GRANBY COLLEGESGRANBY

OFCOLLEGES
SCIENCE
OF SCIENCE &AND TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Naic, Cavite, Philippines
Telefax: (046) Philippines
Naic, Cavite, 412-0437
Telefax: (046) 412-0437

Learning
Module 1
In
Granby Values 2
(College Department)
1
Page
 ERRATA
elling and some addition/omission of words made by the typist had been discovered after this booklet/module h

question, doubt, confusion; or if you need clarification on any section/article /item, please feel free to see the R

DR. MERCURIO G. VILLANUEVA

Granby President
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 BRIEF DESCRIPTION / HISTORY OF
GRANBY COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Granby Colleges of Science and Technology is a private, non-sectarian educational

institution operating under and by virtue of the laws of the Republic of the Philippines with
principal address at Ibayo Silangan, Naic, Cavite. It is a corporation duly recognized by the
Securities and Exchange Commission. It is an educational institution offering higher education
programs/courses as approved by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED);
technical/vocational courses as approved by the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA); and K-TO-12 Basic Education Program as approved by the Department
of Education (DepEd).

Granby Colleges of Science and Technology may interchangeably be called GCST (its
acronym) or by its more-popular title “Granby.”

Granby was born as a tiny computer shop, about a kilometer east of the Naic town
proper, started with one, and then two and then three employees. Although the founder (the
Company President) has already conceived the idea of creating an educational institution while
he was still studying in the college, he did not expect that the product of his conceived idea will
grow as it is today. Today, as it was mentioned, the College is offering almost all levels of
education; and this, of course, has happened because of the concerted effort of all, especially by
the higher and middle levels of the management.

The founder, although was a farmer, is born with a fashion as an educator as his father;
in fact, he requested from the college administration (while he was studying a technical course)
that his project in YCAP (Youth Countryside Action for Progress - a project of the then Pres.
Ferdinand Marcos) be an “Adult Education” when he taught (in their house) his illiterate
barangay-mates to read and write.

His conceived idea of establishing an educational institution was strongly seconded and
supported by his two best friends and colleagues; one, a best friend and colleague since while
they were working as an OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers) in the Middle East; and the other one
is also a best friend and a colleague since while they were working as educators in one of the
colleges in Naic, Cavite.

This conception came into being when his OFW friend established a Partnership
Company registered with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) with a company named “Granby Computer Center.”

The partners of this Company rented a small space located approximately one kilometer
east of the town of Naic proper for a computer sales and maintenance business. This computer
shop was tiny because it had just a 24-square meter space (approximately 4m x 6m area). His
“co-educator friend and colleague” unselfishly seconded and shared the idea of applying for a
High School curriculum with the then Bureau of Education (the now Department of Education).
3 Page

An application letter was submitted and received by the Bureau for processing, but due to some
reasons, the project was not pushed through. This application was made few years before the
establishment of the Computer Center.

The sales and maintenance business of the Partnership started to pick-up. But few
months later, the two “educator friends” decided to submit an application for a government
permit with the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) to offer a
Computer Programming course. However, the submitted documents were misplaced for some
reason and so another application was submitted for the second time. Meanwhile, the company
partners requested the landlord of the computer shop to make an extension (second floor) to
provide the business a little bigger space. Luckily, on the third attempt, the One-Year Computer
Programming course was approved under the Partnership Company name “Granby Computer
Center.” However, the training institution was called Granby Computer Learning Center with
the first batch of 54 enrolees in 1999.

Anticipating for a better enrollment the following year, the Company Partners decided to
look for additional space to rent. A negotiation with the building owner was closed and the 6-
month down payment was given, but another educational institution, which at that same time was
also staring, “pirated” the deal, and so the Granby Learning Center was forced to look for
another space. The second floor of another building southeast of the first building was rented.
This additional space was used for additional courses/programs which were approved by
TESDA. Again, because the learning center was gaining its momentum in terms of its enrolees,
the management decided to rent another 3-room building east of the first building, giving a total
of 3 rented buildings (all second floors). After a year, the third building was replaced by renting
still another building which is nearer to the first building (third floor). During this time, the
name of the learning center was changed to Granby Computer School. Still applying for some
more courses/programs with TESDA, the TESDA suggested that the school should be under a
Corporation as required by law, instead of a Partnership Company. And so, Granby College of
Science and Technology was created. As per SEC regulation, there must be at least 5
incorporators in a Corporation; so three additional stockholders were added to the original
owners to comply with the regulation; one is also a founder’s best friend (also an OFW) and the
other two new incorporators are the founder’s next of kin.

Renting three (3) buildings required a lot of money and a decision was made to loan with
a bank to finance the construction of even the first floor (of the proposed three-storey building).
The first floor was just comparable to a warehouse but still then, the college had had fair
satisfactory enrolment figure. At least, the College had not to spend a very big amount of
money for building rentals. With this achievement (the construction of the first floor of its own
building), the College slowly gained its momentum. During this period, attempts by the
President as supported by the President’s “educator-friend,” were made, to submit an application
for a higher education courses with the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) but they were
not pushed through because of the still-not-very-good condition of the school building. During
this period, somebody from CHED suggested that the word “College” in the Granby College of
Science and Technology be changed to “Colleges” giving a new name of the institution:
“Granby Colleges of Science and Technology.” The suggestion was followed and pertinent
paperworks were submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The first floor of the Granby Building was just like a “warehouse” as the passers-by used
to call it. So, the President decided to sell one of his pieces of land to finance the improvement
of the building. At last, an application with CHED was officially submitted which was
subsequently approved for the very first degree course of the school: the Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration (BSBA), major in Operations Management, and Major in Marketing
Management.
4

Still not contented with one degree course, the management planned to improve the
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Granby Building in preparation for the application of some more degree courses with CHED.
The Board decided to apply again for another loan (having the first loan being fully paid and
settled down) to be used in still improving the Granby Building. And so, additional degree
courses with the Commission on Higher Education were applied and approved, and today, the
College has seven (7) higher education courses.

A few years ago a plan was made by the Department of Education, which was recently
put into bill by the Senate and which is now being implemented, to revise the Philippine’s Basic
Educational System to the “K-to-12” program. Having heard of this plan which would certainly
affect the College’s enrolment figure two years from now, the Board, by the suggestion of the
College Registrar, decided to apply for a government permit with the Department of Education
for an elementary and high school levels. As stated above, this suggestion was in direct
consonance to the plan several years back when the two “educator-friends” planned to establish a
school for Secondary School curriculum in the late 80’s, and so, the Registrar’s suggestion was
favorably considered and implemented. Now, Granby has also NKP, Grades-I to VI and Grades-
VII to XII levels of the K-TO-12 Basic Education Program.

The approval of the degree courses by CHED, the technical courses by TESDA and the
Basic Education Programs (K-to-12) by DepEd are all significant achievements of the
Company. These do not include yet the achievements pertaining to the physical facilities
acquisition of the College.

Much have been said about the history of Granby college in general. At the same time
this College is being established years ago, even up to the present time, several people,
including the students and even the high-ranking officials in CHED, TESDA and DepEd, have
asked of the word “Granby.”

The word “Granby” has also its own history. Before 1991, nobody can find the word
“Granby” in the printed dictionary, much more so, in the digital dictionaries. But nowadays,
even the Google will give everyone several meanings and explanations about the this word.

The word “Granby” is the roots, the trunk, the stems and the leaves of the Granby
Colleges of Science and Technology, Naic, Cavite, Philippines, without which this educational
institution will not come into being. It is a fact that the word “Granby” is the one which
provided the stepping stone for the now-popular Granby Colleges.

As was mentioned before, the two original owners of Granby were both OFW’s working
in the Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Saudi Arabia. They left the Philippines in the early 80’s and
both worked in the King Abdul Aziz Naval Base for years, including the period when the Iraq
invaded Kuwait (during the Gulf War in 1990-1991). The war did not scare these two friends
from working there unlike many of their colleagues who resigned from their jobs in the Base in
fear of their lives; but instead, these two OFW’s used this “happening” as an opportunity - - an
opportunity to earn extra income. It was this war that provided money for these two friends to
buy, on instalment basis, the piece of land where the Granby Colleges of Science and
Technology is now located. It was this war that gave the two business partners to decide to
establish a business in the Philippines when they leave Saudi Arabia for good. It was during
this war when they agreed on the name of the college they were going to establish (the Granby
College of Science and Technology, which was later renamed to Granby Colleges of Science and
Technology).

It was this Gulf War that provided the money for these two original owners in acquiring
the Granby land now. The frightening sounds of the siren being blown every time the scud
missile of Sadam (the King of Iraq) is thrown to the sky, did not frighten these two people.
While the sirens were loudly being blown, the two continued doing their t-shirt printing
5

business instead - - printing in volumes overnight, to be able to meet the quota of the stores and
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other outlets in the malls aside from the orders from the military troops deployed to Saudi Arabia
by the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and the other allied countries.

Operations of the military troops of the United States of America were called Desert
Shield and Desert Storm, while its British counterpart was Granby Operation. The business
partners has had the privilege of asking British military people of the meaning of the word
Granby; of why they name their operation as “Granby Operation” but they said they just picked
up the word Granby out of no-where, and had no specific meaning at all, perhaps because it
sounds “grand”or “big” or “strong.”
 British Granby troops (of the United Kingdom) were ones of those who used to place a
voluminous orders of printed Granby t-shirts from the two business partners. The fact is,
Granby business had long been operating even years before the Granby Colleges at Naic, Cavite,
Philippines was created. Granby Saudi Arabia has evolved just when the Gulf War in the
Middle East broke in 1990. The business started with t-shirt printing jobs and then later on
ventured into buying and selling second hand computer units; and then again later on accepted
tutorial lessons in computer repair and computer programming.

The two original partners of the now Granby Colleges are long time business partners
years back in the Middle East with the British Granby military troops as one of their big
customers (and of course the US troops as well and the other troops of the allied countries).
Granby military troops, being the primary source of income for monthly installment for the
piece of land purchased for a long-conceived future business, is the origin of the word
“Granby” in the Granby Colleges of Science and Technology.
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GRANBY’S PHILOSOPHY, VISION, AND MISSION

PHYLOSOPHY

Granby Colleges of Science and Technology is founded on the philosophy that

Education is for every citizen in general, and for the middle and lower echelon of
the Filipino society, in particular, Granby is particularly established for the
common people who are interested to earn education, training and self-
improvement in order to cope up with the changing and developing technological
era.

VISION

Granby Colleges of Science and Technology envisions a dynamic, world-class and

peace-loving Filipino society in a nation that is actively-participating member of
the global community.

MISSION

On Education: Produce a world-class graduates by providing a standard, quality

and yet affordable education and training to every-able bodied individuals in order
for them to cope and meet the challenges that the third millennium has brought to
the world.

On Service: Extend community services to rural areas enhance the youths’ civic
consciousness and help them realized their role in protecting the ecological
environment.

On Character and Virtues: Indoctrinate students with proper ethics, acceptable

norms and good moral values inherent to the Filipino customs and traditions; and
at the same time preparing the youths with a quality leadership needed for a
dynamic and continued democratic form of government of today and of the next
generations.
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 STUDENT’S CODE OF CONDUCT
AND DISCIPLINE
Granby Colleges of Science and Technology Inc.,
Granby Colleges of Science and Technology Inc., may be interchangeably called as

“ Granby “, “ GCST “, “ Granby Colleges “, or simply a “ College “.

GCST is a private, non-denomination, non-sectarian educational institution. Every citizen is

free to enroll in any of the courses/programs being offered by this college. However, the GCST
has rules and regulations to be followed by every students in order that its philosophies, visions
and missions can be achieved and realized.

Upon enrolment, all students are expected to impose upon themselves the conduct and discipline
appropriate to their status as students of Granby Colleges. Every student is expected to show
his/her respect to all Granby officials, administration staff and faculty members; acknowledge
his/her responsibilities toward his/her fellow students and fellow citizens in the community; and
be willing to learn to become morally upright, well disciplined, civic-minded and productive
member of the global society.

A. CONDUCT IN THE GRANBY PREMISES

The following shows a list of violations and their corresponding sanctions. The level of
sanction/s may however, depend on the severity or nature of, especially the major violations
a student has committed.

1. Failure to use GCST student ID (Identification Card) exclusively for

himself/herself. This ID is non-transferable. In case of loss, the student should
report the matter to the Office of the Student Affairs within 24 hours for re-
placement.

1st Violation - Warning

2nd Violation - Reprimand / Censure / Meet with parent/ guardian.

3rd Violation - Suspension

2. Failure to present the ID when requested by the Granby authority.

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1st Violation - Verbal Caution

2nd Violation - Warning

3rd Violation - Reprimand

4th Violation - Censure as may be determined by the Office the Student Affairs.
 2. Deliberately ignoring to observe cleanliness in the Granby premises such as
littering bottles, cans, papers or other disposable materials.

1st Violation - Verbal Caution

2nd Violation - Warning

3rd Violation - Reprimand

4th Violation - Censure / Meet with parent or guardian.

5th Violation - Suspension

4. Vandalism or doing any act or form of graffiti on any of the Granby properties.

1st Violation - Verbal Caution

2nd Violation - Warning

3rd Violation - Reprimand

4th Violation - Suspension / Meet with parent or guardian.

5. Smoking in any classroom, corridor, library or other restricted places.

1st Violation - Verbal Caution

2nd Violation - Warning

3rd Violation - Reprimand

4th Violation - Censure / Meet with parent or guardian.

5th Violation - Suspension

6. Gambling in any form or playing any form of game which involves money; or doing any
act which may lead to extortion of money.

1st Violation - Warning

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2nd Violation - Reprimand

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3rd Violation - Meet with parent or guardian

4th Violation - Suspension

7. Collecting or soliciting any amount of money from any student or Granby personnel for
any purpose or reason without a written approval from the Finance or Administration
Department of GCST.
 1st Violation - Warning

2nd Violation - Reprimand

3rd Violation - Meet with parent or guardian

4th Violation - Suspension

8. Giving money, gift or token of any kind, or giving a treat to a faculty member or to any
Granby Personnel acting for and on his/her behalf, to obtain any kind of favour or benefit such as
exemption from attending a class or non-submission of requirement, or similar forms.

1st Violation - Warning/ Reprimand

2nd Violation - Invalidation of grade

3rd Violation - Suspension

4th Violation - Invalidation of grade and suspension

9. Posting, distributing or disseminating notices, posters, leaflets or similar matters within

the Granby premises, without prior approval from the Office of the GCST President.

1st Violation - Warning

2nd Violation - Reprimand

3rd Violation - Meet with parent or guardian

4th Violation - Suspension

10. Preparing, publishing, libellous, defamatory, subversive manifestoes, placards, banners,

streamers, or any form of graphic materials undermining faith or fomenting distrust of duly
constituted authorities within or outside the Granby premises or promoting and/ or instigating ill-
will among and between students, faculty members, staff, and administrators.

1st Violation - Warning/ Reprimand

2nd Violation - Suspension

3rd Violation - Non re-admission

11. Possessing and/or distributing, disseminating immoral or indecent pictures, posters, slides
or similar materials; writing, possessing or distributing immoral literature.
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1st Violation - Warning / Reprimand

2nd Violation - Suspension

12. Possession of any deadly weapons.

1st Violation - Warning

 2nd Violation - Suspension

3rd Violation - Non re-admission

13. Fighting or making any form of violence resulting to physical injuries.

1st Violation - Warning

2nd Violation - Reprimand

3rd Violation - Suspension / Meet with parent/guardian.

4th Violation - Non re-admission

14. Damaging or destructing any of Granby properties such as books, periodicals, chairs,
blackboards, computers or any of its parts or peripherals including its installed software, or
similar things.

1st Violation- Warning and payment of destroyed item.

2nd Violation- Reprimand and payment of destroyed item.

3rd Violation- Suspension/Meet with parent/guardian and payment of destroyed item.

4th Violation- Non re-admission and payment of destroyed item.

15. Stealing any of the Granby proper-ties. The severity of punishment depends on the value
or importance of the item stolen, regardless of whether it is the first or second commitment.

1st Violation - Suspension and payment of the item.

2nd Violation- Non re-admission and payment of the item.

3rd Violation - Expulsion and payment of the item.

16. Conspiring, conniving or making an accomplice to anybody in stealing or destroying

Granby property.

1st Violation - Reprimand

2nd Violation - Suspension

3rd Violation - Non re-admission

4th Violation - Expulsion

11

17. Bringing in within the Granby premises and/or imbibing or dispensing liquor or any
intoxicating beverage coming under the influence of the same.
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1st Violation - Warning

2nd Violation - Reprimand

3rd Violation - Suspension/Meet with parent/guardian,

4th Violation - Non re-admission

18. Using, possessing, trafficking in, or dispensing or administering prohibited and/or
regulated drugs or any of its derivatives.

1st Violation - Suspension

2nd Violation - Expulsion

19 Forging, tampering, altering or misrepresenting Granby documents or records; allowing to

be forged, altered, misrepresented or to misuse such documents.

1st Violation - Warning / Reprimand

2nd Violation - Suspension

3rd Violation - Expulsion

20. Instigating, participating or any actions leading to a boycott or disruption of classes;

impending, obstructing, preventing the right and obligation of an instructor to teach his/her
subject or the right of any student to attend classes.

1st Violation - Warning / Reprimand

2nd Violation - Suspension

3rd Violation - Expulsion

21. Using without prior authorization from the Office of the Granby President, the name of the
Granby Colleges of Science and Technology (GCST) in any ticket, invitations, programs,
announcements or similar printed matters.

1st Violation- Warning/Reprimand

2nd Violation- Suspension

3rd Violation- Expulsion

B. CONDUCT OF STUDENTS OUTSIDE THE GRANBY PREMISES

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While outside the Granby premises, Granby students are expected to observe the general rules of
conduct and norms of behaviour.
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1. Students who have identified themselves as Granby students must reflect

in them the good image of the College. They have the responsibility to uphold that image
under all circumstances.
2. Granby students are responsible in exercising decency and self- discipline
among themselves. A student has to respect the rights of his/her fellow students, the
faculty members, staff, administration personnel and official.

3. When acting as an official representative of the College, a student has the

responsibility to abide by the written as well as the oral instructions of the concerned
Granby authorities. He/she is responsible to conduct himself/herself with dignity and
deportment.

4. Students are encouraged to show their civic consciousness by participating

in community projects, parades, meetings, civic programs and the like. The GCST
encourages the students to participate in such organized activities as long as such
activities are related or in consonance with the Granby philosophies and objectives.

5. The students are enjoined to keep away from the indecent night clubs,
drinking bars, gambling joints and other places of ill repute, and to shun the company of
men and women of questionable moral character and conduct.

6. Any student caught violating any written or unwritten moral laws will be
subjected to disciplinary actions by duly constituted authorities of the College.

C. DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS

Any violation under the Code of Conduct and Discipline shall be subject to administrative
disciplinary action(s) and the imposition of the corresponding penalty / sanction. To avoid
ambiguity, disciplinary actions listed below are herein defined. Item numbers 1 through 7
shall be reflected on any Certificate of Good Moral Character issued by the Office of the
Student Affairs.

1. Verbal Caution. It is the simplest form of disciplinary sanction. An oral caution re-
minding the student that a repeated commitment of the same wrongdoing will subject
him/or to a higher level of punishment or penalty.
2. Warning. This may be an oral or written notice given to the student emphasizing that a
continuation or repetition of the same specified offences may be a cause for a more
severe disciplinary action.
3. Reprimand. A more severe and more formal rebuke or admonition imposed by the
concerned Granby authority on an offender. When necessary, the Guidance Counselor
calls the attention of the parent or guardian of the student to help resolve the problem.
13

4. Censure. It is an official written and a more severe reprimand for a violation of a

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specified regulation(s). In almost all cases, the Guidance Counselor calls the attention of
the parent or guardian.
5. Suspension. For a specific duration of time, this level of disciplinary action prohibits a
student from attending classes or from other activities or privileges as set forth in the
notice of suspension.
6. Non-readmission. It means that the student offender shall not be allowed to enroll for
the next one semester term.
 7. Expulsion. The severest form of punishment or penalty and this means an outright
dropping or dismissal of an offender from the College as recommended by the Office of
Student Affairs and approved by the College President.
8. Other Sanctions. Other sanctions which the College may impose on an offender may
include, but not limited to the following: reprimand and warning on a particular class
work, cancellation of scholarship or other similar privileges; and other penalties/sanctions
as may be determined by the Office of the Student Affairs which are not included in the
list previously defined.

D. PROCEDURES FOR DISCIPLINARY MEASURES

1. All complaints must be formally reported in writing, unless specified otherwise in the
“Student Code of Conduct and Discipline”. It must be signed by the complainant and
submitted to the Office of the Student Affairs for initial action.
2. The Office of the Student Affair conducts an investigation and submits its finding and
recommendation to the GCST president.
3. Both Offenders and complainants shall be given due process.
4. The GCST president, upon recommendation of the Office of the Student Affairs, shall
issue the necessary disciplinary actions.
5. Appeals of aggrieved party shall be filed with the Office of the President, whose decision
thereafter shall be final and executor.
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GRANBY COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HYMN

In the western part of Cavite

There’s born an institution
From small, it grew amazingly strong
The mission is to guide us all.

Thy light has shone us throughout the years

For our tomorrows t’be prepared
Showing us the sky is clear
We praise thee our Alma Mater, dear.
(Chorus I)
Oh Granby, our Granby
Thy name we’ll loudly sing
Colleges of Science and Technology
We’ll proudly uphold the wonder
of thy fame.
(Chorus II)
Oh Granby, our Granby
Will stay in my memory
* Thy daughters and sons shall
Together, we stand
We’ll sing thy name as we join our hands.

Thy mentors have provided us

Every good values we should have
Morals and ethics and norms of life
Making us children of thy pride.

Useful men and women we now became

Equipped with skills thou have us trained
Making us a world-class citizens
15

We praise thee, our Alma Mater dear.

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(Repeat Chorus I & II

The * Fade)
TASK 1

Create a short video presentation:

a) Sing the song “Granby Hymn”

b) Recite the Granby’s Philosophy, Mission and Vision.

Send it thru email ( legaspieloiza22@gmail.com )

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GRANBY COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Naic, Cavite, Philippines
Telefax: (046)
412-0437
GRANBY COLLEGES OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Naic, Cavite, Philippines

Telefax: (046) 412-0437

Learning
Module 2
In
Granby Values 2
(College Department)
17 Page
Page 18
 Human Values
The ultimate good of man, according to Aristotle, consists of an aggregate of goods which would
help him attain happiness in this life. Anything which contributes to man's development,
comfort, and well-being is a value.

The Meaning of Values

A value is anything which satisfies a human need. Value is identical to that which is good
defined by Aristotle as "fitting a function".

Anything which enriches our experience of life is a value, such as a person, a relationship, a
feeling, an object, a place, an event, an opportunity, a profession, a work, a travel, or a state of
being. Thus, parents regard their children as their 'treasure"; individuals care about their
friendship, and a community values peace and cooperation. One's life and beliefs are values

The meaning we assign to events constitutes their values. Thus, we celebrate birthdays,
weddings, graduations, or fiestas. Some other things have their intrinsic worth such as science
and art, technology and machines, customs and traditions, rites and ceremonies, laws and ideals,
history and memories, careers and hobbies; farms and gardens, businesses and religions.

The Significance of Values our ultimate happiness in this life, says Aristotle, consists in the sum
of earthly goods essential to us. Accordingly, values relate to our ultimate purpose, to that which
would make us completely happy. In this respect, our actions are significant because they are the
means by which we attain happiness. Good actions are those that bring happiness. Evil actions
are those that bring unhappiness.

Morally good actions are authentic values, while immoral actions are "apparent values", that is,
evil disguised as good. While these evil acts often promise pleasure or profit, they lead to pain
and misery. Immoral actions do not fit human nature and, thus, we say they are contrary to
natural law. ..

To sum up:

(1) Values enrich our experience of life and bring happiness;

(2) Actions are values because they arc the means we employ to attain happiness. And

(3) morally good actions bring happiness, while immoral actions bring unhappiness.

Kinds of Values
1. Biological values are necessary to the physical survival and growth of man such as food,
shelter, work, pleasure, sex, sports, career, health, and medicines.

2. Psychological values are necessary to the psychological maturation of man such as

companionship, friendship, marriage, family life, and social interaction.

3. Intellectual values are necessary to the mental fulfillment of man, such as truth, science, art,
and religion.
19

4. Moral values are necessary for the development of character.

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We also speak of cultural values those that are shared in a community such as ideals, laws,
customs, beliefs, rituals, and ceremonies.

The Hierarchy of Values are not equal in their respective worth.

The hierarchy of values refers to the ranking of values from lowest to highest. A triangle, with its
summit and middle and base, illustrates how values are ranked. The biological values occupy the
base, and the moral values, the summit. The psychological and intellectual values occupy
respectively the mid-section.

1) The biological values, which correspond to our survival and procreation, are the lowest. The
most fundamental value in this category is self-preservation., or health. The other values, such as
food, exercise, work, pleasure, and sex, are the means of sustaining and promoting the physical
life.

2) The social values corresponding to our psychological growth are the lower middle values.
The fundamental value in this category is love which is the foundation of friendship, marriage,
family, or com-munity.

3) The intellectual values corresponding to our mental growth. Are the higher middle values. In
this category, the most fundamental value is Truth. The values of science, arts, technology and
experience are means of acquiring knowledge.

4) The moral values corresponding to spiritual development rank the highest in the hierarchy.
These values constitute moral integrity.

Choosing Values

Since values have relative worth, a person has to choose those which are relevant to him. These
guidelines serve a purpose:

1. Permanent or lasting values must be preferred over temporary or perishable ones. For
example, education is objectively better than leisure; moral habit better than physical strength.

2. Values favored by the majority must be preferred over those appealing only to a few. For
example, marriage is better than remaining single; wealth better than staying poor.

3. Essential values must be preferred over the accidental values. For example, good reputation is
better than being pretty; attending to parental duties better than involvement in social gatherings
or parties.

4. Moral values must be preferred over the physical values. For example, the practice of religion
is better than sports; feeding the orphans is better than spending money for luxuries.

Moral Habits
Moral character is the sum of man's good habits. Habit comes from the Latin word "habere",
meaning to have or to possess. Habits are either entitative or operative.

Entitative habits predispose man to acquire certain nature or quality, like being healthy, being
beautiful, being intelligent, or being rich. Operative habits predispose man to act readily towards
a purpose, like singing, dancing, playing basketball, or helping others. The operative habit of
doing well is called virtue; that of doing evil is vice.

Virtues pertaining to mental or intellectual operation are called intellectual virtues; those
pertaining to the will are moral virtues.

1. Moral virtues
20Page

There are four moral virtues: prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance.

1. Prudence enables a person to know the best means to employ in attaining a purpose. A
prudent person weighs the pros and cons of a situation and acts with reasonable caution.

2. Justice inclines a person to give to everyone what is due. A just person pays his legal debts,
honors his elders, observes the laws of society, and worships God.

3. Fortitude gives a person the strength of the will to face dangers and the problems in life. A
person of fortitude is not easily discouraged and is ready to stand by what is right.
4. Temperance moderates a person's instincts and emotions. A temperate person is not given to
inordinate anger, jealousy, desire, or love.

2. Intellectual Virtues
There are four intellectual virtues: understanding, science, art and wisdom.

1. Understanding is the habit, or intuition of the first principles, such as "the whole is greater
than the sum of any of its parts", or that "doing well is better than doing bad". This is also called
common sense.

2. Science is the habit of proximate causes, why things are such because of their nature or natural
properties. Thus, we have the different sciences on different field of studies.

3. Art is the habit of making beautiful things, such as in literature, in architecture, and in the fine
arts.

4. Wisdom is the habit of the ultimate causes, such as the inter dependence of created things in
the eco-system; or how the negative emotions of man — like hatred, anger, or sadness— are not
signs of weakness but are natural instincts for self-preservation and growth.

Vices and Character

A vice is the opposite of virtue. Vice is the habit of doing evil acquired through the repetition of
an evil act. One immoral act does not constitute a habit or a vice for that matter. But it is no less
unfortunate. The fact is every single evil act speaks of an evil character.

A vice is evil either because of excess or of defect.

(1) Vices opposed to prudence by excess are cautiousness, fraud, flattery, trickery; by defect —
imprudence, impulsiveness, carelessness, or stubbornness.

(2) Vices opposed to justice by excess are — profligacy, idolatry, fanaticism, and superstition;
by defect are —disrespect to elders, irreligion, and nonpayment of debts.

(3) Vices opposed to fortitude by excess are — rashness; boldness, recklessness; by defect —
cowardice, timidity sensitivity, and depression.

(4) Vices opposed to temperance by excess are — rigorousness, lack of self-confidence,

moroseness; by defect — pride, lust, hatred, gluttony, and vanity

Moral integrity is man's true worth. With it, a person is distin-guished as "mabuting tao".
Without it, a person is "masamang tao”

READING:

The story of Father Anthony Hofstee

Just before giving communion during the Mass, the elderly American priest stared blankly at the
leper serving as his altar boy. "I've forgotten what to say next", he whispered.
21

"The body of Christ", the altar boy whispered back. The priest, still confused, turned to the first
communicant, offered him the sacred Host and said: "Amen".
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"The Body of Christ", replied the leper-scarred communicant after a moment's hesitation.

The priest smiled in relief, gave the Host and moved to the next communicant. "Amen", he said
again.

And so went the Mass — the congregation taking over for the old priest whenever his memory
failed.
The irony of the Rev. Anthony Hofstee's Mass is not lost on his 300 leper parishioners. "I think it
is very beautiful", says Zosimo Pascual, president of the Tala Leper Colony's citizen advisory
council and himself a leper. "Father Hofstee is 81, After 37 years of him taking care of us, now it
is time to take care of him"

Hofstee, a Dominican priest from Seattle, has served the lepers of Tala, northeast of Manila,
since 1947. He first went to the colony in 1946 while a chaplain with the American military. "We
did not have any spiritual leader then and we were all longing for someone to love us",
remembers Pascual.

Philippines primate Cardinal Jaime L. Sin in 1982 awarded Hofstee the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice
Cross on behalf of Pope John Paul II in recognition of the priest's 50th jubilee and 35 years of
service to Tala's lepers.

"A lot of people are coming here wanting to write about him, but he doesn't like it", said Sister
Naty de la Cruz, Hofstee's house keeper. He says "What is the use of writing it down? God
knows what I've done" (Asia’s Heroes for Today, Readers Digest, July 1984).

ACTIVITY 1
Read “The Story of Father Anthony Hofstee” and discuss the following:

1. What values are exemplified by the story?

2. To what extent would you be willing to serve others?

Answer the following briefly.

1. How are values related to the ultimate purpose of life?
2. Why is the implication of our choice of values?
3. In what sense are values altruistic?
4. What is the relevance of the Hierarchy of Values?
22
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 The Human Act
Actions, since they are products of our thoughts and desires, reveal our moral character. What we
are and what becomes of us as persons depends on our choices and actuations.

Attributes of Human Act

Human acts are those performed by a person who is acting knowingly, freely, and willfully.
These actions are deliberate, intentional, or voluntary. They are differentiated from acts of man
which are instinctive and are not under the control of the freewill.

An act is considered a human act, when it is done knowingly, freely, and willfully 1. An act is
done knowingly when the, drier is conscious and aware of the reason and the consequences of
his actions. Every normal person of age is presumed to act knowingly.

Kinds of Human acts

Human acts are either elicited or commanded acts.

A. Elicited acts are those performed by the Will but are not bodily externalized such as the
following:

1. Wish is the tendency of the Will towards an object, without considering whether it is
attainable or not.

2. Intention is the tendency of the Will towards an object which is attainable, without necessarily
committing oneself to get it.

3. Consent is the acceptance of the Will to carry out the intention.

4. Election is the selection of the Will of those means necessary to carry out the intention.

5. Use is the command of the Will to make use of the means elected to carry out the intention,
such as when the student makes up his mind to stay in the library to study.

6. Fruition is the enjoyment of the Will due to the attainment of the intention.

B. Commanded acts are the mental and bodily actions performed under the command of the Will.
These are either internal or external actions.

Internal actions are those performed mentally, such as reasoning, recalling, imagining, and
reflecting. External actions are those performed bodily, such as walking, dancing, talking, and
writing. All external actions derive themselves from the internal acts, since every deliberate act is
first thought of and decided mentally.

Moral Distinctions
On the basis of their conformity or non conformity with the norm of morality, human acts are
moral, immoral, or amoral.
23

1. Moral actions are those in conformity with the norm of morality. They are good and
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permissible actions, such as working, studying, paying debts, telling the truth, loving someone,
etcetera.

2. Immoral actions are those which are not in conformity with the norm of morality. They are
evil and prohibited actions, such as cursing, cheating, stealing, lying, and etcetera.

3. Amoral actions are those which stand neutral or indifferent to the norm of morality. These acts
are neither good nor evil, but they may become evil because of circumstances... Playing
basketball becomes morally wrong when it causes a student to miss his class. Drinking wine is
amoral, but excessive drinking is wrong.

The adjectives ethical and unethical are respectively synonymous with right and wrong, proper
and improper. They best describe actions in relation to professional standards rather than in
relation to moral laws. A doctor who reveals information about his patient is unethical but not
necessarily immoral.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evil

Immoral acts are either intrinsically or extrinsically evil. An act is intrinsically evil when its
wrongfulness is part of the nature of such act. The act of stealing, because it consists in depriving
someone of his property against his will, is intrinsically evil. An act is extrinsically evil when its
wrongfulness comes from an outside factor. The act of aims-giving, though good in itself, is
extrinsically evil when it is done for purposes of building one's public image.

Voluntariness

Voluntariness, or volition, comes from the Latin "voluntas", which means the Will. An act is
voluntary because it is done under the control of the will. Voluntariness is either perfect or
imperfect, either simple or conditional.

1. Perfect voluntariness is possessed by a person who is acting with full knowledge and complete
freedom.

2. Imperfect voluntariness is possessed by a person who acts without full understanding what he
is doing, or without complete freedom.

3. Simple voluntariness is the disposition of a person performing any activity regardless of his
liking or not liking it.

4. Conditional voluntariness is disposition of a person who is forced by circumstances to perform

an act which he would not do under normal conditions

Directly and Indirectly Voluntary

The result of an act which is primarily intended is said, to be directly voluntary. The result of an
act which follows or goes along with the primarily intended act is indirectly voluntary. A student
watches a movie is to entertain himself (directly voluntary), but, in so doing, he misses school
(indirectly voluntary).

A person is accountable for actions directly intended. Is he also accountable for those indirectly
willed acts or consequences? A person is accountable for indirectly voluntary acts when:

I. The doer is able to foresee the evil result or consequence though in a general way,'

2. The doer is free to refrain from doing that action which would result in the foreseen evil;

3. The doer has the moral obligation not to do that which would result in something evil

Acts with Double Effect: Alfredo Panizo cites these principles (Ibid: 38-39):
24

1. A person is held morally responsible for any evil effect which flows from the action
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directly willed and as a natural consequence of such action, though such evil effect is not
directly willed nor intended.
2. A human act with double effect, one good and another evil is morally permissible under
four conditions. A violation of any of these conditions makes an act unjustifiable. These
conditions are:

1) The action which produces double effects must be good in itself, or at least morally
indifferent.
2) The good effect must not come from the evil effect. It is never justified to do evil in order to
attain something good.

3) The purpose of the doer is the attainment of the good effect, with the evil effect being
tolerated as an incidental result.

4) The good effect must outweigh in importance the evil result.

These principles apply to "therapeutic abortion", a medical process intended directly to saving
the life of the mother with the sad result of aborting the fetus.

Reading:

Moral Sensibility
Moral sensibility is our response towards what is right or wrong. Some people have strong
aversion towards wrongdoings, while some are dismissive of them. Some are intolerant and
stem, while others are tolerant and accommodating.

Persons who are liberal and open-minded are inclined to accept evil as a normal occurrence,
giving in to such thoughts as "ganyan kasi tao lamang", "kasi Bata pa", "kasi walang aral", or
"kasi masama ang gising".

People who are intolerant and strict are inclined to punish people "para matuto","para di na
umulit", or "para magbago".

We use to call moral sensibility as "delicadeza". When a person is not scandalized by what is
wrong, when he does not recoil from what, is outrageous, when he is not ashamed of his vices —
he is devoid of moral sensibility, he is "manhig".

ACTIVITY 2
Answer briefly

1. What are the attributes of a human act?

2. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic evil?

3. Give an example of conditionally voluntary act.

4. Give an example of perfectly voluntary act.

5. Give an example of an imperfectly voluntary act.

Answer briefly:

1. Should a drunken man be made accountable if he were to accidentally burn a house? Elaborate
on your answer.
25

2. What moral principle is involved when a car driver who is involved in an accident is charged
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with reckless imprudence causing damage to property?

3. From the Reading, why is it important to cultivate moral sensibility?

Moral Accountability
Human acts, because they are voluntary, are accountable acts.

The Subject of Human Acts

The subject of a human act is any person who is capable of acting intelligently and freely. A
person is guilty or innocent, deserving or undeserving of punishment. Business organizations,
institutions, associations, or unions which are constituted by law as juridical person are also
subject of human acts. Like the individual person, these organizations can sue and be sued for
their actions.

Sanctions and Penalties

The penal laws of the country provide for a system of punishment for wrongdoings, ranging from
fines to imprisonment. The capital punishment or death penalty is reserved for "heinous crimes".
Unless also prohibited by the laws of the land, no punishments are imposed on immoral acts.
However, immoral acts carry with them the burden of guilt, remorse and shame.

The Modifiers of Human Act

A voluntary act is under the control of the intellect and will of a person. There are, however,
factors that may influence the intellect and will so that actions are not perfectly voluntary. These
factors are called modifiers of human. Because they interfere with the application of the intellect
and will, they either reduce or increase account-ability. The moral axiom is:

The following are the modifiers of the human act: (1) Ignorance, (2) Passions, (3) Fear, (4)
Violence, and (5) Habit.

1. Ignorance

- Ignorance is the absence of knowledge which a person ought to possess.

2. Passions

. - Passions, or concupiscence, are psychic responses. They are either tendencies towards
desirable objects, or tendencies away from undesirable objects. The former are considered
positive emotions, such as love, desire, delight, hope and bravery. The latter are negative
emotions, such as hatred, horror, sadness, despair, fear and anger.

3. Fear

- Fear is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by a danger to himself or
loved ones. There is a difference between acting with fear and acting out of fear. Some
actions which are difficult or dangerous are done with 'fear. New experiences such as
embarking on a long trip, being left alone in the dark, or speaking in front of a crowd; make
some people nervous and fearful. These actions are done with fear. It is acting out of fear,
when fear causes a person to act, like to jump from the top floor of a burning building.
26

4. Violence
Page

Violence is any, physical force exerted on a person by a free agent for the purpose of
compelling said person to act against his will. Insults, torture, isolation, starvation, and
mutilation are examples of violence.

5. Habits

- Habit is the readiness, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.
Habits are acquired through the repetition of a act over a period of time. They are either good
or bad. Habits become like second nature, moving one to do something with relative ease
without much reflection. They are difficult to overcome.

6. Poverty

- Poverty is never an excuse for committing a crime just as wealth does not justify abuses.
But there is a correlation between poverty and crimes. People who are dirt poor and starving
are unlikely to think about their morals.

Action and Emotion

Man is not a robot devoid of feelings. Every human act involves a person emotionally.
Emotions are natural and beneficial. The positive tendencies of love, kindness, reverence, and
justice express approval of what is good and worthy in an object. The negative tendencies of
anger, horror, and hatred express disapproval and repudiation of evil as such.

ACTIVITY 3
Qualify your answer to the following:

1. Why is it not advisable for a person to act in the state of ignorance?

2. Is it morally permitted to tell a lie in order to avoid torture?
3. It is alright to disobey traffic rules because there are no policemen around to arrest us?
4. Is helping somebody morally wrong if we do not enjoy doing it?
27Page
 Norm Of Morality
This is what we have learned about the human act

I) They are voluntary acts.

2) They are accountable acts.

3) They are motivated acts.

4) They are either moral, immoral, or amoral. This chapter examines the rational basis of the
morality of human actions.

The Meaning of Norms

A norm is a standard of measurement. We measure the size, the weight, the length, the duration,
the intensity, the quantity, and the depth of something. We measure objects, events, emotions,
and persons.

We make a value judgment when we measure the quality of a thing. The physical qualities of
objects are measured with the use of a device such as clock, ruler, speedometer, or thermometer.
The moral qualities of human acts are measured with the use of a norm or standard to support a
judgment. The judges of a beauty contest, for example, uses a criteria for scoring the contestants
as to their physical appearance, stage presence, costume, and intelligence.

The Norms of Morality

The norms of morality “are the criteria of judgment about the sorts of persons we ought to be and
the sorts of actions we ought to perform" (Richard M. Gula:1)

Moral norms are the criteria for judging (1) the quality of character, what sort of person one
ought to become and (2) the quality of an act, what sort of action ought to be done.

The word "ought" implies a duty or obligation. It means that a person or his action should
possess a certain quality or it falls short of the standard.

The phrase "criteria of judgment" implies the use of reason in determining the quality being
measured. The norm of morality is not a blueprint for action, nor a set of laws, like the Ten
Commandments. It is a rational assessment of the worthiness or unworthiness of a person or an
act on the basis of the given. Standard or criteria.

Basis of Moral Judgment

1. The Eternal Law

Eternal law is the plan of God in creating all creatures, both animate and inanimate, giving to
each of them its respective nature. The Book of Genesis tells the story of creation. The concept
of Eternal law is inferred from the order and harmony in the of the created universe.

2. The Natural Law

28Page

Natural law refers to the operational tendencies of the human nature the chemical, biological,
physiological, psychological, and rational properties of man as an organism. Natural law is the
tendency of human nature towards growth and self-fulfillment

3. Conscience

While natural law is the tendency towards good in general, conscience is the choice of a
particular good in a given situation. People refer to conscience as "the voice of God" — a
whisper of admonition.
Conscience is the practical judgment of reason telling us what should be done because it is good,
or what should be avoided be-cause it is evil. The judgment is "practical" because it leads to a
course of action.

Reading
Moral Pretension

Action flows from character like water flows from the spring. If the spring is contaminated, the
water coming from it is also polluted. If man has an evil character, his actions are likewise evil.

It is, however, possible for a person to do good without having a good character. People do laugh
while deep inside they are hurting and unhappy. The receptionist greets you with a most
beautiful smile without a bit of respect for you. This means an evil person can pretend to be
good.

Ethical standard requires that we have a clean mind and a pure heart. . This is how moral laws
bind the whole of being—our senses, our emotions, our thoughts, our desires, and our actions.
And so we say that the authenticity of a good act comes from the soul. If our soul is untainted,
we may pretend to do evil but still remain good.

Because we could kneel in church and mumble a prayer before the altar without thinking of God,
moral standard requires that we have had developed the habit of praying so that mental
distractions would not invalidate t merits of our act. The opposite is true. A single act of
generosity does not make an avaricious person a kind person.

ACTIVITY 4

Explain briefly the following:

1. What is the basis of moral judgment?

2. What possible motive, if any, may justify cheating in an examination?
3. From the reading, is doing good the same as having a good character?
29Page
 Rights and Duties
Man is born with rights and duties. There is too much talk about rights. We even have a
Commission on Human Rights. Some suspect that duties are not given the same emphasis. We
insist on our rights but often ignore our duties. Duties however are more fundamental than rights.
The duty to do good and avoid evil takes precedence over all rights.

Notion of Right
Right, objectively, is anything which is owed or due. taken subjectively as possessed by a
person, right is the moral power, bound to be respected by others, of doing, possessing, or
requiring something (Glenn: 1 3 6).

Right is founded upon a law, either the natural law or the human positive law. Rights are vested
on the individual person or on a group of individuals constituted by law as a juridical person,
such as business corporations, institutions, and associations.

Kinds of Right
1. Natural Rights are those based on the natural law. The right to life, to education, to work —
are natural rights.

2. Human Rights are those based on human positive laws, either those enacted by the State or
by Religion. Civil rights are those promulgated by the State, such as the right to form
associations, the right to run for public office, and the right to due process. Ecclesiastical or
religious rights are those promulgated by a church or sect, such as the right to attend religious
services, the right to be instructed in the faith, and the right to the services and rites.

3. Alienable and Inalienable Rights. Alienable rights are those which could be surrendered,
renounced, or removed —such as the right to travel and the right to operate a business.
Inalienable rights are those which cannot be surrendered, renounced, or removed — such as the
right to life, the right to many and the right to education.

4. Juridical and Non-juridical rights. Juridical rights are those based on the law. These rights
are to be respected, permitted, and fulfilled as a matter of justice. Non-juridical rights are those
based on virtue rather than strict justice. The right of a worker to a wage is juridical, but his right
to a clothing allowance is non-juridical.

5. Right of jurisdiction is the power of a lawful authority to govern and make laws for his
constituents or dependents. A mayor has right of jurisdiction over the municipality and its
residents. A parent has the same right over his children.

Characteristic of Rights
1. Coaction is the power inherent in rights to prevent their being violated and to exact
redress for their unjust violation. Under normal circumstances, coaction is exercised by
the courts of justice
30

2. Limitation is the natural limits or boundary beyond which a right may not be insisted
without violating the right of another. One may not turn loud his radio when it is time for
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everyone to be sleeping in the dormitory.

3. Collision is the conflict of two rights so related that it is not possible to exercise one
without violating the other. In theory, the conflict of rights is merely apparent since rights
are founded on laws which cannot be contradictory. In practice, conflict of rights is
resolved thru negotiation and compromise.
 Civil and Political Rights
In a democratic society, the individual person is assured of his civil and political rights.

1) Civil rights are those enjoyed by persons as private individuals in pursuit of their
personal activities and in their transactions with others. These include among others the
right to life, the right to privacy, the right to own a property, the right to education, and
the right to worship.
2) Political rights are those enjoyed by persons as citizens in their participation in
government affairs. These include among others the right to run for public office, the
right to vote, the right to be informed of public issues, and the right to public services.

The Meaning of Duty

Duty, taken objectively. Is anything, we are bound to do or omit. Taken subjectively, it is a moral
obligation incumbent upon a person to do. Omit, or avoid some hint.

Duty is a moral obligation because it depends upon freewill of the subject person. And because
duty is defined by law, any willful neglect of a duty makes a person accountable for such
omission.

Correlation of Right and Duty, Right and duty are correlative in a given person. One who has a
right to something has the duty to act consistent with that right. For instance, the right to life of a
person imposes upon himself the duty to work for sustaining such life.

Reciprocity of Rights and Duties

In interpersonal relationships, rights and duties are reciprocal. The right of one person implies in
another the duty to respect that right. Because Pedro has the right to live, other persons or
agencies are duty bound not to harm him but to help him fulfill such right.

Duties are expressed as laws. The command "Thou shall not steal" expressed in the Decalogue
enjoins us to respect the property of others and to omit such action as stealing. The command
"Honor your father and your mother" enjoins us to love and obey our parents and forbids such
act as disrespect, disobedience, or animosity towards them.

The reciprocity of rights and duties imposes the same privilege and burden on all men, Thus,
"those who claim their right, yet altogether footed or neglect to carry out their respective duties,
are people who build with one hand and destroy with the other hand" )John

Kinds of Duties
31

1. Natural duties are those imposed by natural law, such as the duty to take care of our health,
the duty to educate ourselves, and the duty to worship God.
Page

2. Positive duties are imposed by a human positive law, such as the duty to pay taxes, the duty to
observe traffic rules, and the duty to vote.

Duties are either affirmative or negative. Affirmative duties are those that require the
performance of an act, such as the duty of loving our parents and that of paying our debts.
Negative duties are those which require the omission of an act, such as the duty not to kill
another person and that of not carrying deadly weapon.
Exemption from Duty
Duties are to be complied with unless one is prevented by a strong and just reason. A student has
to attend classes unless sickness prevents him from doing so. A driver is to observe the speed
limit unless he is rushing a dying person to a hospital.

While the person concerned has to decide for himself when he may claim exemption, such claim
should never be arbitrary or whimsical. Such decisions must be based on these principles;

L Negative duties arising from negative natural law admit no exemption. Negative duties are
those that require the omission °fan evil act. When an act is intrinsically evil, nobody may claim
exemption so as to be allowed it. No excuse could be given to such act as murder, steal -in rape,
kidnapping, or adultery.

2 Affirmative duties arising from affirmative precepts of natural* law admit exemptions when
the act is rendered impossible under certain conditions or would involve excessive hardship on
the person,

Affirmative duties do not bind when circumstance make it impossible to comply with it. He who
is himself destitute is not hound to feed the hungry. A family may not provide expensive medical
care to a relative if it becomes excessively difficult to borrow money and repay it without
suffering deprivation.

3.Ordinary hardships which come along with the performance of a duty do not exempt one from
complying with such duty.

The fulfillment of a duty invariably poses certain degree of difficulty and sacrifice on the person.
Such common hardships do not exempt anyone from complying with the duty. Thus, the student
who finds it difficult to get a rice to and from school is not exempted from attending his classes.
The security guard who finds it hard to stay awake on his night shift is not justified when he falls
asleep on duty.

ACTIVITY 5

Answer briefly
1. Explain how rights are limited.

2. What is the meaning of a positive and a negative duty?

3. What is the difference between civil and political rights?

4. Is citizenship an inalienable right? Why?

5. What is the meaning of coaction?

6. Which duties do not accept exemption? Give an example

32

2. Explain the meaning of “equal protection of the law"?

Page

3. When you pay your fare in a bus, do you acquire a right to a seat which you may then refuse to
give up even to a lady or an elderly person? Explain your answer.
 Code of Ethics
Board of
Criminology

Article I
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY
OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST

a. The primary responsibility of every person admitted to the practice of

Criminology as a Registered Criminologist is to bear faithful
allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and be loyal to his
profession. They shall accept as a sacred obligation and responsibility
as citizens to support the Constitution of the Philippines and as a
Registered Criminologist to defend the principles of liberty as
defined in the Constitution and Laws.
b. As a Registered Criminologist, they shall strive to improve their
effectiveness by diligent study and sincere attention to improvement
and welcome the opportunity to disseminate practical and useful
information relating to matters accruing to the benefit of public safety
and welfare.

Article 2
LIMITATION OF AUTHORITY

a. The first duty of a criminologist as upholder of the law is to know its

bounds upon him, be aware of limitations and prescriptions and
recognize the system of government that gives to no man group or
institution absolute power. He must ensure that he is prime defender
of that system and as such must never pervert its character.
b. They shall in the performance of their duty be just, impartial and
reasonable, never according anyone more preferential treatment than
another. They shall recognize the limitation of their authority and at
no time use the power of their profession for personal advantage.

Article 3
PRIVATE CONDUCT

a. The Registered Criminologist must be mindful of his special

identification by the public as an upholder of the law. He must never
be lax in conduct or manner in private life, express disrespect for the
law, nor seek to gain special privilege that would be reflective upon
the profession. He must so conduct his private life that the public will
regard him as an example of stability fidelity and morality.
b. He must strive to elevate the standing of the profession in the public
mind, strengthen public confidence in law enforcement, develop and
maintain complete support and cooperation of the public and insure
33

the effectiveness by encouraging complete cooperation of members

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for their mutual benefit.

Article 4
CONDUCT TOWARDS THE PUBLIC

a. The Criminologists remind at all times that dignity, fairness and a

genuine willingness to help are essential to their public image and
their ability to do a good job.
b. The Criminologists mindful of their responsibility to the whole
community, deal with individuals of the community in a manner
 calculated to instill re spect for its laws and their profession.
c. They shall be habitually courteous and accept their responsibility by
being punctual and expeditious in their engagements and duties. They
shall regard their profession as a public trust and in the discharge of
their duties, bear constantly in mind their obligation to serve the
public efficiently and effectively.

Article 5
ATTITUDE TOWARDS PROFESSION

a. The criminologists shall strive to make the best application of science

to the solution of crime, by diligent study and sincere attention to self
improvement, and in the fields of human relationships, strive for
effective leadership and public influence in matters affecting public
safety.

b. He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of his

profession as an honorable one rendering valuable service to his
community and country. They shall strive to attain certain of the most
withering cross examination particularly from fellow criminologists
and associates.
c. He shall avoid outside influence from overzealous and overanxious
clients and his findings shall be based solely and entirely on logical
and scientific deduction derived from a fair and impartial
examination personally performed by him.
d. He must never lose sight of the important fact that he should no only
work for the identification, apprehension and conviction of criminals,
but must strive with greater if not equal vigor to clear the innocent.

Article 6
ATTITUDE
TOWARDS FELLOW
CRIMINOLOGISTS

a. The Criminologists shall strive constantly to improve professional

standing of Criminology through association with others in the
profession and keeping abreast with the fast moving world of science
and technology through constant research and development.
b. He shall cooperate fully with fellow criminologists regardless of
personal prejudice. He should however, be assured that such action is
proper and in accordance with law and guard against the sue of this
office or person, knowingly or unknowingly in any improper or
illegal action. He always bear in mind at all times that it isnot
sufficient to be proficient in oneÕs work, he must also have a high
sense of justice, a belief in the dignity and worth of all men and a
proper motivation and attitude. He must possess a sense of dedication
to his profession and a sense of duty and obligation to his fellowmen.
c. He shall cooperate with fellow criminologists and public officials to
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the end that the safety and general welfare of the public will be
assured, never permitting jealousies or personal differences to
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influence their professional duties and obligations.

Article 7
CODE OF ETHICS
 The universally accepted Code of Ethics for Law Enforcement shall be temporarily
adopted pending formulation of a more specific code that embraces all aspects of Criminology.

LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS

As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard

lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception; the weak against oppression or
intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional
rights of all men to liberty, equality and justice. I will keep my private life unsullied as an
example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop self-
restraint; and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in
both my personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the
regulation of my department. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided
to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the
performance of my duty.

I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices animosities or

friendships to influence my decisions. With the compromise for crime and with relentless
prosecution or criminals,

I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor malice or ill
will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities. I
recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to
be held so long as I am true to the other of the police service. I will constantly strive to achieve
these objectives, and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen profession. . .law
enforcement.

Article 8
Effectivity

This Code of Ethics for Registered Criminologist shall be effective upon approval
hereof by the Commission and after fifteen (15) days following its publication in the official
Gazette.
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 TASK 2:
Make a Reflection Paper about the “Code of Ethics
for Licensed Criminologist”.

Reference/s:

Granby Colleges of Science and Technology (GCST)

Academic Regulations and Student Code of Conduct & Discipline (Third Revision)

by Dr. Mercurio G. Villanueva

Ethics and the Filipino by Ramon B. Agapay

https://prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Board of Criminology
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