 3,23.
30 ⋅ 0,25
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɦɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: baz = 4⋅0,25 =  ɦ, ɫɥɟ-
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ faz/fat = baz/bcor =
= /4 = 0,25, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ (0,2).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.29) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:
Qair = 6,74⋅2370 = 5974 ɦ3/ɱ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.6
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ qw = 3250 ɦ3/ɱ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 43 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-
ɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 20°C; ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɋɉȺȼ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ-
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ 3.3.

59
 Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ha = Hat – 0,3 = 3,2 – 0,3 =
= 2,9 ɦ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ
20°C: CT = 9,02 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ:
⎛ 2,9 ⎞
Ca = ⎜ + ⎟9,02 = 0,29 ɦɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 20,6 ⎠
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ
faz/fat = 0,. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: K = ,47, ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɋɉȺȼ: K3 = 0,59. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4 ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: K2 = 2,08 – (2,08 – )⋅(3 – 2,9)/
/(3 – ) = 2,03. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.25) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɪɚɜɟɧ: KT = .
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 260 ɦɦ (fd =
0,26 ɦ2/ɦ), ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ Jad = 5 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
Ɂɚɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Lt, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠ-
ɞɭ Lmix = 98,8 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ: L = 30 ɦɝ/ɥ, L2 = 45 ɦɝ/ɥ, L3 = 60 ɦɝ/ɥ, L4 =
= 75ɦɝ/ɥ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ tatv, ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ Lex ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Lt:
Lt, ɦɝ/ɥ 5 30 45 60 75 98,8
tatv, ɱ ,75 ,32 0,98 0,69 0,4 0
ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.6).
Lt, ɦɝ/ɥ
00
Lmix
82
80
66

60
5

40 37
25
20 Lex

 2 3 4 5 6
0 0,5  ,5 tatv, ɱ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ

…6 – ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɹɱɟɟɤ

60
 Ⱦɟɥɢɦ ɜɫɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɦ (nja = 6) ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 3.3. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ: Δt = ,75/6 = 0,29 ɱ.
ɉɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6 ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ L′en ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ L′ex ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ:
ƒ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.24) – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ q′air:
qO (Len ′ )
′ − Lex
q′air = , ɦ3/ɦ3;
,47 ⋅ 2,03 ⋅ ⋅ 0,59(0,29 − 2)
ƒ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.30) – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ J′a:
q′ ⋅ 3,2 ⋅ 6 3 2
J a′ = air , ɦ /(ɦ ⋅ɱ);
,75
ƒ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Q′air:
Q′air = q′air⋅3250/6, ɦ3/ɱ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.28) – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ n′d:
J ′ ⋅ 4,5
nd′ = a .
5 ⋅ 0,26
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɜɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.7.
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: baz = 2⋅0,26 = 0,52 ɦ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ faz/fat = baz/bcor =
= 0,52/4,5 = 0,5, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ (0,).
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ:
Qair = natΣQ′air = 6(563 + 536 + 504 + 466 + 40 + 406) = 7256 ɦ3/ɱ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.7
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɹ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
 2 3 4 5 6
L′en, ɦɝ/ɥ 98,8 82 66 5 37 25
L′ex, ɦɝ/ɥ 82 66 5 37 25 5
qO, ɦɝ/ɦɝ 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 ,
q′air, ɦ3/ɦ3 ,04 0,99 0,93 0,86 0,74 0,75
J′a, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ) ,37 0,83 0,5 9,47 8,2 8,27
Q′air, ɦ3/ɱ 563 536 504 466 40 406
n′d, ɟɞ ,7 ,63 ,53 ,43 ,23 ,24
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ . ȼ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ.

6
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.7
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ qw = 250 ɦ3/ɱ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 240 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 20 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-
ɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 9°C; ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɋɉȺȼ. ɇɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ Hat = 3,2 ɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ
bcor = 4,5 ɦ; ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ–ɪɟ-
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ta-r = 3,42 ɱ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ha = Hat – 0,3 = 3,2 – 0,3 =
= 2,9 ɦ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ
9°C: CT = (9,4 + 9,02)/2 = 9,2 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ:
⎛ 2,9 ⎞
Ca = ⎜ + ⎟9,2 = 0,5 ɦɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 20,6 ⎠
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ,
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ faz/fat = 0,. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 ɧɚ-
ɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: K = ,47, ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɋɉȺȼ: K3 = 0,59.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4 ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɪɭ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: K2 = 2,08 – (2,08 – )⋅(3 – 2,9)/(3 – ) = 2,03. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.25) ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ:
KT =  + 0,02(9 – 20) = 0,98.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.24):
,(240 − 20)
qair = = 6,49 ɦ3/ɦ3.
,47 ⋅ 2,03 ⋅ 0,98 ⋅ 0,59(0,5 − 2)
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.26) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
6,49 ⋅ 3,2
Ja = = 5,43 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
3,42
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Ja,max =
= 0 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ), ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3 – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Ja,min = 24 – (24–
– 4)⋅(2,9 – )/(3 – ) = 5 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ). Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ja ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɚɤ-
ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ Ja = Ja,max = 0 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟ-
ɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
Ja = ,33Ja = ,33⋅0 = 3,33 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ),
ɢ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ:
Ja2 = 0,67Ja = 0,67⋅0 = 6,7 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).

62
 ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 4 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 88 ɦɦ (fd =
= 0,09 ɦ2/ɦ) ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3 ɦɦ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ  ɦ – 20, ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ Jad =
= 0 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.28) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɬɪɭɛ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɚɷ-
ɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ:
0 ⋅ 4,5
nd  = = 4,55,
0 ⋅ 0,09
ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ:
nd2 = 4,55/2 = 2,28.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɞɵɪɱɚ-
ɬɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɪɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɪɭɛ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.29) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:
Qair = 6,49⋅250 = 4390 ɦ3/ɱ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 3.8
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɲɟɫɬɶ
ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ lat = 5 ɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor =
= 4,5 ɦ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ Hat = 3,2 ɦ. Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ
ɹɱɟɟɤ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 7 ɦ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ – ɦɟɥɤɨɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɞɢɚɦɟɬ-
ɪɨɦ 260 ɦɦ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Qair = 7256 ɦ3/ɱ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ:
ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɹɱɟɟɤ  2 3 4 5 6
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Q′air:
ɦ3/ɱ 563 536 504 466 40 406
ɦ3/ɫ 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0, 0,
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ: +25°ɋ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.7). ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ 5% ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɬɨɹɤ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 29 ɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ 7 ɦ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ ɧɚ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɹɤ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 4 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.7) ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.8) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-
ɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬ-
ɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (3.32, 3.33).
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ p = 0,5 Ɇɉɚ. ɉɨ-
ɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɢɡ
ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.32): αt = (0,98 + )/2 = 0,99; αp = ,4.

63
 2  4

 2 I 3

4,5
9
6 5 4

4,5
3
II

9
III

9
IV

9
V

9
VI

9
7 7 7
5

70
5

Ɋɢɫ. 3.7. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ

I…VI – ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ;  – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɬɨɹɤɢ; 2 – ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɭɯɨɜɨɞ; 3 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞ; 4 – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɹɤ; 5 – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɧɚɹ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ;
 … 6 – ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ

ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.34):

,293 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 273
ρ= = ,78 ɤɝ/ɦ3.
0,(273 + 25)
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɜɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.8.

64
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.8
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ

ɇɨɦɟ- Ɋɚɫ- Ⱦɢɚ-

Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɋɤɨ-
ɪɚ ɯɨɞ ɦɟɬɪ
ɭɱɚɫɬ- ɪɨɫɬɶ i, ilɬɪ, hɬɪ, ȼɢɞ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ hɦ,
ɭɱɚɫɬ- ɜɨɡɞɭ- ɬɪɭɛ ζ
ɤɚ lɬɪ, v, ɦɦ/ɦ ɦɦ/ɦ ɦɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɦ
ɤɨɜ ɢ ɯɚ Q, d,
ɦ 3 ɦ/ɫ
ɬɨɱɟɤ ɦ /ɫ ɦɦ

 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 
Ⱦɜɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɚ 0,6
–2 70 4,8 600 7,2 0,42 29,4 4,04 Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ 25,73
0,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ
2–3 9 4,0 600 3,7 0,3 2,7 3,77 0, 2,33
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ
3–4 9 3,2 600 0,7 0,2 ,8 2,5 0, ,42
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 0,08
4–5 9 2,4 500 2,6 0,28 2,52 3,52 Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ 3,55
0,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 0,08
5–6 9 ,6 400 2,4 0,4 3,69 5,5 Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ 3,44
0,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 0,08
Ʉɨɥɟɧɨ 0,3
6–7 0 0,8 300 , 0,47 4,7 6,56 Ɂɚɞɜɢɠɤɚ 0, 8,88
Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ
0,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 0,08
7–8 7 0,53 200 6 0,54 9,8 2,8 Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ 5,73
0,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ
8–9 7 0,27 200 8,5 0,46 7,82 0,92 ,5 3,46
ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 0,08
9 – 0 0,95 0,4 50 8,2 0,59 0,56 0,78 Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ ,5
0,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
Ʉɨɥɟɧɨ 0,3
Ɂɚɞɜɢɠɤɚ 0,
0 –
4 0,07 50 3,77 0,5 0,6 0,84 Ʉɨɥɟɧɨ 0,3 3,0

ȼɵɯɨɞ

ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɵ
Σhɬɪ = Σhɦ =
= 87,9 =69,04

65
 Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (3.35, 3.36) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɭ-
ɯɨɞɭɜɨɤ (ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ hɮ =  ɦ):
Hɨɛɳ = (87,9 + 69,04)/000 +  + 3,2 = 4,357 ɦ,
ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:
pɩ = 0, + 0,0⋅ 4,357 = 0,44 Ɇɉɚ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɟɬ: Δ = 00(0,5 – 0,44)/0,44 ≈ 4% ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 7 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨ-
ɞɭɜɤɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ɍȼ-80-,6 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 6000 ɦ3/ɱ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ.
d = 50
d = 300 l = 0,95
l = 0 0
7 8 9
d = 400
l=9 
d = 500 6
l=9 d = 200 d = 200
d = 600 5 l = 7 l = 7 d = 50
l=9 l=4
4
d = 600
l=9 3
d = 600
2
l = 70

Ɋɢɫ. 3.8. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ


… – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ

4. ɐɂɊɄɍɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɈɄɂɋɅɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɄȺɇȺɅɕ (ɐɈɄ)

ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨ-
ɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25°ɋ.
ɐɈɄ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ Ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ
ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 0,25÷0,45 ɦ/ɫ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4.).
ɐɈɄ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɟɡ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ
40 ɫɭɬ. ɐɈɄ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 400 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ. ȼ ɐɈɄ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ, ɜ ɤɚ-
ɧɚɥɚɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ – 6 ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɱ), ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨ-
ɪɨɞɚ – ,25 ɦɝ/ɦɝ ɫɧɹɬɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ –
0,4 ɤɝ/ɤɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ. Ⱦɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ – 3÷4 ɝ/ɥ, ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɚ – 0,35. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ – ɨɤɨɥɨ  ɦ.

66
 Ɋɢɫ. 4.. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
2 ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
6 5
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
7  ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
 – ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ;
2 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
3 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ;
3 4 – ɤɚɧɚɥ;
4
5 – ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ;
6 – ɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ;
7 – ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɢɥ
ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɐɈɄ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɐɈɄ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ, ɢɡ ɐɈɄ
ɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ,5 ɱ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɜɵɟ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ - ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɐɈɄ.
4.. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɐɈɄ
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tat, ɱ, ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ-
ɪɚɯ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ = 6 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ), ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai =
= 3÷4 ɝ/ɥ, ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɚ s = 0,35.
L − Lex
t at = en , ɱ, (4.)
ai ( − s )ρ
ɝɞɟ Len ɢ Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɐɈɄ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
2. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɐɈɄ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ), ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hcc =  ɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɧɢɡɭ bcc, ɦ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ɫɬɟ-
ɧɨɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ m ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɐɈɄ.
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ QO, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɜ
ɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ:
QO = qO(Len – Lex)Qw/000, ɤɝ/ɫɭɬ, (4.2)
ɝɞɟ qO – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ,25 ɦɝ/ɦɝ ɫɧɹɬɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ; Qw – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
4. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ (ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɜɚɥɶɰɨɜɵɣ,
Ʉɟɫɫɟɧɟɪɚ, ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɪ). Ⱦɥɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 9 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ Qair, ɝ/(ɱ⋅ɦ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ Q ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ nma (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ):
Q = 24Qairlair/000, ɤɝ/ɫɭɬ; (4.3)
nair = QO/Q, (4.4)
ɝɞɟ lair – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ bcc ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ

67
ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɭ.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ vɬɪ:
vɬɪ = 0,25 ai H cc , ɦ/ɫ. (4.5)
6. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ – ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ Vcc, ɩɥɨ-
ɳɚɞɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ωcc, ɞɥɢɧɭ lcc, ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪ χcc ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚ-
ɞɢɭɫ Rcc:
Vcc = tatQw/24, ɦ3;
ωcc = (bcc + mHcc)Hcc, ɦ2;
lcc = Vcc/ωcc, ɦ; (4.6)
χcc = bcc + 2 H cc  + m 2 , ɦ;
Rcc = ωcc/χcc, ɦ.
7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ vcc, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ:
J air lair
vcc =
⎛ n2 ⎞ , ɦ/ɫ, (4.7)
ωcc ⎜⎜ 3 4 lcc + 0,05Σξ ⎟⎟
⎝ Rɫɫ ⎠
ɝɞɟ Jair – ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ; n – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ n = 0,04; Σξ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨ-
ɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ Ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Σξ = 0,5.
8. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ vcc, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ vɬɪ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɢɩ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ.
4.2. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 4.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 360 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len = 85 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (4.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai = 3 ɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ = 6 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ) ɢ ɡɨɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɚ s = 0,35:
85 − 5
tat = = 4,53 ɱ.
3( − 0 ,35)6
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ Ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ Hcc =  ɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɧɢɡɭ bcc = 2 ɦ ɢ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ m = .

68
 ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (4.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨ-
ɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ:
QO = ,25⋅360(85 – 5)/000 = 289 ɤɝ/ɫɭɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɦɟɯɚ-
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ lair = 2 ɦ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 9 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵ-
ɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ – 70 ɫɦ; ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ –
00 ɦɢɧ-; ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɟɛɧɟɣ – 25 ɫɦ; ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ – 3,5 ɤȼɬ/ɦ;
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ Qair = 3200 ɝ/(ɱ⋅ɦ); ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Jair =
= 0,035.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (4.3) ɢ (4.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹ-
ɬɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ:
Q = 24⋅3200⋅2/000 = 53,6 ɤɝ/ɫɭɬ;
nair = 289/53,6 = ,88 ≈ 2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (4.5) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ:
vɬɪ = 0,25 3 ⋅  = 0,43 ɦ/ɫ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (4.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ:
ƒ ɨɛɴɟɦ Vcc = 4,53⋅360/24 = 823,37 ɦ3;
ƒ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ωcc = (2 + ⋅)⋅ = 3 ɦ2;
ƒ ɞɥɢɧɭ lcc = 823,37/3 = 274,45 ɦ;
ƒ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪ χcc = 2 + 2 ⋅   + 2 = 4,83 ɦ;
ƒ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ Rcc = 3/4,83 = 0,62 ɦ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ vcc, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɦ, ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (4.7):
0,035 ⋅ 2
vcc = = 0,48 ɦ/ɫ.
⎛ 0,042
⎞
3⎜⎜ 34
274,45 + 0,05 ⋅ 0,5 ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 ,62 ⎠
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
(vɬɪ = 0,43 ɦ/ɫ). ɉɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
0,07 ⋅ 2
′ =
vcc = 0,68 ɦ/ɫ,
⎛ 0,04 2 ⎞
3⎜⎜ 34
274,45 + 0,05 ⋅ 0,5 ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 ,62 ⎠
ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

69
5. ɈɄɋɂɌȿɇɄɂ
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨ-
ɞɵ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
ƒ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ 6÷2 ɦɝ/ɥ (ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ 2 ɦɝ/ɥ), ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɡɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟ-
ɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ƒ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ 5÷6 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ;
ƒ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɚ 25÷35%, ɢɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ;
ƒ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ > 000 ɦɝ/ɥ).
Ɉɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ:
ƒ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚ;
ƒ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢ-
ɤɨɦ.
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5.) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɫ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨ-
ɪɨɞɤɨɣ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɨɧɭ 3  2 4

ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ

7
ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɭ-
8
ɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ
ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ,
ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢ- 5
ɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɨ ɫɤɪɟɛɤɨɦ ɫɧɢ- 6
ɡɭ. ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɤɧɚ Ɋɢɫ. 5.. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ
 – ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 2 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ; 3 – ɡɨɧɚ ɚɷɪɚ-
ɜɧɢɡɭ. Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ- ɰɢɢ; 4 – ɡɨɧɚ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ; 5 – ɫɤɪɟɛɨɤ; 6 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 7 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 8 – ɢɡ-
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ
ɋɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5.2) – ɷɬɨ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɢɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

70
  5 6
2

4 8

7
Ɋɢɫ. 5.2. ɋɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ
 – ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 2 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ; 3 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ; 4 –
ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ; 5 – ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ; 6 – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ;
7 – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ; 8 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɧɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ – ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɰɢɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6÷0 ɝ/ɥ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ 2,5÷3 ɱ,
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ – ɞɨ 95%.
Ɉɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɰɟ-
ɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɢ-
ɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɢ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɨɤɫɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɇɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ ɫɜɵɲɟ 50 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
5.. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ CO ɜ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
6÷2 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɞɨɡɚ ɢɥɚ ai – 6÷0 ɝ/ɥ.
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ), ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ-
ɥɟ (3.), ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tatm, ɱ, ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2).
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ WO:
WO = qwtatm, ɦ3, (5.)
ɝɞɟ qw – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ3/ɱ.
4. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ DO, ɦ, ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ HO, ɦ, ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ (ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤ-
ɬɵ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 0, 22 ɢ 30 ɦ), ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ WO
ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Wa ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚ:
WO = 0,785D2OHO, ɦ3; (5.2)
Wɚ = WO/2, ɦ3. (5.3)
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ Da:

7
 Wa
Da = , ɦ. (5.4)
0,785H O
6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ nO:
nO = WO/Wa. (5.5)
7. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ qi,
ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ). ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧ-
ɞɟɤɫ Ji, ɫɦ3/ɝ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ qi, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ Ji ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
,3÷,5 ɪɚɡɚ.
8. ɉɨ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 5. ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ aiJi ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫ-
ɬɢɦɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ qms, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ aiJi
ai J i 00 200 300 400 500 600
qms, ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ) 5,6 3,3 ,8 ,2 0,8 0,7

9. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ Fms:

Fms = qw/qms, ɦ2. (5.6)
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Fms ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ
FOi, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
FOi = 0,5nOWO/HO, ɦ2. (5.7)
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ Fms ɢ FOi ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 5÷0%, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ 2. Ⱦɨɡɭ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ FOi > Fms, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ.
0.ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɟ vO:
(L − Lex )qw , ɤɝ/ɱ.
vO = en (5.8)
000nO
ɝɞɟ Len ɢ Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ Qma, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ 95%-ɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ca vO
Qma = , ɤɝ/ɱ,
⎛  − ηk CO ⎞ (5.9)
000 K T K3 ⎜⎜ 0 ,74 − ⎟⎟
⎝ ηk 000 ⎠
ɝɞɟ Ca – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23); KT – ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-
ɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.25); K3 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-
ɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ 0,85, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ

72
ɋɉȺȼ – ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
K3 = 0,7; ηk – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɟ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
0,85÷0,95.
2.ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Qma, ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ 0, , 2 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɩɧɟɜɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ Qm, ɤɝ/ɱ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ Nm, ɤȼɬ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ da, ɦ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ nm, ɦɢɧ-. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ Qm ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ n′m ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ N′m ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
nm′ = nm Qma Qm , ɦɢɧ-; (5.0)
N m nm′2
N m′ = , ɤȼɬ, (5.)
ηɷ nm2
ɝɞɟ ηɷ – ɄɉȾ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 0,7.
3.ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ j0 ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
,27d a0 ,6 nm0 ,2
j0 = , ɦ/ɫ. (5.2)
(H O da )
,
(Da da )
0 ,45

ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ j0 ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ (0,2 ɦ/ɫ), ɞɥɹ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ 2.
4.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ QO:
(L − Lex )qw , ɦ3/ɱ,
QO = en (5.3)
000ηɷ γ O
ɝɞɟ γO – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (,43 ɤɝ/ɦ3).
5.ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ /6/ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
5.2. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 5.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 25670 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ qw = 490 ɦ3/ɱ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Len =
= 255 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 20°C.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
CO = 0 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ ɞɨɡɭ ɢɥɚ ai = 8 ɝ/ɥ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ:
ƒ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρmax = 85 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);

73
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Kl = 33 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕ = 0,07 ɥ/ɝ;
ƒ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ s = 0,3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
5 ⋅ 0 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 6,7 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
5 ⋅ 0 + 33 ⋅ 0 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 5  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 8
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ
ɡɨɧɟ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
255 − 5
t atm = = 2,566 ɱ.
8( − 0 ,3)6 ,7
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
WO = 490⋅2,566 = 3824 ɦ3.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ DO = 30 ɦ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ HO = 4,5 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (5.2) ɢ (5.3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚ:
WO = 0,785⋅302⋅4,5 = 379 ɦ3;
Wɚ = 379/2 = 589,5 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
589,5
Da = = 2,2 ɦ.
0,785 ⋅ 4,5
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.5) ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
nO = 3824/589,5 = 2,4.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɪɢ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 30 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
24(255 − 5 )
qi = = 40 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
8( − 0 ,3)2 ,566
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
Ji = 80 + (80 – 95)(40 – 400)/(400 – 500) = 80,2 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ Ji ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ,3÷,5 ɪɚɡɚ: Ji = 80,2/,4 = 57,3 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 5. ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ aiJi = 8⋅57,3 = 458,4 ɞɨ-
ɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ:
qms = ,2 + (,2 – 0,8)(458,4 – 400)/(400 – 500) = 0,966 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ:
Fms = 490/0,966 = 54 ɦ2.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.7) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ:

74
 FOi = 0,5⋅3⋅379/4,5 = 060 ɦ2,
ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨ-
ɪɹɟɦ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ, ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai = 6 ɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
5 ⋅ 0 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 8,35 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
5 ⋅ 0 + 33 ⋅ 0 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 5  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 6
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ
ɡɨɧɟ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
255 − 5
tatm = = 3,5 ɱ.
6( − 0,3)6 ,7
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
WO = 490⋅3,5 = 464 ɦ3.
Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ DO = 30 ɦ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢ-
ɧɨɣ HO = 4,5 ɦ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚ ɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ: WO = 379 ɦ3, Da = 2,2 ɦ, Wɚ = 589,5 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.5) ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɨ
nO = 464/589,5 = 2,9.
Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ – ɬɪɢ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 30 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ:
24(255 − 5 )
qi = = 440 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɫɭɬ).
6( − 0 ,3)3,5
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ:
Ji = 80 + (80 – 95)(440 – 400)/(400 – 500) = 86, ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɋɧɢɠɚɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ Ji ɜ ,4 ɪɚɡɚ: Ji = 86,/,4 = 6,5 ɫɦ3/ɝ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 5. ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ aiJi = 6⋅6,5 = 369 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ:
qms = ,8 + (,8 – ,2)(369 – 300)/(300 – 400) = ,387 ɦ3/(ɦ2⋅ɱ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ:
Fms = 490/,387 = 074 ɦ2.
ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ
ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: Δ = 00(074 – 060)/060 =
= ,3 %, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɪɢ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ DO = 30 ɦ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢ-
ɧɨɣ HO = 4,5 ɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ (ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ) Da =
= 2 ɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.8) ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ

75
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɟ:

vO =
(255 − 5)490 = 9,2 ɤɝ/ɱ.
000 ⋅ 3
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ 20°C:
CT = 9,02 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
(ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ 0,02 ɦ):
⎛ 0,02 ⎞
Ca = ⎜ + ⎟9,02 = 9,03 ɦɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 20,6 ⎠
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.25) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ, ɪɚɜɟɧ: KT = . ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ: K3 = 0,85, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɬɟɧɤɟ: ηk = 0,85.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.9) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ
(ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ 95%-ɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ):
9,03 ⋅ 9,2
Qma = = 6 ɤɝ/ɱ.
⎛  − 0,85 0 ⎞
000 ⋅  ⋅ 0,85⎜ 0,74 − ⎟
⎝ 0 ,85 000 ⎠
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Qma, ɩɨɞ-
ɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ Qm = 77,5 ɤɝ/ɱ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ Nm =
= 26,5 ɤȼɬ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ da = 3 ɦ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ nm = 27 ɦɢɧ-.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ v0 ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
,27 ⋅ 30 ,6 ⋅ 270 ,2
j0 = = ,2 ɦ/ɫ,
(4,5 3), (2 3)0 ,45
ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (0,2 ɦ/ɫ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ:

QO =
(255 − 5)490 = 357 ɦ3/ɱ.
000 ⋅ 0,7 ⋅ ,43
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Ʉ-0,4 ɫ ɨɞ-
ɧɢɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ 420 ɦ3/ɱ.

6. ɉɈɅə ɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɐɂɂ ɂ ɉɈɅə ɈɊɈɒȿɇɂə

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ.
ɉɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.
ɉɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-

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ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ (0,2÷0,3 ɦ), ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨ-
ɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ, ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
ƒ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨ-
ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ;
ƒ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɞɨ 5000÷0000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɹɢɰ
ɝɟɥɶɦɢɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ 50÷60%.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɪɟɞɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
3÷4 ɝ/ɥ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ – ÷,5 ɝ/ɥ.
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɜ-
ɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.
ɉɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬ, ɫɩɥɚ-
ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɥɢɤɚɦɢ. ɋɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɪɬɚɦ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ;
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɟɬɶɸ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɟɫɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ,5 ɝɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2÷3 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 5÷8 ɝɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɜɢɞɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ: ɞɥɹ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ 50 ɦ, ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɟɫɟɣ 80÷00 ɦ, ɞɥɹ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ 20÷50 ɦ.
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬ ɜ 4÷5 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ.
ɉɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɬ
ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 200÷500 ɦ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɢɩɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (200 ɦ – ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ, 300 ɦ – ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɟɫɟɣ ɢ 500 ɦ – ɞɥɹ ɩɟɫ-
ɤɨɜ). ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɩɨɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɫ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
Ʌɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɨɞ-
ɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ

77
ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ,5 ɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ. ȼ ɫɥɚɛɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ
(ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ) ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ, ɜ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɹɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɢ-
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɢɳɟɧ
ɧɚ  ɝɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢ-
ɨɞ). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ:
ƒ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ  ɝɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɨɞ-
ɧɢ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ;
ƒ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ
ɜɟɫɶ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ;
ƒ ɩɨɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɢɜ;
ƒ ɭɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ƒ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɟɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ; ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɪɨ-
ɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ; ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ-
ɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ /8/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ /0/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.2.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɩɨɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 0 ɫɭɬ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢ-
ɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɤ ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɪɢ ɭɛɨɪɤɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨ-
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ,
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɨɥɹɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɪɬ ɧɚ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɦɨɪɚ-
ɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɞɧɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭ-
ɯɚ ɧɢɠɟ –0°ɋ (ɫɦ. ɢɡɨɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.).
ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɩɨ-
ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 6.2). ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɪɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɢɥɢ
ɛɨɪɨɡɞ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞ-
ɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɚɜɭ.

78
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.
ɇɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 300÷ ÷500 ɦɦ
3
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦ /(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ), ɩɪɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɢ
Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɦ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, °ɋ ,5 2 3
Ⱦɨ 3,5 — 55 60
Ʌɟɝɤɢɟ 3,5÷6 — 70 75
ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ 6÷ — 75 85
ɋɜɵɲɟ  — 85 00
Ⱦɨ 3,5 80 85 00
3,5÷6 90 00 20
ɋɭɩɟɫɢ
6÷ 00 0 30
ɋɜɵɲɟ  20 30 50
Ⱦɨ 3,5 20 40 80
3,5÷6 50 75 225
ɉɟɫɤɢ
6÷ 60 90 235
ɋɜɵɲɟ  80 20 250
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ . Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ
500÷700 ɦɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɧɚ 5÷20%, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ
ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 700 ɦɦ – ɧɚ 25÷30 %, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɧɢɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ, ɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ – ɩɪɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.2
ɇɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ
ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 300÷ ÷500 ɦɦ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ),
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, °ɋ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɢ ɩɟɫɤɢ
Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ 30 40 60
Ⱦɨ 3,5
ɉɨɥɟɜɵɟ 5 20 30
Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ 35 50 75
3,5÷6
ɉɨɥɟɜɵɟ 20 25 40
Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ 45 60 80
6,÷9,5
ɉɨɥɟɜɵɟ 25 30 40
Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ 60 70 85
9,6÷
ɉɨɥɟɜɵɟ 30 35 45
Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ 70 80 90
ɋɜɵɲɟ 
ɉɨɥɟɜɵɟ 35 40 45
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ . Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 500÷700
ɦɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɧɚ 0÷5%, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-
ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 700 ɦɦ – ɧɚ 5÷25 %, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ, ɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ – ɩɪɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ.

79
 60° 70° 0° 20° 30° 60° 00° 40° 70° 80° 90° 70° 60°

Ʉɚɥ
ɢɧɢ
ɧɝɪ
Ɇ
ɭ

ɚɞ
ɪ ɦɚ
150

ɧɫ
50°

ɋ
ɉ

ɚ
ɟɬ

ɧɤ
ɪ

ɬ
Ⱥɪ

ɨɡ
ɯ

-ɉ

Ɇ
ɚɜ
ɚɧ

ɨɫ
ɨɞ
ɝɟ

ɤɜ
ɪ
ɥɶ
200

ɟɬ Ʉ
ɫɤ

Ʉɭ
5
ɟ ɢ
ɪɝ
ɚɧ

ɚ 0
100

ɚɞ

ɛɭ ɪɨɜ
ɫɤ 100

ɤ
ɚɝ -
Ɇ ɫɤ

Ɋɨ
ɂɝɚɪɤɚ

Ʉɪ
ɪɫ ɋ
ɇ.
ɥ ɨɜ ɤɢɣ

ɚɫ
ɚɪ
ɇɨ ɜ ɫ

ɫɬ
150
ɜ

ɨ
ɩɚ ɬ 50°

ɧɨ
ɚɬ
ɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚ ȿɤ
ɪɨ ɧ ɚɬ

ɨɜ
ɪɨ ɦɱɚ

ɞɚ
ɞ ɶ ɫɤ

ɪ
ɟɪ ɟɬ ɚ

80
ɢɧ ɭɬ ɉ -Ʉ ɪɟ
ɋɚ ɛɭ əɤ ɦɭ

ȼ
ɦɚ ɑɟ ɪɝ - Ⱥ

ɨɥ
ɪɚ ɥɹ ɧɚ

ɝɨ
ɛɢ Ɉ ɤ-

ɝɪ
ɧɫ ɦ
ɤ ɫɤ ɶ ɫ

ɚɞ
ɨɥ

Ⱥ
40° 0 ɫ ɨɦ
ɦ

ɫɬ
ɪɚ
150 Ʉɨ

ɯ ɚɧ
ɶ
0

ɇɨɜɨ
ɫ ɢɛɢɪ ɫɤ
10

ɫɤ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤ ɪ ɨɜ
ɑɢɬɚ ɛɚ
Ȼɚɪɧ ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ ɏɚ
ɚɭɥ 40°
100
ɨɤ
ɨ ɫɬ
ɢɜ
ɚɞ
50 ȼɥ

60° 80° 00° 30°

Ɋɢɫ. 6.. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɧɢ /8/

 

7
2 3 4 5

8
9
94

93

92

91
Ɋɢɫ. 6.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
 – ɤɚɪɬɵ; 2 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ; 3 – ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ; 4 – ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚ-
ɧɚɥ; 5 – ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ; 6 – ɤɚɪɬɨɜɵɣ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ; 7 – ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ; 8 –
ɨɬɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɚ; 9 – ɜɵɩɭɫɤ

6.. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ

ɉɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ,
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ
ɬɚɛɥ. 6. ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ qɮ, ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ).
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ Fɮ.ɩɨɥ:
Fɮ.ɩɨɥ = Qw/qɮ, ɝɚ, (6.)
ɝɞɟ Qw – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ Fɮ.ɪɟɡ:
Fɮ.ɪɟɡ = kɮ.ɪɟɡQw/qɮ, ɝɚ, (6.2)
ɝɞɟ kɮ.ɪɟɡ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ-
ɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ kɮ.ɪɟɡ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ I ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ – 0,25; ɞɥɹ II
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ – 0,2; ɞɥɹ III ɢ IV ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ – 0,).
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ Fɮ:
Fɮ = Fɮ.ɩɨɥ + Fɮ.ɪɟɡ + kɮ.ɜ(Fɮ.ɩɨɥ + Fɮ.ɪɟɡ), ɝɚ, (6.3)
ɝɞɟ kɮ.ɜ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ kɮ.ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɨ 0,25 ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 000 ɝɚ, ɢ ɞɨ 0,35 ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 000 ɝɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ).
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ Fɧɚɦ:

8
 Qwtɧɚɦ ( − β )
Fɧɚɦ = , ɝɚ, (6.4)
04 (hɧɚɦ − hɨɫ )ρ
ɝɞɟ tɧɚɦ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɧɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 6.; β – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ – 0,3, ɫɭɩɟɫɟɣ
– 0,45, ɩɟɫɤɨɜ – 0,55; hɧɚɦ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ  ɦ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 0,5÷0,6 ɦ); hɨɫ –
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɦ; ρ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɶɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 0,9 ɬ/ɦ3.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ Fɮ ≥ Fɧɚɦ, ɬɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɟɬɫɹ Fɮ = Fɧɚɦ.
6. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ Nɮ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɶɟ-
ɮɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ,5 ɝɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɢ-
ɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2÷4 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ.
ɉɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ qɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟ-
ɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ:
qɨ = (qɨ.ɨ⋅aɨ + qɨ.ɩ⋅aɩ)/00, ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ), (6.5)
ɝɞɟ qɨ.ɨ ɢ qɨ.ɩ – ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ), (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.2); aɨ ɢ aɩ – ɞɨɥɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨ-
ɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ, %.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Fɨ.ɩɨɥ:
Fɨ.ɩɨɥ = Qw/qɨ, ɝɚ. (6.6)
3. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ Nɨ.ɩɨɥ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɵ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 5÷8 ɝɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ: ɞɥɹ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ – 50 ɦ, ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɟɫɟɣ – 80÷00 ɦ, ɞɥɹ
ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ – 20÷50 ɦ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 4÷5 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ.
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Fɨ.ɪɟɡ:
Fɨ.ɪɟɡ = k′ɮ.ɪɟɡQw/qɮ, ɝɚ, (6.7)
ɝɞɟ k′ɮ.ɪɟɡ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ-
ɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ k′ɮ.ɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɨ 5, 0 ɢ
5°ɋ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ , 0,75 ɢ 0,5); qɮ – ɧɨɪɦɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ,
ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 6..
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ Nɨ.ɪɟɡ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ.
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 50÷00 ɦ, ɞɥɢɧɚ – ɜ 2÷4 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ.
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Fɨ:
Fɨ = Fɨ.ɩɨɥ + Fɨ.ɪɟɡ + kɨ.ɜ(Fɨ.ɩɨɥ + Fɨ.ɪɟɡ), ɝɚ, (6.8)
ɝɞɟ kɨ.ɜ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ kɨ.ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɨ 0,25 ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɜɵɲɟ 000 ɝɚ, ɢ ɞɨ 0,35 ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 000 ɝɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ).

82
 6. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ Fɧɚɦ, ɝɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ
ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
Ɉɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɢ
I. Ɉɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ
Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɦɚɤɫɢ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɨɪɨɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ.
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ, ɨɪɨɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ Nɨɞ:
Nɨɞ = Nɩɨɥ/tɦ.ɩ, (6.9)
ɝɞɟ Nɩɨɥ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ; tɦ.ɩ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɩɨɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨ-
ɞɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 5÷0 ɫɭɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɭɪɨɜ-
ɧɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ. ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
2. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɭ q′max:
q′max = qmax/Nɨɞ, ɥ/ɫ, (6.0)
ɝɞɟ qmax – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɥ/ɫ.
3. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ
ɤɚɪɬɚɦ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
4. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɭɤɥɨɧɵ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ /, 4/.
Ɉɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɥɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɭɤɥɨɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɭɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɤɚɪɬ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,00,
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ – 0,0005.
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 0,3, 0,4 ɢ
0,5 ɦ/ɫ.
Ɂɟɦɥɹɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɧɚɜɵ ɢ ɥɨɬɤɢ – ɩɪɹɦɨ-
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɨɣ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɥɨɬɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 0,2×0,2 ɦ, ɦɢ-
ɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛ – 00 ɦɦ.
5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.3).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.3
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɩɨɥɧɟ-
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ,
ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɢɟ ɍɤɥɨɧ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɥ/ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɦɦ ɦ/ɫ
ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɦɦ
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …

6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɞɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Zɦ.ɤ:

83
 Zɦ.ɤ ≥ Zɤ + hɧɚɦ + iɤ.ɨɪlɤ.ɨɪ + iɪ.ɤlɪ.ɤ + iɦ.ɤlɦ.ɤ, ɦ, (6.)
ɝɞɟ Zɤ – ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɦ; iɤ.ɨɪ, iɪ.ɤ, iɦ.ɤ – ɭɤɥɨɧɵ ɤɚɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ,
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ; lɤ.ɨɪ, lɪ.ɤ, lɦ.ɤ – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɦ.
II. Ɉɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ
. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɫ-
ɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɭɛ.
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɬɨɤɚ qɞɪ:
k qt K
qɞɪ = ɩ ɩ ɦ .ɩ ɨ .ɫ , ɥ/(ɫ⋅ɝɚ), (6.2)
86,4t ɞɪ
ɝɞɟ kɩ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 0,5; qɩ – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
(ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ qɮ ɢ qɨ), ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ); Kɨ.ɫ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟ-
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ,5; tɞɪ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ (0,4÷0,5)tɦ.ɩ, ɫɭɬ.
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɬɤɢ hɨɬɜ:
kqt K
hɨɬɜ = ɩ ɩ ɦ4 .ɩ ɨ .ɫ , ɦ/ɫɭɬ. (6.3)
0 tɞɪ
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɤɚɧɚɜɚɦɢ lɞɪ:
kɮ
lɞɪ = 0,2(H − H ɨɫ ) , ɦ, (6.4)
hɨɬɜ
ɝɞɟ H – ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ, ɦ; Hɨɫ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɫɭ-
ɲɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 0,6÷ ɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ; kɮ – ɤɨɷɮ-
ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ /2/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.4.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢɥɢ
ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ Qɞɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɟ
Qɨɬɜ:
Qɞɪ = qɞɪLlɞɪ/0000 , ɥ/ɫ; (6.5)
Qɨɬɜ = qɞɪFɩɨɥ, ɥ/ɫ, (6.6)
ɝɞɟ L – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɦ; Fɩɨɥ – ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɝɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.4
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
Ƚɪɭɧɬ
ɡɟɪɟɧ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɦɦ ɫɦ/ɫ ɦ/ɫɭɬ
ɉɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ ,2÷0,2 ÷0,0 864÷8,64
ɉɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɝɥɢɧɵ 0,2÷0,076 0,0÷0,004 8,64÷3,46
ɉɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ 0,076÷0,038 0,004÷0,00 3,46÷0,86
ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ <0,038 <0,00 <0,86

84
 6. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ Qɞɪ ɢ Qɨɬɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ /, 4/.
Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɥɚɡɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɞɢɚ-
ɦɟɬɪɨɦ 75÷00 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 00 ɦɦ ɫ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,002. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨ-
ɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ.
ɍɤɥɨɧ ɤɚɧɚɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,005.
6.2. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 6.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 7360 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ T = 3,9°C; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨ-
ɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ – 60 ɦɦ; ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ hɨɫ = 76 ɦɦ; ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ – ɫɭɩɟɫɶ; ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ – II ȼ (ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.); ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ – 2,4 ɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ; ɭɤɥɨɧ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ – ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
0,003÷0,004.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 6. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ qɮ =
= 00 ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ). Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 500÷700 ɦɦ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɭ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ 5%: qɮ =
= 85 ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ:
Fɮ.ɩɨɥ = 7360/85 = 86,6 ɝɚ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚ ɞɥɹ II ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ kɮ.ɪɟɡ = 0,2:
Fɮ.ɪɟɡ = 0,2⋅7360/85 = 7,3 ɝɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɫɬ-
ɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ kɮ.ɜ = 0,35, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ:
Fɮ = 86,6 + 7,3 + 0,35(86,6 + 7,3) = 40,3 ɝɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ. 6. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ
ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ tɧɚɦ = 30 ɞɧɟɣ; ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɟɫɟɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ β = 0,45. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ 0,6 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ:
7360 ⋅ 30( − 0,45)
Fɧɚɦ = 4 = 3,8 ɝɚ.
0 (0,6 − 0,76)0,9
ɇɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ Fɮ ≥ Fɧɚɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ.

85
 ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ Nɮ = 64. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɚɪɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: Fɮ/Nɮ = 40,3/64 = 2,9 ɝɚ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ
00×220 ɦ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 6.2
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 390 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ qmax = 66,5 ɥ/ɫ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɭɯɚ T = 6,°C; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ – 45 ɦɦ; ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
ɫɥɨɹ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ hɨɫ = 59 ɦɦ; ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ – ɩɟɫɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɪɧɢ-
ɫɬɵɟ; ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ – III ȼ (ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.); ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ –
4, ɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ; ɭɤɥɨɧ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ – ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,004÷0,006. Ⱦɨɥɹ
ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
45%, ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ – 55%.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢ-
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ: qɨ.ɨ = 80 ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ)
ɢ qɨ.ɩ = 40 ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.5) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
qɨ = (80⋅45 + 40⋅55)/00 = 58 ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.6) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
Fɨ.ɩɨɥ = 390/58 = 55 ɝɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 50×250 ɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ Nɨ.ɩɨɥ =
= 0000⋅Fɨ.ɩɨɥ/(50⋅250) = 0000⋅55/(50⋅250) = 44.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.7) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɣ-
ɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 6. ɧɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ qɮ =
= 235 ɦ3/(ɝɚ⋅ɫɭɬ):
Fɨ.ɪɟɡ = 0,75⋅390/235 = 0,2 ɝɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 50×50 ɦ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ Nɨ.ɪɟɡ = 0000⋅Fɨ.ɪɟɡ/(50⋅50) = 0000⋅0,2/(50⋅50) ≈ 4.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.8) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
Fɨ = 55 + 0,2 + 0,3(55 + 0,2) = 84,8 ɝɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ. 6. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ-
ɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ tɧɚɦ = 45 ɞɧɟɣ; ɞɥɹ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɟɬ β = 0,55. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ 0,5 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ:
390 ⋅ 45( − 0,55)
Fɧɚɦ = 4 = 2, ɝɚ.
0 (0,5 − 0,59)0,9
ɇɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ Fɨ ≥ Fɧɚɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ

86
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɭ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɚ 0, ɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ: hɜ =
= 0,6 ɦ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 6.3
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ
ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ 6.2.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 6.2.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɹɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɩɨɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ tɦ.ɩ = 6 ɫɭɬ, ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.9) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɪɬ, ɨɪɨɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ:
Nɨɞ = 44/6 ≈ 8.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.0) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɭ:
q′max = 66,5/8 = 8,3 ɥ/ɫ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɹɦ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 44-ɯ
ɤɚɪɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ 50×250 ɦ – ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 6.3.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ /4/. Ʉɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɫ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ m = 2; ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ – ɩɪɹ-
ɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɫ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɨɣ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.5.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.5
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ- ɇɚɩɨɥ-
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɒɢɪɢɧɚ
ɧɵɣ ɧɟɧɢɟ ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ,
ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɍɤɥɨɧ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɦ/ɫ
ɦ ɦɦ
ɥ/ɫ ɦɦ
Ʉɚɪɬɨɜɵɣ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ –2 8,3 250 200 77 0,00 0,3
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ:
2–3 6,63 50 200 2 0,0055 0,72
3–4 33,25 50 300 25 0,0055 0,89
4–5 49,88 50 300 70 0,0055 0,98
5–6 66,5 350 400 60 0,0055 ,05
6–7 66,5 250 400 230 0,002 0,72
Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ 7–8 66,5 40 400 230 0,002 0,72

ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɭ ɞɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɤɚɧɚɥɚ:

Zɦ.ɤ ≥ 9 + 0,5 + 0,00⋅250 + 0,0055⋅(50 + 50 + 50 + 350) + 0,002⋅250 + 0,002⋅40 =

= 95,08 ɦ.

87
 

250
6 5 4 3 2

250
7

000
8

250
250
91
93

92

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
94

550

Ɋɢɫ. 6.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ

…8 – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ

88
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 6.4
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ
ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ 6.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɨɥɟɣ
ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.3.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 6.2.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ,
ɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ – ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɟɫɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ – ɪɢɫ. 6.4.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɬɨɤɚ:
0,5 ⋅ 58 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ,5
qɞɪ = = ,0 ɥ/(ɫ⋅ɝɚ).
86,4 ⋅ 3
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɬɤɢ:
0,5 ⋅ 58 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ,5
hɨɬɜ = = 0,0087 ɦ/ɫɭɬ.
04 ⋅ 3

2 

Ɋɢɫ. 6.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ

 – ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɚ; 2 – ɨɬɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɚ
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ H = 2 ɦ, ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.4 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮ-
ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ kɮ = 864 ɦ/ɫɭɬ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɜɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.4):

89
 864
lɞɪ = 0,2(2 − ) = 63 ɦ.
0 ,0087
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, lɞɪ = 50 ɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (6.5, 6.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ
ɨɬɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɜɟ:
Qɞɪ = ,0⋅250⋅50/0000 = ,26 ɥ/ɫ;
Qɨɬɜ = ,0⋅55 = 55,6 ɥ/ɫ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ /4/ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧ-
ɬɨɦ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ m = 2:
ƒ ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ 0,2 ɦ ɢ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ 0,002 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ ɞɨ
,26⋅2 = 2,52 ɥ/ɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 0,04 ɦ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 0,28 ɦ/ɫ;
ƒ ɨɬɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ 0,4 ɦ ɢ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ 0,0055 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ ɞɨ
55,6 ɥ/ɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 0, ɦ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 0,9 ɦ/ɫ.

7. ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɍȾɕ
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɤɚɫɤɚɞ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ 2÷5 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ- 
2
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɨɥɨ- 3
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 7.). Ɋɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ 4
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ:
ƒ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- 5

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ

ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 5000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɢɫ-
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ 5000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɪɢ
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ 200 ɦɝ/ɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ 6
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ – ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ. ɋɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭ-
ɳɟɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢ-
Ɋɢɫ. 7.. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɭɞ ɢɡ
ɤɢ;
ɩɹɬɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ
ƒ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ  – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɪɚɫɩɪɟ-
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢ- ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɮɚɲɢ-
ɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬ- ɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɬɧɹ; 3 – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɥɢɤɢ; 4 – ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ ɥɨɬɤɢ; 5 –
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɢ; 6 – ɨɬɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɚ-
ɧɚɥɵ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 25 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

90
 ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɞɨ 50 ɦɝ/ɥ – ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ.
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɪɨɫɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ CO2, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ ɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɢɨɯɢ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 5÷6 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɞɨ 5÷30 ɦɝ/ɥ. ȼ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ 3÷4 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɜɟ-
ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɞɨ 0 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ IV ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɩɪɭɞɵ ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɜ III–IV ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɠɢɥɵɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɬɪɚ.
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɬɨɧɚɯ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ, ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ 3 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-
ɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɤɚɦɵɲɚ, ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɷɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ: ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ (ɩɪɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ) ɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ
(ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ). ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ l ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ b ɫɬɭɩɟ-
ɧɟɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ 20÷30 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ,
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ÷3.
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɚ 0,5÷ ɦ, ɫ ɢɫ-
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ – 3÷4,5 ɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ȻɉɄ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ.
7.. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ
I. ɉɪɭɞɵ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ (ɨɬ 2-ɯ ɞɨ 5-ɬɢ)
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɵɥ 50÷60%.

9
 2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ tlag ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ:
 L
tlag = lg en , ɫɭɬ, (7.)
K lag k Lex
ɝɞɟ Len – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ, ɦɝ/ɥ; Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɦɝ/ɥ; Klag – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ (ɫɦ.
ɧɢɠɟ); k – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɭɬ- (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ).
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Klag ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɤ ɲɢ-
ɪɢɧɟ 20: ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,8÷0,9, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ : ÷ 3: ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ, ɩɨ-
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ (ɨɡɟɪɨ, ɡɚɩɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) – 0,35, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɟ-
ɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ Klag ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ k ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 0, ɫɭɬ-. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɟɬ k ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɫɭɬ-: ɞɥɹ -ɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – 0,07; ɞɥɹ 2-ɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – 0,06; ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ
ɩɪɭɞɚ – 0,05÷0,04; ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ k = 0,06 ɫɭɬ-.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ T, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ 20°ɋ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ k ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
ɞɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ 5÷30°ɋ: kT = k ⋅ ,047T −20 , ɫɭɬ-;
(7.2)
kT = k [,2(T + )
−0 ,022 T −20 -
ɞɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ 0÷5°ɋ: ] , ɫɭɬ .
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
tfin (ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ):
 ′ − L fin
Len
t fin = lg , ɫɭɬ, (7.3)
K lag k ′ Lex′ − L fin
ɝɞɟ L′en – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ, ɦɝ/ɥ; L′ex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹ-
ɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɦɝ/ɥ; Lfin – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɨɞɨɟɦɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɥɟɬɨɦ 2÷3 ɦɝ/ɥ (ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ – ɞɨ 5 ɦɝ/ɥ), ɡɢɦɨɣ ÷2 ɦɝ/ɥ;
k′ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 0,07 ɫɭɬ- ɞɥɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ (ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20°ɋ).
4. Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ tlag ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɴɟɦ Wlag ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ:
Wlag = Qwtlag, ɦ3, (7.4)
ɝɞɟ Qw – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ Flag ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ:
Q C (L − Lex ) 2
Flag = w a en ,ɦ , (7.5)
K lag (Ca − Cex )ra
ɝɞɟ ɋa – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23); ɋex –
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
÷2 ɦɝ/ɥ; ra – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ, ɩɪɢ-
ɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ 3÷4 ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ).

92
 6. Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ Flag ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨ-
ɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
Hlag:
Hlag = Wlag/Flag, ɦ. (7.6)
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ (Len). ɉɪɢ Len ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 00 ɦɝ/ɥ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 0,5 ɦ, ɩɪɢ Len ɞɨ 00 ɦɝ/ɥ –  ɦ; ɞɥɹ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫ Len ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 40 ɦɝ/ɥ – 2 ɦ, ɫ Len ɞɨ 20 ɦɝ/ɥ – 3 ɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɭɞ ɡɚ-
ɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 0,5 ɦ.
7. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ Hlag ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ
Flag. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɞɜɭɯ) ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɩɪɭɞɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20:.
II. ɉɪɭɞɵ ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ
. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ N (ɨɬ 2-ɯ ɞɨ 5-ɬɢ)
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɵɥ 50÷60%.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ tlag ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ:
N ⎛ Len ⎞
tlag = ⎜N − ⎟ , ɫɭɬ, (7.7)
2,3k d ⎜ Len − L fin ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ɝɞɟ kd – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
kd = βk, (7.8)
ɡɞɟɫɶ β – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
β =  + 20vlag, (7.9)
ɡɞɟɫɶ vlag – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɟ, ɦ/ɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɦ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȿɫɥɢ vlag > 0,05 ɦ/ɫ, ɬɨ β = 7.
3. Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭ-
ɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ tlag ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.4)
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ Wlag ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ.
4. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢ-
ɧɚ ɩɪɭɞɚ Hlag:
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ, ɦɝ/ɥ > 00 > 40 > 20 ≤ 20
Hlag, ɦ ≤ 0,5 ≤ ≤2 ≤3
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Flag:
Flag = Wlag/Hlag, ɦ2. (7.0)
6. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ-
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɵ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
(3.23) – (3.29). ȼ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨ-

93
ɬɨɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 20÷30 ɫɦ ɨɬ ɞɧɚ, ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ-ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɵ
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ.
7. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Nma ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠ-
ɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
qO ( Len − Lex )Wlag
N ma = ,
⎛ C a − Cex ⎞ (7.)
24000K T K 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟tlag Qma
⎝ Ca ⎠
ɝɞɟ qO – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɦɝ/ɦɝ ɫɧɹɬɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ, ɫɦ. ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
(3.24); KT – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
(3.25); K3 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɦ. ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.24); Qma – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɤɝ/ɱ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 9, 0,  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
8. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ Nma ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,05 ɦ/ɫ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ N′ma, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
9. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ v0, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ vp, ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ vr ɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ vabs ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵ-
ɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
v0 = 2 g (hd + ha ) , ɦ/ɫ;
vp = πdan0, ɦ/ɫ;
(7.2)
vr = πn0(da – la), ɦ/ɫ;
vabs = vr2 + v 2p , ɦ/ɫ,
ɝɞɟ hd – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 0,08 ÷0, ɦ; ha – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ,
ɦ; da – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ; n0 – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫ-; la – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
0.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ Qa:
π2d a2 ⎛ g ⎞⎛ l ⎞
Qa = ⎜⎜ v0 − ⎟⎟⎜⎜ − a ⎟⎟ , ɦ3/ɫ, (7.3)
2na ⎝ 3n0na ⎠⎝ d a ⎠
ɝɞɟ na – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ vx:
vx = v0[(Hlag – 0,2)/0,2 ]0,4 , ɦ/ɫ, (7.4)
ɝɞɟ v0 – ɩɪɢɞɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 0,2 ɦ ɨɬ ɞɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,05 ɦ/ɫ.
2.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ Fa:
2
⎛ 2ke2Qa vabs ⎞
Fa = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ , ɦ2, (7.5)
⎝ πvx d a ⎠

94
ɝɞɟ ke – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ,4.
3.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ N′ma:
N′ma = Flag/Fa. (7.6)
Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Nma ɢ N′ma ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ.
4.ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ (ɧɟ ɦɟ-
ɧɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɚɦɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
7.2. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 7.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 5640 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Len = 8 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw =
22°C; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 5°C.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ-
ɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 25 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ 50%, ɬ.ɟ. ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ
9 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (7.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ:
kTɥɟɬ = 0 ,07 ⋅ ,047 22−20 = 0,077 ɫɭɬ-; kTɡɢɦ = 0 ,07 ⋅ ,0475−20 = 0,056 ɫɭɬ-.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɲɢ-
ɪɢɧɟ 20:, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧ
Klag = 0,85.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ
ɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ:
ɥɟɬ  8 ɡɢɦ  8
tlag  = lg = 4,62 ɫɭɬ; tlag  = lg = 6,37 ɫɭɬ.
0,85 ⋅ 0,077 9 0 ,85 ⋅ 0 ,056 9
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ: tlag = 6,37 ɫɭɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ) ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ-
ɥɚɦ (7.2) ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ k =
= 0,06 ɫɭɬ-:
kT′ ɥɟɬ = 0 ,06 ⋅ ,047 22−20 = 0,066 ɫɭɬ-; kT′ ɡɢɦ = 0 ,06 ⋅ ,0475−20 = 0,048 ɫɭɬ-.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɥɟɬɨɦ: Lɥɟɬfin =
= 3 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ ɡɢɦɨɣ: Lɡɢɦfin = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ:

95
  9−3  9−2
t ɥɟɬ
fin = lg = 8,53 ɫɭɬ; t ɡɢɦ
fin = lg = 9,08 ɫɭɬ.
0,85 ⋅ 0,066 5 − 3 0,85 ⋅ 0,048 5 − 2
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɢ-
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ: tfin = 9,08 ɫɭɬ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ (ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ):
Wlag = 5640⋅6,37 = 35927 ɦ3; Wlag2 = Wfin = 5640⋅9,08 = 52 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ 22°C:
CT = 8,67 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ 5°C: CT = 9,6 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨ-
ɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ha = 0 ɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ:
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
Caɥɟɬ = ⎜ + ⎟8,67 = 8,67 ɦɝ/ɥ; Caɡɢɦ = ⎜ + ⎟9,6 = 9,6 ɦɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 20,6 ⎠ ⎝ 20,6 ⎠
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɭɞɚ,
ɋex = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ra = 3 ɝ/(ɦ2⋅ɫɭɬ), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɢ
ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.5).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ:
5640 ⋅ 8,67(8 − 9 ) 5640 ⋅ 9,6(8 − 9 )
ɥɟɬ
Flag  = = 25875 ɦ2; Flagɡɢɦ
 = = 2537 ɦ2.
0,85(8,67 − 2 )3 0,85(9,6 − 2 )3
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ:
5640 ⋅ 8,67(9 − 5) 5640 ⋅ 9,6(9 − 5)
ɥɟɬ
Flag 2 = = 500 ɦ2; ɡɢɦ
Flag 2 = = 72 ɦ2.
0 ,85(8,67 − 2 )3 0,85(9,6 − 2 )3
Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ: Flag = 25875 ɦ2, Flag2 = 500 ɦ2.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.6) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭ-
ɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ:
Hlag = 35927/25875 = ,39 ɦ; Hlag2 = 52/500 = 4,45 ɦ.
Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,5÷ ɦ: Hlag = Hlag2 =  ɦ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
Flag = Wlag/Hlag = 35927/ ≈ 36000 ɦ2; Flag2 = Wlag2/Hlag2 = 52/ ≈ 5000 ɦ2.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟ-
ɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ, ɜɫɟɝɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ: Fsec = Flag/3 = 36000/3 = 2000 ɦ2,
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ 24×500 ɦ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ: Fsec2 = Flag2/3 = 5000/3 = 7000 ɦ2,
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ 24×709 ɦ.

96
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 7.2
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 2400 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Len = 28 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
Lex = 6 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw =
20°C; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 2°C.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
25 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ-
ɦɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɬɨɧɚɯ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ
(N = 2), ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 4 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ vlag =
= 0, ɦ/ɫ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ: β = 7.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (7.2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ k =
= 0,07 ɫɭɬ-:
kTɥɟɬ = 0 ,07 ⋅ ,047 20−20 = 0,07 ɫɭɬ-; kTɡɢɦ = 0 ,07 ⋅ ,0472−20 = 0,049 ɫɭɬ-.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.8):
kɥɟɬd = 7⋅0,07 = 0,49 ɫɭɬ-; kɡɢɦd = 7⋅0,049 = 0,34 ɫɭɬ-.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.7) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
ɥɟɬɨɦ: Lɥɟɬfin = 3 ɦɝ/ɥ ɢ ɡɢɦɨɣ: Lɡɢɦfin = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ:
2 ⎛ 28 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 28 ⎞
ɥɟɬ
tlag  =
⎜⎜ 2 − ⎟⎟ = 0,04 ɫɭɬ; tlag
ɡɢɦ
= ⎜ 2 − ⎟⎟ = 0,096 ɫɭɬ.
2 ,3 ⋅ 0 ,34 ⎜⎝ 28 − 2

2 ,3 ⋅ 0,49 ⎝ 28 − 3 ⎠ ⎠
Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: tlag = 0,04 ɫɭɬ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ k = 0,06 ɫɭɬ-:
kTɥɟɬ = 0 ,06 ⋅ ,047 20−20 = 0,06 ɫɭɬ-; kTɡɢɦ = 0 ,06 ⋅ ,0472−20 = 0,042 ɫɭɬ-.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ:
kɥɟɬd = 7⋅0,06 = 0,42 ɫɭɬ-; kɡɢɦd = 7⋅0,042 = 0,29 ɫɭɬ-.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɥɟɬ-
ɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ:
2 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 4 ⎞
ɥɟɬ
tlag 2 =
⎜⎜ 2 − ⎟⎟ = 0,265 ɫɭɬ; tlag
ɡɢɦ
2 =
⎜⎜ 2 − ⎟⎟ = 0,240 ɫɭɬ.
2 ,3 ⋅ 0,42 ⎝ 4 − 3 ⎠ 2,3 ⋅ 0,29 ⎝ 4 − 2 ⎠
Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟ-
ɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: tlag2 = 0,265 ɫɭɬ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.4) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ (ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ):

97
 Wlag = 2400⋅0,04 = 290 ɦ3; Wlag2 = 2400⋅0,265 = 3286 ɦ3.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɟɪ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ Hlag = ,5 ɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Hlag2 = 3 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.0) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɭɞɚ:
Flag = 290/,5 = 860 ɦ2; Flag2 = 3286/3 = 095 ɦ2.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɚ-
ɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ (ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ):
ƒ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ da = 0,5 ɦ;
ƒ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ n0 = 33/60 = 2,22 ɫ-;
ƒ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ la = 0,7 ɦ;
ƒ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ha = 0,4 ɦ;
ƒ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ na = 6;
ƒ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ Qma = 3,33 ɤɝ/ɱ.
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ hd = 0, ɦ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ 20°C ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ: CT =
= 9,02 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.23) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ:
⎛ 0 , ⎞
C a = ⎜ + ⎟9 ,02 = 9,06 ɦɝ/ɥ.
⎝ 20 ,6 ⎠
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.25) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ, ɪɚɜɟɧ: KT = . Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ:
K3 = 0,85, ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ: qO = , ɦɝ/ɦɝ ɫɧɹɬɨɣ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ. Ɍɪɟ-
ɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ:
ɋex = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ Nma ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.):
,( 28 − 4 )290
N ma = = 3,63 ≈ 4;
⎛ 9,06 − 2 ⎞
24000 ⋅  ⋅ 0,85⎜ ⎟0,04 ⋅ 3,33
⎝ 9 ,06 ⎠
,( 4 − 6 )3286
N ma 2 = = 2,06 ≈ 2.
⎛ 9 ,06 − 2 ⎞
24000 ⋅  ⋅ 0 ,85⎜ ⎟0,265 ⋅ 3,33
⎝ 9 ,06 ⎠
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,05 ɦ/ɫ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɪɭɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (7.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚ-
ɟɦ:
ƒ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ: v0 = 2 ⋅ 9 ,8(0 , + 0 ,4 ) = 2,7 ɦ/ɫ;
ƒ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: vp = 3,46⋅0,5⋅2,22 = 3,49 ɦ/ɫ;
ƒ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: vr = 3,46⋅2,22(0,5–0,7)=
= 2,30 ɦ/ɫ;

98
ƒ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ: vabs = 2,30 2 + 3,49 2 =
= 4,8 ɦ/ɫ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ:
3,46 2 ⋅ 0,52 ⎛ 9,8 ⎞⎛ 0,7 ⎞ 3
Qa = ⎜ 2,7 − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = 0,26 ɦ /ɫ.
2⋅6 ⎝ 3 ⋅ 2,22 ⋅ 6 ⎠⎝ 0,5 ⎠
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ:
vx = 0,[(,5 – 0,2)/0,2]0,4 = 0,3 ɦ/ɫ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ:
2
⎛ 2 ⋅ ,4 2 ⋅ 0,26 ⋅ 4,8 ⎞
Fa = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ = 429 ɦ2.
⎝ 3,46 ⋅ 0,3 ⋅ 0,5 ⎠
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.6) ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟ-
ɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ:
N′ma = 860/429 = 0,075.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɭɞɚ:
vx2 = 0,[(3 – 0,2)/0,2]0,4 = 0,5 ɦ/ɫ;
2
⎛ 2 ⋅ ,4 2 ⋅ 0,26 ⋅ 4,8 ⎞
Fa 2 = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ = 7437 ɦ2;
⎝ 3,46 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 0,5 ⎠
N′ma2 = 095/7437 = 0,47.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɱɟ-
ɬɵɪɟ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɞɜɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟ-
ɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ – ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭ-
ɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɭ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ: Fsec = Flag/2 = 860/2 = 430 ɦ2, ɪɚɡɦɟ-
ɪɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ 5×29 ɦ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ: Fsec2 = Flag2/2 = 095/2 = 548 ɦ2, ɪɚɡ-
ɦɟɪɵ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ 24×24 ɦ.

8. ɍȾȺɅȿɇɂȿ ȻɂɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ɂɁ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ
20÷40% ɫɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɦɦɨ-
ɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɤɨ-

99
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɜɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
8.. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ
(ɚɡɨɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɵɣ, ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢ-
ɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɞɨ
ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ. ɇɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ. ɂɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɧɢɬ-
ɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
pH = 8,4, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 30°ɋ. ɇɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɷ-
ɪɨɬɟɧɤɚɯ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 70 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɞɨ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɦɢ ɞɨ CO2 ɢ H2O ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ pH= 7÷7,5.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ,
ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɢɥ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ȻɉɄ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɤ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɚɡɨɬɭ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱ-
ɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ 4:.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ:
ƒ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ: ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɵɟ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ: ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ: ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨ-
ɜɢɹɯ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ: ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ
ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ƒ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ: ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɜɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ.
ɇɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɭɜɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ
ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ.
ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬ-

00
ɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ:
ƒ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɢ
ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ;
ƒ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ÷,5 ɱ;
ƒ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ (ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ).
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 8..
7
4 9 8
5
6
2

 2 3



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Ɋɢɫ. 8.. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ

 – ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ; 2 – ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ; 4 –
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 5 – ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 6 – ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ;
7 – ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ; 8 – ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɧɬɟɧɤɚ;
9 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 0 – ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɥ ɢɡ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨ-
ɪɚ;  – ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɥ ɢɡ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, 2 – ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢ-
ɤɚɬɨɪ , ɬɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ 2. ȼ
ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɚɡɨɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ,
ɝɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ 5 ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ-
ɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɞɨ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɟ 3, ɨɫɟɜɲɢɣ ɢɥ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ.
Ɍɪɟɯɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɥɨɜɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ,
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

0
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɡɨɧɭ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ –
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɢ.
ɂ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ
ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬ-
ɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɡɨɧɵ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ N–NH4+ ɫ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚ-
ɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ±5%. ɇɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢ-
ɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ (2÷4 ɦɝ N–NH4+/ɥ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ).
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0÷2 ɱ. ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ 20 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Cnen min, ɧɢɠɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɥɚ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ,
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɥɟɝɤɨɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨ-
ɞɚ).
Ⱦɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ:
ƒ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɥɢ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ;
ƒ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɢɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ 3÷6 ɦɝ ȻɉɄ ɧɚ  ɦɝ N–NO3–.
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɚɤ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɝɪɚɜɢɣ, ɪɭɥɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɭ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨ-
ɥɨɤɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 50 ɦɝ/ɥ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ

02
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɨ-ɡɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ; ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-
ɰɢɣ 50÷00 ɦɝ/ɥ – ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ; ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ –
ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ «ɟɪɲ».
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɨ-ɡɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
8.2. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɟɚɝɟɧ-
ɬɨɦ (ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɢɦɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ. Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ,
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚ-
ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ
ɫ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɦɢ PO43–, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɫɨ-
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɩɶɹɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ
Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɵ: ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫ-
ɥɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɤɭɩɨɪɨɫ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ,
ɞɨɡɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II) ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 25 ɦɝ/ɥ ɩɨ Fe2O3; ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨ-
ɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (III) – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 ɦɝ/ɥ ɩɨ Fe2O3; ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
8 ɦɝ/ɥ ɩɨ Al2O3.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɮɥɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (III) – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɬɨɪɢɱ-
ɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɦ, ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ – ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɚɦɢɞ (ɉȺȺ)
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ 0,2÷ ɦɝ/ɥ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɉȺȺ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɹɡɟɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ:
ƒ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II) ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɦ – ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ-
ɪɚɦ ɛɟɡɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ƒ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (III) ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 9÷0 ɦ/ɱ, ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ – ÷2 ɦ/ɱ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 2÷3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ.

03
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ  ɦɝ/ɥ Me2O3 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ % ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.7).
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ,5 ɪɚɡɚ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɬɟɧɤɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɞɨ
30%.
8.3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡ-
ɦɨɜ μn:
K K K KC μ
μ n = pH T oc c nex max , ɫɭɬ-, (8.)
K ɩ + Cnex
ɝɞɟ KpH – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ pH ɜɨɞɵ /6/:
pH 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,4 9
KpH 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,84 ,0 ,23
KT – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ /6/:
°ɋ 0 5 20 25 30
KT 0,32 0,56 ,0 ,79 3,2
Koc – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Koc = CO/(K′O + CO), (8.2)
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɋO – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɦɝ/ɥ; K′O – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 2 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
Kc – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Kɫ = J/(J + Ci), (8.3)
ɡɞɟɫɶ J – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ; Ci – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ;
μmax – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ,77 ɫɭɬ- ɩɪɢ
pH=8,4 ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20°ɋ;
Kɩ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 25 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɋnex – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɦɦɨ-
ɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
2. ɇɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ θ:
θ = /μn, ɫɭɬ. (8.4)
3. ɉɨ /6/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 8. ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ais.

04
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ
ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢɥɚ, ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɢɥɚ, Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɚ, ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɦɝ/ɦɝ N–NH4+/ɥ ɫɭɬ ɝ/ɥ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɱ)
0,7 5 0,07 49,0
0,7 0 0,034 24,5
0,6 5 0,048 7,4
0,38 20 0,055 5,2
0,09 25 0,048 7,4
0,055 30 0,033 25,2
0,03 35 0,02 39,7
0,02 40 0,06 52,
0,048 50 0,048 7,4
0,044 60 0,053 5,7
0,8 70 0,025 33,3

4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ

ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Cnen min:
Cnen min = 0,02atθ/ais, ɦɝ/ɥ, (8.5)
ɝɞɟ at – ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Cnen min ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ
ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ Cnen. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɡɚ-
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Wn:
Wn = Qwtatm/24, ɦ3, (8.6)
ɝɞɟ Qw – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; tatm – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ-
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ, (ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, tatm = 0÷2 ɱ).
6. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2-ɯ, ɩɪɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɞɨ 50 000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ – 4÷6,
ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ – 6÷8). ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɚ.
7. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
(3.23–3.29).
Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ μn.
2. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.4) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ
θ, ɫɭɬ.
3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ρ:
ρ = Kɷ + 0,047Kɪ/θ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ), (8.7)
ɝɞɟ Kɷ – ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ); Kɪ – ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

05
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
Kɷ = 3,7 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ); Kɪ = 864 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɝ.
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ai:
⎛ ρ max Lex CO ⎞
ai = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ , ɝ/ɥ, (8.8)
ϕ ⎝ (Lex CO + K l CO + K O Lex )ρ ⎠
ɝɞɟ ρmax – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ); Kl –
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ; KO – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɦɝ O2/ɥ; ϕ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥ/ɝ; Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɨɱɢ-
ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ:
ρmax = 70 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ); Kl = 65 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ; KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ; ϕ = 0,4 ɥ/ɝ.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ tatm:
L − Lex
tatm = en , ɱ. (8.9)
aiρ
ɝɞɟ Len – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ.
6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Wn ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.6).
7. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢ-
ɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ.
8. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8. ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ θ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɞɨɡɚ ɢɥɚ ais, ɝ/ɥ.
9. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ain:
C − Cnex
ain = ,2ais nen , ɝ/ɥ. (8.0)
tatm
0.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɯɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ a:
a + ain
a= i , ɝ/ɥ, (8.)
− s
ɝɞɟ s – ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɚ (ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ).
.ɇɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Kg ɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ-
ɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ G:
atatm
K g = 4,7 , ɦɝ/(ɦɝ⋅ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ); (8.2)
(Len − Lex )θ
G = Kg(Len – Lex)Qw/000, ɤɝ/ɫɭɬ. (8.3)
2.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
(3.23–3.29), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
q (L − Lex ) + ,(Cnen − Cnex )4,6 3 3
qair = O en , ɦ /ɦ . (8.4)
KK 2 KT K3 (Ca − CO )

06
Ⱦɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ aidnmax :
aidnmax = 000s/Ji, ɝ/ɥ, (8.5)
3
ɝɞɟ Ji – ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɫɦ /ɝ.
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ρdn:
dn Cexdn
ρ = ρ dn , ɦɝ N–NO3/(ɝ⋅ɱ), (8.6)
max
(C dn
ex )(
+ K dn  + ϕ dn aidn )
ɝɞɟ ρdn
max – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɦɝ N–NO3/(ɝ⋅ɱ), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.2;
Kdn – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ Ɇɢɯɚɷɥɢɫɚ-Ɇɟɧɬɟɧ, ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.2; ϕdn – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɥ/ɝ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ /6/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.2; aidn – ɞɨɡɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɝ/ɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ aidnmax ; Cexdn – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.2
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
ȼɢɞ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ρdn
max , ɦɝ N–NO3/(ɝ⋅ɱ) Kdn, ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ ϕdn, ɥ/ɝ
Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɥ (CH3OH) 58,8 40 0,9
ɗɬɚɧɨɥ (C2H5OH) 44,9 25 0,7

3. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ tdn ɪɚɫ-

ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (8.7, 8.8) ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ.
dn
Cen − Cexdn
Ɋɟɚɤɬɨɪ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶ: tdnm = dn , ɱ; (8.7)
ai (  − α )ρdn
⎡ dn C dn ⎤  + ϕ dn aidn
Ɋɟɚɤɬɨɪ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɶ: t dnv = ⎢ Cen ( )
− Cexdn + 2,3K dn lg en
C dn ⎥
ρ dn dn
a
, ɱ, (8.8)
⎣ ex ⎦ i
dn
ɝɞɟ Cen – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ.
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Wdn:
Wdn = Qwtdn/24, ɦ3. (8.9)
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
dn
. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ Cen ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:

dn
Cen , ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ < 50 50÷00 > 00
Ʉɚɪɤɚɫɧɨ- ɉɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢɡ
Ⱦɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɪɚɜɢɣɧɵɣ
ɡɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ

07
 2. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ aidn ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 8.3 ɢɥɢ /6/).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.3
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɝ/ɥ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ 0 20 30 40 50
50 ,0 2,0 2,5 3,5 —
00 ,5 2,5 3,5 5,0 7,5
200 2,0 3,5 5,5 7,5 0,0
300 2,5 4,0 6,0 9,0 4,0
400 3,0 5,0 7,0 4,0 20,0

3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ

bf
tdn :
⎡ dn dn
⎤  + ϕ dn aidn
bf
t dn ( dn
) Cen
= ⎢ Cen − Cex + K d K dn lg dn ⎥ dn dn , ɱ,
Cex ⎦ ρ max ai
(8.20)
⎣
ɝɞɟ Kd – ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨ-
ɪɚ: ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɨ-ɡɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ – 0,89; ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɨɝɨ – 0,83; ɞɥɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ – 0,8.
4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Wdnbf :
Wdnbf = qwtdn
bf
, ɦ3 , (8.2)
ɝɞɟ qw – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦ3/ɱ.
5. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2-ɯ), ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
8.4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ Cɪɟɚɝ:
Cɪɟɚɝ = KCPɨɛɳ, ɦɝ/ɥ, (8.22)
ɝɞɟ K – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ /6/ ɢɥɢ
ɬɚɛɥ. 8.4; CPɨɛɳ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬ-
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
CPɨɛɳ = (2÷3)CPO4, (ɡɞɟɫɶ CPO4 – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ,
ɦɝ PO43/ɥ).
2. ɉɨ /6/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.5 ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Len ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ Cɪɟɚɝ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧ-
ɤɟ ai.
3. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ /6/ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.6 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ β, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨ
ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɭ Nɤɨɚɝ:

08
 ɋ ɪɟɚɝ
N ɤɨɚɝ = , ɦɝ Me2O3/ɝ, (8.23)
ai ( − β s )
ɝɞɟ s – ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.4
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ȼɢɞ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɣ
ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, % ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (II) ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (III) ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ
60 0,33 0,5 0,35
65 0,5 0,25 0,4
70 0,66 0,33 0,5
75  0,5 0,65
80 ,34 0,66 0,74
85 ,67  0,9

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.5
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ, ɝ/ɥ
Ⱦɨɡɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɩɨ Me2O3, ɦɝ/ɥ 00 50 200 300
0 3 4 5 5
5 4 5 6 6
20 5 6 6 7
25 6 6 7 7
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ : ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
(III) ɞɨɡɭ ɢɥɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 ɝ/ɥ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.6
ɉɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɤ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ
Ⱦɨɡɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ
Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ
5 0 5 20 25
ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (II) , ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ ,07 ,5 ,2 ,22 ,22

4. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ CO ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 5 ɦɝ/ɥ.
5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ tatm:
Len − Lex
tatm = , ɱ, (8.24)
ai ( − β s )ρm
ɝɞɟ Len ɢ Lex – ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɦɝ/ɥ; m – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ

09
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɭ Nɤɨɚɝ /6/:
Nɤɨɚɝ, ɦɝ Me2O3/ɝ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
m 0,68 0,78 0,84 0,95  ,08 ,6 ,24
6. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ Watm, ɦ3.
7. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2-ɯ, ɩɪɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɞɨ 50 000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ – 4÷6,
ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ – 6÷8). ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨ-
ɬɟɧɤɚ.
8. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.7 /6/ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ Ri ɢ
ɞɨɡɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ acir.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.7
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ Ri ɢ ɞɨɡɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ acir
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɢɥɚ ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (III) ɢɥɢ
ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II)
ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ, ɝ/ɥ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
acir, ɝ/ɥ Ri acir, ɝ/ɥ Ri
3 0 45 6,5 85
4 ,5 50 8,5 90
5 ,5 60 0.0 00
6 4,0 75 — —
7 4,0 00 — —

9. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Pi ɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ G:
Pi = ( + 0,0Cɪɟɚɝ)(0,8Ccdp + KgLen), ɦɝ/ɥ; (8.25)
G = PiQw/06, ɬ/ɫɭɬ, (8.26)
ɝɞɟ Ccdp – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ, ɦɝ/ɥ; Kg
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,3; Qw – ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ3/ɫɭɬ.
0.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (3.23–3.29).
.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ Qɪɟɚɝ:
Q C
Q ɪɟɚɝ = w ɪɟɚɝ6 , ɬ/ɫɭɬ, (8.27)
Pɪɟɚɝ 0
ɝɞɟ Pɪɟɚɝ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɞɨɥɢ.
2.Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨ-
ɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪ.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɋɇɢɉ 2.04.02-84 «ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ».
8.5. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 8.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 25700 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;

0
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Cnen = 90 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ Cnex = 4 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ pH = 8,,
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 23°C.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.) ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ pH ɜɨɞɵ:
KpH = 0,84 + (0,84 – ,0)⋅(8, – 8)/(8 – 8,4) = 0,88;
ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ:
KT = ,0 + (,0 – ,79)⋅(23 – 20)/(20 – 25) = ,474.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɋO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ:
Koc = 2/(2 + 2) = 0,5.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɜɟɧ:
Kc = .
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ:
0,88 ⋅ ,474 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅  ⋅ 4 ⋅ ,77
μn = = 0,58 ɫɭɬ-.
25 + 4
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
(8.4):
θ = /0,58 = 6,32 ɫɭɬ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8. ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɥɚ ais ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρn:
ais = 0,07 + (0,07 – 0,034)⋅(6,32 – 5)/(5 – 0) = 0,02 ɝ/ɥ;
ρn = 49 + (49 – 24,5)⋅(6,32 – 5)/(5 – 0) = 42,5 ɦɝ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɦ-
ɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɜɵɧɨɫɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢ-
ɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ at = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ:
Cnen min = 0,02⋅5⋅6,32/0,02 = 88,2 ɦɝ/ɥ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (90 ɦɝ/ɥ).
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ: tatm =
= 2 ɱ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.6), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:
Wn = 25700⋅2/24 = 2850 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ʋ 902-2-268 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 4;


ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 3;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 5 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 6 ɦ;
ƒ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 3780 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 2850/(4⋅3⋅5⋅6) = 35,7 ≈ 36 ɦ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 8.2
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 33670 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ: ɚɡɨɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɵɣ Cnen =
= 35 ɦɝ/ɥ, ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ Len = 30 ɦɝ/ɥ; ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ: ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ
ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɝɨ Cnex = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ, ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ Lex = 0 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
pH = 7,9, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Tw = 8°C.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.) ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ pH ɜɨɞɵ:
KpH = 0,6 + (0,6 – 0,84)⋅(7,9 – 7,5)/(7,5 – 8) = 0,79,
ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ:
KT = 0,56 + (0,56 – )⋅(8 – 5)/(5 – 20) = 0,82.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɋO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ:
Koc = 2/(2 + 2) = 0,5.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɜɟɧ:
Kc = .
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ:
0,79 ⋅ 0,82 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅  ⋅ 2 ⋅ ,77
μn = = 0,043 ɫɭɬ-.
25 + 2
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
(8.4):
θ = /0,043 = 23,37 ɫɭɬ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.7) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟ-
ɳɟɫɬɜ:
ρ = 3,7 + 0,047⋅864/23,37 = 5,28 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.8), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ Lex = 0 ɦɝ/ɥ:

2
  ⎛ 70 ⋅ 0 ⋅ 2 ⎞
ai = ⎜ − ⎟ = 4,98 ɝ/ɥ.
0 ,4 ⎝ (0 ⋅ 2 + 65 ⋅ 2 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 0 )5,28 ⎠
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.9):
30 − 0
tatm = = 4,56 ɱ.
4,98 ⋅ 5,28
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.6), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:
Wn = 33670⋅4,56/24 = 6397 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ʋ 902-2-27/28 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 5;
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 2;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 4,5 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 4 ɦ;
ƒ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 296 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 6397/(5⋅2⋅4,5⋅4) = 35,5 ≈ 36 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8. ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ θ = 23,37 ɫɭɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɢɥɚ:
ais = 0,055 + (0,055 – 0,048)⋅(23,37 – 20)/(20 – 25) = 0,05 ɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.0) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ:
35 − 2
ain = ,2 ⋅ 0 ,05 = 0,44 ɝ/ɥ.
4,56
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɯɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
(8.), ɩɪɢ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɚ s = 0,3:
4,98 + 0,44
a= = 7,74 ɝ/ɥ.
 − 0,3
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (8.2) ɢ (8.3) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Kg ɢ ɫɭ-
ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ G:
7 ,74 ⋅ 4,56
K g = 4,7 = 0,53 ɦɝ/(ɦɝ⋅ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ);
(30 − 0)23,37
G = 0,53(30 – 0)⋅33670/000 = 222 ɤɝ/ɫɭɬ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 8.3
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 6620 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ;
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨ-
dn
ɞɚɯ: Cen = 3 ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ, ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬ-
ɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Cexdn = 6 ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ –

3
ɷɬɚɧɨɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ Ji = 00 ɫɦ3/ɝ, ɢ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɚ s =
= 0,3. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.5) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɥɚ:
aidnmax = 000⋅0,3/00 = 3 ɝ/ɥ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ρdn max = 44,9 ɦɝ N–NO3/(ɝ⋅ɱ); ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ Ɇɢɯɚɷɥɢɫɚ-

Ɇɟɧɬɟɧ Kdn = 25 ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ; ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕdn = 0,7 ɥ/ɝ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.6):
6
ρ dn = 44 ,9 = 5,76 ɦɝ N–NO3/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
(6 + 25 )( + 0 ,7 ⋅ 3)
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɪɚɛɨ-
ɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.8) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ:
⎡ 3⎤  + 0 ,7 ⋅ 3
t dnv = ⎢(3 − 6 ) + 2 ,3 ⋅ 25 ⋅ lg ⎥ = 5,77 ɱ.
⎣ 6 ⎦ 5,76 ⋅ 3
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.9) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:
Wdn = 6620⋅5,77/24 = 5900 ɦ3.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 8.4
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ qw = 230 ɦ3/ɱ;
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨ-
dn
ɞɚɯ: Cen = 59 ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ, ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɢɬ-
ɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Cexdn = 5 ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ –
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 50÷00 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɨɣ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.3 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ: aidn = (,0 +
+ 2,0)/2 = ,5 ɝ/ɥ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɚ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ρdn max = 58,8 ɦɝ N–NO3/(ɝ⋅ɱ); ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ Ɇɢɯɚɷɥɢɫɚ-

Ɇɟɧɬɟɧ Kdn = 40 ɦɝ N–NO3/ɥ; ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕdn = 0,9 ɥ/ɝ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.20) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡ-
ɤɨɣ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:
⎡ 59 ⎤  + 0 ,9 ⋅ ,5
bf
t dn = ⎢(59 − 5) + 0,83 ⋅ 40 ⋅ lg ⎥ = 0,929 ɱ.
⎣ 5 ⎦ 58,8 ⋅ ,5

4
 ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.2) ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:
Wdnbf = 230 ⋅ 0 ,929 = 43 ɦ3.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ H = 4 ɦ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ F = 43/(2⋅4) = 43 ɦ2 ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɟ 2×2 ɦ.
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 6 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
3 ɥ/(ɦ2⋅ɫ) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 0 ɦɢɧ.
ɉɊɂɆȿɊ 8.5
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ qw = 5630 ɦ3/ɱ,
ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Qw = 89000 ɦ3/ɫɭɬ; ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ:
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ Len = 85 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ Ccdp = 55 ɦɝ/ɥ; ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ
ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ Lex = 5 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ: ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ CPO4en = 6 ɦɝ PO43/ɥ, ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ – CPO4ex =
= 5,5 ɦɝ PO43/ɥ.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ. Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
ɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɟ: CPɨɛɳ = (2÷3)CPO4en= 3⋅6 = 48 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ:
ɗp = 00(CPO4en – CPO4ex)/CPO4en = 00(6 – 5,5)/6 ≈ 65%.
ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ – ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (II). ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.4 ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ: K = 0,5. ɉɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.22) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ:
Cɪɟɚɝ = 0,5⋅48 = 24 ɦɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.5 ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɨɡɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɟ:
ai = 6 + (6 – 7)(85 – 50)/(50 – 200) = 6,7 ɝ/ɥ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ s = 0,3. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.6 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨ-
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ:
β = ,4 + (,4 – ,5)(24 – 20)/(20 – 25) = ,48.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɩɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɭ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.23):
24
N ɤɨɚɝ = = 6,44 ɦɝ Me2O3/ɝ.
6,7( − ,48 ⋅ 0 ,3)
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨ-
ɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II): CO = 2 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ.  ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ:
ƒ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ρmax = 85 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ);
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Kl = 33 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ KO = 0,625 ɦɝ O2/ɥ;
ƒ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ϕ = 0,07 ɥ/ɝ.

5
 ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
5 ⋅ 5 
ρ = 85 ⋅ = 7,4 ɦɝ ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ).
5 ⋅ 5 + 33 ⋅ 5 + 0 ,625 ⋅ 5  + 0 ,07 ⋅ 6 ,7
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.24) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ (ɩɪɢ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɭ Nɤɨɚɝ = 6,44 ɦɝ Me2O3/ɝ):
m = 0,84 + (0,84 – 0,95)(6,44 – 7)/(7 – 6) = 0,902.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.24) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ:
85 − 5
tatm = = 2,9 ɱ.
6,7( − ,48 ⋅ 0 ,3)7 ,4 ⋅ 0,902
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ:
Watm = 5630⋅2,9 = 6383 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ʋ 902-2-268 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ:
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ nat = 6;
ƒ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ ncor = 3;
ƒ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ Hat = 5 ɦ;
ƒ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ bcor = 6 ɦ;
ƒ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – 3780 ɦ3.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3.6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ:
lat = 6383/(6⋅3⋅5⋅6) = 30,3 ≈ 30 ɦ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 87 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Ri = 00 ɢ ɞɨɡɭ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ acir = 4,0 ɝ/ɥ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (8.25) ɢ (8.26) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ Pi ɢ ɫɭɬɨɱ-
ɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ G:
Pi = ( + 0,0⋅24)(0,8⋅55 + 0,3⋅85) = 222,58 ɦɝ/ɥ;
G = 222,58⋅89000/06 = 42,07 ɬ/ɫɭɬ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.27) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟ-
ɡɚ (II) (ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ Pɪɟɚɝ = 0,6):
89000 ⋅ 24
Q ɪɟɚɝ = = 0,756 ɬ/ɫɭɬ.
0,6 ⋅ 0 6

6
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ /8/
ρmax , Kl , KɈ ,
ϕ,
ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɝ ɦɝ ɦɝ s
ɥ/ɝ
ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/(ɝ⋅ɱ) ȻɉɄɩɨɥɧ/ɥ O2/ɥ
Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ 85 33 0,625 0,07 0,3
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ:
ɚ. ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ:
I ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ 33 3 ,8 0,7 —
II ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ 59 24 ,66 0,58 —
ɛ. ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 40 6 2,4 , —
ɜ. ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ 80 30 0,6 0,06 0,5
ɝ. ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ:
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ 650 00 ,5 2 0,6
ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ 700 90 ,6 2 0,7
ɞ. ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ
(ɜɢɫɤɨɡɵ) 90 35 0,7 0,27 —
ɟ. ɮɚɛɪɢɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɲɟɪɫɬɢ:
I ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ 32 56 — 0,23 —
II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ 6 33 — 0,2 —
ɠ. ɞɪɨɠɠɟɜɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ 232 90 ,66 0,6 0,35
ɡ. ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ 83 200 ,7 0,27 —
ɢ. ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɡɢɧɚ 280 28 ,67 0,7 0,5
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɛɢɨɜɢɬɚ ɢ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɰɢɧɚ 720 67 ,5 0,98 0,2
ɤ. ɫɜɢɧɨɨɬɤɨɪɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ:
I ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ 454 55 ,65 0,76 0,25
II ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ 5 72 ,68 0,7 0,3

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
÷ ɦ /2/
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ 0,2÷
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦ, ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɉɟɪɟɩɚɞ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɦɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɬɨɹɤ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɤɉɚ
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ 5% 0% 5% ɦ3/(ɦ⋅ɱ)
250 00 64 78 88
30 2÷0
250 200 20 46 50

7
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
÷ ɦ /2/
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ 0,3÷
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦ, ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɉɟɪɟɩɚɞ
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɦɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɬɨɹɤ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɤɉɚ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ 5% 0% 5% ɦ3/(ɦ⋅ɱ)
242 84 25 43 53 30÷2
260 200 29 5 60 35÷5 3÷0
288 228 33 56 72 40÷26

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3 ɦɦ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ 0,5 ɦ /2/
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦ,
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɦɦ Ɉɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɬɨɹɤ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
ɭɫɥɨɜ- ɑɢɫɥɨ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɧɚɪɭɠ- Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ,
ɧɵɣ ɧɚ  ɦ 5% 0% 5% ɦ3/(ɦ⋅ɱ)
ɧɵɣ ɦɦ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ
20 3 5,5 7,2 8
50 60 3 40 5,7 9,6 3,6 36,5
80 2,6 4 5 73

40 20 24 26,5 36,5
80 88,5 3 80 7 0,7 4 73
20 4,5 6,7 8,5 0

40 27,3 34,2 37,9 36,5

00 4 3 80 ,3 7,4 23,4 73
20 7, 0,7 3,6 0

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ /2/
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɦ3/ɫ (ɧɚɞ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ) ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ (ɩɨɞ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ)
ɜɨɞɚ, ɦɦ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨ-
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ

ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɦɦ/ɦ

0,056 0, 0,7 0,25 0,37 0,55  ,7
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

50 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,0 0,03

,2 ,6 2 2,5 3 3,5 5 7
0,04 0,09 0,025 0,03 0,038 0,046 0,063 0,084
00
,8 2,5 3 4 4,5 6 8 0
0,042 0,057 0,074 0,092 0,2 0,36 0,88 0,248
50 2,25 3 4 5 6 8 0 4

8
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 5
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

200 0,09 0,22 0,6 0,98 0,242 0,296 0,404 0,54

2,75 4 5 6 8 9 2 6

250 0,56 0,22 0,285 0,35 0,435 0,525 0,73 0,835

3 4,5 6 7 9 0 4 20
0,264 0,357 0,474 0,582 0,7 0,878 ,2
300 —
3,5 5 7 8 0 2 6
0,395 0,542 0,703 0,875 ,08 ,3 ,8
350 —
4 6 7 9 2 4 8
0,57 0,775 ,03 ,25 ,53 ,89 2,57
400 —
4,5 6 8 0 2 4 20
0,78 ,07 ,39 ,72 2,2 2,58
450 — —
5 7 9 0 4 6
,02 ,38 ,84 2,26 2,76 3,34
500 — —
5 7 9 2 4 8
,67 2,29 2,98 3,63 4,5 5,53
600 — —
6 8 0 2 6 20
2,5 3,37 4,5 5,52 6,7
700 — — —
7 9 2 4 8
3,62 4,89 6,4 7,85 9,7
800 — — —
7 0 2 6 20
4,87 6,6 8,75 0,8
900 — — — —
8 0 4 6
6,5 8,9 ,7 4,3
000 — — — —
8 2 4 8

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɨɜ /2/
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ζ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
 2 3

ȼɯɨɞ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɭ 0,5

ȼɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɵ 

Ʉɨɥɟɧɨ, 90°:

– ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɨɟ 0,3

– ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ,

ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ 0,08

9
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 6
 2 3
Ɍɪɨɣɧɢɤ:

– ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ 0,

– ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ,5

– ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɤ 3

– ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɣ ,5

– ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 0,7

– ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ 0,8

Ɂɚɞɜɢɠɤɚ 0,

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɨɤ /3/
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɢɩ 3
ɬɵɫ. ɦ /ɱ Ɇɉɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤȼɬ
Ɍȼ-42-,4 2,5 0,4 46
Ɍȼ-50-,6 3,6 0,6 7
Ɍȼ-50-,9 3,6 0,95 30
Ɍȼ-80-,4 6 0,42 89
Ɍȼ-80-,6 6 0,63 35
Ɍȼ-80-,8 6 0,77 55
Ɍȼ-75-,6 0 0,63 20
Ɍȼ-200-,4 2 0,4 72
Ɍȼ-300-,6 8 0,6 350

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ /2/
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ- Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-
3 ɇɚɩɨɪ, ɦɦ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦ /ɱ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤȼɬ
 2 3 4
ɗȼɊ-2 200÷2000 5÷70 0,25÷
ɗȼɊ-3 400÷4000 5÷60 ÷,7
ɗȼɊ-4 700÷8500 0÷00 ,7÷7
ɗȼɊ-5 500÷0000 5÷80 2,8÷7

20
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 8
 2 3 4
ɐɑ-70 ʋ 2,5 300÷2000 0÷55 0,27÷0,6
ɐɑ-70 ʋ 3 400÷3800 0÷90 0,6÷
ɐɑ-70 ʋ 4 600÷4500 8÷55 0,6÷
ɐɑ-70 ʋ 5 000÷8500 8÷80 ÷,7
ɐɑ-70 ʋ 6 500÷4000 8÷0 ,7÷4,5
ɐɑ-70 ʋ 7 2000÷20000 8÷20 2,8÷0

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ /2/
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫ
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɫɦ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɢɧ - ɝɪɟɛɧɟɣ, ɫɦ ɤȼɬ/ɦ
ɝ/(ɱ⋅ɦ)
 2 3 4 5 6
8 230 0,2 0,0035
60 5 380 0,49 0,0055
20 490 0,6 0,0054

8 470 0,42 0,0066

50 90 5 950 0,9 0,02
20 70 ,2 0,0

8 850 0,62 0,06

20 5 800 ,42 0,07
20 2300 ,92 0,06

8 300 0,36 0,006

60 5 570 0,9 0,03
25 940 ,35 0,

8 570 0,57 0,0

70 80 5 30 ,5 0,0
25 900 2,27 0,09

8 830 0,85 0,04

00 5 930 2,24 0,024
25 3200 3,5 0,035

8 530 0,68 0,0086

60 20 200 2,2 0,02
90 30 430 4 0,022

80 8 90 ,4 0,03

20 2400 3,5 0,03

2
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 9
 2 3 4 5 6
80 30 3400 6,25 0,034

90 8 350 ,8 0,06

00 20 3900 5 0,04
30 5600 9 0,049

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 0
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ /5/
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ- ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɧɚɹ ɦɨɳ- ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, Ɉɛɳɚɹ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ ɦɢɧ- ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɦɦ
ɤɝ/ɱ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɦɦ
Ɇɉ 7,5-,25  7,5 59 2800 250
Ɇɉ 5-,5 5 5 49 3000 500
Ɇɉ 37-2 50 37 49 3360 2000

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ /2/
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨ- Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ, ɫɦ
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɢɬɟɥɶ- Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ (ɧɟɬɬɨ), ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ,
ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ȼɵɫɨɬɚ Ⱦɥɢɧɚ
ɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɤȼɬ ɦɢɧ-
ɤɝ/ɱ
0,5 3,33 6 ,2 33 4 7
0,7 7,03 8 2,4 95 4 20
 9,58 2 3,4 67 3 2
,5 22,9 6 7,5 48 4 25
2 33,33 8 ,8 38 5 30
2,5 52,08 8 8, 32 8 37
3 77,5 24 26,5 27 7 35
3,5 08,33 24 38,5 24 8 40
4 45,83 24 52,2 22 20 47
4,5 204,6 24 75 2 22 52

22
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ /5/
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨ- Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɞɢɬɟɥɶ- ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɥɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, Ɉɛɳɚɹ
ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, - ɬɭɪɛɢɧɤɢ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɦɢɧ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɦɦ
ɦ3/ɱ ɤȼɬ ɦɦ
ɤɝ/ɱ
ɉɆ 22-09 54 900 22 30 7600 900
ɉɆ 55-,03 30 300 55 30 8000 030
ɉɆ 75-,2 90 900 75 30 800 20

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ-ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ /3/
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɇɨɦɟɪ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ Ɍɢɩ
ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨ- ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ, ɦ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ
ɦ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ ɪɨɜ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ, ɦ3 ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
70 24 Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ- 902-2-94
3 ,2 2
260 36 ɫɤɚɹ 902-2-95/96

864 24 ɇɢɡɤɨɧɚ- 902-2-25/26

4 4,5 2
296 36 ɩɨɪɧɚɹ 902-2-27/28

3780 42 ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢ- 902-2-268

6 5 3 5400 60 ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɧ- 902-2-269
7560 83 ɧɚɹ 902-2-2

2680 20 ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢ- 902-2-20/72

9 5,2 4 28080 50 ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɧ- 902-2-264
ɧɚɹ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɨɜ-ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ /3/
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ, ɦ

Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ, ɦ3, ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ, ɦ

Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ

ʋ 902-2-…
ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤɚ, ɦ

36–42 48–54 60–66 72–78 84–90 96–02 08–4

 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 
040– 386–
2 732 — — — — -95
–23 –559
4,5 3,2 560– 2080–
3 2600 — — — — -92
–820 –2340

23
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 4
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 
2070– 2762– 3494–
3,2 4 — — — — -78
–246 –308 –3800

420– 896–
2 2372 — — — — -95
4,5 –658 –234
240– 2852–
4,4 3 3564 — — — — -93
–2496 –3208
2850– 3800– 4750–
4 — — — — -78
–3325 –4275 –5225

2530– 354–
2 — 3788 — — — -96
2847 –347
6 4,4
3800– 4750–
3 — 5700 — — — -92
4275 –5225

5334– 7602–
4,4 4 — 5700 6870 — — -79
–6968 –8230

2880– 3600–
2 — 4320 — — — -96
6 –3240 –3960
4320– 5400–
5 3 — 6480 — — — -93
–4860 –5940
7220– 8666–
4 — 6500 000 — — -79
–7940 –9380

6655– 7505–
2 — — — 680 8455 -97
–730 –7980
9983– 409–
4,4 3 — — — 9270 2835 -94
–0696 –222
3300– 5200– 700–
4 — — — — -80
–4250 –650 –8050
9
7560– 8640–
2 — — — 7020 9720 -97
–800 –980
340– 2960–
5 3 — — — 0530 4580 -94
–250 –3770
520– 7280– 9440–
4 — — — — -80
–6200 –8360 –20520

24
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5
Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ /6/
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɋɟɛɟɫɬɨɢ-
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ-
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ- ɦɨɫɬɶ  ɦ3
ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɯɚ, ɬɵɫ. ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨ- ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ 3 ɪɭɛ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ,
ɪɨɞɭ, ɦ /ɱ ɬɵɫ. ɤȼɬ⋅ɱ ɤɨɩ
ɬɵɫ. ɪɭɛ
Ʉ-0,5  65 34,2 98 73,88 5,5
Ʉ-0,4  420 275 463 462,23 4,79
Ʉ-0,4 2 840 505,2 956,2 308,26 4,5
Ʉ-,4  400 632,8 7268 306,33 2,85
Ʉ-,4 2 2800 64,45 4535,4 554 2,53
Ʉ-5  4850 604,2 24823,5 848,8 2
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɹ : . ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20°ɋ. 2. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 99,5%. 3. ɗɤɨ-
ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 990 ɝ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ /6/
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ,
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ, ɦ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ,
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ

ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ,
Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬ-

ɥ/(ɦ2⋅ɫ)
Ⱦɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚ-

ɦɢɧ
ɬɨɪ
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɦ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɚ,
d, ɦɦ
ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚ-
Ʉɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɧɢɟ ɢɧ-
Ʉɚɪɤɚɫɧɨ- 0,8÷ 0,8÷ — 0
ɩɟɫɨɤ ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ-
ɡɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɫɬɢ ɞɨ 8
Ƚɪɚɜɢɣ 6÷32 ,5÷2 — — —

Ƚɪɚɜɢɣɧɵɣ Ƚɪɚɜɢɣ 40÷60 ≥4 — 3 0

ȼɟɪɬɢ-
Ɋɭɥɨɧɧɵɟ
ɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨ-
ɉɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ — Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɪɹɞɵ — —
ɜɵɟ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
40÷60 ɦɦ
ȼɟɪɬɢ-
ɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɋ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɋɬɟɤɥɨɜɨ-
— Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɪɹɞɵ — —
ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɥɨɤɧɨ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
50÷70 ɦɦ

25
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ
. Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ/ Ⱥ.Ɇ.Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɇ.Ɏ.Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ.– Ʌ.:ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 973.– 407 ɫ.
2. Ʌɚɫɤɨɜ, ɘ.Ɇ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ/ ɘ.Ɇ. Ʌɚɫɤɨɜ, ɘ.ȼ. ȼɨɪɨɧɨɜ, ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɥɢɰɭɧ.– 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ
ɞɨɩ.– Ɇ.:ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 987.– 255 ɫ.
3. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɇ.ɂ. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-
ɹɬɢɣ/ ɇ.ɂ.Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɂ.ɂ.Ʌɚɪɢɧ, ɋ.Ⱥ.ɏɚɫɤɢɧ; ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.ɇ.ɋɚɦɨɯɢɧɚ.– 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ.,
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ.– Ɇ.:ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 98.– 639 ɫ.
4. Ʌɭɤɢɧɵɯ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟ-
ɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɸɤɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɚɤɚɞ. ɇ.ɇ.ɉɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ/ Ⱥ.Ⱥ.Ʌɭɤɢɧɵɯ, ɇ.Ⱥ.Ʌɭɤɢɧɵɯ.–
5-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɞɨɩ.– Ɇ.:ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 987.– 52 ɫ.
5. ɉɚɚɥɶ, Ʌ.Ʌ. ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ/ Ʌ.Ʌ.ɉɚɚɥɶ,
ə.ə.Ʉɚɪɭ, ɏ.Ⱥ.Ɇɟɥɶɞɟɪ.– Ɇ.:ȼɵɫɲ. ɲɤ., 994.– 336 ɫ.
6. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ/ ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡ. ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ.
ɧ.-ɢ. ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬ.-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝ. ɢɧ-ɬ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɠ. ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɢ.– Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 990.– 92 ɫ.
7. Ɋɨɞɢɨɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
(Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɧɜɚɣɪɨɧɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ): ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ/ Ⱥ.ɂ.Ɋɨɞɢɨɧɨɜ, ȼ.ɇ.Ʉɥɭ-
ɲɢɧ, ȼ.Ƚ.ɋɢɫɬɟɪ.– 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ.– Ʉɚɥɭɝɚ:ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɇ.Ȼɨɱɤɚɪɟɜɨɣ,
2000.– 800 ɫ.
8. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ: ɋɇɢɉ 2.04.03-85. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɪɭɠ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.– ȼɜɟɞ. 0.0.986.– Ɇ.:ɐɂɌɉ Ƚɨɫɫɬɪɨɹ ɋɋɋɊ, 986.–
72 ɫ.
9. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɜ, Ɏ.Ⱥ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ:
ɋɩɪɚɜ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ/ Ɏ.Ⱥ.ɒɟɜɟɥɟɜ, Ⱥ.Ɏ.ɒɟɜɟɥɟɜ.– 7-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ.–
Ɇ.:ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 995.– 76 ɫ.
0. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ, ɋ.ȼ. ȼɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ/
ɋ.ȼ.əɤɨɜɥɟɜ, ə.Ⱥ.Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɧ, ɘ.Ɇ.Ʌɚɫɤɨɜ.– Ɇ.:ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 996.– 592 ɫ.

26
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ .................................................................................................................................................. 3
. ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ ..................................................... 4
.. ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ȺɄɌɂȼɇɈȽɈ ɂɅȺ ɂ ȻɂɈɉɅȿɇɄɂ .......................................................................................... 4
.2. ɁȺɄɈɇɈɆȿɊɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȺɋɉȺȾȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼ ................................................................. 5
.3. ɆȿɌȺȻɈɅɂɁɆ ɇȿɄɈɌɈɊɕɏ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼ................................................................................................ 6
.4. ɁȺȼɂɋɂɆɈɋɌɖ ɋɄɈɊɈɋɌɂ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɈɌ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ....................... 8
2. ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɎɂɅɖɌɊɕ....................................................................................................... 0
2.. ɈȻɓɂȿ ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə Ɉ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɏ ......................................................................... 0
2.2. ȻɂɈɎɂɅɖɌɊɕ ɋ ɈȻɔȿɆɇɈɃ ɁȺȽɊɍɁɄɈɃ .......................................................................................... 
2.3. ȻɂɈɎɂɅɖɌɊɕ ɋ ɉɅɈɋɄɈɋɌɇɈɃ ɁȺȽɊɍɁɄɈɃ .................................................................................... 2
2.4. ɉɈȽɊɍɀɇɕȿ ȻɂɈɎɂɅɖɌɊɕ .............................................................................................................. 2
2.5. ɊȺɋɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ ɉɈ ȻɂɈɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɆ ....................................................................... 4
2.6. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ȻɂɈɎɂɅɖɌɊɈȼ ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.7. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɈȼ ........................................................................................................................ 24
3. ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄɂ ......................................................................................................................................... 33
3.. ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɕ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ ȼ ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄȺɏ .................................................................... 33
3.2. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄɂ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ȺɗɊȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɋɈɈɊɍɀȿɇɂɃ .......................... 34
3.3. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɋɏȿɆɕ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ ȼ ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄȺɏ .......................................... 35
3.4. ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄɈȼ ɉɈ ȽɂȾɊȺȼɅɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɋɏȿɆȿ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ɂ ɇȺȽɊɍɁɄȿ .................. 37
3.5. ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ȺɗɊȺɐɂɂ ȼ ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄȺɏ ............................................................................................... 38
3.6. ɄɈɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɂ ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄɈȼ ........................................................................................................... 40
3.7. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ȺɗɊɈɌȿɇɄɈȼ ....................................................................................................................... 42
3.8. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɈȼ ........................................................................................................................ 5
4. ɐɂɊɄɍɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɈɄɂɋɅɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɄȺɇȺɅɕ (ɐɈɄ) ................................................ 66
4.. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɐɈɄ .................................................................................................................................... 67
4.2. ɉɊɂɆȿɊ ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺ ............................................................................................................................. 68
5. ɈɄɋɂɌȿɇɄɂ ........................................................................................................................................ 70
5.. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɄɈɆȻɂɇɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɏ ɈɄɋɂɌȿɇɄɈȼ ................................................................................... 7
5.2. ɉɊɂɆȿɊ ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺ ............................................................................................................................. 73
6. ɉɈɅə ɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɐɂɂ ɂ ɉɈɅə ɈɊɈɒȿɇɂə ............................................................................. 76
6.. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɉɈɅȿɃ ɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɐɂɂ ɂ ɈɊɈɒȿɇɂə .................................................................................... 8
6.2. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɈȼ ........................................................................................................................ 85
7. ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɍȾɕ............................................................................................................. 90
7.. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɍȾɈȼ .................................................................................................. 9
7.2. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɈȼ ........................................................................................................................ 95
8. ɍȾȺɅȿɇɂȿ ȻɂɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ɂɁ ɋɌɈɑɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ .............................................. 99
8.. ɍȾȺɅȿɇɂȿ ɂɁ ɋɌɈɑɇɈɃ ȼɈȾɕ ɋɈȿȾɂɇȿɇɂɃ ȺɁɈɌȺ.................................................................... 00
8.2. ɍȾȺɅȿɇɂȿ ɂɁ ɋɌɈɑɇɈɃ ȼɈȾɕ ɋɈȿȾɂɇȿɇɂɃ ɎɈɋɎɈɊȺ .............................................................. 03
8.3. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɇɂɌɊɂȾȿɇɂɌɊɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ................................................................................................ 04
8.4. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɈ-ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɈɌ ɎɈɋɎɈɊȺ ............................................................ 08
8.5. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɈȼ ...................................................................................................................... 0
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə ...................................................................................................................................... 7
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ................................................................................................ 26

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