PRACE NAUKOWE Akademii im.

Jana Dáugosza w CzĊstochowie

Pedagogika 2013, t. XXII

Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɣ ɄȺɊȺɆȺɇɈȼ

Ɉɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ

ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ

ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨ-

ɜɢɳɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ. Ɉɛɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨ
ɪɨɥɶ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ
ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɬɚɤɨɠ ʀɯ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ, ɨɫɜɿɬɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ, ɦɭɡɟɣ,
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɥɿɡɦ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɟ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɭɡɟʀɜ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ
ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɚɪɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɡɧɚɜɱɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ. Ɇɭɡɟɣ ɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɯ
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɜɚɝɨɦɢɦ ɪɭɲɿɽɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ
ɫɜɿɬɨɝɥɹɞɭ, ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɢɧɨɸ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ “ə” ɬɚ
ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɭ ɫɨɰɿɭɦɿ.
ȼɥɚɫɧɟ, ɦɨɜɚ ɣɞɟ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɡɞɚɬɧɢɣ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ, ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɫɬɢɥɶ
ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɭ ɫɨɰɿɭɦɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɢɬɢ: ɩɨɞɨɥɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɭ
ɫɜɿɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɝɭɸɱɿ ɭɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɧɹ; ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ
ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɿɡɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ; ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ
ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɦɿɠ ɥɸɞɢɧɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɸ, ɳɨ ɡɚɝɪɨɠɭɽ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɸ
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɨɸ; ɪɨɡɩɚɞ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɞɭɲɿ.
ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɿɠɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ
ɪɿɡɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ,
292 Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɣ ɄȺɊȺɆȺɇɈȼ

ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɬɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ, ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ (ɉ. Ƚɠɢɛɨɜɫɶɤɢɣ, Ɉ. Ƚɪɢɰɟɧɤɨ, Ɇ. ȿɤɟɪɬ,
Ƚ. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɿɽɜ, Ʉ. Ʉɚɦɿɧɫɶɤɚ, ɇ. Ʉɿɪɚɛɚɽɜ, Ɍ. Ʉɨɥɛɿɧɚ, ȯ. ɇɿɤɿɬɨɪɨɜɢɱ,
ȼ. Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɓɭɪɟɤ-Ȼɨɪɭɬɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
ɍ ɩɪɚɰɹɯ Ɍ. Ɇɢɲɟɜɨʀ, Ɋ. ɉɚɬɟɪ, Ɇ. ɉɨɩɱɢɤ, Ƀ. ɋɤɭɬɧɿɤ, Ɍ. Ɍɪɨɲɢɧɨʀ,
Ɇ. ɒɟɥɨɧɝɚ, Ʌ. ɒɥɹɯɬɿɧɨʀ, ə. Ⱦɨɥɚɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɜɢɜɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ
ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɬɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɰɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ
ɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ.
Ɇɟɬɚ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ – ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ) ɬɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ (ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ
ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ) ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ,
ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ.
Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɹɤ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɠɨɞɧɚ
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɡɞɚɬɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɨɯɨɩɢɬɢ ɭɫɟ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ
ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟ-
ɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ. ɇɨɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ, ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚ ɣ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɥɸɞɫɶɤɚ
ɡɚ ɫɜɨɽɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɸ, ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ ɣ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ – ɰɟ ɜɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ʀʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ
ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ1.
ɍ ɯɨɞɿ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ2, ɤɨɬɪɢɣ ɩɨɫɢɥɸɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ
ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɩɨɞɨɥɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɿɜ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɣ ɭɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɢɯ
ɫɭɞɠɟɧɶ. Ɍɚɤɟ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɛɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ, ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɥɿɧɿʀ ɩɨɞɿɣ,
ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɮɚɤɬɿɜ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡɿ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ
ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ. ɍɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɸ
ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɝɥɹɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɿɣ, ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɸ ɬɢɯ
ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ.
Ɂɦɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɞɨ
ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɚɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɩɚɦ'ɹɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɶ.

1
ȼ. Ƚɪɨɦɨɜɢɣ, ɏɨɱɟɲ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ, ɛɭɞɶ ɧɢɦ!, [ɭ:] Ɂɚɜɭɱ, 2005, ʋ 25 (247), ɫ. 7;
2
Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽɦɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɦɭɡɟɸ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɪɨɥɶ
ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɭ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ
ɩɚɦ'ɹɬɨɤ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ, ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɠɢɬɬɽɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ʀɯ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ.
ɉɚɦ'ɹɬɤɢ ɭ «ɜɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɿ» ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ
ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿɜ,
ɫɿɬɿ-ɤɜɟɫɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿʀ ɡ ɜɿɡɢɬɨɦ ɞɨ ɦɭɡɟɸ.
 Oɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ… 293

ɍɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɨɥɿ ɧɨɫɿɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɿɫɬɢɧɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɟɫɟ

ɭɱɧɹɦ ɦɭɞɪɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɱɢ ɧɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɚɝɢ ɿ ɫɥɭɯɧɹɧɨɫɬɿ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɚɧɿɩɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɜɢɯɨɜɚɧɰɿɜ ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ
ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɫɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ. ȼ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɦɭ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ
ɧɚɜ'ɹɡɭɽ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɣɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɭɱɧɿɜ, ɳɨ
ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɲɥɹɯ ɞɨ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɚɞ ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡɩɨ-
ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨɜ'ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɭɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ – ɨɫɜɿɬɢ, ɳɨ
ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɣ ɝɿɞɧɭ ɨɰɿɧɤɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɞɨ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɞɿɬɟɣ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ. ȼɨɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɿ ɩɪɚɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɜɿɞ
ɛɭɞɶ-ɤɨɝɨ ɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ, ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɱɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɨ-
ɧɚɧɶ. Ɋɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɜɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɫɬɚɪɿɥɢɯ
ɿɞɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ, ɩɨ-
-ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɶɨɦɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ3.
Ɇɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ
ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɣ ɛɟɡɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɨ
ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨʀ
ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɧɚɨɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɞɿɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɫɬɸ
ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɿ ɭɱɧɹ, ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨʀ
ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɸ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ
ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ ɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɜɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ, ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɳɨ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɽ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ ɩɨɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɿɣ ɿ ɹɜɢɳ.
Ɇɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ. ɉɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɰɟ
ɞɭɦɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɭɫɿ ɞɿɬɢ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɟɬɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
ɦɚɬɢ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɬɢɫɹ ɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɿ, ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɰɟ ɪɭɯ ɡɚ
ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɤɥɢɤɚɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɲɤɨɥɭ ɬɚ ɜɬɿɥɢɬɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɿɞɟɸ ɭ ɠɢɬɬɹ;
ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɬɽ, ɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɧɟɫɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɚ ɜɬɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ
ɡɦɿɧ, ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɪɭɯ ɡɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ4.
Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ, ɫɚɦɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɚ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ
ɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ ɦɟɬɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ ɬɚ
ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ ɭɱɧɹɦ:
— ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɬɢ ɣ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɿɣ ɫɜɿɬ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ;
— ɰɿɥɟɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɩɚɧɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ, ɩɿɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɿɜ ɣ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ;

3
Ɉ.ȼ. Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɧɨɜ, ȱɞɟɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ,
[ɭ:] Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɿɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ: Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ
ȼɫɟɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ (22 ɝɪɭɞɧɹ 2005 ɪ.), ɉɨɥɬɚɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 62.
4
Ƚ. Ʌɟɮɪɚɧɫɭɚ, ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɋɉɛ., 2003, ɫ. 278.
294 Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɣ ɄȺɊȺɆȺɇɈȼ

— ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɢɬɢ ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿ ɟɦɨɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɨɱɭɬɬɹ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɫɨɥɿɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ;
— ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢɫɹ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ; ɞɨɥɚɬɢ
ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɢ ɣ ɭɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ;
— ɭɩɟɜɧɟɧɨ ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɽ, ɞɨɫɹɝɚɸɱɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ
ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ.
Ɇɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ, ɫɟɪɟɞ
ɹɤɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɢɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ:
— ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ – ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɭɱɧɿɜ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɹɯ;
— ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ (single-group studies) – ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ-
ɬɧɶɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ, ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɝɪɭɩɢ;
— ɥɸɞɫɶɤɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ – ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɧɚ ɦɿɠɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɢɯ ɣ ɦɿɠɝɪɭ-
ɩɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɯ;
— ɩɨɥɿɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ – ɜɢɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɣ ɫɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ (celebrating) ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɪɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ;
— ɨɫɜɿɬɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɿɡɦ5 – ɭɜɚɝɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɿɜ
ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɦɿɧ6.
Ʉɭɥɶɬɢɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ,
ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ-
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ “ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɡɧɚɧɶ”, ɤɨɥɢ ɧɨɜɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɬɿɫɧɹɸɬɶ
ɡɚɫɬɚɪɿɥɿ ɿɞɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɢ ɿ ɚɤɫɿɨɦɢ. Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ
ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɚɝɭ ɞɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɹɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɧɚ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ, ɩɪɨɩɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɭɫɿɞɫɶɤɿ
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɩɨɜɚɝɭ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ.
Ɉɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɫɩɚɞɳɢɧɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɩɪɿɨ-
ɪɢɬɟɬɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨɜ'ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨʀ
ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɦɭɡɟɸ:

5
ɋɨɰɿɚɥ-ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɿɜɿɡɦ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ, ɳɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ
ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ. Ɉɫɜɿɬɚ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɰɿɽʀ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ
ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɿɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɒɤɨɥɚ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɤɰɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɽ ɧɚ
ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ
ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ,
ɚ ɣ ɜ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɠɢɬɬɹ , ɧɚ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɭɳɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ
ɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ ʀɯ ɰɿɥɟɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ.
6
Teaching and learning in a diverse world: multicultural education for young children / Patricia
G. Ramsey; foreword by Sonia Nieto, New York: Published by Teacher College Press,
Columbia University, 2004, p. 7.
 Oɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ… 295

— ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɿɝ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ

ɦɭɡɟʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɱɢɦɚɥɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɭ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨ-
ɜɢɳɚ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɸɱɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɜ'ɹɡɤɢ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɡ ʀʀ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɹɦ. ɋɚɦɟ ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ ɰɿ ɡɜ'ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɧɿ, ɚ ɬɨɦɭ ɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢɫɹ
«ɛɚɱɢɬɢ» ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ, ɭɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ, ɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ, ɳɨ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɜɱɨɪɚɲɧɶɨɝɨ, ɬɚ ɣ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ – ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ
ɭ ɥɚɧɰɸɡɿ ɱɚɫɭ;
— ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɣ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɡɜ'ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɰɿɧɧɿɫɧɢɦɢ
ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɿɽʀ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɟɩɨɯɢ, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɡ ɧɢɦ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ
ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɭ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ,
ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɞɟɚɥɿɜ;
— ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɟɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ
ɧɚɪɨɞɿɜ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɿɜ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɛɨ
ɡɚɪɭɛɿɠɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɿɹɯ ɚɛɨ
ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ, ɚ ɣ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ,
ɚɛɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɿ
ɫɬɚɪɨɜɢɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɹɞɚɦɢ, ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚɦɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɹɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɶ, ɜɿɞɱɭ-
ɜɚɸɱɢ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɱɢ ɨɩɨɫɟ-
ɪɟɞɤɨɜɚɧɨ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɚɤɬ ɫɚɦɨɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨʀ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɿ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ, ɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɣ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ
ɡ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɟɬɧɨɫɿɜ7.
ȼɿɞɬɚɤ, ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɚ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ. Ⱥɤɰɟ-
ɧɬɭɸɱɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɿɞɟɹɯ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɣ ɛɭɬɬɹ
ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɜɨɧɚ ɨɬɨɬɨɠɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɰɿɥɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧ,
ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɡ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɨɸ, ɟɬɢɤɨɸ, ɿɫɬɨɪɿɽɸ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ, ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɸ,
ɮɨɪɦɭɸɱɢ ɟɦɨɰɿɣɧɨ-ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɞɨ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɫɩɚɞɳɢɧɢ.
ȼɚɝɨɦɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɚɪɧɿ ɡɜ'ɹɡɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɜɨɧɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ
ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɦɿɠ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɿɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɚɪɧɟ
ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɢ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɽ ɹɤ ɬɟɨɪɿɸ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɪɿɡɧɨ-
ɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɭɡɟɸ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɧɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɸɱɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥ ɦɭɡɟɽɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ
ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ
ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ. ɐɟ ɭɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɸɽ
ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɢ ɹɤ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨ-

7
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɉɬɜ. ɪɟɞ. ɂ.Ɇ. Ȼɵɯɨɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2005, ɫ. 353.
296 Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɣ ɄȺɊȺɆȺɇɈȼ

ɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦɭ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɱɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ

ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ. ɐɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɦɚɽ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɿ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɚ ɣ ɫɬɭɞɿʀ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ, ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ8.
ȼɢɳɟɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɬɨɱɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ “ɨɫɜɿɬɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨ-
ɜɢɳɟ”. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɡɦɿɫɬɨɜɢɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ. ɍ ɜɭɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɫɟɧɫɿ ɜɨɧɨ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɱɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ –
ɹɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ
ɥɸɞɢɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ – ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ ɛɟɡɥɿɱɿ
ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳ, ɜɡɚɽɦɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ
ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. ɐɟ ɽ ɩɪɨɹɜɨɦ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ
ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɣ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɯ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ
ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ, ɤɨɬɪɢɣ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɿɞɟɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ,
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ9.
Ɂɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɟɪɟ-
ɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦɢ, ɬɪɟɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɱɢɦɢ. ȱɝɪɨɜɿ ɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɸɸɬɶ ɿɝɪɨɜɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɦɿɠ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ, ɩɟɜɧɢɦ ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ
ɭ ɲɬɭɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɿʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ
ɝɪɚɜɰɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ; ɞɨɡɜɨ-
ɥɹɸɱɢ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɮɿɤɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɣ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ.
Ɍɪɟɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ
ɞɨ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ-
ɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɸɱɿ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ
ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɭ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜ'ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɞɨ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɮɟɤɬɿɜ ɭ ɩɫɢɯɿɰɿ ɭɱɧɹ/ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ, ɩɚɦ'ɹɬɿ, ɭɜɚɝɢ). ȼɨɧɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɭɱɧɹ ɜ ɫɜɿɬ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ
ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɿ ɭ ɬɿɣ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚɦ10.
Ɉɫɜɿɬɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɽ ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɠ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ
ɿ ɜɢɯɨɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤ ɿ ɲɤɿɥɶɧɟ/ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɟ, ɣ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɸ
ɚɭɪɨɸ, ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿɦ ɿ ɬɜɨɪɱɢɦ ɡɦɿɫɬɨɦ, ɚ, ɨɬɠɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬɧɿɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚ-
ɥɨɦ. Ɂɜɿɞɫɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɡɭɸɱɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ.
Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɢ :
— ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ, ɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɝɥɹɞɚɱɚ;

8
Ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɬɨɥɹɪɨɜ, Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɚɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ Ɇɭɡɟɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɩɨɢɫɤɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɵɩ. 5: ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋɉɛ., 1999, ɫ. 73.
9
ɇ.ɉ. Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ, Ɍ.Ⱥ. ɑɢɱɤɚɧɨɜɚ, Ɇɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɢɪ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɫɬɨɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɋɚɦɚɪɚ 2005, ɫ. 66.
10
ɇ.ɉ. Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ, Ɍ.Ⱥ. ɑɢɱɤɚɧɨɜɚ, ɍɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 68–69.
 Oɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ… 297

— ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɜɨɪɭ

ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ;
— ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɹɤ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɯ ɩɚɦ'ɹɬɨɤ11.
ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ, ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ
ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ:
— ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɭɛ'ɽɤɬ – ɫɭɛ'ɽɤɬɧɿɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ʀɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɩɥɢɜ;
— ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɫɩɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɭɛ'ɽɤɬɿɜ (ɚɞɪɟɫɧɿɫɬɶ);
— ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ'ɹɡɤɭ
ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ʀʀ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ12.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ
ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɟ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿɹ. ɋɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɹɤ
ɰɿɥɿɫɧɿɫɬɶ, ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ.
ɋɥɿɞ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɨɜɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿɹ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ
ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɜɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɭɦɿɧɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ
ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ, ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ,
ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚ-
ɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ13.
ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɭ ɟɩɨɯɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɭɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɧɚɩɨɥɟɝɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɝɨɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɞɟɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɹɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ, ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ
ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɦɭɡɟʀ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ
ɫɩɚɞɳɢɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɯɨɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɜɚɝɢ
ɣ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. ɉɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɚʀɬɬɹ
– ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɨɹɧɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɿ, ɚ ɧɟɪɿɞɤɨ –
ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ ɟɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ14.
Ɂɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ “ɡɚɧɭɪɸɽ” ɦɭɡɟɣ
ɜ ɟɩɿɰɟɧɬɪ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿɣ, ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɨɤ ɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ. Ɂ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ,
ɰɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɸɽ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭ , ɡ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ – ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɿɜ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ
11
Ȼ.ɉ. ɋɬɨɥɹɪɨɜ, Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɚɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ: ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
2004, ɫ. 107–108.
12
Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɚɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ. ɂɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ,
Ɉ.ȼ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006, ɫ. 27.
13
Ɇɢɧɭɥɟ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɽ ɽ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɛ'ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɦɭɡɟʀ, ɤɨɥɢ ɦɢ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ, ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɞɿɚɥɨɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ. ȼɢɯɨɞɹɱɢ ɡ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɫɥɿɞ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ ɦɢɧɭɥɟ, ɩɨɜɚɠɚɬɢ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɛɚɱɢɬɢ
ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɽ.
14
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɉɬɜ. ɪɟɞ. ɂ. Ɇ. Ȼɵɯɨɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 352.
298 Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɣ ɄȺɊȺɆȺɇɈȼ

ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ (ɳɨɛɢ ʀɯ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɹ

ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ).
ɑɟɫɶɤɢɣ ɦɭɡɟɨɥɨɝ ə. Ⱦɨɥɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɜ, ɳɨ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ
ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɦɭɡɟʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ
ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɦɟɧɲɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ “ɩɪɢɤɪɚɲɚɧɧɹɦ” ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ.
Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɭɡɟʀ ɽ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɣ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ,
ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚ “ɛɟɡɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɨɫɬɿ» ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɢɯ “ɤɪɢɜɚɜɢɯ
ɜɡɚɽɦɢɧ” ɧɚɪɨɞɿɜ, ɚ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɬɢ “ɯɜɨɪɿ ɪɚɧɢ” ɭ ɩɨɲɭɤɚɯ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ
ɿ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫɭ15.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɟ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟʀ ɹɤ ɧɟɪɿɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɨɛɿ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɚɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. Ɇɿɧɥɢɜɟ ɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɞɨɜɭɽ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɽ ɭ ɧɟʀ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɸ , ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɱɢ ɬɢɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ʀʀ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɭ. ɐɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɳɨ ɩɨɤɚɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɭ ɫɥɭɝɭɽ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɿɥɶɲ
ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɨʀɬɶ ɦɿɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ
ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɯ. ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɧɢɯ, ɛɚɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ
ɡɿɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɢɯ ʀɣ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɣ ɧɚ ɭɫɿ ɱɚɫɢ.
Ƚɟɪɨʀ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɚɞɭɦɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɿɞɿɛɪɚɧɿ, ɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɫɿɹɦɢ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɿɜ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɟɩɨɯɢ
ɜ ɿɧɲɭ. ȼɫɟ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɦɿɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɩɟɪɿɞ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɜɭɡɶɤɿ ɪɚɦɤɢ,
ɨɝɨɥɨɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɿɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɹɯɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ.
ɍ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɿɞɟɚɥ
– “ɡɨɥɨɬɢɣ ɜɿɤ”, ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢɫɹ ɹɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɦɟɬɚ,
ɚ ɭɫɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɨɰɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɣɞɟɧɨɝɨ
ɦɿɪɢɥɚ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɰɟ “ɿɞɟɚɥɶɧɢɣ” ɱɚɫ ɽ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɧɚɞɭɦɚɧɢɦ ɩɥɨɞɨɦ
ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɿʀ, ɚɧɚɯɪɨɧɿɡɦɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɿɝɥɚɫɬɜɚ16.
ȼɢɳɟɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɿ ”ɩɪɨɜɚɥɢ” ɚɛɨ
”ɛɿɥɿ ɩɥɹɦɢ” ɜ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɿɹɯ, ɹɤɿ ”ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɜɿɹɧɶ ɱɚɫɭ”
ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ”ɨɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ”, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɿɧɚɤɲɭɸɬɶ ɩɿɞ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɿɞɟɨɥɨɝɿɸɱɢ ɣ ɦɿɮɨɥɨɝɿɡɭɸɱɢ
ɡɦɿɫɬ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ.
ɇɟɜɿɪɧɿ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ
ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɹɤ ɳɨɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɟ ɿ ɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɟ, ɳɨ ɨɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ

15
ə. Ⱦɨɥɚɤ, Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ – ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ, [ɭ:] ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɭɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, 2010,
ʋ 1, ɫ. 116.
16
ȼ.ɘ. Ⱦɭɤɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, [ɭ:] Ɇɭɡɟɣ ɢ ɷɬɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ɫɟɪɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ
Museum Pro), ȼɵɩ. 2, Ɋɟɞ. ɤɨɥ.: ȿ.Ʌ. Ƚɚɥɤɢɧɚ (ɨɬɜ. ɪɟɞ.), ȿ.ȿ. Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧɚ, ɇ.Ⱥ. ɇɢɤɢɲɢɧ,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997, ɫ. 77–78.
 Oɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ… 299

ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ, ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɬɚɧɰɿɜ ɿ ɦɭɡɢɤɢ. ȱɧɨɞɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ

ɞɭɦɤɢ, ɳɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, – ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɸɱɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ – ɤɪɚɳɟ
ɡɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɥɭɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɪɚɡɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɫɿʀɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.
ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɧɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɳɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨ, ɦɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽɦɨ ɞɭɦɤɭ, ɳɨ
ɜ ɿɞɟɚɥɿ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ:
— ɩɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɨɛ'ɽɞɧɭɽ ɜ ɽɞɢɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɢ ɡ ɛɟɡɥɿɱɿ
ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿ ɱɨɝɨ ɭɱɧɿ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ, ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɧɫɿ,
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢɦɢ;
— ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɜɨɧɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ʀɦ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ, ɹɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɧɚ ʀɯ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ
ɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ (ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ
ɩɪɢɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɦɨɜɚ);
— ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɬɽ, (ɳɨ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ, ɞɟ ɭɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɫɢɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ
ɟɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɠɧɟɱɚ), ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ ɩɨɦ'ɹɤɲɭɽ ɪɚɫɨɜɿ ɡɚɛɨɛɨɧɢ
ɿ, ɹɤ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ, ɜɢɯɨɜɭɽ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɫɜɿɬɨɝɥɹɞɭ;
— ɩɨ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɟ, ɜɨɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ, ɩɨɪɨɞɠɟɧɭ ɪɚɫɨɜɢɦɢ,
ɤɥɚɫɨɜɢɦɢ ɿ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɚɧɧɹɦɢ;
— ɩɨ-ɩ'ɹɬɟ, ɜɨɧɚ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɭɫɿɦ ɧɚɜɱɚɬɢɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɳɨ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɞɿɬɢ
ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɫɿɦɟɣ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɦɿɧɧɹ, ɭɩɟɜɧɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɨɛɿ ɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɢɥɚɯ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɿɯɭ17.
Ȼɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ
ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɦɭɡɟɸ, ɫɩɢɪɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ-
ɥɿɡɦɭ, ɫɥɿɞ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ:
1. ɏɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ. ɐɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɭ ɭ ɫɨɰɿɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ. Ɇɚɧɟɪɚ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ, ɠɟɫɬɢ, ɫɥɨɜɚ,
ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɿ ɝɪɭɩ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɬɢɫɹ ɜɿɞ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɭ, ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ. ɍ ɯɨɞɿ
ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɰɟ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ
ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ
”ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ” ɿ ”ɩɨɜɚɝɚ” ɦɚɬɢɦɭɬɶ ɧɟɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ.
2. Ʉɨɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɶ. ɍ ɯɨɞɿ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɫɥɿɞ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ
ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɹɜɢɳɚ, ɩɨɞɿʀ, ɩɨɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ, ɩɟɪɟɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɬɚ
ɨɡɜɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ. ɐɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ (ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɽ ɱɨɪɧɢɦ, ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ
– ɛɿɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɿ ɬ.ɞ.
3. Ⱦɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɶ. ɐɟ ɩɨɜ'ɹɡɚɧɨ ɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɦ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɦ
ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɬɚ ɱɚɫɿ. ȼɿɧ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ –
ɱɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɫɬɨɹɱɢ ɚɛɨ ɫɢɞɹɱɢ, ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɛɨ
ɩɿɞɦɨɪɝɭɸɬɶ, ɪɨɡɦɨɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿɣ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɿ ɬ. ɞ.

17
Ƚɢ. Ʌɟɮɪɚɧɫɭɚ, ɍɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 279.
300 Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɣ ɄȺɊȺɆȺɇɈȼ

4. əɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɶ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ, ɫɜɿɞɨɦɿ

ɣ ɧɟɫɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ
ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɿ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ,
ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɪɹɞɧɢɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɢɡɚɣɧ ɲɤɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ). Ɉɞɧɚɤ
ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ʀɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ18.
Ɉɬɠɟ, ɨɫɜɿɬɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɜɚɝɨɦɢɦ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ. ɐɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɞɭɦɤɚ, ɳɨ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɫɜɨɽʀ
ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɹɤ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ ɦɿɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɯɨɜɭɽ
ɜ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ,
ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
ȼɿɞɬɚɤ, ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɣ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɭɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɸɽ ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ
ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɫɜɿɬɧɢɰɶɤɨʀ ɚɛɨ
ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɿ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɫɜɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ
ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɜɿɞɱɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨʀ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɣ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ, ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɱɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿɣ.
Ɉɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɦɭɡɟɸ ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɿɡ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦɢ
ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɭ
ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ ɦɿɠ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ. ɋɚɦɟ
ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɢ ɜɛɚɱɚɽɦɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɟɪɨɡɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ
ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɢ, ɹɤɚ ɡɞɚɬɧɚ ɝɧɭɱɤɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɟ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɟ
ɦɢɧɭɥɟ ɞɨ “ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʀ ɩɚɥɿɬɪɢ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɟɧɧɹ” ɬɚ ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜɚɝɭ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɜɿɱɟɧɿɫɬɶ “ɡ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɦɨɦ ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɹ
ɭ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɽ”.

Summary
Environment Education and Intercultural Communication
as a Teaching in the Museum
The author of the article analyses the possibilities of educational space and learning
environment in the process of intercultural dialogue in the museum. He grounds the role of
multicultural education which reflects understanding of different cultures and realizes natural right
of every person to freedom. The researcher defines main features of the effective intercultural
communication and educational interaction with various categories of visitors in the museum
environment, presents their practical application.

18
N.C. Burbules, B.C. Bruce, Theory and Research on Teaching as Dialogue, [ɭ:] Handbook of
research on teaching, Ed. V. Richardson, 4 th Edition, Washington: DC: American Educational
Research Association, 2001, p. 1115–1116.