Day 1-1

【原文】
Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing
device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of drought.

【简洁版本】
Gills were the main source of…, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, 句子讲了两种情况下这些鱼的氧气来源——通常情况下用鳃呼吸, 但当水中氧含量减少
时, 肺也会充当辅助呼吸系统。
2. 原句变长的原因是因为出现了 but 并列两个完整的句子和 when 引导的时间状语从句。

Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish, 1{but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing
device for gulping air 2{when the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of drought}}.
1. 长句。but 连接两个完整句子。
2. 长句。when 引导的时间状语从句。

【译文】
鳃无疑是这些鱼的主要氧气来源, 但当水中含氧量大被耗尽时, 比如在长期干旱的情况下, 肺就会作为辅助
呼吸系统来大口吸气。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：A is undoubtedly the main source of B, but C serve as an auxiliary device for...when...
重点: 表示“ A 无疑是 B 的主要来源, 但是当…, C 会作为…的辅助手段”, 用来表述做到某事情的 2 种不同
方式和手段。

中文练习：大量的阅读无疑是专业知识的主要来源 , 但是当时间不够的时候, 与高年级学生的相互交流也可

以作为获取信息的辅助手段。

英文答案：Extensive reading is undoubtedly the main source of specialized knowledge, but talking with senior
students serves as an auxiliary device for obtaining information when time is running out.
Day 1-2

【原文】
In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen
distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

【简洁版本】
Pollinators obtain food from …, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more
efficiently than …

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, 句中出现了 have something done, 意思是“让某事被别人做”。例如: have my hair cut 的
意思是“让别的人帮我剪头发”。这个搭配在本句中的意思是, 开花植物让授粉生物（昆虫、鸟类等）
帮助它们传递花粉和传播种子。
2. 原句中, …much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only 的部分出现了虚拟
语气和比较级, 将动物辅助传播的效果和仅靠风传播的效果进行比较, 体现二者效率的不同。
3. 原句由 and、than、if 这 3 个连词连接 4 套主谓宾, 使句子变长。

In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, 1{and the plant has its pollen
distributed 2{and the plant has its seeds dispersed much more efficiently 3{than they would be}}} 4{if they were
carried by the wind only}.
1. 平行结构。and 引导的平行结构，使得句子变长。
2. 平行结构省略。and 引导的平行结构省略了 the plant has its。
3. 长句。than 引导的比较状语从句，使得句子变长。
4. 长句。if 引导的条件状语从句，使得句子变长。

【译文】
在第二个例子中, 授粉生物（昆虫、鸟类等）从开花植物中获取食物, 而植物则可以通过它们来传播花粉和
种子, 这比仅仅依靠风来传播要高效得多。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: B is much more …than it would be if A…
重点: 表示“B 的情况和 A 相比, B 会更加…”, 属于一个比较地道的虚拟语气应用。

中文练习: 随着国际贸易的发展, 相比起各国采取保护政策的情况, 经济改革将会更加有希望。

英 文 答 案 : With the development of international trade, the economic reform will be more promising than it
would be if every country adopted a protective policy.
Day 1-3

【原文】
The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s strained the financing capacity of local governments
and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture.

【简洁版本】
The expansion of the railroad network strained... and required...，which…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，本句的要点是 and 引导的平行结构，strained 和 required 两个谓语动词构成并列。
2. 句中出现的 however 是句间关系，是和上一句话的取反，和本句内部没有取反关系。

The dramatic expansion 1[of the railroad network] [in the 1850s] strained the financing capacity of local
governments 2{and the dramatic expansion required a turn toward private investment}, 3[which had never been
absent from the picture].
1. 介词结构倒装。of the railroad network in the 1850s 修饰 expansion。
2. 平行结构省略。and 引导的平行结构省略主语 the dramatic expansion。
3. 定语从句。which 引导的定语从句修饰 private investment。

【译文】
然而，19 世纪 50 年代铁路网络的急剧扩张，给当地政府的融资能力造成了不小的压力，而且要求转向私
人投资，它一直是铁路资金来源的一部分。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：strain the capacity of …
重点: 表示“给某事物的某能力造成压力”，可以用来形容财政负担、环境压力等。

中文练习：大规模的基础设施建设不仅仅意味着预算的增加，还会给地方政府的城市规划能力带来负担。

英文答案：The massive development of infrastructure not only means the budget will increase but also strains the
capacity of urban planning of the local government.
Day 3-4

【原文】
On January 9th, urged on by Brazilian advisers who perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to
independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to
Portugal, saying famously, "I remain."

【简洁版本】
Urged on by Brazilian advisers, Pedro refused an order…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。urged on…是无头句，其逻辑主语是逗号后面的 Pedro。
2. 短语搭配 urge sb. on，表示“激励某人”，常用被动形式，如: Urged on by the crowd, the Italian team
scored two more goals. 翻译为：受到观众的激励，意大利队又进了两球。
3. 原句中, 第二个无头句是 saying famously, "l remain.", 其逻辑主语也是 Pedro。

On January 9th, 1Pedro urged on by Brazilian advisers 2[who perceived a golden opportunity 3[to make an orderly
transition] [to independence] [without the intervention] [of the masses]], Pedro refused an order 4[from the
parliament] [to return to Portugal], 5Pedro saying famously, “I remain.”
1. 无头句。urged on…省略逻辑主语 Pedro。
2. 定语从句。who 引导的定语从句修饰 advisers。
3. 介词结构倒装。 to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses 修饰
opportunity。
4. 介词结构倒装。from the parliament to return to Portugal 修饰 order。
5. 无头句。saying 省略逻辑主语 Pedro。

【译文】
在 1 月 9 日，巴西幕僚们认为这是一个绝佳的机会能让巴西在排除民众干扰的情况下有秩序地过渡到独立
状态，在幕僚们的激励下，佩德罗拒绝了葡萄牙议会要他回到葡萄牙的命令，说出了那句著名的：“我留
下。”

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：sb. perceive a golden opportunity to do sth.
重点:表示“某人认为这是一个绝佳的机会去做某事”, 相当于 sb. believe it is a ideal/perfect/rare/unique/once-
in-a-lifetime opportunity to do sth.

中文练习：当地的人道主义机构认为这是一个绝佳的机会去提议拓展来自联合国的援助计划。
英 文 答 案 ： The local humanitarian agencies perceive a golden opportunity to propose expanding aid
programs from the UN.

Day 1-5

【原文】
Once Chinese immigrants began to establish nuclear families and produce a second generation, instituting
household production similar to that established by Japanese immigrants, their socioeconomic attainment soon
paralleled that of Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

【简洁版本】
Once Chinese immigrants began to do A and do B, their socioeconomic attainment paralleled C and D.

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。once 引导的状语从句中，and 平行结构并列两件中国移民开始做的事情; and 后面省略
Chinese immigrants began to。
2. 原 句 中 ， “ instituting household...by Japanese immigrants” 是 无 头 句 ， 其 真 正 的 逻 辑 主 语 是 Chinese
immigrants。该无头句中，that 指代 household production。
3. 在 their socioeconomic attainment soon paralleled that of Japanese immigrants and their descendants.中，that 指
代 socioeconomic attainment。

1
{Once Chinese immigrants began to establish nuclear families and 2[Chinese immigrants began to produce a
second generation], 3Chinese immigrants instituting household production 4[similar to that] established by Japanese
immigrants}, their socioeconomic attainment soon paralleled that 5[of Japanese immigrants and their descendants].
1. 长句。 once 引导的状语从句。
2. 平行结构省略。 and 平行结构后省略 Chinese immigrants bagan to。
3. 无头句。 instituting ...and their descendants 省略主语 Chinese immigrants。
4. 形容词+介词结构倒装。similar to that 修饰 production。
5. 介词结构倒装。 of Japanese immigrants and their descendants 修饰 that。

【译文】
一旦这些建立起和日本移民一样的家庭生产模式的中国移民，开始组建核心家庭并且开始养育第二代移民
时，他们所取得的社会经济成就很快就会和日本移民及其后代所取得的成就相媲美。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：A‘s socioeconomic attainment parallel that of B
重点: 表示“A 的社会经济成就与 B 媲美”，parallel 在这里相当于 similar to.
中文练习：因为该国北部居民的社会经济成就与南部居民相似，所以制定统一的社会政策是可行的。
英文答案：Since the socioeconomic attainment of the residents in the North of this country parallel that of those in
the South, it is feasible to institute universal social policies.

Day 1-6

【原文】
Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American
languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.

【简洁版本】
Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact that…, suggesting that…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。 suggesting that 是无头句，逻辑主语是 the fact（前面这件事）。
2. 原句中, the fact 后出现 that 引导的同位语从句, 进一步解释 the fact。

Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact 1[that the greatest diversity in native American
languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas], 2[the fact suggesting 3{that this region has been settled the
longest}].
1. 同位语从句。that 引导的同位语从句进一步解释 the fact。
2. 无头句。省略逻辑主语 the fact。
3. 长句。that 引导的宾语从句“that this region has been settled the longest”作 suggesting 的直接宾语。

【译文】
Fladmark 的假设从一个事实那得到了更多的支持，这个事实是，因为美洲本土语言的最大多样性出现在美
洲西海岸沿岸，这表明人类在这个地区定居最久。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: S V from that fact that…, suggesting...
重点: 表示“某事源于事实…, 表明… ”

中文练习: 这样的担心来源于这个事实：孩子太小以至于不能形成良好的金钱观念，这表明他们也许最后
会乱花钱。

英 文 答 案 : Such a worry derives from the fact that children are too young to hold a healthy concept of money,
suggesting that they may end up wasting money.

Day 1-7

【原文】
As more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the
sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a
reliable time marker throughout the world.

【简洁版本】
As more and more…, it became clear that the sequences differed from region to region and that no rock type
was going to become a time marker…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，本句的主体结构为 As…, it became clear that…and that…
2. 句中出现了主语倒装, 在结构 it became clear that 中, it 充当形式主语; 在主语从句中, 出现 and 引导的平
行结构作句子的真正主语。

1
{As more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places}, 2[it] became clear that the
sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region 3{and it became clear that no rock type was ever going
to become a reliable time marker throughout the world}.
1. 长句。as 引导状语从句。
2. 主语倒装。it 充当形式主语，指代真正的主语 that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to
region 和 that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world。
3. 平行结构省略。and 后面省略 it became clear.

【译文】
但是，随着越来越多的岩层的积累在越来越多的地方被分类，很明显，岩层顺序有时也因地区的不同而不
同，以及，没有一种特定的岩层可以成为全世界通用的划分地质年代的可靠标志。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: As…, it 引导主语倒装句。
翻译为“随着…，主句内容”。当我们在写作过程中遇到主语很长的情况时，可以借鉴例句中主语倒装结
构。

中文练习: 随着现代社会中越来越少的空闲时间可以获得，人们抽时间安排 (make time to)定期家庭聚餐的

情况变得不常见了。

英文答案: As less and less spare time is available in modern society, it becomes uncommon that people make time
to have regularly family meals together.

Day 1-8

【原文】
These magazines owed their rise in part to the development of new and better printing technologies, such as
electrotype, and electrical process that used a wax mold of a page, covered in graphite, to create a metal plate for
printing.

【简洁版本】
These magazines owed rise to the development of printing technologies and electrical process to …

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，本句的整体结构是 A owe B to C，即“A 将 B 归功于 C”。这个固定搭配的被动语态也经
常被考到，即 B was owed to C，与 B was attributed to C 用法相同，to 后面的部分是原因。
2. 此外，原句长度增加是因为出现了 3 个介词结构，1 个平行结构省略，1 个分词结构和 1 个定语从句。

These magazines owed their rise in part to the development 1[of new and better printing technologies], such as
electrotype, 2{and the development of electrical process 3[that used a wax mold of a page], 4[covered in graphite], to
create a metal plate for printing]}.
1. 介词结构倒装。of new and better printing technologies 修饰 the development。
2. 平行结构省略。and 连接的平行结构中，省略了 the development of。
3. 定语从句。that used a wax mold … for printing 修饰 electrical process。
4. 分词结构倒装。covered in graphite 修饰 a wax mold of a page。

【译文】
这些杂志某种程度上将它们的兴起归功于新的和更好的印刷技术的发展，例如电版印刷，还有电熔炼法的
发展，电熔炼法指的是使用一张被石墨覆盖的纸的腊模型去制造用来印刷的金属板。
【仿写练习】
仿写结构：A owe B to C
重点: 表示“A 将 B 归功于 C”, 其中 to 后面的部分是原因, 在阐释原因的过程中要学会使用
定语从句、分词结构倒装和介词结构倒装。

中文练习: 一些人将他们的事业成功归功于他们选择了就业增长迅速的专业，例如数据科学和计算机科学 ，
这些专业让学生掌握为信息时代量身打造的实用性很强的技能，以满足当今市场的需要。
英文答案 : Some people owe their career success to their choice of majors with a fast job growth, such as data
science and computer science that equip students with skills of great practicality, tailored for the information era, to
meet the needs of the market nowadays.

Day 2-1

【原文】
Over thirty years ago, scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the
disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion.

【简洁版本】
Scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that …

【重点分析】
1. 本句中出现两个 that 引导的从句。第 1 个是 that 引导的同位语从句, 修饰 one suggestion。第 2 个是 that
引导的定语从句，修饰 fern plant。本句难点即在于 that 引导两种不同的从句，以及从句的嵌套。

Over thirty years ago, scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion 1[that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from
the disappearance 2[of a species of fern plant] 3[that was important for dinosaur digestion]].
1. 同位语从句。that 引导的同位语从句解释 suggestion。
2. 介词结构倒装。of a species of fern plant 修饰 disappearance。
3. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 fern plant。

【译文】
三十多年之前，科学家 Carl Sagan 引用了一个观点，即恐龙的死亡是由一种对恐龙消化重要的蕨类植物的
消失所导致的。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：the demise of sth.
重点: 表示“某事物的消亡”，demise 在这里相当于 disappearance, death。

中文练习：传统报纸的逐渐消亡意味着一个新媒体的时代到来了。

英文答案：The demise of traditional newspaper signals the arrival of a new era of media.

Day 2-2

【原文】
Continuous alteration of the crust by erosion and also by volcanic and metamorphic processes makes unlikely any
discovery of rocks nearly as old as Earth.

【简洁版本】
Continuous alteration makes unlikely any discovery of rocks…

【重点分析】
1. 本句主语中心词 alteration 和谓语 makes 中间间隔介词结构和平行结构，导致主谓分离。其中，出现两个
and 平行结构: 第一个 and 连接两个 by 介词结构，都修饰 crust；第二个 and 连接 volcanic 和 metamorphic 两
个形容词，都修饰 processes。
2. “使某事不太可能”正常语序是 make sth. unlikely。本句中，由于直接宾语 any discovery 有后置修饰（of
rocks…），因此产生宾语倒装的现象，变成“make unlikely sth.”。

Continuous alteration of the crust by erosion 1{and also by volcanic and metamorphic processes} makes unlikely
2
[any discovery of rocks 3[nearly as old as Earth]].
1. 平行结构。 and 的平行结构, 连接两个 by 介词结构，修饰 alteration。
2. 宾语倒装。 any discover...nearly as old as Earth 是 makes 直接宾语。
3. 介词结构倒装。nearly as old as Earth 修饰 rocks。（注：此处第一个 as 为副词，第二个 as 为介词。）

【译文】
侵蚀、火山活动和变质过程所造成的地壳的持续变化，使得发现像地球一样古老的岩石不太可能。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: continuous alteration of A by B
重点: 表示“通过 B 造成的 A 的持续变化”，即 B is constantly changing A。

中文练习: 人类活动给植被覆盖率带来的持续变化，已逐渐影响了猴子的饮食习惯。

英文答案: Continuous alteration of vegetation coverage by human activity has gradually influenced the eating
habits of monkeys.

Day 2-3

【原文】
Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir
much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through
solid rock into a heat reservoir.

【简洁版本】
Geothermal energy is not renewable, because … the heat would be drawn out much more rapidly than it would
be replaced …

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，because 后面给出了地热能不可持续的原因是 the heat would be drawn out much more
rapidly than it would be replaced, 即热量被抽离要比热量更新更快。
2. 原句中出现了 3 个短语需要记住起含义: in a sense “在某种意义上”、in most cases “在大多数情况下”
和 draw out of “从…中抽取出”。

Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, 1[because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir
much more rapidly 2{than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes} 3[by which heat flows
through solid rock into a heat reservoir]}.
1. 长句。because 引导的原因状语从句使得句子变长。
2. 长句。than 引导的比较状语从句使得句子变长。
3. 介词结构倒装。by which 引导的定语从句修饰 processes。

【译文】
地热能在某种意义上来说是不可再生的, 因为在大多数情况下, 热量从热储层中抽离的速度要比热量被非常
缓慢的地质过程更新的速度快得多。通过地质过程, 热量流经坚硬的岩石进入热储层。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: in a sense
重点: 表示“在某种意义上”, 在句子中作插入语位置灵活, 让句子的语气更委婉, 用来替代 in a manner of
speaking。

中文练习: 在某种意义上, 那项科学研究项目尽管很激进, 但没有违反伦理原则。

英文答案: In a sense, that scientific research project doesn’t violate any ethical codes, although it is quite radical.

Day 2-4

【原文】
Many areas of the shallow sea bottom are covered with a lush growth of aquatic flowering plants adapted to lives
submerged in seawater.

【简洁版本】
Many areas are covered with a lush growth of aquatic flowering plants.

【重点分析】
1. 原句中, 句子的主语是 many areas, 谓语是 are covered, 主谓之间插入了介词结构倒, 使主谓分离, 增加了
句子的理解难度。
2. 句 中 用 了 两 重 分 词 结 构 adapted to lives submerged in seawater 修 饰 a lush growth of aquatic flowering
plants。

Many areas 1[of the shallow sea bottom] are covered with a lush growth 2[of aquatic flowering plants] 3[adapted to
lives] [submerged in seawater].
1. 介词结构倒装。of the shallow sea bottom 修饰 areas。
2. 介词结构倒装。of aquatic flowering plants 修饰 growth。
3. 多重分词结构倒装。adapted to lives submerged in seawater 修饰 plants。

【译文】
浅海底部的许多区域都被茂盛的水生开花植物所覆盖, 这些植物已经完全适应了被浸没在海水里的生活。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：Many areas of A are covered with B
重点: 表示“ A 的许多地方被 B 覆盖”, 相当于 B blankets many areas of A。

中文练习：那个 20 层楼的大厦的许多地方被干净、耀眼的玻璃窗所覆盖。

英文答案：Many areas of that twenty-story edifice are covered with clean and dazzling glass windows.

Day 2-5

【原文】
The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back
as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas.

【简洁版本】
The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, 句中出现了两个定语从句的嵌套修饰。一个是 which 引导的定语从句, 修饰 several roots;
另一个是 that 引导的定语从句, 修饰 commercial revolution。
2. 原句之所以长度增加, 是因为两个定语从句的嵌套中又出现了无头句 beginning as…作插入语, 修饰前面
的 commercial revolution。
The Industrial Revolution had several roots, 1[one of which was a commercial revolution 2[that, 3 commercial
revolution beginning as far back as the sixteenth century], accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas.]]
1. 定语从句。which 引导的定语从句修饰 several roots.
2. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 commercial revolution。
3. 无头句。beginning as far back as the sixteenth century 的逻辑主语是 commercial revolution。

【译文】
工业革命有几个根源, 其中一个来源是开始于 16 世纪的商业革命, 伴随着欧洲的海外扩张。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: sth. has several advantages, one of which was sth.
重点: 表示“某物有几个优点，其中之一是 xxx”，这个句子可以用在独立写作第一个主体段中。

中文练习: 将电子游戏融入课堂中有几个优势, 其中之一是它把枯燥的学习内容与有趣的游戏相结合，从而

极大地提高了学习兴趣。

英文答案: Incorporating video games into lessons has several advantages, one of which is its combination of dull
study content with interesting games that greatly boosts learning interests.

Day 2-6

【原文】
In fact, living socially presents inevitable problems that transcend habitat needs so that only when these costs are
offset by corresponding benefits is group living a plus.

【简洁版本】
Living socilally presents problems so that only when …

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。在 so that 引导的状语从句中, 嵌套一个 only when 引导的状语从句，使得句子变长。
2. only when 状语部分提前, 使得” group living is a plus”倒装为” is group living a plus”。
In fact, living socially presents inevitable problems 1[that transcend habitat needs] 2{so that 3{only when these costs
are offset by corresponding benefits} is group living a plus}.
1. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 problems。
2. 长句。so that 引导的状语从句。
3. 长句。only when 引导的状语从句。

【译文】
事实上, 群居生活会引起超出栖息地需要的不可避免的问题，以至于只有当这些成本被相应的收益抵消时 ,
集体生活才是一个优势。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：only when SVO+倒装
重点：only 的部分放到前面，后面谓语动词提前，发生倒装的现象。

中文练习：只有当申请截止日期逼近，一些学生才会意识到要提前准备 GRE 和 TOEFL 分数的重要性。

英文答案：Only when application deadlines approach do some students realize the importance of preparing
acceptable GRE and TOEFL score as early as possible.

Day 2-7

【原文】
The moral is that although using nonindigenous predators as biological controls can be effective, these species
possess their own inherent dangers that must be assessed before they are released.

【简洁版本】
The moral is that although…, these species possess dangers that ...

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。本句出现 that 分别引导的表语从句和定语从句。
2. 在 that 引 导 的 表 语 从 句 中 , these species 指 代 nonindigenous predators 。 同 时 , 表 语 从 句 中 嵌 套 一 个
although 引导的状语从句，该状语从句与主句在内容上构成句内取反。本句难点是理解从句的嵌套。
3. 原句中, that 引导的定语从句修饰 dangers。在定语从句中, 出现了一个 before 引导的状语从句，从句中
的代词 they, 指代 nonindigenous predators。

The moral is 1{that 2{although using nonindigenous predators as biological controls can be effective}, these species
possess their own inherent dangers 3[that must be assessed 5{before they are released}].
1. 长句。that 引导表语从句。
2. 长句。although 引导状语从句。
3. 定语从句。that 引导定语从句修饰 dangers。
4. 长句。before 引导状语从句。

【译文】
教训是, 虽然利用外来捕食者作为生物控制的手段是有效的，但是这些种群也有它们自身固有的危险 , 这些
危险必须在它们被释放前被评估。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: 表语从句和状语从句嵌套; 定语从句和状语从句嵌套。

中文练习: 困境是, 尽管使用智能手机或笔记本可能在课堂上使学生分心，但是学生需要能上网的设备来完

成在线的随堂测试。

英文答案: The dilemma is that although the use of smartphones or laptops in class may constitute a distraction,
students have to rely on devices that can connect to the internet when they complete online in-class quizzes.

Day 2-8

【原文】
There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally
motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

【简洁版本】
There appear to be …matters… to reflect – for example…
【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，句中出现了 There be 句型的延伸——There appear to be，意思是“似乎有，看起来像是”。

2.原句中，as opposed to 的意思是“与…相反，而不是”。

There appear to be many unexplored matters 1[about the motivation to reflect] – for example, the value 2[of
externally motivated reflection] as opposed to that 3[of teachers] 4[who might reflect by habit].
1. 介词结构倒装。about the motivation to reflect 修饰 matters。
2. 介词结构倒装。of externally motivated reflection 修饰 value。
3. 介词结构倒装。of teachers 修饰 that。
4. 定语从句。who 引导的定语从句修饰 teachers。

【译文】
关于反思的动力似乎存在许多未解决的问题，例如受外部驱动而进行的反思的价值与习惯性反思的老师的
价值完全不同。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: there appear to be… for example, A as opposed to B.
重点: 表示“似乎有…, 例如，A 和 B 完全不同”。

中文练习: 现今似乎有这样一个趋势：学生们对政治越来越感兴趣了，比如说他们会发表对政治问题的看
法，这与他们过去的漠不关心截然相反。

英文答案: There appears to be a trend nowadays that students are getting more and more interested in politics—
for example, they voice their opinions on politics as opposed to their indifference in the past.

Day 3-1

【原文】
Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as
100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their
slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active.
【简洁版本】
Scientists have no evidence for…, but if…, ….

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，句子由主句+but 的并列句和 if 引导的状语从句组成，多个连词使得句子变长，增加难度。

2. “as +形容词或副词原级+ as…”意思是“和…一样”，表示同级的比较。

3. 原句中, 括号内有 4 重介词结构倒装和分词结构倒装, 增加了阅读难度。

Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but 1{if these volcanoes were active as recently
as 100 million years ago (an estimate 2[of the time] [of last eruption] 3[based on the extent of impact] 4[cratering on
their slopes])}, some of them may still be at least intermittently active.
1. 长句。if 引导的状语从句，使得句子变长。
2. 多重介词结构倒装。of the time of last eruption，两重介词结构修饰 estimate。
3. 分词结构倒装。based on the extent of impact 修饰 estimate。
4. 分词结构倒装。cratering on their slopes 修饰 impact。

【译文】
科学家们没有直接证据显示这些火山近期是否喷发过，或是否正处于喷发阶段，但是如果这些火山近期的
活跃状态和一亿年前一样（这一最近的爆发期是根据火山斜坡上陨石坑的范围估算出来的），它们当中的
几个也许至少仍然会保持断断续续地活跃。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：be intermittently active
重点: 表示“断断续续地活跃”，可以用来形容浅尝辄止、难以坚持等等

中文练习：Peter 似乎只是纯粹想体验一下射箭，因为他断断续续地活跃于每周的户外训练。

英文答案：It seems that all Peter wants is to dabble in archery because he is only intermittently active in the
weekly outdoor training.

Day 3-2

【原句】
Although discharges follow one another almost continuously throughout the life of the fish, their power level is
much too low to be detected by human handlers but potent enough to create a stable electric field around the body
of the fish.

【简洁版本】
Although…, their power level is too low to be detected.

【重点分析】
1. 本句要点在于, but 后面的平行结构后省略 their power level is。
2. but 前后语义取反: but 前 too ... to...结构，表示“功率级太低以至于不能被检测到”，but 后... enough to
do 结构，表示“功率级足以形成电场”。

1
{Although discharges follow one another almost continuously throughout the life of the fish}, their power level is
much too low to be detected by human handlers but 2their power level is potent enough to create a stable electric
field 3[around the body of the fish].
1. 长句。 Although 引导的状语从句。
2. 平行结构省略。but 平行结构后省略 their power level is。
3. 介词结构倒装。around the body of the fish 修饰 electric field。

【译文】
尽管电流的释放是一个接一个，几乎持续性地贯穿鱼的一生，它们的功率级却低到无法被人类处理器检测
到，但足以在鱼的身体附近建立起稳定的电场。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：be potent enough to…
重点: 表示“足够强”，可以替代 be strong/powerful enough to

中文练习：那个武器的威力足够强，能威慑敌方的军队。

英文答案：The force of that weapon is potent enough to deter the enemy troops.
Day 3-3

【原文】
Additionally, the villages and towns of Egypt, all of which were situated near the Nile on the river’s narrow flood
plain, had approximately equal access to the river and did not have to compete among themselves for water as their
contemporaries in Mesopotamia were forced to do.

【简洁版本】
The villages and towns had access to the river and did not have to compete as…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。本句一共出现两个 and 平行结构, 第一个 and 并列 villages 和 towns; 第二个 and 并列 2 个
句子, 后面省略 the villages and towns。本句要点在于句子层次划分。
2. 原句中, 主语是 the villages and towns, 谓语动词是 had, 中间间隔 all of which 引导的定语从句，导致主谓
分离, 增加阅读难度。

Additionally, the villages and towns of Egypt, 1[all of which were situated near the Nile on the river’s narrow flood
plain], had approximately equal access to the river 2{and the villages and towns did not have to compete among
themselves for water 3{as their contemporaries in Mesopotamia were forced to do}}.
1. 定语从句。all of which 引导的定语从句修饰 villages and towns。
2. 平行结构省略。and 平行结构后省略 the villages and towns。
3. 长句。as 引导的状语从句，使得句子变长。

【译文】
此外, 所有坐落在尼罗河周围狭窄冲击平原上的埃及的村庄和城镇享有几乎平等的河水使用权，因此这些
村庄和城镇没有必要像同时代的美索不达米亚的人那样相互之间为水资源竞争。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：have equal access to
重 点 : 表 示 “ 有 平 等 的 某 事 物 的 使 用 权 ” ， 常 用 于 政 府 类 话 题 ， 比 如 : have equal access to
education/internet/water 等。

中文练习：雄辩的外交家们在旷日持久的争执之后达成了协议，它规定了各个国家拥有对铜矿的平等使用
权。

英文答案：Eloquent diplomats hammer out a deal after drawn-out arguments, which stipulates that each country
has equal access to the copper mine.
Day 3-4

【原文】
Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time-consuming for the Dutch to have produced
themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer
goods.

【简洁版本】
Importing the grain … kept the price low and thus stimulated demand for ...

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, 句子的主语是 Importing the grain, 谓语是 kept, 原句中主谓之间插入了 which 引导的定语
从句使主谓分离, 增加了句子的理解难度。
2. 原句中, which 引导定语从句修饰 grain, 从句是虚拟语气, 完整形式是 The grain would have been
expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves.

Importing the grain, 1[which would have been expensive and time-consuming for the Dutch to have produced
themselves], kept the price of grain low 2{and importing the grain thus stimulated individual demand 3[for other
foodstuffs and consumer goods]}.
1. 定语从句。which 引导的定语从句修饰 grain。
2. 平行结构省略。and 连接的平行结构省略主语 importing the grain。
3. 介词结构倒装。介词结构 for other foodstuffs and consumer goods 修饰 individual demand。

【译文】
对于荷兰人来说, 自己生产谷物不仅昂贵还花时间, 进口粮食使得现在谷物维持在低价, 因而刺激了民众对
其他食物和消费品的需求。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: stimulate sb’s. demand for sth.
重点: 表示“刺激某人对某物的需求”, 用来代替 make people want sth. 常用于生活、政府相关的话题。

中文练习: 财政部长的方案是否能有效地刺激民众对科技产品的需求, 仍需要被检验。

英文答案: Whether the finance minister’s plan can effectively stimulate demand for technological products still
remains untested.
Day 3-5

【原文】
Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs’ rapid disappearance at the end of
the Cretaceous period, coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios.

【简洁版本】
Scientists wondered about what could have caused the dinosaurs’ disappearance, coming up with…

【重点分析】
1. 本句要点主要在于无头句“ coming up... and scenarios”, 真正的逻辑主语是 scientists。
2. 原句中出现 what 引导的宾语从句, 让句子变长。

Scientists wondered for many years about 1{what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance 2[at the end
of the Cretaceous period]}, 3scientists coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios.
1. 长句。 what 引导的宾语从句，使得句子变长。
2. 介词结构倒装。at the end of the Cretaceous period 修饰 disappearance。
3. 无头句。coming up with...theories and scenarios 省略逻辑主语 scientists。

【译文】
科学家好奇了很多年，是什么造成白垩纪末期恐龙的快速消失, 他们提出大量的理论和设想。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：come up with a great variety of …
重点: 表示“ 提出非常多种多样的…”, 相当于 devise many/a lot of…

中文练习：在意识到销售经理有能力提出非常多种多样的营销策略之后, 部门主任为他提供了升职的机会。

英文答案：After realizing this sales manager can come up with a great variety of marketing strategies, the head
of department provides him with an opportunity of promotion.
Day 3-6

【原文】
Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit,
mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

【简洁版本】
Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between… and… because …

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，句子的主干部分是 somebody view A as bridges between B and C，意思是某人将 A 看作 B
和 C 之间的桥梁。
2. 原句中，because 引导的原因状语从句中出现了 and 的平行结构，主语都是 they，指代 primary groups。
3. 原句中, so critical for social solidarity 是形容词+介词结构倒装，修饰 the sense of oneness，增加了句子的
理解难度。

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society 1{because they transmit,
2
they mediate, and they interpret a society’s cultural patterns} and 3they provide the sense of oneness 4[so critical for
social solidarity]}}.
1. 长句。because 引导原因状语从句使得句子变长。
2. 平行结构省略。and 并列的 2 个平行结构中省略 they，代指 primary groups。
3. 平行结构省略。and 引导的平行结构中省略 they，代指 primary groups。
4. 形容词+介词结构倒装。so critical for social solidarity 修饰 sense of oneness。

【译文】
社会学家将基层群体看作个体与更大社会之间的桥梁，因为群体能传达, 调解并解读一个社会的文化模式，
群体还能提供一种统一性有助于社会团结。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: view A as bridges between B and C
重点: 某人将 A 看作 B 和 C 之间的桥梁，这个结构可以用来替换常用结构 somebody think that A connects B
and C，既突出了 B 和 C 间的关系，又更加形象。

中文练习: 学生把高中老师看作是连接学校与社会的桥梁，因为他们提供了毕业之后作为成年人进入社会 ,
规划未来的宝贵建议。

英 文 答 案 : Students view high school teachers as bridges between school and society because they provide
valuable advice on planning for future after graduation and entering into society as adults.

Day3-7

【原文】
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual
shift in the nation’s labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.

【简洁版本】
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。 该句出现主语倒装, 正常语序是“a structural change was accompanying that growth”, 由于
a structural change 后面出现 that 引导的定语从句修饰，主语太长需要放在句末。本句的难点在于主语倒装。
2. 原句中，出现两个 and 平行结构，增加句子长度。第一个 and 连接 diversification 和 a gradual shift；第二
个 and 连接 manufacturing 和 other nonagricultural pursuits。

Accompanying that growth was a structural change 1[that featured increasing economic diversification 2{and a
gradual shift in the nation’s labor force 3[from agriculture to manufacturing 4{and other nonagricultural pursuits}}].
1. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 change。
2. 平行结构。and 引导的平行结构。
3. 介词结构倒装。from...to...and other nonagricultural pursuits 修饰 shift。
4. 平行结构。and 引导的平行结构。

【译文】
伴随增长而来的是一种结构上的变化，其特征是不断增加的经济多样化，以及一国劳动力从农业向制造业
和其他非农业领域的逐渐转移。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：Accompanying A is B that feature C
重点: 表示“伴随 A 的是 B，B 的特点为 C”，相当于 B is a result of A and B features C.

中文练习：伴随大规模人口迁徙的是产业结构的改变，后者的特点为新兴行业的发展。
英 文 答 案 ： Accompanying the massive human migration is the transformation of industrial structure that
features the development of emerging industries.
Day 3-8

【原文】
From a plant’s evolutionary viewpoint, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full
of carbon dioxide and sunlight (the raw materials for photosynthesis, which are present in far higher concentrations
in air than in water).

【简洁版本】
It was also a land of opportunity, A and B, which…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, and 引导的 2 个平行结构作同位语：一个是 free of competitors and predators，另一个是
full of carbon dioxide and sunlight，使得句子变长。
2. 括号内的内容中 the raw materials for photosynthesis 解释 carbon dioxide and sunlight, which 引导的定语从
句修饰 carbon dioxide and sunlight。

From a plant’s evolutionary viewpoint, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators 1{and
full of carbon dioxide and sunlight} (the raw materials for photosynthesis, 2[which are present in far higher
concentrations in air than in water])}.
1. 平行结构。and 引导的平行结构，使得句子变长。
2. 定语从句。which 引导的定语从句修饰 carbon dioxide and sunlight。

【译文】
从植物进化的角度来看, 这同样是一片充满机会的土地，没有竞争者和捕食者，充满了二氧化碳和阳光
（这些是光合作用的原材料, 它们在空气中的含量要远远高于在水中的含量）。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: XXX is a land of opportunity, free of A and full of B.
重点: 表示“一块充满机会的土地, 没有 A, 充满了 B”, 可以用来描述良好的条件。

中文练习: 中国是一块充满机会的土地, 这里没有恶性竞争, 充满了创新的活力。

英文答案: China is a land of opportunity, free of the cut-throat competition and full of innovation vitality.
Day 4-1

【原文】
Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in
the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals.

【简洁版本】
Convinced that…, voters turned against state aid and several states amended constitutions to bar funding.

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes 是无头句，其逻辑主语是逗号后面
的 voters。
2. and 并列两个句子, 分别是 voters turned against state aid 和 several states amended their constitutions。
3. burden 做 动 词 时 , 常 见 的 表 达 是 burden sb with sth ， 意 思 是 “ 用 某 事 使 得 某 人 烦 恼 ” 。 railroads
burdened them with high taxes 这里的意思是“铁路用高额的赋税使得选民烦恼”。

1
Voters convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid,
2
{and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions 3[to bar state funding] 4[for railroads and
canals]}.
1. 无头句。Convinced that…的逻辑主语是 voters。
2. 长句。and 并列两个完整句子。
3. 介词结构倒装。to bar state funding 修饰 constitutions。
4. 介词结构倒装。for railroads and canals 修饰 funding。

【译文】
选民确信铁路使他们负担了高额的赋税、生活没有希望，他们反对州政府的补助，而且在 19 世纪 40 年代
初期，几个州修订了他们的宪法, 去阻止州政府对铁路和运河的拨款。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: Convinced that+从句, 主句。
重点 1: Convinced that+从句，表示“确信某事”，Convinced 逻辑主语是逗号后面的主语。
重点 2：双重介词结构倒装。

中文练习: 一些教授确信使用能上网的设备相当于在课上分心，所以禁止了此类设备的使用，结果学生们
选择不去上课以表示对这条规定的抗议。
英 文 答 案 : Convinced that the use of devices that can connect to the Internet constitutes a distraction in class,
some professors prohibit the use of such devices, and as a result, students choose not to attend class in protest
against the rule.

Day 4-2

【原文】
Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; this phenomenon
may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to
slow and gradually converge.

【简洁版本】
precipitation may be greater in cities; this phenomenon may be due to…, brought on…

【重点分析】
1. 本句出现了两个 that, 第一个 that 引导宾语从句, 是 suggest 的直接宾语; 第二个 that 引导定语从句, 修饰
structures。
2. 原句中, that 引导的宾语从句描述一个现象, 后面的句子使用结构 this phenomenon may be due in part to
…给出较为细致的因果解释; 其中 this phenomenon 指代前文中提到的现象。

Studies suggest 1{that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside}; this phenomenon
may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, 2[brought on by large structures 3[that cause surface air
to slow and gradually converge]].
1. 长句。 that 引导的宾语从句。
2. 无头句。 brought on...gradually converge 省略主语 this phenomenon。
3. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 structures。

【译文】
研究表明城市降水量比郊区更多，这个现象部分归因于城市地形更加粗糙，这是由造成表面空气流动变慢
并逐渐汇聚的大型建筑结构所导致的。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：The phenomenon may be due in part to …
重点: 表示“这个现象部分归因于……”，可以用于比较细致的因果解释

中文练习：政府官员怠工的现象部分归因于复杂的政府官僚制度。
英 文 答 案 ： The phenomenon that government officials slack off may be due in part to the complex state
bureaucracy.

Day 4-3

【原文】
Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at
the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties
overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.

【简洁版本】
Substances whose… can be deposited in a systematic way to….

【重点分析】
1. 原句中, 主语是 substances, 谓语是 can be deposited, 原句主谓之间插入了 whose 引导的定语从句使主谓分
离, 增加了句子的理解难度。

Over long periods of time, substances 1[whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at
the time] can be deposited in a systematic way 2[to provide a continuous record] [of changes] [in those properties
overtime], sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
1. 定语从句。whose 引导的定语从句修饰 substances。
2. 多重介词结构倒装。to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime 中出现 to, of, in
引导的 3 重介词就结构，后置修饰 way。

【译文】
经过很长一段时间, 物理和化学特征会随着当时周围的气候变化而变化的物质将会以系统的方式沉淀 , 为那
些特性的变化提供连续的记录, 这些记录有时可长达几百年或几千年。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构：S+ whose 引导的定语从句+V+O.
重点: whose 引导的定语从句导致主谓分离。

中文练习：拥有的金钱远远超过自身使用的社会上层人士应该向慈善机构捐款，来帮助下层人民。
英 文 答 案 : The upper class of society whose money is more than enough for personal use should donate to
charity to help the underprivileged.

Day 4-4

【原文】
Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and
thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its
original location.

【简洁版本】
Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and
thereby reshaping…

【重点分析】
1. 逗号后面出现无头句 carving into even the hardest rock formations 的逻辑主语是 glaciers。
2. and 引导平行结构，reshaping 的逻辑主语也是 glaciers。
3. 原句的另一个难点在于理解冰川的一系列动作。carve into 切碎，engulf, push, drag 吞没、推动、拉拽。

Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, 1glaciers carving into even the hardest rock
formations and thereby 2glaciers reshaping the landscape} as 3{they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock
debris in places far from its original location}.
1. 无头句。省略逻辑主语 glaciers。
2. 平行结构省略。and 之后省略了逻辑主语 glaciers。
3. 长句。as 引导的时间状语从句使得句子变长。

【译文】
伴随着巨大的能量，冰川在陆地上缓慢移动，甚至切碎最坚硬的岩石，当它们吞没、推动、拉拽直到最后
在离原址遥远的地方沉淀下这些岩石的残余物时，这个过程重新塑造了地貌。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构：主句, Ving… and Ving…
难点：无头句和平行结构组合, 注意无头句的逻辑主语保持一致。

中文练习: 做兼职工作或者在社区里做义工可以帮助年轻人积累工作经验 , 提高他们的实用工作技能, 从而

为他们未来的求职过程提供竞争优势。
英 文 答 案 : Doing a part-time job or volunteering in a community can help young people accumulate work
experience, honing their practical job skills and thereby giving them a competitive edge to secure a job in the
future.

Day 4-5

【原文】
Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys
that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social
groups.

【简洁版本】
Learning appropriate social behaviors is important for species that….

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, that 引导的定语从句修饰 species。
2. 原句中, 第二个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 young monkeys。
3. 原句中，and 引导平行结构“… learn to A and to B”，其中 A 是 control selfishness and aggression，B 是
understand the give-and-take involved in social groups。

Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species 1[that live in groups], like young monkeys
2
[that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression 3and need to learn to understand the give-and-take
4
[involved in social groups]].
1.定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 species。
2.定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 young monkeys。
3.平行结构。and 的平行结构, 省略 needed to learn。
4.分词结构倒装。involved in social groups 修饰 give-and-take。

【译文】
学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如小猴子，它们需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击
性，并且学着去理解社会群体中的互相迁就。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：Doing sth. is +adj., like A and B
重点：doing 作主语；给出观点之后使用平行结构举例。

中文练习：学好英语对于学生相当重要，比如进入更好的大学，获得一份体面的工作。
英文答案：Learning English well is especially important for students, like helping them be admitted to better
universities and successfully achieving a decent job.

Day 4-6

【原文】
Historian Frederic Lane observes that after the loss of ships in battle in the late sixteenth century, the shipbuilding
industry no longer had the capacity to recover that it had displayed at the start of the century.

【简洁版本】
Historian Frederic Lane observes that after …, the shipbuilding industry no longer had the capacity to recover
that…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，have the capacity to do 的意思是“有能力做某事”。
2. 原句中出现了两个 that，第一个 that 引导的是宾语从句, 作 observes 的宾语; 第二个 that 是代词，指代
capacity，和后面的 it 之间出现了定语从句 that 的省略。

Historian Frederic Lane observes 1{that 2{after the loss 3[of ships] [in battle] [in the late sixteenth century]}, the
shipbuilding industry no longer had the capacity to recover 4that that it had displayed at the start of the century.
1. 长句。that 引导的宾语从句是 observes 宾语。
2. 长句。after 引导时间状语使得句子变长。
3. 多重介词结构倒装。of ships in battle in the late sixteenth century，of, in, in 引导的 3 重介词结构修饰
loss。
4. 定语从句省略。that 指代 capacity，和后面的 it had…中间省略定语从句的 that。

【译文】
历史学家 Frederic Lane 认为，16 世纪晚期在战场上损失了船只之后, 造船业再也无法恢复到 16 世纪初的能
力水平了。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：after the loss of A, B no longer have the capacity to …
重点: 表示“在失去 A 之后, B 不再有能力去做某事”, 可以用来强调由损失 A 导致的巨大变化。

中文练习: 在失去他的爱妻之后, James 不再有能力站上讲台向学生们讲解经济学了。

英文答案: After the loss of his beloved wife, James no longer has the capacity to lecture on economics to his
students.

Day 4-7

【原文】
The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate,
and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable
gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity.

【简洁版本】
The fact that A, B, C and D should not make us forget that...

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, 本句的最大难点在于主谓分离。原句中, 主语 the fact 和谓语动词 should not make us
forget 之间出现了 that 引导的同位语从句导致主谓分离。
2. 在 that 引导的同位语从句中, and 引导的平行结构并列 domesticated, discovered, became 和 developed 四个
动宾结构, 使得句子变长。
3. forget 后面出现了 that 引导的宾语从句, 使得句子进一步变长。
The fact 1[that some societies 2{domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate,
and developed a state}] should not make us forget 3{that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable
gardening) 4but others remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity}}.
1. 同位语从句。that 引导的同位语从句进一步解释 the fact。
2. 平行结构。and 引导 domesticated, discovered, became 和 developed 四个动宾结构构成并列。
3. 长句。that 引导的宾语从句做 forget 的宾语。
4. 平行结构省略。but 引导的平行结构, 省略主语 others。

【译文】
一些社会驯养动植物、发现金属工具的用途、变得有文化并且发展出国家, 这些事实不应使我们忘记其它
社会虽然发展了畜牧或园艺（蔬菜园艺）, 但依然没有文化而且生产力低下。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: The fact that A should not make us forget that...
重点: 表示“事实 A 不应该让我们忘记……”, 相当于 even though there are A, there is still…

中文练习: 我们不断改善生活质量, 保持科技创新繁荣，而且创造出上千的好工作, 但这些事实不应该让我

们忘记依然有很多挑战在等待着我们。
英 文 答 案 : The fact that we improve the quality of life, keep technological innovation booming, and create
thousands of decent jobs should not make us forget that several challenges are still waiting for us.

Day 4-8

【原文】
The influence of the winds in providing colonists is shown by the fact that, although flowering plants are far more
common than ferns in the world as a whole, their diversity in Hawaii is more evenly balanced: 225 immigrant
flowering plants and 135 immigrant ferns.

【简洁版本】
The influence is shown by the fact that, although…, …

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, the fact 后接 that 引导的同位语从句，进一步解释 the fact, 在该同位语从句中个，嵌套一个
although 引导的状语从句。
2. 原句中，主语 influence 与谓语 is 中间间隔双重介词结构修饰，导致主谓分离。
The influence 1[of the winds] [in providing colonists] is shown by the fact 2{that, 3{although flowering plants are far
more common than ferns in the world as a whole}, their diversity in Hawaii is more evenly balanced: 225 immigrant
flowering plants and 135 immigrant ferns}.
1. 多重介词结构倒装。of the winds in providing colonists, of 和 in 的 2 重介词结构修饰 influence。
2. 同位语从句。that 引导的同位语从句解释 fact 内容。
3. 长句。although 引导的状语从句，使得句子变长。

【译文】
带来外来殖民者的风的影响体现在这样一个事实上, 尽管从全球整体来看，有花植物远比蕨类植物更常见，
但是它们在夏威夷的多样性却更加均匀平衡：一共有 225 种外来的有花植物和 135 种外来的蕨类植物。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：The influence of sth. is shown by the fact that +同位语从句
重点: 表示“某事物的影响通过一个事实被展现出来”，在写作中可以用于举例说明某事物的影响。

中文练习：改善公共交通的影响通过一个事实被展现出来，这个事实是越来越少的人开车去上下班。

英文答案：The influence of improving public transportation is shown by the fact that fewer and fewer people
commute by car.

Day 5-1

【原文】
Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass
debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material.

【简洁版本】
Seagrass beds under A tend to have moved out, whereas beds in B accumulate.

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本, 句中描述了在不同水流下海草床中较轻的颗粒物的去向：水流湍急时, 颗粒物会被带走；
水流缓慢时, 颗粒物会沉积下来。
2. 句中前半句的主语是 seagrass beds, 谓语是 tend to, 主谓之间插入了 2 重介词结构倒装 under the influence
of strong currents 使主谓分离，增加了句子的理解难度。
3. have something done 的意思是“让某事被别人做”。句中的意思是海草床会让较轻的颗粒物被水流带走。

Seagrass beds 1[under the influence] [of strong currents] tend to have many of the lighter particles, including
seagrass debris, moved out, 2{whereas beds 3[in weak current areas] accumulate lighter detrital material}.
1. 多重介词结构倒装。under the influence of strong currents，under 和 of 的 2 重介词结构修饰 seagrass
beds。
2. 长句。whereas 连接句子使整个句子变长。
3. 介词结构倒装。in weak current areas 修饰 beds。

【译文】
在急流的影响下, 海草床中很多较轻的颗粒物, 比如海草残骸, 会被水流带走；而遇到较缓的水流，海草床
会累积较轻的颗粒物。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构: A under the influence of B tend to ..., whereas A in C …
重点: 表示“受到 B 的影响, A 倾向于…, 但是在 C 的影响下，A 则会…”, 可以用来对比“不同条件的对同
一事物的影响”。

中文练习: 在犯罪率很高的街区成长的青少年会从高中退学; 然而在安全富裕区域成长的青少年则能进入名

校。
英 文 答 案 : Adolescents under the influence of neighborhoods with high crime rates tend to drop out of high
school, whereas teenagers in safe and booming areas have access to prestigious universities.

Day 5-2

【原文】
Industries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where a worker’s change of employer does not
necessarily require investing in a change of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries
concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas do.

【简洁版本】
Industries with…, where ..., appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries concentrated…
【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。本句整体结构是 A have higher rates than B do，其中, A 和 B 分别用后置修饰进行特征上
的区分。同时，than 引导状语从句，将 A 和 B 进行比较。
2. 原句中，主语中心词是 industries, 谓语动词是 appear to have, 中间出现 3 重介词结构和 where 引导的定语
从句, 导致主谓分离。本句难点即为主谓分离。

Industries 1[with high concentrations] [of employment] [in urban areas], 2[where a worker’s change of employer
does not necessarily require investing in a change of residence], appear to have higher rates of job turnover 3{than
industries 4[concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas] do}.
1. 多重介词结构倒装。with high concentrations of employment in urban areas，with, of, in 引导的 3 重介词结
构后置修饰 industries。
2. 定语从句。where 引导的定语从句修饰 urban areas。
3. 长句。than 引导的状语从句，使得句子变长。
4. 分词结构倒装。concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas 修饰 industries。

【译文】
位于城区就业集中度高的行业，似乎比集中在非城市地区的行业有更高的工作流动率；在城市地区, 工人
更换工作并不一定需要投资更换住址。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: sth. appear +比较级+to A than B do.
重点: 表示“…似乎在 A 比在 B 更加…”。

中文练习：在当今这样一个学生倾向优先考虑(prioritize)薪资而不是兴趣的社会，就业增长迅速的学科似乎
比增长缓慢的学科更受欢迎。
英文答案: Subjects with a fast job growth in today’s society, where students tend to prioritize salary rather than
interest, appear to enjoy more popularity from students than subjects with a slow job growth do.

Day 5-3

【原文】
One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan
Vermeer, who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the
science of optics.

【简洁版本】
One ...is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer, who…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。who 引导定语从句作后置定语修饰 Jan Vermeer。
2.主语 one of the artists 与谓语 is 中间间隔 whose 引导的定语从句，导致主谓分离。

One of the artists 1[whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view] is the great Dutch master, 2[Jan
Vermeer], 3[who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering 4[of art and science] [in the Netherlands]], including
the science of optics.
1. 定语从句。whose 引导的定语从句修饰 artists。
2. 同位语。Jan Vermeer 是 the great Dutch master 的同位语。
3. 定语从句。who 引导的定语从句修饰 Jan Vermeer。
4. 介词结构倒装。of art and science in the Netherlands 修饰 flowering。

【译文】
其画作被从这个角度分析的画家之一是杰出的荷兰绘画大师 Jan Vermeer。他生于 1632 年，死于 1675 年，
这时正是荷兰艺术以及包括光学的科学盛行的时期。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：One of A whose...is B, who...
重点: 表示"A 的…，其中一个 A 是 B，B…”; 这个句子嵌套了两个定语从句, 具体说明了 B 是哪一种特定的
A 的一员。

中文练习：其研究方法被当作政治学长期典范的学者之一，是那位在英国任教的非洲教授，他结合了美国
和欧洲的不同理论传统, 并填补了它们的缺陷。
英 文 答 案 ： One of the scholars whose research methods have been held up as a long-standing paradigm in
political science is that African professor teaching in the U.K., who integrates the American theoretical traditions
with the European ones and addresses the gaps within them.

仿写结构 2：During the flowering of sth.

重点：表示“在某事物的繁荣时期”，相当于 in sth’s heyday

中文练习：在社会科学的繁荣时期，许多野心蓬勃的政客都会热衷于在落后地区开展先锋性的实验。
英文答案：During the flowering of social sciences, many ambitious politicians are enthusiastic about conducting
pioneering experiments in undeveloped areas.

Day 5-4

【原文】
Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must
be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular
perceptual ability of the infant.

【简洁版本】
Care must be taken not to …or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence.

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，句子的主干部分是 care must be taken not to do A or to do B，其原型是 take care not to do
A or to do B，这里用了被动语态，意思是必须注意不要 A，也不要 B。这里的 do A 是 overgeneralize
from the data，do B 是 rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence。
2. or 引导的表示否定的平行结构后省略 care must be taken 和否定词 not。
3. 原句中，when 引导的时间状语从句修饰整个主句。

Therefore, 1{when observational assessment is used as a technique 2[for studying infant perceptual abilities]}, care
must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data 3{or care must be taken not to rely on one or two studies 4[as
conclusive evidence] [of a particular perceptual ability] [of the infant]]].
1. 长句。when 引导的时间状语从句。
2. 介词结构倒装。for studying infant perceptual abilities 修饰 technique。
3. 平行结构省略。or 引导的平行结构后省略了 care must be taken not。
4. 介词结构倒装。as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant 修饰 studies。

【译文】
因此，当观测式评估被用作研究婴儿感知能力的技术时，必须注意 , 不要从资料中过度归纳出结论, 也不要
依赖把一两个研究作为婴儿特殊感知能力的决定性证据。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: Care must be taken (not) to do A or to do B.
重点: 表示“必须注意(不)要 A，也(不)要 B”。

中文练习: 当你在改善健康时，必须注意不吃过多垃圾食品, 不要承受过大的心理压力。

英 文 答 案 : When bettering health, care must be taken not to eat excessive junk food and to bear excessive
mental pressure.

Day 5-5

【原文】
In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for
controlling internal trade within their realm, an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on
the movement of goods.

【简洁版本】
The site offered the rulers an ideal location, …

【重点分析】
1. 本句整体结构为“... offer sb sth.”，逗号后面为主句的同位语。在该同位语中，economy 后出现 that 引
导的定语从句修饰。

In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location 1[for
controlling internal trade] [within their realm], an essential requirement for a state-directed economy 2[that depended
on the movement of goods].
1. 介词结构倒装。for controlling internal trade within their realm 修饰 location。
2. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 economy。

【译文】
简而言之，因此，孟斐斯的选址能够给早期埃及王朝时代的统治者们提供在他们的王国内控制国内贸易的
理想地理位置，而通过这个位置来控制国内贸易，是建立依赖货物流通的国有经济的必要条件。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：A offer sb. B for C, an essential requirement for D
重点: 表示“A 出于 C 的目的为某人提供了 B，B 是 D 的一个必要条件”，它可以很简明扼要的指出 A 提
供的物品的作用是什么。

中文练习：这本教材为学生提供了快速入门法律领域所需的系统知识与方法论，而这是他们在今年之内去
美国学习法律专业的必要条件。
英 文 答 案 ： This textbook offered the students comprehensive knowledge and methodologies for a quick
grasp of the legal field, an essential requirement for their plan to study law in the U.S. this year.
Day 5-6

【原文】
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that
sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts,
dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

【简洁版本】
A strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本，that 引导的宾语从句作 predicted 的直接宾语，使句子变长。
2. 原句中, though 引导的让步状语从句中出现主语倒装现象, it 是形式主语，指代真正的主语 to imagine from
a later perspective。
3. 句中出现了较多短语，例如: a strain of 表示“一种”的意思，后面接单数；类似的短语 a string of 的意思
是“一系列，一连串”，后面一般接复数。fade from 表示“淡出，从…中消失”，如: My childhood will
never fade from my memory.我的童年不会从我的记忆中消失。date back 的意思是“追溯到”，如:This kind
of problem may date back to pre-Greek times. 这类问题可以追溯到希腊以前的时间。

1
{Though 2[it] may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective}, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s
predicted 3{that sound film would be a technical novelty 4[that would soon fade from sight], 5{just as had many
previous attempts, 6[dating well back before the First World War], to link images with recorded sound}}.
1. 长句。though 引导的让步状语从句。
2. 主语倒装。it 是形式主语，指代真正的主语 to imagine from a later perspective。
3. 长句。that 引导的宾语从句。
4. 定语从句。that 引导的定语从句修饰 technical novelty。
5. 长句。just as 引导的比较状语从句。
6. 无头句。省略逻辑主语 many previous attempts。

【译文】
虽然现在看来不可思议，但是在 20 世纪 20 年代，一种批判性观点就预言，有声电影将会是一项迅速淡出
人们的视线的新技术，和第一次世界大战之前将画面与录音连接在一起的多次尝试并无二致。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: imagine from a later perspective
重点: 表示“现在看起来…”

中文练习: 虽然现在看起来不可思议，但是早在半个世纪前的太空竞赛时期，美国国家航空航天局就实现
了第一次载人登月。
英文答案: Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, half a century ago during the Space
Race, NASA realized the first manned landing on the moon.
Day 5-7

【原文】
Although the failure of agriculture to keep up with the growing population did not become a crisis until the
fourteenth century, clear signs of the problem had already emerged by the middle of the thirteenth century, when
occasionally low yields due to bad weather or social disruption revealed how perilous the balance between
Europe’s population and its food supply had become.

【简洁版本】
Although…，clear signs had already emerged…, when low yields revealed how…

【重点分析】
1. 参看简洁版本。when 引导的时间状语从句中，嵌套一个 how 引导的宾语从句。在该宾语从句中，主语
the balance 后接 between A and B 介词结构作后置定语修饰，表示“A 和 B 间的平衡。”
2. 原句中，although 引导的让步状语从句中，主语 the failure 与谓语 did 中间间隔双重介词结构倒装，导致
主谓分离。
3. 在 when 引导的状语从句中, 主语 low yields 和谓语 revealed 之间间隔介词结构倒装， 导致主谓分离。
4. 固定搭配 keep up with sth. 表示“和…保持一致”。

1
{Although the failure 2[of agriculture] [to keep up with the growing population] did not become a crisis until the
fourteenth century}, clear signs of the problem had already emerged by the middle of the thirteenth century, 3{when
occasionally low yields 4[due to bad weather or social disruption] revealed 5{how perilous the balance 6[between
Europe’s population and its food supply] had become}}.
1. 长句。although 引导的状语从句。
2. 介词结构倒装。of agriculture to keep up with the growing population 修饰 failure。
3. 长句。when 引导的状语从句。
4. 介词结构倒装。due to bad weather or social disruption 修饰 low yields。
5. 长句。how 引导的宾语从句。
6. 介词结构倒装。between ... and its food supply 修饰 balance。

【译文】
尽管农业在与人口增长保持一致方面的失败在 14 世纪前没有变成危机，但是在 13 世纪中期之前已经暴露:
坏天气或者社会动乱造成的偶然出现的低产量, 反映了欧洲人口和它的食物供给之间的平衡变得多么危险。

【考点仿写】
仿写结构：clear signs of …have already emerged
重点: 表示“某事物的明显迹象已经出现”，可以用来替代 it is obvious that, undoubtedly 等。
中文练习：他们必须尽快离开那个地区，因为武装冲突的明显迹象已经冲突。
英文答案：They have to leave that region as soon as possible because clear signs of armed conflicts have already
emerged.

Day 5-8

【原文】
No group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end
about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial
animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales that we know today.

【简洁版本】
No species can maintain dominance indefinitely, and when…

【重点分析】
1. 原句中，出现了 evolve from A into B 的结构，表示“从 A 进化到 B”，A 和 B 是相反的。在本句话中, A
是 few types of small terrestrial animals, B 是 myriad of diverse species。
2. 本句中, and 平行结构连接两个主句, 在 and 后出现了 when 引导的时间状语从句和一个无头句, 导致原句
变长。

No group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, 1{and 2{when the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic
end about 65 million years ago}, mammals began to flourish, 3mammals evolving from relatively few types of small
terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, 4[including bats and whales 6[that we know today]]}.
1. 平行结构。and 的平行结构。
2. 长句。when 引导的时间状语。
3. 无头句。evolving…diverse species 的真正逻辑主语是 mammals。
4. 分词结构倒装。including bats and whales that we know today 修饰 diverse species。
5. 定语从句。that we know today 修饰 bats and whales。

【译文】
没有任何群落或物种能够无限期地保持统治地位，并且当恐龙时代大约在 6500 万年左右突然结束之时，哺
乳动物便开始进入旺盛时期，从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种，包括我们现在所知道
的蝙蝠和鲸鱼。

【仿写练习】
仿写结构: evolve from A into B.
重点: 表示“从 A 进化到 B”。

中文练习: 由于现代技术的进步，出国旅行已大受欢迎，从过去痛苦的经历逐步发展成为二十一世纪的全
新的(brand-new)享受方式，对年轻人尤其有吸引力。
英 文 答 案 : Thanks to the development of modern technology, international tourism has gained great popularity,
evolving from a suffering experience in the past into a brand-new way of enjoyment in the 21st century,
appealing to young people especially.