ENERGY SOURCES

(Geothermal and Hydroelectric)

for Earth Science/ Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 5

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 FOREWORD

Every day, we face new problems arising from the

environmental state of our world. Widespread pollution is a huge
problem to our environment and there is an urgent need to start
using renewable sources that eliminate the burning of fossil fuels.
Geothermal and hydroelectric are renewable sources of energies
that produce “clean” fuel sources.

This Self - Learning Kit will serve as a guide on how Earth’s heat
is tapped as source of energy (geothermal) for human use and
how energy (hydroelectric) is harnessed from flowing water.

Through this learning kit, students will know how to give

importance to the environment and its impact to human lives.

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 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

K - differentiate geothermal and hydroelectric energy;
S - explain how heat from inside the earth (geothermal) and
from flowing water (hydroelectric) are tapped as a source of
energy for human use; and
A - cite the importance of these energy sources through a
poster.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

Explain how heat from inside the earth (geothermal) and

from flowing water (hydroelectric) is tapped as a source of
energy for human use (S11ES-Ie-11)

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I. WHAT HAPPENED

Pre-Activity

Instruction: Examine the pictures below, then answer the

questions that follow in your notebook.

Questions:

1. What can you say about the images?

2. What is the idea behind the images shown above?

3. What type of energy could be derived out of these pictures?

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 As our world’s supply of non-renewable resources slowly
dwindles, society is being forced to consider new methods of
generating energy in a continuously growing world. A major focus
has been put on turning earth’s natural products like wind, sun, and
water, and additionally nuclear power, into devices of energy
production. In our previous study, we learn how fossils are formed
and what the benefits of fossils are. In this lesson we are going to
tackle how the energy coming from the heat beneath us and
flowing water can be harnessed and can be used to make our life
better.

II. WHAT I NEED TO LEARN

GEOTHERMAL POWER

Talking about energy there could be a lot of types of energy

namely: solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, geothermal and
hydroelectric, and many more. We will focus only on geothermal
and hydroelectric in this self-learning kit.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY has been
used for thousands of years in some
countries for cooking and heating. It is
simply power derived from the Earth’s
internal heat. This thermal energy is
contained in the rock and fluids beneath
Earth’s crust. It can be found from shallow
Fig. 1: Geothermal Energy Flow
ground to several miles below the surface,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi
and even farther down to the extremely ki/File:Geothermal_Energy_-
hot molten rock called magma. _The_Noun_Project.svg

The adjective geothermal comes from the Greek words geo

(earth) and thermos (heat). It covers all techniques used to recover
the heat that is naturally present in the Earth’s subsurface,
particularly in aquifers, the rock reservoirs that contain
groundwater. About half this thermal (or “heat”) energy comes
from the residual heat produced when the planet was formed 4.5
billion years ago and about half from natural radioactivity.
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The Different Types of Geothermal Energy

Geothermal technologies differ with the temperature of geothermal

water, which determines what can be done with it:

• At 20 °C to 90 °C, geothermal heat and water are used for

geothermal heating. This is called low-temperature
geothermal energy.

• At 90 °C to 160 °C, the water is used on the surface in liquid

form. It transfers its heat to another fluid, which vaporizes at
low temperature and drives a turbine to generate power.
This is called medium – temperature geothermal energy.

• Attemperaturesabove160 °C, the water turns into steam

when it reaches the Earth’s surface. It drives turbines to
generate power. This is called high – temperature
geothermal energy.

• Medium and high – temperature geothermal energy is used

in a wide variety of applications. In industry, for example,
geothermal water and steam can be used to wash and dry
wool. They can also be used to manufacture pulp or treat
biomass.

How is heat from inside the earth tapped as a source of energy for
human use?

Thermal energy, contained in earth, can be used directly to

supply heat or can be converted to mechanical or electrical
energy.

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 Fig. 2: The formation of a Geothermal Reservoir like in Palinpinon Geothermal
Power Plant, located at Valencia, Negros Oriental, Philippines.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/renewable320/geothermal-energy

To produce geothermal – generated electricity, wells,

sometimes a mile (1.6 kilometers) deep or more, are drilled into
underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that drive
turbines linked to electricity generators.

There are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam,

flash, and binary. Dry steam, the oldest geothermal technology,
takes steam out of fractures in the ground and uses it to directly
drive a turbine. Flash plants pull deep, high-pressure hot water into
cooler, low-pressure water. The steam that results from this process
is used to drive the turbine. In binary plants, the hot water is passed
by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water.
This causes the secondary fluid to turn to vapor, which then drives
a turbine. Most geothermal power plants in the future will be binary
plants.

POWER PLANTS
Power plants use steam produced from geothermal reservoirs
to generate electricity. There are three geothermal power plant
technologies being used to convert hydrothermal fluids to
electricity— dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle. The type of
conversion used (selected in development) depends on the state
of the fluid (steam or water) and its temperature.

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Dry Steam Power Plant

Dry steam plants use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily

steam. The steam travels directly to a turbine, which drives a
generator that produces electricity. The steam eliminates the need
to burn fossil to run the turbine (also eliminating the need to
transport and store fuels). These plants emit only excess steam and
very minor amounts of gases.

Dry steam power plant systems

were the first type of
geothermal power generation
plants built (they were first used
at Lardarello in Italy in 1904).
Steam technology is still
effective today at currently in
use at The Geysers in northern Fig. 3: An example of Dry steam power
California, the world's largest plant at The Geysers in California
single source of geothermal https://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Geoth
power. ermal/geotermal.html

Fig 4: The Flow of Energy in a Dry Steam Power plant

https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation

Flash Steam Power Plant

Flash steam plants are the most common type of geothermal

power generation plants in operation today. Fluid at temperatures
greater than 360 °F (182 °C) is pumped under high pressure into a
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tank at the surface held at a much lower pressure, causing some of
the fluid to rapidly vaporize, or "flash. "The vapor then drives a
turbine, which drives a generator. If any liquid remains in the tank, it
can be flashed again in a second tank to extract even more
energy.

Fig. 5: The Flow of Energy in a Flash Steam Power plant

https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation

Binary Cycle Power Plant

Binary cycle geothermal power generation plants differ from

Dry Steam and Flash Steam systems in that the water or steam from
the geothermal reservoir never comes in contact with the
turbine/generator units. Low to moderately heated (below 400°F)
geothermal fluid and a secondary (hence, "binary") fluid with a
much lower boiling point that water pass through a heat
exchanger. Heat from the geothermal fluid causes the secondary
fluid to flash to vapor, which then drives the turbines and
subsequently, the generators.

Binary cycle power plants are closed - loop systems, and

virtually nothing (except water vapor) is emitted to the atmosphere.
Because resources below 300 °F represent the most common
geothermal resource, a significant proportion of geothermal
electricity in the future could come from binary – cycle plants.

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 Fig. 6: The Flow of Energy in a Binary Cycle Power plant
https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation

Fig. 7: Schematic Diagram on How Geothermal Energy Works

https://prezi.com/w-iqaufexrxn/how-geothermal-energy-works/.

HYDROPOWER, the Leading Renewable Energy

Hydropower, or hydro energy, is a form of renewable energy that

uses the water stored in dams, as well as flowing in rivers to create
electricity in hydropower plants. The falling water rotates blades of a
turbine, which then spins a generator that converts the mechanical
energy of the spinning turbine into electrical energy. Hydroelectric
power is a significant component of electricity production
worldwide. Water energy encompasses both plants installed on

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 land—on rivers and lakes—and ocean energy, which is still being
developed and harnesses the force of waves, tides, and currents.
Widely used for decades, hydropower plants are the world’s leading
renewable energy source, producing 83% of renewable power.

Fig. 8: Andritz Hydro in Thailand

https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/southeast-asia/hy-news-hn-asia-special1-04-thailand-hydro

The kinetic energy generated by moving water has been used by

humankind for centuries, to drive water mills that produce
mechanical energy. Modern hydropower, sometimes referred to as
“white coal," is harnessed in plants where electricity is generated.
Around 40 countries use hydropower to produce more than a fifth of
their electricity1. Hydropower accounts for 16% of electricity
worldwide, behind coal and gas, but ahead of nuclear.

The three main types of hydropower plants:

1. Impoundment facilities are the most common technology which

uses a dam to create a large reservoir of water. Electricity is made
when water passes through turbines in the dam.

2. Pumped storage facilities are similar but have a second reservoir

below the dam. Water can be pumped from the lower reservoir
to the upper reservoir, storing energy for use at a later time.

3. Run-of River facilities rely more on natural water flow rates,

diverting just a portion of river water through turbines, sometimes

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without the use of a dam or reservoirs. Since run-of-river hydro is
subject to natural water variability, it is more intermittent than
dammed hydro.

The three main components of hydroelectric power plant:

• A dam that creates a large waterfall and stores enough water

to always supply the plant. It also helps to regulate flooding
aside from producing and storing energy.
• A penstock that channels water from its natural environment
(river or lake) to supply the dam reservoir. It may be an open
channel, a tunnel or pipeline.
• A powerhouse that houses the turbines driven by the waterfall
and the generator driven by the turbines.

Converting Moving Water to Electricity

In order to generate electricity from the kinetic energy in moving

water, the water has to move with sufficient speed and volume to
spin a propeller-like device called a turbine, which in turn rotates a
generator to generate electricity. Roughly speaking, one gallon of
water per second falling one hundred feet can generate one
kilowatt of electricity.

To increase the volume of moving water, impoundments or dams

are used to collect the water. An opening in the dam uses gravity to
drop water down a pipe called a penstock. The moving water
causes the turbine to spin, which causes magnets inside a generator
to rotate and create electricity.

There are a variety of types of turbines used at hydropower facilities,

and their use depends on the amount of hydraulic head (vertical
distance between the dam and the turbine) at the plant.
(https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation)

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Advantages of Hydropower Plant

• Hydropower is fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source,

meaning it won't pollute the airlike power plants that burn fossil
fuels, such as coal or natural gas.

• Hydroelectric power is a domestic source of energy, allowing

each state to produce their own energy without being reliant on
international fuel sources.

• The energy generated through hydropower relies on the water

cycle, which is driven by the sun, making it a renewable power
source, making it a more reliable and affordable source than
fossil fuels that are rapidly being depleted.

• Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety

of recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and
boating. Most waterpower installations are required to provide
some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take
advantage of these opportunities.

• Some hydropower facilities can quickly go from zero power to

maximum output. Because hydropower plants can generate
power to the grid immediately, they provide essential back-up
power during major electricity outages or disruptions.

• In addition to a sustainable fuel source, hydropower efforts

produce a number of benefits, such as flood control, irrigation,
and water supply.

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 SUMMARY:

Geothermal comes from the Greek words “geo” (earth) and

“thermos” (heat). Thermal energy, contained in the earth, can be
used directly to supply heat or can be converted to mechanical or
electrical energy. There are three geothermal power plant
technologies being used to convert hydrothermal fluids to electricity—
dry steam, flash steam and binary cycle. Geothermal energy works by
injecting cool water into the ground and hot water is pumped up and
heat is used to produce steam and that steam is used to power turbine
generators to produce electricity.

Hydropower is a form of renewable energy that uses the water stored

in dams, as well as flowing in rivers to create electricity in hydropower
plants. There are three main types of hydropower plants:
impoundment facilities, pumped storage facilities, run-of-river facilities
and hydroelectric power plant has three main components: dam,
penstock and powerhouse. That works together for harnessing the
power of the water to create energy. And hydropower is fueled by
water, so it's a clean fuel source, which means it won't pollute the
airlike power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas.

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 Performance Task

POSTER MAKING

Instruction: Make a poster showing the benefits of having a

geothermal or hydroelectric power plant in our community. Draw
your poster on a sheet of short bond paper.

Rubrics:

1 2 3 4
The poster shows The The poster shows The poster shows
little or no student’s originality. unique level of
evidence of work lacks originality.
Originality original thought. originality.
The student did The student The student The student gave
not finish the finished the completed an effort beyond
work in project, but it the project in the requirements
satisfactory lacks finishing an of the project.
manner. touches or can above average
Effort be improved quality, yet more
with a little could have been
effort. done.
The student The student The student shows The student
shows poor level shows average above average shows
of creativity/ level of level of creativity/ outstanding level
Creativity workmanship. creativity/ workmanship. of creativity/
workmanship. workmanship.

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III. WHAT I HAVE LARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

I. Fill in the blanks.

1. ________ is a heat within the earth. It is a renewable energy

source because heat is continuously produced inside the earth.
2. _________is a form of energy that harnesses the power of water
in motion - such as water flowing over a waterfall—to generate
electricity.
3. _______is a type of geothermal power plant that takes steam
out of fractures in the ground and uses it to directly drive a
turbine.
4. _______ creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to
supply the hydropower plant at all times. Storing the water also
helps regulate flooding.
5. ________ houses the turbines driven by the waterfall and the
generator driven by the turbines.

II. Instruction: Answer the following questions a in your

notebook.

6. What are the social and economic implications of putting a

power plant near a hot spring, which are often developed as
tourist areas?
7. What type of energy resource is best in your locality? Why?
8. What are the advantages of both hydroelectric and geothermal
power plants in your community?
9. How does human harness the heat beneath ground? Explain.
10. How does human harness the power of water? Explain.

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 REFERENCES

ANDRITZ AG. “Kingdom of Thailand - A Bright Smile for Hydropower”.

Andritz.com. https://www.andritz.com/hydro-
en/hydronews/southeast-asia/hy-news-hn-asia-special1-04-
thailand-hydro. Accessed July 13, 2022.

“Electricity Generation”. Energy.gov

https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-
generation. Accessed July 12, 2022.

“Geothermal Energy”. Commons.wikimedia.org.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_Energy_
The_Noun_Project.svg. Accessed July 7, 2022.

“Geothermal Energy - Renewable Energy”. Sites.google.com.

https://sites.google.com/site/renewable320/geothermal-
energy. Accessed July 11, 2022.

“How Geothermal Energy Works.” n.d. Prezi.com.

https://prezi.com/w-iqaufexrxn/how-geothermal-energy-works/.
Accessed July 12, 2022.

OFFICE of ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY.

https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation

“Similar Images, Stock Photos & Vectors of Hydroelectric Power Plant

in Thailand - 99746543.” n.d. Shutterstock.com.
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/similar/99746543.
Accessed July 12, 2022.

The Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal

University. “Teaching Guide for Senior High School EARTH SCIENCE”.

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
CRAYDON T. ABENDAN
Writer

NOELYN E. SIAPNO
Lay-out Artists
_________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
DEXTER D. PAIRA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY LIEZEL A. BESAS
MERCY G. DAGOY LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR PETER PAUL A. PATRON
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT JOAN Y. VALENCIA

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
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SYNOPSIS

This Self Learning Kit talks about

different sources of energy which
human could use to make life better.
Geothermal energy and
hydroelectric power are very
essential in our society.

Learners are expected to learn

and appreciate these types of
energy and where it came from and
the sources of this energy.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Author: CRAYDON T. ABENDAN, finished his Bachelor of

Science in Nursing at University of Negros Occidental-
Recoletos and finished his Bachelor of Science in Secondary
Education major in General Science at Central Negros College,
San Carlos City and just passed his CAR-MAED major in
General Biology at Central Philippine State University. He is
currently teaching at Jose B. Cardenas Memorial High School
Senior High School Department. He is also a Grade
11Coordinator and District Health Coordinator.

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