𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕧𝕖𝕣𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕠𝕗 𝕝𝕒𝕕𝕒𝕜𝕙

𝕂𝕒𝕣𝕘𝕚𝕝 𝕔𝕒𝕞𝕡𝕦𝕤
𝕋𝕠𝕡𝕚𝕔= ℂ𝕠𝕟𝕔𝕖𝕡𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕚𝕥𝕤 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕣𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕤
𝔹𝕪-ℤ𝕒𝕙𝕣𝕒 𝔹𝕒𝕥𝕠𝕠𝕝
ℝ𝕠𝕝𝕝 𝕟𝕠. 13
𝕊𝕖𝕞 -3𝕣𝕕
 𝕆𝕓𝕛𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕧𝕖;;

• # 𝕀𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕕𝕦𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩
• # 𝔼𝕩𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕘𝕦𝕚𝕤𝕙 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪.
• #𝔽𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 OF 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 .
• #ℂ𝕙𝕒𝕣𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 .
• # 𝕋𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 .
• #, 𝕋𝕪𝕡𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 .
1. 𝔸 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕕𝕖𝕗𝕚𝕟𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕚𝕟𝕒𝕝 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕘𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕚𝕔𝕒𝕝 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕒𝕥𝕥𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕓𝕪
𝕒 𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕥 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪.
2. 𝔸𝕟 𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕚𝕔𝕒𝕝 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕟 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕡𝕠𝕡𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕥 𝕠𝕣 𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕝𝕤 𝕣𝕖𝕞𝕒𝕚𝕟 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕒𝕟𝕕
𝕖𝕩𝕚𝕤𝕥 𝕚𝕟 𝕓𝕒𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕖 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕖𝕒𝕔𝕙 𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕚𝕣 𝕖𝕟𝕧𝕚𝕣𝕠𝕟𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥.
3. 𝕋𝕙𝕖𝕪 𝕣𝕖𝕞𝕒𝕚𝕟 𝕣𝕖𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕪 𝕦𝕟𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕘𝕖𝕕 𝕦𝕟𝕥𝕚𝕝 𝕕𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕪𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕒𝕟 𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖, 𝕠𝕣 𝕙𝕦𝕞𝕒𝕟
𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕗𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕔𝕖.
4. ℂ𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕒𝕝𝕤𝕠 𝕔𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕤 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪.
5. 𝕋𝕙𝕖𝕪 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕣𝕖𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕔𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕒𝕟𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪.
6. ℍ𝕖𝕟𝕣𝕪 ℂ𝕠𝕨𝕝𝕖𝕤 𝕡𝕦𝕓𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕙𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕤𝕥 𝕤𝕥𝕦𝕕𝕪 𝕠𝕗 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕒𝕤 𝕝𝕖𝕒𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕠 𝕒 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕚𝕟 1899 𝕓𝕦𝕥
𝕚𝕥 𝕨𝕒𝕤 ℂ𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 𝕨𝕙𝕠 𝕚𝕟𝕧𝕚𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕨𝕠𝕣𝕕 “ 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 ” 𝕥𝕠 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕣𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕚𝕫𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕚𝕕𝕖𝕒𝕝𝕚𝕫𝕖𝕕 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕔𝕝𝕦𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟
𝕠𝕗 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 .
 𝔼𝕩𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕘𝕦𝕚𝕤𝕙 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 :

• ℕ𝕒𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕒𝕝 𝕕𝕚𝕤𝕒𝕤𝕥𝕖𝕣 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕙𝕦𝕣𝕣𝕚𝕔𝕒𝕟𝕖 𝕠𝕣 𝕒 𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕟𝕒𝕕𝕠 𝕔𝕒𝕟 𝕒𝕝𝕤𝕠 𝕨𝕚𝕡𝕖 𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕒𝕟

𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕙𝕖𝕕 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 .
• 𝔻𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙𝕥 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕥 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕙𝕦𝕞𝕒𝕟 𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕗𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕔𝕖 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕠𝕧𝕖𝕣𝕘𝕣𝕒𝕫𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕔𝕒𝕟
𝕒𝕝𝕤𝕠 𝕕𝕒𝕞𝕒𝕘𝕖 𝕥𝕠 𝕒 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪.
• 𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕕𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕓𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕖 𝕞𝕒𝕪 𝕓𝕖 𝕒 𝕞𝕒𝕛𝕠𝕣 𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕧𝕠𝕝𝕔𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕔 𝕖𝕣𝕦𝕡𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕠𝕣 𝕞𝕒𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕧𝕖
𝕨𝕚𝕝𝕕𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖 𝕠𝕣 𝕒 𝕝𝕠𝕔𝕒𝕝 𝕗𝕝𝕠𝕠𝕕 .
• 𝔸𝕓𝕚𝕠𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕗𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕠𝕣𝕤 𝕝𝕚𝕜𝕖 𝕤𝕦𝕟𝕝𝕚𝕘𝕙𝕥 𝕖𝕩𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕦𝕣𝕖 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕤𝕦𝕞𝕡𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕘𝕖.
 𝔽𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟::

• 𝕎𝕙𝕖𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕤𝕥 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 (𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕖𝕖𝕣 ), 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕙𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕪 𝕔𝕒𝕟 𝕖𝕩𝕔𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕚𝕣
𝕨𝕒𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕘𝕖 𝕠𝕟 𝕖𝕟𝕧𝕚𝕣𝕠𝕟𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥 , 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕕𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕠𝕤𝕖 𝕖𝕩𝕔𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕥𝕒 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕚𝕓𝕦𝕥𝕖𝕤
𝕥𝕠 𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕞𝕠𝕣𝕖 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕝𝕒𝕣𝕘𝕖𝕣 𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕥𝕤 𝕓𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕟𝕤 𝕥𝕠 𝕔𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕟𝕚𝕤𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕒 .
• 𝔼𝕧𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕦𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕪 𝕖𝕟𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕖𝕟𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕟𝕦𝕥𝕣𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕓𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕖𝕤 𝕒𝕧𝕒𝕚𝕝𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙
𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕒 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 , 𝕝𝕚𝕜𝕖 𝕒 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕥 , 𝕚𝕤 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕖𝕕.
• 𝕀𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕕𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕓𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕗𝕥𝕖𝕣 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥 𝕤𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕦𝕟𝕕𝕒𝕣𝕪 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕠𝕔𝕔𝕦𝕣𝕤.
• 𝕊𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕦𝕟𝕕𝕒𝕣𝕪 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕙𝕒𝕡𝕡𝕖𝕟𝕤 𝕨𝕙𝕖𝕟 𝕒 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕠𝕣 𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕞𝕖𝕕𝕚𝕒𝕥𝕖
𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕒 𝕕𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕓𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕖 .
• 𝕋𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕣𝕥 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕪𝕔𝕝𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 ,𝕓𝕦𝕥 𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕓𝕒𝕔𝕜 𝕥𝕠 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕓𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕟𝕟𝕚𝕟𝕘 —𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝 𝕒𝕟𝕕
𝕟𝕦𝕥𝕣𝕚𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕤𝕥𝕚𝕝𝕝 𝕡𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕖𝕟𝕥 .
• 𝔽𝕠𝕣 𝕖𝕩𝕒𝕞𝕡𝕝𝕖 , 𝕒𝕗𝕥𝕖𝕣 𝕒 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕥 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕜𝕚𝕝𝕝𝕤 𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖 𝕥𝕣𝕖𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕟 𝕒 𝕡𝕒𝕣𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕣
𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕒 𝕠𝕣 𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕕𝕤𝕔𝕒𝕡𝕖𝕤, 𝕘𝕣𝕒𝕤𝕤𝕖𝕤 𝕞𝕚𝕘𝕙𝕥 𝕘𝕣𝕠𝕨 ,𝕗𝕠𝕝𝕝𝕠𝕨𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕤𝕙𝕣𝕦𝕓𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕒 𝕧𝕒𝕣𝕚𝕖𝕥𝕪 𝕠𝕗
𝕥𝕣𝕖𝕖 𝕤𝕡𝕖𝕔𝕚𝕖𝕤 , 𝕦𝕟𝕥𝕚𝕝 𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕦𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕖𝕩𝕦𝕤𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕖𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖 𝕚𝕤
ℙ𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕒𝕘𝕒𝕚𝕟.
 ℂ𝕙𝕒𝕣𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 :

• 𝔸𝕔𝕔𝕠𝕣𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕠 𝕔𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤, 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕙𝕒𝕧𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕖𝕖 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕣𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕤 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕒𝕤 :

1. 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 __ ℂ𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕚𝕤 𝕒 𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 .
𝕃𝕚𝕗𝕖 𝕠𝕣 𝕘𝕣𝕠𝕨𝕥𝕙 , 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕥 𝕚𝕟𝕕𝕚𝕔𝕒𝕥𝕖𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕥𝕪𝕡𝕖.
2. 𝕊𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕚𝕝𝕚𝕥𝕪 ___ ℂ𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕞𝕠𝕣𝕖 𝕠𝕣 𝕝𝕖𝕤𝕤 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖.
𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕣𝕖𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕔𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕡𝕖𝕥𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 .
𝔸𝕔𝕔. 𝕋𝕠 ℂ𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 , 𝕚𝕟 𝕒 𝕡𝕒𝕣𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕣 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕒 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕞𝕒𝕪 𝕕𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕠𝕡 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩
ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕠𝕟𝕝𝕪 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕒 𝕗𝕖𝕨 𝕕𝕠𝕞𝕚𝕟𝕒𝕟𝕥 𝕤𝕡𝕖𝕔𝕚𝕖𝕤.
• 3. 𝕆𝕣𝕚𝕘𝕚𝕟 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕖𝕟𝕖𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕣𝕖𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕤 : ℂ𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕥𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕥𝕖𝕕
𝕖𝕢𝕦𝕚𝕧𝕒𝕝𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕥𝕠 𝕒𝕟 𝕠𝕣𝕘𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕤𝕞 𝕝𝕚𝕜𝕖 𝕚𝕥 𝕓𝕚𝕣𝕥𝕙, 𝕘𝕣𝕠𝕨𝕤 , 𝕕𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕠𝕡 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕓𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕖 𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖 .
• ℂ𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 𝕕𝕖𝕤𝕚𝕘𝕟𝕒𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕒𝕤 𝕤𝕦𝕡𝕖𝕣𝕠𝕣𝕘𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕤𝕞.
• 𝕊𝕚𝕞𝕚𝕝𝕒𝕣 𝕥𝕠 𝕕𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕠𝕡𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕠𝕣𝕘𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕤𝕞 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕘𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕒𝕘𝕖 , 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪
𝕙𝕒𝕧𝕖 𝕒𝕝𝕤𝕠 𝕤𝕚𝕞𝕦𝕝𝕥𝕒𝕟𝕖𝕠𝕦𝕤𝕝𝕪 𝕦𝕟𝕕𝕖𝕣𝕘𝕠𝕟𝕖 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕘𝕖𝕤 𝕎𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕘𝕚𝕟𝕘 ℂ𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖.
• 𝕋𝕙𝕦𝕤 , 𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕖𝕟𝕖𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕣𝕖𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕤 𝕞𝕒𝕪 𝕓𝕖 𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕙𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕖𝕥𝕨𝕖𝕖𝕟 𝕕𝕚𝕗𝕗𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩
𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕨𝕠𝕣𝕝𝕕.
 𝕋𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪:
• ℝ𝕖𝕘𝕒𝕣𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕟𝕦𝕞𝕓𝕖𝕣 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕚𝕟 𝕒 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕥𝕨𝕠 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕒𝕤 :
• MONOCLIMAX THEORY: 𝔸𝕔𝕔𝕠𝕣𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕠 ℂ𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 , 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕕𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕠𝕡𝕤 𝕠𝕟𝕝𝕪 𝕠𝕟𝕖 𝕥𝕣𝕦𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕚𝕟 𝕒
𝕡𝕒𝕣𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕣 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕠𝕟. 𝕋𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕔𝕖𝕡𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕘𝕖𝕟𝕖𝕥𝕒𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕤 𝕞𝕠𝕟𝕠𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕪.
• 𝔸𝕤 𝕡𝕖𝕣 ℂ𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤, 𝕚𝕟 𝕒 𝕘𝕚𝕧𝕖𝕟 𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕕𝕤 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕗𝕒𝕔𝕖𝕤, 𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕦𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕪 𝕥𝕖𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕠 𝕓𝕖 𝕠𝕔𝕔𝕦𝕡𝕚𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕒
𝕤𝕚𝕟𝕘𝕝𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕚𝕤 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩.
• ℍ𝕠𝕨𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕣 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕪 𝕨𝕒𝕤 𝕔𝕣𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕤𝕚𝕫𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕪 𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕚𝕤𝕥 . ℂ𝕝𝕖𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 , 𝕀𝕟 𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕪 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕕𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 , 𝕚𝕟 𝕒𝕟 𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕒
𝕠𝕗 𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 , 𝕚𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕠𝕟 𝕥𝕠 𝕠𝕓𝕤𝕖𝕣𝕧𝕖 𝕕𝕚𝕗𝕗𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕥𝕪𝕡𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕒𝕔𝕔𝕠𝕣𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘
𝕥𝕠 𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝 , 𝕥𝕠𝕡𝕠𝕘𝕣𝕒𝕡𝕙𝕪 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕗𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕠𝕣𝕤.
𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕠𝕣 𝕕𝕖𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕞𝕚𝕟𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕚𝕤 𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕒𝕝 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖. 𝕀𝕗 𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕒𝕝 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖, 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩
𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕎𝕚𝕝𝕝 𝕞𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕒𝕚𝕟 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕚𝕝𝕚𝕥𝕪.
• ℙ𝕠𝕝𝕪𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕪 : 𝕋𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕠𝕡𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕖 𝕥𝕠 𝕞𝕠𝕟𝕠𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 .
• 𝕀𝕥 𝕕𝕖𝕗𝕚𝕟𝕖𝕤 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕒𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕚𝕫𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕤𝕖𝕝𝕗 – 𝕞𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕥 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤
𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕤𝕚𝕕𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕒 𝕟𝕦𝕞𝕓𝕖𝕣 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩𝕖𝕤 𝕞𝕒𝕪 𝕖𝕩𝕚𝕤𝕥 𝕆𝕟 𝕒 𝕘𝕚𝕧𝕖𝕟 𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕒.
• 𝕀𝕟 𝕡𝕠𝕝𝕪𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕙𝕪𝕡𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕤𝕚𝕤, 𝕕𝕚𝕗𝕗𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕖𝕩𝕚𝕤𝕥 𝕚𝕟 𝕕𝕚𝕗𝕗𝕖𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕥
𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕤.
• 𝔸𝕤 𝕡𝕖𝕣 ℝ ℍ 𝕎𝕙𝕚𝕥𝕥𝕒𝕜𝕒𝕣 , 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕠𝕟𝕝𝕪 𝕠𝕟𝕖 𝕓𝕚𝕘 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕧𝕒𝕣𝕚𝕖𝕤
𝕒𝕔𝕔𝕠𝕣𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕠 𝕊𝕠𝕚𝕝 , 𝕤𝕝𝕠𝕡𝕖 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕙𝕒𝕓𝕚𝕥𝕒𝕥 𝕗𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕠𝕣 .
•
 𝕋𝕪𝕡𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 :

1. ℂ𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 = 𝕀𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕠𝕟𝕝𝕪 𝕒 𝕤𝕚𝕟𝕘𝕝𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕕𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕠𝕡𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥

𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕝𝕝𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕠𝕟.
𝔽𝕠𝕣 𝕖𝕩𝕒𝕞𝕡𝕝𝕖; 𝔻𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕝𝕠𝕡𝕞𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕞𝕒𝕡𝕝𝕖 𝕓𝕖𝕖𝕔𝕙 𝕆𝕧𝕖𝕣 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕞𝕠𝕚𝕤𝕥 𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝.
2 . 𝔼𝕕𝕒𝕡𝕙𝕚𝕔 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 = 𝕀𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕞𝕠𝕣𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕟 𝕠𝕟𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕚𝕟 𝕒 𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕚𝕠𝕟
𝕞𝕠𝕕𝕚𝕗𝕚𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕝𝕠𝕔𝕒𝕝 ℂ𝕠𝕟𝕕𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕤𝕠𝕚𝕝 , 𝕥𝕠𝕡𝕠𝕘𝕣𝕒𝕡𝕙𝕪 , 𝕤𝕝𝕠𝕡𝕖 𝕖𝕩𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕦𝕣𝕖 , 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕖
𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕙𝕦𝕞𝕒𝕟 𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕧𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤.
3 .SUB -𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 = 𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕘𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕛𝕦𝕤𝕥 𝕡𝕣𝕖𝕔𝕖𝕚𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩.
• 𝔻𝕚𝕤-𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 : 𝕎𝕙𝕖𝕟 𝕒 𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪, 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕚𝕤 𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕠𝕣 𝕖𝕕𝕒𝕡𝕙𝕚𝕔
𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 𝕗𝕠𝕣 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕘𝕚𝕧𝕖𝕟 𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕞𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕖𝕕 𝕓𝕪 𝕞𝕒𝕟 𝕠𝕣 𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕕𝕠𝕞𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕝.
• 𝕀𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕒𝕝𝕤𝕠 𝕔𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕤 𝕕𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕓𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕖 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩.
• ℙ𝕣𝕖 - 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩 : 𝕀𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕙𝕒𝕤 𝕝𝕚𝕗𝕖 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕤 𝕝𝕠𝕨𝕖𝕣 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕠𝕤𝕖 𝕚𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕖
𝕖𝕩𝕡𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩.
• ℙ𝕠𝕤𝕥 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩: 𝔸 𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕙𝕒𝕤 𝕙𝕚𝕘𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕝𝕚𝕗𝕖 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕠𝕤𝕖 𝕚𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕖
𝕖𝕩𝕡𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕔𝕝𝕚𝕞𝕒𝕩.