AGARD-CP-450

A -

AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS No.430

Combustion Instabilities in Liquid-

Fuelled Propulsion Systems
1s)'J1Cr
~FLý:CTF 3

074
i H.
~z~qU7.
DWSRIBUTION AND AVAILABIUTY
ON BACK COVERt
1 r 89 (3 2A() 178
 AGARD-CP-450

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

(ORGANISATION DU TRAITE DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD)

A(WA.t) "•ouPkrowc Piert dings No,450

(OMBIUSTION INSTABIITIES IN UQUIWRFiUiEIID

PROPtIJlON S¥•TISF.L

i nPNi iaIi M4i i ) HiuIrIacdn

pwia tc ~ic rI a~~ t~u~
 THE MISSION OF AGARD

According to its Charter, the mission of AGARD isto bring together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in
the fields of scicrnce and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes:

- Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabilities for the
common benefit of the NATO community;

- Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the Military Committee in the field of aerospace research
and development (with particular regard to its military application);

- Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defenice posture,

- Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development;

- F changc of scientific and technical informations;

- Providinsg assistance; to member nations for the purpose of( increaising their scientific atsd technical potential;

- Rentdering scientific andi technical assistance, as requested, totother NAM 0 bodies and ito nieinitcr nations, is
connection with research andi development problems in the aerospace field.
The hightest authorit) within AGARI) isthe National M~legatex Hoard cotisisting of officiailly appo~intedi senior
representatives fromn each membher nation. The minsion of AGARI) iscarried out through the Panel%%% hich arc comsposed of
exiterts appointed by the National Delegates the Consultnut and lUsehattge Progranmme and tlte Aerospacev Applications
Studies Prograonsm. The results oft AGARD work are reported tit the nsintber natiotv. and the NATO Autboriatte through
the A(IARI) wcries of publicstiotu of which this isoine.

Pmua'ttpalton its AGAI) aetivitivs isby tovitatiton only and m,ttornsally fiuntvt to eifisens of the NATO iwut~tos.

~T11 wiwatnt;o this mwtl etwo'hts kee tVtsdscs

&kdtety tron matert' tut5"4 A(A I~U)P4~th.-out"tW

PuWv4bes Apti) 14A,9

Coplih I
AGA? ) 1ON9v~

hi
LUwekru 1~t610 1012
1A~&u~JLW.
 RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE PROPULSION AND ENERGETICS PANELI

Conference Proceedings

Testing and Measurement Techniques in Heat Transfer and Combustion

* AGARD Conference Proceedings No.28 1,55th A Meeting, May 1980

Centrifugal Compressors, Flow Phenomena and Performance

AGARD Conference Proceedings No.282,56th B Meeting. May 1480

Turbine Engine Testing

AGARD Conference Proceedings No,293,56th Meeting. Sep/October 1980

Helicopter Propulsion Systems

AGARD Conference Proceedings No.302.57th Meeting. May 1981

Ramijets and Ramrockevs for Military Applications

AGARD Conference Proceedings No.307, 58th Meeting, October 198 1

Problems in learings and Lubrication

AGARD Co.nference Proceedings No.323.59th Meeting. May/June 1982

Engine Haldling
AGARD Conference Proceedings N0.324.60th Meeting. October 1982

Viscums Effects inTurbomachines

AGARD Conference Proceeding NO351,61 st A Meeting. Jutn 1983

Auxiliary Power Systems

AGARI) Conference Pro•eediags 352,61st B Meting. May 1983

Combustion Proble"m inTurbine Engzine

AGAIU Ctfernce Proceefns 353.62nd M-eein. Octole•r 1983

Huard Studie fW Solid Propellant Rocket Motor.

AGARD Ctonmee Pr"oce 367.6r•d A M•eti. NW/June 194$

I Fntaet "Clic DWabty by Analysis WWd

Tosting
AOAtD •wdcrenccc PrceIngs~ No.3,68.3rd/ RMct4tlMay•Jua 19,*4

AflMWCoufeveac Pocdimngs No.369,64th Moe*tiaOctsw 19*4

Haet Transfe and Cw oongn (,Uvs
TuNbloc

AflWlCwumf v Proceedi No1.3 6th A 19I5 1*1 . .cung.

AUMWCoufecrn Vroceding NOWI,d ft Man Sqdiamb 198

AQOADtCwtkmue IhoedwWs t"3. (sIth h yA

IWg 1985 A#cemlw

AOt+ukeceP-eeig N3f.6lhkkt. Ma 96Ltow at . .

-- V7: I ' I

A&U t,4" a*%j*b "~w.•"t~ "A

AUAtD'.e Po sae+aM, 9. +a
+nng.tfh
-+ + . - ..
: ~~~~~~v
.. . .....
.. '.. . ... I I Ly+:.+;

+~~~~1 +... . . 1o
 Wodrg Group Reports

Aircraft Fire Safety

AGARD Advisory Report 132, Vol.1 and Vol.2. Results of WO 1I (September and November 1979)

Turbulent Transport Phenomena (in English and French)

AGARD Advisory Report 150. Results of WG 09 (February 1980)

Through Flow Calculations in Axial Turbomachines

AGARD Advisory Report 175. Results of WG 12 (October 1981)

Alternative Jet Engine Fuels

AGARD Advisory Report 181. Vol,1 and Vol.2. Results of WG 13 (July 1982)

Suitable Averaging Techniques in Non-Uniform Internal Flows

AGARD Advisory Report 182 (in English and French). Results of WG 14 (June/August 1983)

Producibility and Cost Studies of Aviation Kerosines

AGARD Advisory Report 227. Results of WG 16 (June 1985)

Performance of Rocket Motors with Metallized Propellants

AGARD Advisory Report 230. Results of WG 17 (September 1%6)

Lvcture Series
Non-mstructive Inspection Mctlw for Propulxsim SyXMs a•d Cmon"Ient1
AGARD LS 103 (April 1979)

f
The Application t4Dsign to Coit and 1Ile Cycle Cot to Aircraft Engine%
AGARD LS 107 (May IM98)

Mftrocom~tn Apljicntio4'* In Power and Propulson Symum%

AGARD LS 113(AptUl 101)

Aitrft FIe Safoy

AGARID LS 123 (Jwu19%2)
Oporation and Kdrrftseaaae u tesreot of Piyngns to Sea Lovd Tw Fwciu
AGARD LS 132 (Al" 1%41

AOAk) IS IYAiSq 1wb)

U a Ptop A-" $ývam

-0om "mpeatoTeshnMqus Applie toWm Inwea
fte
"A"IARDLSIWOtAwfa 1965)

AG3ARDL S4(Juat 14M1)

D&V4 metods Usd 14 sow~ Rnroe moknif
MA-R.D LS I." (Aprd 047?)
AGARDLS Itd(%#V(§WdjAptU I"6

OVAi"Ik tot raipa . .W..

AGAN) AG M9Y2 ("te 1101"

• . , • . •
Ai
*A AO ? iti • "?4
 THEME
Recent Symposia on combustion (Fall 1983 and Foil 1987) of this Panel dealt with stabilized combustion. This
Specialists' Meeting was concerned with combustion instabilities and oscillations occurring in liquid-fuelled engines: i.e. gas
turbine engines, ramjet engines and rockets. A better fundamental understanding is required in order to achieve further
improvements in engine design, mid the meeting was intended to provide a forum for discussing the satet-of-the-art and for
outlining a possible impact on future design. The scope of the meeting included: acoustics and flow instabilitiesM combustion-
induced pressure oscillations; effect oWgeometry, equivalent ratio, etc., ramiet specific problcms; modelling; and experimental
techniques and results.

4 Les
n SympoMsia organi-ss par tc Panel sgt to tiptne de IaCombustion au cours des dernibrs annics (1• l'automale 1983 et

oscillatiots de Inktbustion sic produisant doans to moteurs 4 carburaat liquides. C"'est ' dire. Ins turbomotvurs, Ics itbeurs-

C 'rout porfectiwonement ul•t•ieur dons te doane dte Ctiticeptio doesmoteors paise rtcesaairenent par tle weillcur
comprtAhcmaiom de wes ph&ttt es. et a rxVunlit ia scr
sevi t um po"r wte listu, in ,l l'ett tie |art et pour
pow o~ aluatitu
de I'talpact de tele cosnIitatiousmta Its Nalisatiow. fuiures.

In wlon a kompri•l,&akonstique Ct lto i|*itnbli t6 du tlux, h*s villatioi dte promtino provoq|uvo P!,
LC p1otlvantive ote
Ia tombustw fft e gOmntwic, fapport 6qu4"% ot... IWqw- wn .. ttrs MOatel04oo V4tv,
tetUwiucN es tiettnlesQ1 lick nistilat

f ++

+: .

A.-..
 PROPULSION AND ENERGETICS PANEL
Chairmanv Or Wt.MacMullan Deputy Chairman: Mi. ring. Prine. doerArniement P.Ramette
OEHCommunication Satellite Soei~t6 Europtienne die Propulsion
Defence Research Establishment Attachd au Diretetur Technique pour tes
Ottawa,.Ontauio MIA0Z4 Aetivitds Spatiales
Canada Doiwe Postale 303
92156 SuresuesCedex
France

PROGRAMME COMNIWfEE
Mit L.Ntiilher' (Chairman) Nrot. Dflini
Hcud.Tccltnolcgy Programti Manatgenwal Office Universita di Pisa
- Code 320) Dipartlmento dii Macchine
Naval Weaponsv Center Via Diotisalvi 3
China Lake. California 93535. U4 5110 Pisa. Italy
M
Dr DE.Colbaurne Prof. M.NANlna
Aoslsitant Director. Englines I CTANIFUI.
MOD (PF)S$I OR04 Court tfistlwtn Superor U104.0c
I -I ) St Giles 111gStree Avenitla Rovkisc1W4%
1tlon WC2'H KLD. UK 1046 Lisbo Codes. ~poltu
DlplAtsg. 111ri0p9n M,. ring. INine. &il'Annenten Pltanwie

Unlernehntevk-A4ec Appaiaw AN AU I5 Awwh4 au Direvtewt Techniue pout ton

Po~fcth $0 It 44 clis ptae
U"MM miunetwo M. Gntac#y Miois Pwt*l P0)
42 1)46 Sasnreqtedes. Fro"x

UU%1NAIeT'OWNNT *

1)5IECrbwst

Thepl"a navu*
W r pue eki*iotor4%%it..0 w K" kip kIo wWWU0 Wf
 CONTENTS

pare
RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF PEP W

THEMEV

PROPULSION AND ENERGETICS PANEL vi

TECHNICAL EVALUATION REPORT

by F.LC.CuI~kk3
Referenc
SESSION I - KEYNOTEIOVER VIEW
COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES IN119 VIP-FUELED PROPULSION SYSTEMS -
AN OVERVIEW
by F.LC.CUIicL

SESSION It - TURBINE ENGINE DIEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE

COMBUSTOR INFLUJECE ON FIGHTEREKNGINE OPEIIRMUW
by T.LWuMI *od MtCihe

CHUARAIEXISTIKS OF COMRVSIION DRIVEN PRESSURE OSCILLATION.S IN

ADVANCED i'VRBO.MN ENGINES WITH AflERUVRNER

DYNMIfC INNSTABILRtY C'HARMERWITICS OF AIRCRAFT TURNE ENGIN IO"MBIStTOIL%

by &UAatmutbp.t .1i 4

Rittil
F-tEEXIIETAESBLA.%OIABI
(V DES
,IJT*W IIN NOIFtR-.%#&ThLS A tUD
Wt~tlAULES NN CUMU tbKVUt l 4Xt RK WT

LiMt'FREQURENYA"M)HDRE~tC tl~t1Ot-CIAI\IIttI

LD%R*M IVT
cn~4a WALt~ Fi BY UQI'II)0"
FA NU4EU ANTKStA
ASEOUSA

wn PEKVATOWBE*IE1W*
a Wu
mbRWu
11 "NIswI
0v uI I xs h AI A v (A1 l a oIi A

UkENIA I*VLNf1P15 INBSUFT IES-StWiE O04UA'tUfKWtflN4MA taA

by ~tmm.A~s~a4AM~ywa kAyhe 9
VERV.LOW.FREQUENCV OSCILLATIONS IN UQUID.FUELED IIAMETS
by FMHRevrda. 14

OSCILLATIONS IN NON.AXISYMMETRIC DUMP COMIBUSTORS

by J.I.Wbltebaw, S.Siasepgaam LC&Sobaow and EGutauak Is
ACOiJSTIC-VORTEX-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN AN IDEALIZED)RANUET
by UY-mllssaaab. J.H.GudoerJ.P.8w6umi
anMSOma 16

COMIJUSTION-DRI YEN OSCILLATION IN LARGE COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

FOR POWER GENERATION
by G.BcaIL. V.Cosuher mud G.D, Mic~hele 17
* ~TECHNICA EVALUATION REPORT
by
F.E.C.Cui~ck
Caliornia tnsitiwk of1Tcchnolv~y
201 Kiaman Lahorutowy

1, SUNMAIRV

The 72nd (R) Pwopulsiuj

ltt m envcts Pnutci Spciit
aid Mý-wv
kCciqvni.tuuthn Ititim
ovilitic% in L'u'k

pailliwloum for dkuww~iilg Il%~-,-h-tand os atIr4t h ugwo~cunvt't

t ý aidn
k4.* futune tksigm
;IwudoatcbwcvE iquid rukoCi Oduwt cgwoThtpm' cwaic i tlwo:ttojiwci d .ipctnwtoad wotL4-
CV0wcnetA tw'htw*;uk~nd fcmnv.4 Andt
4aawfcw to the 'atUt* IypCý%
rMIda%ýtU. 4f qyitmuo
Althouh cvmtnat*to imutbhttv%haow envutiut'tomunw lo ww m than ftt deatwi.
kkvrn* q pmottvcm%werwnn wotudwd
Reeci wv4k pi~tkwu14wy whUted to Jaunjuls aiM "jioWud ia41tAN 0 4lquWidmust vo~iws to %vwtvuk5 n~o' e
ntok ithi, ttwviw4ý vcr flid. Tlw I mswi:uoWpttanae "tltm*' mnntclbuwrw% uovikt U4vouw. Amwem in the
&kw~vog'incn t". Igont'n . A pIrtwututk %vkwwie ~tour ot Othewuetwta,*t' the p4qwuqan 4 a dithree w ow
tjs
ma*w"-WuNm (kutcl Ellwtim. KPAt WoWowyn. uWn144%Risen
to nditMIWO toi kntoVtWsn%Akons 1144111014 MetAutett'nwti*.l ronm md no intvsnul r~wuwmn'o tfe*'tk t6,,
Mfto
Marm Of NmvwlowAcont mmto nw g.two (ho Iim k-Atwanyt c-4Ipewuft* howm
14ht.S Wctainwd
x 0!ou'4suOwc rin

prsrutrOas *VotC*k we 1WW4k1X1lI kltethttti ttift4kik4N

li it
I%,* ONO he nI*k4,aIJ Wim4)oci
A&* wA&&uuac~
dttA' rtwinnwna lihe ihstohOd.O". 4A A04rnOw ttActmbhrdo(4~nm
Mwvi 0*4lbnIt hua skfvlown ao'**ottni to

WcOi4k~a iwAbOW iw iatQe lat) lon amtiwe

tnC iwiJt io OAiwfa# tok %ihuusc
&iiawsthed Aa,*oK*utw )
Q$¶lW, IN&WAltUQ 104 wiuqad V
wtcnt30% t No WVWIAiI AIhlwsta
*k 4 dttI*tft"W 1%mb4-wsJ
in

Co^uIWAhw toma
h*i'.A Ia mw
ptinernm* Own
n '4uwwdk eat I4**%
t&,N* mt e a h *I1 i
ma h4mia sh*I)5Ak st)6
wa~so"& ftire dI14*Iwn~ 5 laf4.1u
ai 4ftq 0o *,r*cw
Im(i*4*A4Oo

*a-n ni~~hw A-wi

mu nNw-tsakftsth lWtimius
wat i*ethlut I'etrwt &idmmr Ot14
pee taitmyrsa16 4w ltp*WL Idfiko ktw
#0rae AI* alik
k4* Owlt *n"5Wt~A inare i Wt

annP.towwot * aIhen
niat pMem
hor*qwe
thin,* ~aw tfl)%**e tnWkowmi ti
kidett ya%
 powerplants are never intended to exhibit Pressure oscillations,
combustion chambers for Propulsion systems MWs
Normal desi4gn considerations commonly do not include thorough cottsider'.tionts of truly unsteady combustion and flow, Yet
unsteady motions arte always piresent, as random mot~ions generically called "combustion isstabtlities". Noisy imotions cause
structural vibrations over abroad frequency band, usually requiring only foutine qualification of the- vehicle anod equipment.
The amount of energy contained in the noise field is a negligibly smatl part of the total energy available and causes no
measurable reduction in the performance oft the system. Likewise,.. comibustion instabilities. even at the highest amplitudes
observed consume a small traction of the available chemical energy. The oscillationts do not dicectly affect the steady thrust
produced by the systems, Serious problemns may neverheles arise due to sitructural vibrations generated by osetl~tory
pressures%within the chamber. or induced by fluctuations of the thrust. Inestreme cases internal surface hea transfer rates may
be-amplified ten-told or more. causing excessive erosion of ch-amber *Al%.

Special practical probkns'%have arisent in the. three classes of fiqid-fuelledA systens' Strong coupling betweeni chanoter
pressure oscillatkion'. lesw frequency structural vibrations and the propellant ford syýstemn produces the common POCA0
instability in large vehicles powered by liquid rockets, Axial oscillations inramajet enginecs have recently become rruublesotte;.
their influence, on the shiock nsy.tcm in the inlet diffuser can lroduace areduct~io of the inlet stability margin. Blecaus of their
light cons~truction, thrust augntentor%are susceptible to failure of flunreholders or of the bas ictucture wchen combustion
instabilities b-Colae sevlere Many augmnenror tmum thereflor be opesatedwith redced VAW peromu ACi utous teu of the fltglu0
envelowe
Combustion tustabicits may be regarded 4s the uastcAdy motio of a dynAuti systemcapl eofQQ i sustaining oscillations
oVer a bNOad ranw Of frequeWtes. 11w term 'trnusonrtsab~uty is usfully desritioe but slightly ms'tleatng. In mst
instances the combustin processes 1fth~essewe are stabl - urtetairitroe esPlosiocs.or tither latrta* itrtablnlttuc are nwo
t work - Wpreven of an ittsrallty 1iniscowfmmbuCsttonelwbr tsesubsd tsY ObeIrstngeltrCthe
wviaaily W IN prei r orWfC
AUW ofCupling b Vtweet
wigvckntkipsWol tveeelrt Ilse.ta"o and satocnance of an owetllat1-in occrs Necus t bccaustmont
processes andO thgas dYnamic motin.' bot of which alon may be 'tab. If the fluctuation of ertergy releas rsntChrigp to ;A
pessure disturbance ensuwes a further chang of pressure 41 phase with the instualsub 2'Wce.then OWtheeut may be aM
teedha k*4%op
the Pain "t "asscate withthe wV0nlesao 1vocesses

the tareno coflru herwe combustow,potoes

to-1 wstenl
OW Wand tw n eWiss
otinr at mlpcetvew anmgU 0stb
moio as NcI&esciwJ' thetarulalsit iaAof twoi rows
VW 4 u 'tot oiteis withou thYtreed senltakne
Yea

~
Nabmeata) ~
presnleaceo ~ swet%VW#
A Mownipwe W*s~hte~
Wsabwa
in6"
an e 1 weeknl Iaal;srthe
wlwas 4al*'ke ulseett rdc racwbyFrouscyuws
-n4A

~~~ ~ naesrrd
Iit ~ ~ ~ tasaewa~ ~ thqwvvtsdmpo
~ hel
~ ~wO w -catustnvebotab~w rrea closedb
tbs w ejasrate
tecot~bt AdC*ttii5'cs
' ttpb tht^h 00" ~fi
ed "lit lnlkitmn
O.s
ditnoofnew"I
msk~ mntt4Ko w oesretoas OW rceit.sk6d Wansi~
a ytiovs tttWAit*-tg Ofwfrir in'b ýo th
kbti45M
Ucoam~~y OWeohpklo
Wtrat~sei system
Atftlibits
flrhC*
4u St))a AaiS) th total*J
itA 41% jii hd
tse ow ufs'tatsi orv~s
stacto idWttIN

s
eitM tiuSmsW*,WkW na esrtueli tseI W-We@rt'ttatsse ta s'kn; ngnls

ihw n js utdaqlpri
-**Aee Wbý wk- WOvratehu N.heswoiuurcAnO
AW
WMý I gs
tV uiW "t ct e Ov*d
Ol~~s Msaa
Weis**'wti n edrr ~c M~sngrt

h
*-40aig swinOit ea)
mhk~ib lv AW*Mm*M~s~
6essssl koof*I tra& jits4*& Wt4
Wit ihaO'%W Ow kqias
"t"a aN 4uayitstis
W Wv4~
AIt*snn
 Motions in the range oif frequencies btv'ween those of the bulk modec and the wave motion,, are also possible. lnstabili~es in
this intiertmediate frequecmy range have been observed in liquid rockets for which the- influence of unsteady behaviour of the
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~supl~ ~~, 1 shift oft frcquency upward from thle value for the bulk
propellant
sytmmyetntvrabodieunyrne
mode-isdug to the combined;action of boundlary conditions (including the fuel system) and the coupling between combustion
proce'sses and the gtdnie.In alterburners, the inlet flow is not choked, so disturbanceks in the chamber east propagate
upstream. M a result, it is possible that ntuch of the engine may participate in the oscillation, producing freqtuencecs quite
dtiffercnt front those oine:Would Cstintat [raont the geometry of the afterburner itself. This intetpretation emuphasizes the view
that one may convettiently regard a vcmbustion instability as an oscillation in she gasslynamuic medium perturbed by otherF
prov.CeSe to the sysreti mainly thec burning, the mecan flow, and the boundary conditions

Whilt, it 6ssurely truethatI combustion istheoultimate sourceof the energy fort the.unsteady motionsand therefore inl sonic
setisc h ncatst for intuabilites. this observation i%broiad ad offers little help in understandin'gor curing tilt: problemn inl
practice. It is-essential to identify morec precisely the specific niechantism causing the particular instability itt imand. In liquidt
fuelled rockers the most importanit tuechaniai ae sscite wirn the: formtation oftiquid drriv,1- frosts the in~ictd streams and
vapriirotimton Ochntical kinetic's isof course fundamental to, the reactive procevsse but uetteally occurs on~ tinse wales mtuch
shorlter than the periods%of unsteadly tlouioos. 'The most successful analyses oft irtstit duies in Nliquidullcdl rockets htave been

* ~~~~Sioular
processs tiliust tiAk plzwe "Iirainijer atid afterbarricis hut ther is sdc.t evid'ence thit flow sepaations andI
INthfotrinaion oft sortes, s-twturvI, may be tuore ski 1-ififcat. 'T'le chief reaso is disc to the dfilfferet goneomer. 144h kinds oh
devceswsr ctfiti:a. designed wxith rearard facig steps, kirbluff bo~ies to aushor rtse ntismt and eoa'bnsrion0t AUsle.V11w
asvgn~iesl sher l titttV be -Mitta'C.
NMer SlieWhJ t0 ttsp in tNe ttklctlievv rmlyssil aof seintie mod,4es for the ý"aanher
t'oup-tugwlt the acoustic rich :ierwoarages thistsennauice. '11w s atesk niiis then k, !IVpeidctnrst otburt
tt
re-wtatrvsw. peiodc
uticuet~yonsw~nnsr'te nswul~nrr- releasew ksenn" to INe fie4ld cloin t~whe fedba4k-
loof'

Whereve the tsrshaimtsiti, icrg)p rinit be suppltes) torstirtrit i tiuss

Ilick)6V At I skutable locaZtion ut spTce Uxid
rin
sijVa eck uSriwuOn If rttwVisesys addlit"ion V urqsropesY twud, the nuellnAtko uatit to ict t 'e'altwtennrdt ciafttuvt
4044
V4r4 its the hsxsiurý 0f tOe'suhht tokthe notionI of oe tiw
Ln 4-,W5twt' kAiniVrprtV'i tthunwumieh'snu stu
r'ratngosutabg rc

Wttkwtit ftifS
Msstbstsirt4t*mtii. l% I'ati
N W V'*t PI~tj,'41 if WaO0OkNsscoAW4 hls ett'ktkAVss MW-s
%tsdN--tt* .*t

4
hit Pa&;*Ws. theis o'.gl; nsg sss ýXA sIN- ok-M tnu&I tt ttv5hu tvvce a') skittiý.O-tit *k*
ou o hoviarcel
susAk WAs N, tOAls '44ri IWdiri A"s n4tW.*t. t~t trhi .ra'dAss of sM*Ol wntioilw tai~ ist. es) ktat *kthsM
aisM "V.*sant'ig tN-0Wi'*af s4r c4hi *teV%4'*a tntiu the-A hrsnIrislu
vtowen tka vi thkpg
chlýWA ~m-*~k 4 attt EmnONVWSk IOSI lkrvtkWtttith 4,sil4
1
tftettiV4nw' nscs thiscursti
4
soaueucs11 ias~e.hi454N* stin N '~s"u4 asI smstss4 I5&o45-
cyutatest~ st*u~w~rets04l.tw
t'5kSsktilI45aiys *ýskti4tlthtti4'*VkAiq';4'wstugio Ltsnrsv',st-hs 'tsnaesilzss

VO.irSlsn 't ne%isestasawa %es'ilsoeo Vks

Mussels m
nst. hrA's
0'as aw.
kl riseK-41
00,s sntgý 4i

o the
*4 = ft N
"0.t **44as 0.s m"s~ ~tfu
-s 'SstIat
4ai uo *51edtit iere ~ t ibs
O
~tsgta.
tta~gswssitsZ"
thdCtn Ab hi A4*
v*ting Vol s s's 4 ts44wl '
fkovvssM
MisuwishaRs4 nw0ltns "kmfoAwb es is'I'
Aat~stnh *4tOw vsý .ooft n'esw Ad*ftc&w

t nas~a~e alts4e
Uii U444i

*aidr tesrst*
" 1 Wn*Uk*~s se'ss
tosAOKW00ntd % tk~
ow W tevanis*
hak"O si isWAn 45ý*s' fmc

etSet'satcthuis) f s ~s-s lyp~s ~i sfvNkle su~euWe e t'i*islsssfte'su

 '111c stihect of this meeting is in' the first tnstaI1ce utnpiirtanr beCause of its imipact on practical PIiip116ion *ystcems,.
Thierefoire. hoiwever fundlantenuil ititenmight regatrd the resecgrchlproblems, it isessential always that thu work leclolcyrelatsed
to practical issues. The paplers given in this meeting reflect that need. Six of the seventeen papers deal with work imotivaete
directly by unsteady miottois in actual systems or in developiment programmecs. A seventh iticoncemrnd with interpretationost
data taken from a ~rattlijet Cotnl)Ltiistr tested in islabo rattory for parametiric studies. And an eighth treat.%res ults of icsts
imesive
uising a liquid-fuelled rocket mioto under dcxcii pient. The remnaining nine papers. and an infi irmal presentaition. ci 15cr toýc,
thit are fairly elassed as applied reseat ic.

'Mhu% the sublstance orf the meeting sparnned the appropriate spectrum froont research tit applicationi. I [tat fetatrc Ntol
axWell in thfeaudience,
course rf~lecC ted providing agooid fornim of exchange. In fact there are two mixsing ctiteria thait U~fc
satisfiedI by the meeting. Firmt. a%the above remarks emnphasize. it Is necessary that researcher% talk with design iuitt
developmeat groups; and. perhaps less obvsiou~s. it i%beneficial thataicommono meeting should oceuramong the commnitinisot.
liquid rockets. ranijts and gas turbines. Bioth srt% ofaetivtiesc have increasedl somewhat in the past fcwyear%.tibi mcciing.and
its published proceedings, will be atpositive inflluence.

Fof purposes of the following discussion. it isconvenient to classify the papers somewhat differently fronm thcorganizatidn
of the meeting agenda. Thi%i%not a perfectly definitive ciassitication, but four groups serve well: ( :i-rbustion Instabilities iii
De)sign and D eveloipmentr; Combustion Instabilities in I iqnid Rockets; Cornbustii in Instabilities in Duoixs and Aetiie ftno
(
anid Use of Cornputtiional Fluid D~ynamics.

3. MVIlATION OF PAPERS

The papers given tit the meeting are listed in the table of contents (page% vi and Vuill.Paper Ill by Culick. fitled
-Combutstion Instabilitics in I tiluid-Fucled Combustion Systems*' is a lengthy survey (of both experimental and theoretical
work for all] three types (if systems: liquid rockets. thrusatiagnientors and rantmjets. Little published work exists for instabilitie%ini
primary gas turbine combustors. and, generally, afterburners present substantially more serious problems: hence the emphasis
oin the kltter in this review. A section oif the paper also covers the important subject of passive and active control.

Control of combustion instabilities in practical propulsion systems has traditionally been aeci mplished by passise means,
Either the design is changed in some respect - typically the injection system is modified - or passive deviccs are installed.
usually baffles or acoustic liners. Applications to liquid rockets have been thoroughly covered in the literature; their important
use in afterburners has tended to he more of a proprietary matter. Within the past two years or so. interest has rapidly grown in
the prospects for using active feedback control. Thecavailable results tire discussed in the review; the more significant'l currentl
reserchs
aso erereported ii i the meeting.

This survey paper isintended partly atsa general summary ot combustion inmsabilities in liquid-fuelled %slctmý,and partt,
as a discussion showing those features of the problems that are common to all systemns. Thus it provides a globlal context as w4:ll
as an introduction to the papers givett at rthe meetitng.

.3.1 Comhustlion InstabIlitlei In Design and Decvelopment

Six papers, numbl:rt 121,131,141I,11t71,1814 and 19] report work motivated by problems encountered either in actual full -scale
systemis.,or in development. Also discussed in this seetion, paper 1141I isconcerned with interpretation of extensive data takeil in
parametric tests of a laboratory ramjet combustor. Paper number 161 could also be placed in Ithis class but uill be dliscussed fin
the following section.

Papers 121, 1.1and 141 were well-received contrnbulions front the major engine manufacturers. T7he first, reporting %volkbl,
itgroup at Pratt and Whitney, West Palm [leach isconcerned with atproblem otttransient coupling between the main gas turbine
combustor and the compressor. The term 'operalsility' in the title -Combustor Influence on Fighter Engine Open.Nfity- refers
tol the ntecessity to avoid extinction of conbustion if successfulf recotvery from compressor stall is to be effected. While this isnot
a problem considered traditionally as a form of combustion instability, the designer and development engineer must
increasingly attend to all aspects tof trattsient behaviour together. Whatever thc origins. fluciuatirtni of pressure or atirflow
imposed externally are potentially causes of instabilities.

D~uring extreme manoeuivres, fort example, distortion of the inlet flow may cause compressor stall. While the fuel flow. to
the combustor remains s;table, the stalled compfrcsor causes the airflow ito the combustor to oscillate. becoming rex erses in part
of the cycle. Engine recovery i%Impossible if combustion ceases. This probllenm is being investigaied by Pratt and Whitnes in %
transient test facility funded by the LIS Niavy. The tipparatuis provsides means of investigating the stability of a cvmbustion
chamber, uind Its injection system, wAhen subjected to realistic trtansietnt input%, but %itiheut the need itiooerate an entire cnpncn
In their ptaper. MIMIkh and Cifone describe sotme recent result%, emphasiriimg the impoirtanct of this rehitiselx litle-knowna
problem.

In paper 131. -Charaeleristics of ('ombustiasa Driven Pressure Oscil1lationsft in Aditsnced Turbl*-Fan Ingune,, with
Afterburner", I enrderson and Lewis oif Rolls-Royce describe their use of experimental and theotretical methosd% to ecnssnr
unrestricted opteration of the afterburner system throughout the required operating range" of an adlvaniced tufrto#An Cngine
Fuel/air ratifo is the primary variable controllin~g afterburner "ur.low-frcqssenc longitudinal instabilitie in the range 50-
2M1* IIt (These low frequencies are sometimes also called -ninmble".) Screech insatailitien invorl~v tyamsvrsc nwodes in the-
frequency range 500t-5000~ 1IU. The dominant factors causing screech seem to lie the bypass fuel 'air tatio ansi timiletaturs

%it
 Henderson and Lewis give an excellent description of the problems of screech and buzz, including ,onie data and a
summary of their approach to achieving successful operation of the afterburner. This is probawly the best pitthliehed paper this
writer has seen oin the subject. It serves equally as an informative introduction to the problems of screech aau buzz, and as a
good summary of successful strategies for solution.

Kenworthy et al describe recent General Electric work in paper 141,'iDynatnic Instability Characteristics of Aircraft
Turbine Combustors". Surprisingly, there is little open literature dealing with this subje;ct - even les~stnasn has been published
on instabilities in afterburners. Thus this paper is a useful contribution because it covers recent work and becausie the material
elaborates a relatively unfamiliar problem.

The paper covers both experimental work and analysis used to interpret the data. Itis an interesting aspect oifthe work that
the data have been taken in a sector combustor rig.. in this case using a sector of a CF6k 80A combustor. With this configuration,
only longitudinal modes can be studied unless-special mecasures are taken to fit the symmetry of transverse modes - and then,
limitatiotis must always remain. The analysis usecd had beetn previously worked out and is described Only briefly in this paper.
Insufficient information is giveni to comment ott the substance or validity of the anlysi,. Broadly the imodel used is familiar.
acoustic modes are driven by unsteady t, relcuse Thus the first matter is to constn'ct a relation connecting flutuations of heat
release to other characteristics of the systens. The details of the nmodel are trot givetn, but it appears that atrepresentation using a
time tlae isused, with cmuto iitedto oe'-tr at a tfun axial location (approxitnately atflame front). Approxinmations itothe
bowundary conditions presented by the compressor ext- .iusl ai- turbine inlet are importanit pieces of the computations.

Eventually distributions of :anptlitukius indl phases oft.)st.Ilations arcý calculated and show quite goodl agreement with
bundry .-olditions giving best fit (if the analytical results.
knsesurmcincts. Some oif the (laid vere! used to Set N'alues of ?ht)VVlr:
TlrOse s-le eeterusdi osqsitlvrciiclrns- rittciitb'tir dl kiiieo tile prelieted results on foci/air ratio was
aecnmtduiedby chaurkss lit the runeilag. I INeresullt, -N'Illcd so far arc indeedA eneousaging. future work swillinvolve tests
sentiscsctors oft nbitncomdesigstor fortther erre-tnie'

Twor papers deatlt with systemi prniblcriis In rainjer erreirtes. Palte'r numbeir 181.-ilfetsý des litnsiailit du flrumes Preslutnce
'or Ic Fonetionnemnt ties Fr., d'Air ih: Staliq~otsirwtsn by S.-'1 0i t'INU reported soite interesting experimenits Oit thel
dxaniiain% ieof a inlet Followi, ~it''-N oft-. two-,t)lorlrisrooal iv's 1. 0Xtctnsive test%ha':, beets done: with it eir-ular inlet.
diffuser opevratd supler'iitii........ mutinvr. )sdItoi rf~nngoisesynitrIIs )II inl a Vombnustioni etutamner werk
iittipittwtl with a totating device p~ixlussi atirue sloissir~cani errsl. I'lb"t:esjlutey could be;va-riedl up to 2001levrit.
The: (i%triluliotioftitustoith pressire wask ietre
ith twelse trasduers whiih1 WCVipliteed to detect tile
t(ineo
ha itig Ili-ina-itntil unpliltrde a',hlargeas
locutiont Oftheo inlet shoik. Vvvti clt sscllamn1iturs1 pressure Inlet bun
N(11 of the meanII
miss no"ttinduced. [Isis. sueesf l tiopenu is alttributed itothelfasouralsiev listluene; oft inwternl boiundary layerf bleedl a fresslt
ci~t1is~tetI with the esperrtliee ofitthets.i *-'I'l papeVvrcotltm onsieal daa orth (spera1tinu oIXfi"
kthIIIle411anti constituts. ai
useful 0410tr11V14i11 tot the liteaure Onnlet410 lynausic
A tinjo probtena kinINwdeignir oit rausjet cogac' Isacictint; gootd niutchiottillo the; kiltaioulie Ohralero es of the:
%tsajscrss'trl inteVdilfuier and the Vssfsistor. Ibis maitte ha%seeno studiV1 esetnsetswtally altthe 1)5NAVis Wrt~ponxi (Venter for
a %%'Iteultitg Ont 6Veihifinch dianse0te esnaslitt slunpuik sir;sntic resutll dirireported un papet nutnberk NQ byýthani an,
"It"Vll Wtlic Ptc~miv wilillti eelvllulinofof 11e purposet of Ithe stok
00ol"W0% N-imainly !touetabtlis
been,
ehinaeucsattrts of she snltt of IIs tattIe con11Alsusmobk nsnspten$ vit Mand)Ansse tnAsuetsRIent. Fmr pratical design1
%ti4ijtIt*% the dssislne f ~ircutsew' A
it is rarienlarlt~b 1nIpOr~ltant to k~uttttltmeV nd iaitilittade of ust^0litihtiun n Wsawt

nthis pprI wtl ofi Iselt'iolaivrtitlt.

m uatlknwtnias) ottke senpt
'~ions0* chiqer ielNaafsth- ee
oMWlt pltt

interprto the patti~eNsc-hri' Ani lntresingY44 utwt isItati dlivilvipittetlosrrne nioldstid noit apper The usworted
lnshe surriinotn I.?KIlj J1SK)ite irtitttý K11
tsittnsv Kfeninlnw4areeslsttilly Itutavsetsvnssstk-.1itwutoal
gisets 10- Istetlhll Xhich one' stew 00101 It Missai IV parlsetlaul tnUl Its deseAusu *6M inn Ii cuuo 04 U11*V40Is~to

AemoniwtkOI I Awassa tlifltotwvtweIII gVtsnwitni mtid siesls

.toleltndetcmn ItW u'ntn nthe tnstisfsleties"tnneoAsii

thw
mtktshI the oewafnaniehititue In.- tat& tsj
bsiihWtos aius usti"M
the fitesulitt'k tww a In t1haukt 4nM paAcw in

Ins ddition esra

t hewtw
w iftia
W ussjslse -ý4 its edials~t Rernelnis ha%nltNssqVe to lwaoqsnt n*stkn nnsml
t esM)lcts,

okotpi tkalv
1WWillitti ONeshdkn sfsstsitsu
t rhe tkl'kiaftiwl fOW
the tittd sodd s tii w AWi then'
*A**Aiou
wtttn

stid fait %0
tistti m54.A~tae on K~iwtw".l tttetltw

Owullo11W t a. lwkll$ý %kvwvom " 0 6*111Ytit

significantly improve the predictions, This global conclusion ischiefly aconsequence of using the time-lag model, achoice that
has not been shown to be a good one for ramjet engines. Nevertheless. the work discussed in this paper constitutes the most
=mbitious effort to bring order to the most comprehensive parstatric test data available for ramjet engines,
Paper number 1171, "Combustion-Driven Oscillations in Large Combustion Systems for Power Generation", by Benelli,
Cossalter and DeMichele, working at the Italian Thermal and Nuclear Energy Research Centre, may seem at first out of place
in a meeting devoted to propulsion systems. In fact the work demonstrates one of the major points oi the first paper of this
meeting, that combustion instabilities in all types of chambers may be handled within a common framework. The straw.gies
followed to understand ind cicurundesired oscillations ina stationary power plant are fundamentally the sameas those applied
to a propulsion system.

The practical problem was that the power plant inquestion could not be operated at full power, owing to the excitation of
pressure oscillations. Eventually the level of oscillations was reduced sufficiently so that the air flow, and therefore the power,
could be brought to hull design values. To achieve that result, a finite -ftlement analysis of the chamber was carried out to
deternmine the natural mode shapes, frequencies. and damping (which was dominated by the action of the exhaust duct). Good
agreenment between measured and predicted frequencies was found. Moreover, also inaccord with test results, the calculations
showed that the 5th and Sth modes were unstable.
Then the strategy was to modify the injectors inorder to &'fect 4he disttribution of vombustion and therefore the coupling
ýietwtvcn heat release and the acoustic waves. This was carried out successfully in accordance with Rayleigh's criterion,
describead in paper IIIof the meeting. The report of this work isatwell-written instructive account of the application of basic
principles to an impartant practical problem. Itcan profitably be read by anyone concerned with combustion instabilities.
12 lquid Rockvts

Two papers, numbers 1.5I and 161, were concei ned with combustion instabilitices in liquid rockets. The first. "R%;,hcrche
Ext rimnittale sur la StablildU des Petits Moteurs Fustdes AiErgols Stockabtes", by Fouuaud and Lecourt reports experimental
results of a programme Intended to determine the sensitivity of the ir-jection zone to acoustic disturbsances. This is a
fundamtental problem directly related to the unsteady heat release: in the chamber.
The experiments were itone with a device adapted from an apparatus used flist muany years ago by Nadaud and
Kuentetnann at ONERA to investigate the sensitivity of solid propellants..The essential idea is to expose the propellant, or in
the prosent case individuali Injector elements, to a controllable acoustic disturbance. This is an effective tactic, because the
,jxperimmner does not have to cope with the difficulties accomnpanying self-excited oscillations. Moreover, ItIsrelatively easy
and incxpensive to test the behtaviour of different type vf injectors and fuels, Sonic result-%have been obtained as4part of a
comprehensive programme for investigating combustion hitstabilitivi Inlarge rocket motors. Thus the data will be compared
with analysi of the fontwtion of sprays and evetntually will bev Incorporated Incalculatitan of stability.
Preelik and 8:vgnat have reportled somte results of tests with a full-scale motor inpaper number 161.
"Low Frequency told
High Ffequency Combustikm Chimbers Fed by Liquid or Gaseos Propellants',rhey hWave Used Cr0oe'S time 18B Model (If
the uns-teAdy combustion procwesss combinedl with approximate representationis of the impedanices of the Injector and norele
to correlate their data. Ail tests wvfe ton Inthe IlINI- combustion chwaber developed for the third stage of the ARIANE
vehicle. The pitopellnts were hydroge and oxyge, Injected as either Uiquidsiot gaxes. Nortailly. the esucnistic-tube ltcetori6
itntened to supply tlulsxygen
4W and pwiAse
hydrogen to the comabus ctionieabur
InstabIllitie were obsevevd only during the trnin trigand stopping periods. Low frequency osc11ilatos, In the
ituige of 4 few hunare Ifertt. were found always to Involve osemllaltlon in the liquid oxygen supply tystern. altough during
"Wl~own the nitrogen purge Rysem also particlipated.
Hig frequmenyosclllatlons were observed dwltg stait-up only ifthe tempranture of the Injected feet ssa bvlow a critical
value dependent on the inetrcniualmthe temperaure wits above the thermodynmuric critical value go the hydrogen
wasgaeos Thu%coupling between the hydrogen supply systema anti0te mbuittion chamber is essntl.w Evidenitly under
thos conditions, the oxygen entered fAfagas. However, high frequency oscAItin woe als found inksaa eoas when ttw
wpropllant feed stystms weoo no participtin Inthe moaioL
The authors provide approkimte Inineproutiftln Of their observations. 0n that basis, they offet posiblec means of
conitrolln the InstkAilte Inthe systm they studied Mainly they note that itoeliminate the action of the ýsupply' system. the
In anc~e of the injetra shouild )v increasacl, by 1twif irInthe Welkne". Axworia its theuudaysm. shutte thiew lag should
iromot stablitty. achieve by mioallflearlin to the injctr design

3,3 Calkwilak £atb~toe

M&W Sipwc WOWt
wid Artist (C.au
Fkerwoir than Gtis yatm*A research pusagiammeat Cumbudge UnIvatnty haw been dirveted to the piol~toemhufotmu'o
Utobilidoe I#afterburiner, Rolls Roye hawe pros-bled WWundinxb~ tha work ant wre to be commende 14 such an adwmirble
continuing comioltmens, It Israre Wndeed that a privwate eanpaNY hiss lb- vison,ýWs WA4ve to sutai tWAcApogrmme Init
Papersy.hW1%11
Witt II I epst" secan
u worsintl
tf WAIork.

hiv
 In paper 1101, "Reheat Buzz - An Acoustically Coupled Combustion Instability", Dowling provides a simplified version
of a prem.ious analysis of the linear unstable motions inthe apparatus used for the Cambridge experimental work. The one-
dimensional conservation equations for unsteady motions are solved with boundary conditions representing a choked inlet and
cither a subsenic or choked exhaust nozzle. Experimental data Were used for the unsteady heat release, inferred from
observations of light emiission by C1radicals. The results show good agreement with observations of the frequency and spacial
structure of the iscillations. Moreover, the effects of changes infuel/air ratio, inlet temperature. total flow rate and length of
duct are faithfully described
Acti.ve control of combustion instabilities Inliquid rockets was first proposed by Tsicn in 1953. The method has never
been used in practice, primarily, it seems, because adequate sensors and instrumentation have not been available. Recent
d 'velopments ansolid state devices and microprocessors have changed the situation dramatically. Beginning in 1983. the
Cambridge group have been investigating several possible methods of active control of the instabilities intheir test rig analysed
by Dowling in paper I101. The most recent efforts involving active control of the fuel supply, seem definitely to point in tht
direction of possible application to full-scale devices. The subject is still in very early stages of research but its promise is
illustrated by the results reported by Langhorne and Hooper in paper Il I~ 11 Attenuation of Reheat Buzz by Active Conteol.,
The brsic iite: is to measure some variable characterizing an observed instability and use this feedback signal to control
the fuel supply and, ultimately, the unsteady energ release. Owing to peculiarities of the configuration, a secondary controlled
source of fuel/air mixture was used inthe Cambridge rig. With only 3%. more fuel added, the amplitude of the peak oscillation
wii.s more than halved while the total acoustic energy inthe frequency range 0-400 Hz was reduced to 18% of its uncontrolled
value. Moreover, the controller allowed operation to higher fuel/air ratios because the flame stability limit was cxtended.

The prospective development of active control, also discussed by Candel inan informal presentation describing work at
Ecole Central inParis, wi.ý perhaps the most ,,.amaticand tantalizing subject addressed at the meeting. It will he a considerable
('me 1'efo% pruck.cal ap• ,-ation.. ;an he realized - and it is surely not yet obvious that they ever wvill
he. B~ut the ability to
control unsteady motion.%to laboratory experiments will definitely become, awidely used method for research on combustion
syst'is
Paper numbeir 111 Oclai NsnNa-Axisymmectric Dunmp Combustors" described work atilthe Iperial College of
Scik c -ind Technology, 'Whitwinw and Sivasegaranfl :ind at the VS Naval Weapons Cwner (Schadow and Gutniark). The
nitin thrust of th-. axperimental efforts hits been pas~vt Lantrol of the coupling between large-scale vortex structures and
acoustic modecs. Test results have been obtained for a t nge of burner gene 'tries. the chief variables were lenigth/diameter mid
shape of crs-eto.Speci"' advantl.ge. taken of the shape by miodifying the location of fuel Injection.

Probably the most significant global conclus4 on isthst the tendency to lIvmabilitics Isdiscouraged iffuel isinjected insuch
a fatshiop as to avoid com'bustio~n uwithin lrge shed vories, This reult ias first demonstrated experimentally by Schadow and
hik co-workers, It Is clearly an important matter fort engint .lcslgners, already providing qualitative guidelines In respect to
Impotan
ioiucwcs of mmns.r, Observattlon- hmve been made over b~uad ranges of operating conditionsa ela
guoruetrtcal variables. It is clear that signiticant effects have bev -i Identtified lit the laboratory. Unough ha% d(niv to mecrit
Incorporating the Ideas in design and devolopmentt tests of full-scale englis.m

3.4 Use tCWAsPuA1WWalFluiDyWnta&*

While computational fluid dymnamics has beec oe n Integral part of the design process for extertial aircraft and missile
dynamcs. It%use (fo internal tlo"~ hacs been developlux r uOh less rapidly. :io doubt tlhi situation Isdue partly to the
ins srmafis.e of .istous- effects to Internal flows, and m~e fact that fittimnuy prowoft% - notably flows Incombhustors -l%
diffictiecs of turbuolence modelling uox.s'tie faced silutirely, Thus for pructi Alpurposs. evolutionory desigalby ftile0 aidceiro
hasi been ain acceptabile procvdure, Computatioon-l ot..lhodi apparemutly have yeI to offer Kublstantial advan, Stcs ofcast. despite

Only Inthc pust 5-7 ytars hits CIFI) becen appled to ranrjt cam -ors and liquid rockets. chlef'y inconnectlion Withi
"

comiutmtio Insallwlticer. the UKeof cnreenieaalysis for ramjcts and fockets has otu1%ceos motivated by problem%of
design for higher l'crl'rma.cte. Papets 1121 mid 1161 smansaift nogrtsegs intwo US5 offort devoted to computations of
unsteady flowy and fanot combststorst paper it31Isitreport of work P!'X
")141P. covering the initial results obtained with
adapallo of atcodle devtkloped clsewhere. oriial fur anatlyxi of fOmw indiesel enginex.
Paper II2l.'Numvrical Simulation of pressure Osillu~loms" by Juu and Menont of Flow Resarch, nc.,ý trcass largcceddy
simulations 4Y.compressible cold flo Inas twacomt'sntor cafgrtw.hl
onspua"Ationsarcssd on lth compressible
Navler-Stokes equations forasly.wiettsetrl flow. thug laminat viscous effe"t are Includij, bui turbulent modlelling; Isnot Tre
geometry studied Isexactly that used inUwlaortoy teot at the Naval Weapons C-Mier. lixtensive data have established the
impotutwe kit vortex shedding adt coupling with the acoustical motions as aio~nrlnat meehanigns for excitation of ovositua
modes. This proces can drive acostc modes Incold flow; combutliunt Ina reacting flow tmnd to cause hilgiss amptoitues
Thus the testrietbim of these compulatota to cold flow aeceuarily excldes tic vaImpiartaitt detalls, but -weIeUiWL captu
much of the basic behaviour,
-An limpotrum. and hl~hly cmimentlable. feature of this Work Itthat the aut"or attempt to treat their numerical results
mudh as ONe woul proces expedrimental data They perform specrol acJysi NAnd mmoredfficult, attempt to Idntify and
Serves as the SLVN44 of tdv %coustlcmotts'u
 The computations of the large-scale structures compare: well with experimental data taken elsewhere for flow past a
backward facing step. Thewe vortices not only radiate (weakly) acoustic waves that ultimately interfere constructively to form
classical acoustic wave modes, but are also responsible for exciting coupled vorticity/acoustic modes. When vorticity impinges
on the nozzle, pressure disturbances are created that propagate upstream, are reflected from the upstream end of the chamber,
and again ultimately interfere to form asteady mode of oscillation. Howeve?, inthis case the frequencies of the possible modes
are significantly different from the classical values. The authors have constructed asimple model of thse coupled modes, giving
amethod for estimating the frequencies.
Jou and Menon have only commented on their intentions to include combustion processes. Kailasanath et at inpaper 1161,
"*Acoustic-Vortex-Chemical Interactions inan Idealized Ramjet" discuss their results for both non-reacting and reactive flows
obtained at the Naval Resarch Laboratory. They solve the equations for compressible unsteady flow in an axisymmetric
configuration intended to mimic that used inthe tests at the~ Naval Weapons Center. However, the noztzle isrepresenited by an
axisymmetric array of small orifice. Viscou~s stresses are not accounted for, and no artificial viscosity is introduced. Residual
numerical diffusion is present at scales of the order of the grid size, those short wavelength artifacts are rapidly damped but
apparently act to initiate the unsteady vortex motions. The numericall computations are directed to the interactions between the
vorteX structures. and the acoustic mode.%, which are largely invis-cid processes.
Here too the authors carry out spectral analysis of their results, as well as providing pictures. of the flow showing the
behaviour at successive instants of time. The results seem to compare favourably with those of iou and Menon. although careful
comparison isnot possible, beeause the twow~orks have not solved exactly the same problems. Perhaps the more, interesting part
of the work by Kailasaniath et al is their effort to include combustion processes. They simplify the reaction scheme: for atpre-
mixed hydrogen/air mixture by using atwo-step moodel. Experimental data arc used ito estimate the induction time separating
the two steps, cenegy release taking place in the second. The authors recognized that the model is;crude -. a necessary
recstriction to save computing costs- so their results concentrate mainly Ont the quaitailtive: effects of energy release.
They find that the vortex motions cause significant spatial and itemporal variations inthe energy release, Application of
Rayleigh's criterion shows that unsteady combustion drives the waves in the region 4-4.5 diameters downstreami of the inlet
plane. Large energy Melese tends, to destroy many oif the featurcs of the vortex field existing incold flow-,vorteN merging i,,
prevented andt the flow is domnitated bvyasingle large vortex. There: sieenis as yet to be ito experimntaotl results available to
confirm or denly this obeservation.

The last paper It31."~Simulation Ntrm~iqueQ du Fooetionnensemt Instationnaire d'oo Foyer hs b

B'lriseetrusque"
(larnier ct at also treats a dump combustor. The: significant diffeoren1cA: is that iniectiost of liquid fuel istreatcd explicitly, A
computer code, KIVA. obtained from the Los- Alainos National Laboratory haý tweet adapted for this wovok, Evidently the chief
"modifications were required to account for itIflow and Vxhaust oft propellastts and combustion productm. The comiputations
become clabioralte because the gas%and liquid phases oinsit be distinguished andi Inaddition turbulence modelling mid arealistic
rrsetton of ehentlen reactions.are Included, t.nliko 11tnst tither worksdeavllng with two plaefow elustonf othe: twit
phasecs arO treate'd together inathree'vtcp scheme decrcibed brfiefly in the paper
Resxults are given for atconfiguration quite %.initial to that used Inthe twit ppers discussed ithmsv. Lkistd fuel is assumued
injewctd bOt Inthe Intoe duet inust upsitieatn oftthe slump platte, antd at the face: of the diump lshtn hitlf, Only Inittial result* ate
given. %hsswitng unsteady developmenvt 1OW t OWlo V116t vaIous o tim,I
V4tasn Mttivly, t leas4t, the 1lo% appear'. to be

The: paper ISagood0 0URMay Alfthe mekthOd MetI Vtolwti itcomprehensIive list of rfereVnces. It Isthe hfirt teport to what
appears to be apromuisIng Unit fr(fuld approah to "nwnerleal uanalysis of WUCseaY "lo%inliquit-d'fee coraetaA040M

4. CONCUMVX4IO
1he pawipersC(
penteit this meeting retlect Well resx"n work and the presntl statui tit combustion 6wtaithlttks%Inllquld.
fuelled propulsion systems. With a nearly emesplit Wftovirgto betwee d loptettiwol and rmesh problem%. the
pruewwong siwuld seeve its atgoo Introductiont to the kut*eet
It scents that the nssit obiousmdeficiency tInthe nweeting wav Afailure to Include papr deaIng with the prosluetiors.
Va3ptMriAlb and siatbustloit of kPrays. Much h%%as
benacmvplished lit recet yvars mothe sub~ect of the: stedy behaiur of
%PWays. Lss 6sunderstoodA f the Unstedy combusion4. h110MetanY en~oug to hbfe Jtasnkd At W-At WnPapr Wioth
theoretical aMd experwImtatl results should be ulttended to It% uny Mutue mee*tin o comtbusýtio luiww tlc, X~ reltd
over the: Iilet plan titthoeemibumto. TIV* bounralimy kwudiltmio appt"rcllyh cmometimeks
Wewi crueia infUenc
onwititumiutioi laofaIhes Ui~notiunaty. little 6skwowt of the &stoibt"%n aciy mvunb*gln plwatic.
App&-lclons 4f aom"rmatloWtm lAMislwiknsic.ad thew us of witlve4 stwitol ate l~thew
mot vmtoal'iagnc.tset~04
4n themeeiag The1 pVapers glisei toporte wsuk frwo the: gtoutw mom dl tive in
(a WArAL
Vhe Prrgansme Vo"Istt 6 tit Iobcongraitulated tor orpuLila a vat*$mM nteei that sucuee iaco in he

subj~1
itutbihllciIn
cobusiontpicl fPAW
 5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Although combustion instabilities will likely always remain unwanted in propulsion systems, their continued existence
can be guaranteed for reasons discussed briefly in the introduction. Large amplitude oscillations can be very expensive to treat
when they arise late in a development programme. Thus it is necessary that research and engine designers maintain continuing
J exchange of their experiences and progress.

An AGARD Specialists' Meeting is a particularly good medium for such exchange of information. No other organization
provides the opportunity for bringing together international experts in a relatively narrow field for two days' intensive
discussion.

It is therefore entirely appropriate that the subject of combustion instabilities be included, say. every 3-4 years in the
schedule of PEP meetings. Some benefit may be gained by covering instabilities in solid-fuelled as well as liquid-fuelled systems
in a single meeting. There are in fact many common problems. The opportunity to compare progress, in. for example, the use of
computational fluid dynamics would benefit bsth comniunitics.

I
I

ti
 1I-

COMBUSTION INSTABILI1IES INLQUID-FUELED

PROPULSION SYSTEMS - AN OVERVIEW
by
FE.C.Culick
201 Kamian Laboratory
Mail Stop 301-46
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, CA 91125. USA

Abstract

Combustion of reactants in a confined volume favors excitation of unsteady motions over a broad range of
frequencies, A relatively small conversion of the energy released will produce both random fluctuations or noise,
and, utnder many circumstances, organized oscillations generically called combustion instabilities. Owing to the
high energy densities and low losses in combustion chambers designed for propulsion systems, the likelihood of
combtustion instabilities is high. The accompanying heat transfer to exposed surfaces, and structural vibrations
are often unacceptable, clasing failure in extreme cases. This paper is a brief review of comhusthion instabilities in
liquibtlueled propulsion systems-roceats, anijets, and thrust augmentors-with emphasis on work accomplished
during the past decade. To provide a common framework for discussing the wide range of Awok, a theowr of
twt.phuse flow Is reviewed as the basS for a approximatte analysis of omhbustion instahilities, The analysis 6
digreted primarily to treatment of linear stability; it Is suffieiently goaeral to accolutnodate all processes occurring
it%actual systet+. A new result has bees obtained for an extended form of Rayleigh's criterjio aund its ralation
to the growth constaut for 1n0tahl1 watves. The chif meehaut6is for conalhstiom instabilities in liquid'fueled
9ivtent-s are reviewed, followed by a sununary of the conlaion nwtlhto4 of analysis6Ad applications tol the thre
edlwuw of propulsion systouls. Control of instabhilities by passve and active means is examined brielly.
TUble of Coteats

r-tls Foundatllan ............. .... ... . ............ 4

1-1. Cwwfvet £,ttatiou . . .. ....
.. T....,..

I
.. ,.
7 Vtt2uetlwatilar of as Appm"shate AuAl e .. ,

23- The Pshblm of i-inar Stabiily .t1 •...

2.14-Evaluamting the Littear Cow~ibtnsio to the Pseuey alS wad rpswt~h
gotylan'tI ... .... .....................
I.. % . . 1I
24, The C N"iwn Ierween.
IlfigI Co
I tiu. the CIwtt
an: I CoIa s : •........ I h'

Io Msehanlsttw of CostMltso# Ilnlah~l.. I..

31. l, Iutespre+ +witha Tiat •". 19

13 ¢ýww Iet+v%a+, , ..
otVa Cttnt.. sla•
5s•.Siw•ltdig MnW ..... ".
C Metho. a(.fA#ty*t . A

41- Analyses Osss to &h,liwe LU%

Nlt&lI
431. Vs*e 4 Gwal)m kw•flntma
to Omnt•pltte Le St -. ,ailty . M..

3 Cw~
+,1
. liO lkomw i.+,"
L! . .... . "iu
+ ... ...-- ,. .. . -
41LPO l-al, .. •.

531 Mad S.t tt.

A3- ..

IIIIt
I Watt's it
ow WVA
N *J.
St . 344
. The '11wt a .tielsall~
Mto n Apphc
'~ to Ossiheitino tow~bue
leb~
. .- ). @ttt ntbilsI
•ti h~s Atig.nf t . : :.•.. . .
,34., . 0.POA'*
. • : *Ad Antih COMM oft(aobsdu
tiam
" .i ,h. BncA~ hsta~litho
. - ..
4
10........
0,1 Nwt cnnodm ic ,.e.. ...
 1-2

7. Concluding Remarks ............. ................................ 58

References ......... ... ..... ........................................ 60
1. INTRODUCTION
Chemical propulsion systems depend fundamentally on the conversion of energy stored in molecular bonds
to mechanical energy of a vehicle. The first stage of that process is combustion of fuel and oxidizer. Burning takes
place at relatively high pressure in a vessel open only to admit reactants and to exhaust the hot products. Liquid-
fueled rockets, raniets and thrust augmentors (afterburners) are intended to operate under conditions that vary
little during the time required for a disturbance to propagate across the combustion chamber. Normal design
considerations for such systems commonly do not include thorough consideration of truly unsteady combustion
and flow.
Yet unsteady motions are always present, as random fluctuations or noise, and often as organized vibratory
motions generically termed "combustion instabilities". Noisy motions cause structural vibrations over a broad
frequency band, usually requiring only routine qualification of the vehicle and equipment. The amount of energy
contained in the noise field is a negligibly small part of the total energy available and causes no measurable
reduction in the performance of the machine.
Likewise, combustion instabilities even at the highest amplitudes observed consume a small fraction of the
available chemical energy. The oscillations do not directly affect the steady thrust produced by the systems.
Serious problems may nevertheless arise due to structural vibrations generated by oscillatory pressures within
the chamber, or induced by fluctuations of the thrust. In extreme cases internal surface heat transfer rates may
be tmuplified ten-ohd or mre, causing excessiv e roion of chamber walls.
Special practical problems have arisen in the three classes of liquid-fueled systems. Strong coupling between
chamber pressure ocillatIons, low frequency structural vibrations and the propellant feed system produces the
rowunon POGO instability in liquid rockets. Axial oscillations in ramjot engines have recently become Ltou-
blesomeo their influence on the shock system in the itlet diffuser can produce i reduction of the inlet stability
margin. ecOuse of their light construction, thrust augmentocs are susceptible to failure of lanmeholders or of
the basic structure when combustion instrUilties bccotne severe. Many augmentetors must therefore he operated
with reduced pefformance in portions of the flight vewlope.
Cotmhustion instabilities mly he regarded as the unsteady motions of it dynaumical system capable of sustain-
ing oscillations over a broad range of frequeies. The term 'cimbhustion instability' is usefully descriptive but
slightly taisetalaig. In most ustances the cobthustion processes therselves art, stableo - utcontrolled explosions
tr other lntrinsic itnttatilities are no*ustially at work, Tite presence of an in•stahility in a combustion chamber is
"etablshled by observing either the ga pressure or aemlerations of the enclosuro, Excitation and sustenance of
an oscillmtion oc"ur because of coupling between the Rthustion proces4s Andthe gos dynamical tIotions, hoth
of whih alonw may be stable, If the Ithetuation of energy release responding to a prosure disturbance causs
a (4fther chmage o pressure In phas with the initial diturbane, then the result may be arminstability. Thus
oto may viiew the hawlet as that of a stuhle open-loop system (the Ioerdynaimieml Made unstable hy a poslitiv
f•l•bek loo, the gaun bWig waociated with the cmusution processes.
Owing to the iltertnal couplig hbtwen ot•btu•tiu procMss and unkitedy tIautions, anlobsrver perceiva
an unatti motion PA rlf-exce.The amphltude of te mion grrows out of the unts without the aced f•o
an er'rrlinflutnce, Two fundramenetal rwason xilain the Prevalence of InsltailitIs littcombution 5% ymvumtn
it tat ex•cedinlly •Imll put o the msv4lhble etnergy Isstlfiietlt to produce unaecprrslopy Iarge unt
ultedy mnotim•on
It) the pfworeAs tensltg to attemwaw rswurady troorrtns are weak, chiely because combutwIlo" cltaabr awo
nearly ctwlsd
j ~ ~~~There
two char-terlArle aemocommo
4fss occurrin duringt rld lao
W to all celptlainon sytmsn MAImply
d that the@ ptosiblity of iustablli
w rottof Kneow devivficetn'stb recognised1 andl anticmkipaed Titcnmlng crbmr
Slrs ilt6I' lPItit of dthweeAry prc to be pad fo high tpeko1uAr c rimleail populsion syatent
The fath onily Ra AUWIl part Of tir total Power prodl Is-.InVolvd agess that the exirtete an
seveity of comhtstiAmk11"
lnrm lowlsa be sco4mis to ap~paretly mtinor changeps Inthe syotem. Thak tc homr-lou
~ eiprlmm.Moreover the cMpicAted Clm"nal "AnflW processe poltibit constru-l~on off
Is tpord
A complte theoY rWIeOPMr frtwr aist pelmmeples. It i* 1wthcrcor eWsential that th ieortclwoWk always be
ela"y alle with 0xvntetlmvtAl results No iilna& anaysi will encmpas all pamslde@ lInsabIlhIt~e In the waiest
pemieisa *ystenra. There are WwMthlsa Rsimy Paures crfitutton to the thre types of es-mmhuatlo flimAntheer
disermeen t4hr thippet. Wh iIt 6snot possibl to predit aweiramely the Woutertame or dtail of lt1%01estlýl~', a
*I " ftine&Wl
fr~~~~~(AtmWW*k for rmsdeestAtrrg their general behavior kad for fimt"urmrag sratearrt&%awtumnrArig the
eltefchrataisle, Nmpracitial purposes the"Y seI" mainly to Mnl*&e, rrtWMrlWat and pralict Itrend 4
latlrsvor Cmlwmltreral diata se ahplwsrqrmuritd to deducts qusaititalt meirlts
All nwcomrrslot WIms~~tabihtks
see mnrv* ariynarir of the cwrpreasbl VL"e wahhin te lrtmbero If the

M4osmrsre WrM
facim 11ow. The "Wottiryat the ctrstrc it dtlmc Irtr1oarlotinrt iullrmeo ee. trrsmimdtng

fmctrMlaaneemni only on Ithe 4W4cr of sond MAndotm

tilArM4o 4t the chaambe.
Sm ith waMiAnlotr
v romnprv the ua4jilty of Irtl~sM111Wes
obserd hrtio tirmee types of systcrrts dbcmoUW4
hereOthe1yareddomkw
No hth
m d yrth@ comkou lnberW@ I . yrhn atflit
srlllrymecatrlilna -tt-Im
taadnhats. O mndill"drermazea rlmmw
1W"dersy
fo toarlme%WmeA
* iArlsW t6m6Ass tha nawlraho hetaMVi btaWN 4lpiAa uIn r tv t ao"a lsh wavmay fain
Wa~ mrso
 1-3

Nevertheless, beviuse the propagation speed of disturbances is a weak function of the amplitude, the frequencies
don't differ greatly from classical values computed for the same geometry. Hence mere prediction of frequency
is no test of a theory of combustion instability.
Owing to the presence of combustion and mean flow, other kinds of motion are possible, having frequencies
below that of the fundamental wave made. For any chamber, the lowest frequency is associated with a "bulk"
mode, in which the pressure is nearly uniform throughout, but pulsating in time. The velocity fluctuation
is nearly zero. This mode corresponds to the vibrations of a Helmholtz resonator obtained, for example, by
blowing over the open end of a bottle. In a combustion chamber, the driving source may be directly the burning
processes: or it may be due to oscillations in the supply of reactants, caused in turn by the variations of pressure
in the chamber. In a liquid rocket, structural oscillations of the vehicle or the feed system may also participate,
producing the POGO instability.
Motions in the range of frequencies between those of the bulk mode and the wave motions are also possible.
Instabilities in this intermediate frequency range have been observed in liquid rockets for which the influence
of unsteady behavior of the propellant supply system may extend over a broad frequency rcan. The shift
of frequency upward from the value for the bulk mode is due to the combined action of boundTry coaditions
(including the fuel system) and the coupling between combustion processes and the gasdynaruics. In afterburners,
the inlet flow is not choked, so disturbances in the chamber can propagate upstream. As a result, it is possible
that much of the engine may participate in oscillation, producing frequencies quite different from those one
would estimate from the geometry of the afterburner itself. This interpretation emphasizes the view that one
may conveniently regard a combustion Instability as an oscillation in the gasdynamic medium perturbed by other
processes in the system, mainly the burning, the mean flow, and the boundary conditions. General features of
the possible oscillations and formulation of the theoretical framework ace discussed further in Section 2. partly
as aineuan of classifying observed instabilities. A new result given in Section 2.5 is a form of Rayleigh's criterion
accounting for all linear processes. That leads naturally to direct connection with the growth constant, Section
2.6. Thus two general ways of assessing unstable behavior are shown to be equivalent.
Section 2 contains lengthy, though abbreviated, calculations' included here chiefly for two reasons. First, it
is important to realize that combustion instabilities in all liquid.fueled systems can be accommodated within
a cotmmon theoretical framework. The analysis given here certainly is not unique, but it is a convenient form
encompassing at least the essential Ideas of most previous works. The second reason is that the calculations
produce several general results that we use in later discussions of specific problems. However. it is unnecessary
to know the deitils of the analysis to understand the applications of the results in the remainder of the paper.
While it is surely true thut combustion is the ultimate source of the energy for the unsteady motions,
and therefore in some seuse the 'mechanlsm'for instabilities, this observation is broad and otters little help In
understanding or curing the problem In practice. It Is fssntial to Identify more precisely the specific mechanism
causing the particular Instability at hand, In liquid-fueled rockets the most important mechanisms wae associated
with the formation of liquid drops (or droplets, since they are quite small!) from the injected streams and
%uporilation. Chemical kinetics Is of course fundamental to the reactive processes hut generally- occur on time
scales mtch shorter than the periods of unsteady motions. The must suceeiful analyses of Instabilitivs in
liquid.ftteled rockets hav been based on mechanisms involving droplet formation, vaporisation and combustion.
Similar processes must take place In ranJets atid terurhun•s but there Is considerable evidence that flow
smiaration and the formation of vrtex strmctures may be more signtifieat. The chief reaun is due to -e
different grometry. Both kinds of devieos are eommonly designed with rearward facing steps or bluff bodies to
anchor the U1i,41g and eomhustlon o•os. The anociated shear layers tend to be unstahle, sheddting vortices
In the frequency range of acoustic modes, for the chamber. Coupling with the acoustic field entcourage% this
rvonae.r, The votx motlonis then cauie periodic entraliament of unsurnt reactants an d, submequently, pe1lodic
monbhustio. The unsteady ettsw release Is coupled to the field, cloing the feedback loop.
Whatever the maehaimdss, ersery must be supplied to the oscillathig How field at a suitable locationi ih
,pawe and time during a cycle ot motion, If the energy addition ts Improperly timed, the oillationmay In faite
be Attenuated. This udtttion led crly In the hstory of the subject to the tnotion of time lag as a means of
intetpretilg the feehWsni for causig instabIlitles Apparently von Kanman In 1041 suggested Introducing a
timue lag in the theoretical dsription as a means of explaining combustion Instbiltllte•, Whatever my haev
bren the Ar proposal, it was Crocco and his 4% e- km.anid tudeats at Princeton who developed and applied
the Idea during the 1050't ard 1060'. It remains ts the basis of oee of the two or three standard methods for
studying Itatthbllitir..
The time lag is usually defined as the interval from the Instant at which an eletnett of liquid veartant onters
the chambe•rs to the time at which cornbustion of that map itocompleted. FMiowing Ctrcco's early •wok virt•ally
all f411ul0tio01s assuNW that the COevMso4 prcs ating duting the lag per1od are d"pendent On pMreOU
only, Some work has accounted for dependence on velocity. For the most common ease, the fresult of re asing
In thhi-l•bis pioduc a pwesentation of the unsteady ewey release In the chtmber, a formula contsainig two
paraimetrs, the time la r and the pressure inde n. Such a description Is commonly referred to as the it- r
model, tmeaing almost always the model eonstrted by Cro-m
In practic the a-r model ha beer used &My In what might fly be called indirevt fashion, An analytsi
fo the stablity of small amplitude oscillations It carried out with the ftn- modol represeting the uist •ly
soure acting as the feedbactk maehanis. Suds an analysis prodte two r'soltv a f'rmudl for the ffequenciet
of osillton, and a fb¢mula fok the rate at which those oscillati will 9ow ot dectay If all input variables
antd pauwetmane kto , the mult can be used to peiet, for a #peie operatihg condition, whether the
ocilla*i we stalble or rot, The diculty it OWst the vfee of n and i awe neat kntowst they pie really pcrft
eary.a parazAseew chaatesawlerW the unteady, combuAVIOs procw.. la some globa sAens
1-4

Hence the usual procedure is to assume that everything else is known and calculate the loci n versus 7 for
neutral stability (i.e. no growth or decay) of the various modes, Those results can be used, for example, to
correlate data and to deduce the values of n and - associated with, say, various injector designs. Unless the
detailed processes are analyzed, theoretical values of n and r are not known and the n-r model cannot be used
for predicting actual behavior. Nevertheless, this approach seems to have been the most common strategy for
studying instabilities in liquid-fuel rockets.
Following a survey of various mechanisms is Section 3, we discuss the chief analytical schemes in Section
4. Theories and computational procedures for combustion instabilities may be classified in two ways: linear or
nonlinear behavior and analytical or numerical. Whether or not nonlinear calculations are to be done rests in
the first instance on decisions regarding the physical behavior. At least as a preliminary, a linear theory should
be worked out first, but the limitations must be understood. Whatever the content of a linear theory, only two
results are obtained: the frequencies of allowed oscillations in the system, and the rate at which small amplitude
distrubances will grow or decay. If a disturbance is unstable in an actual system, the amplitude grows without
limit unless one or more nonlinear processes act. That is a fundamental characteristic of self-excited systems.
Moreover, full understanding of the response of a combustion system to finite initial disturbances can be gained
only with a nonlinear theory. By far most of the theoretical work on combustion instabilities has been based on
linear behavior. We do not review nonlinear theory in this paper.
Ultimately for applications in design of actual systems, there seems little doubt that elaborate numerical
calculations are required. The complications presented by the gas dynamics, chemical processes and geometrical
configurations block solution to the governing differential conservation equations in any but the simplest cases:
nothing like closed form solutions can be expected. When the n - r model is used, it is possible to progress
further in that direction, mainly because much of the complicated physical behavior is effectively swept under
the rug and presented in global approximation. When the details of, say, droplet dynamics are treated, only
numerical results can be obtained.
In one form or other much of the physical behavior is common to all liquid-fueled systems. The different kinds
of devices are distinguished either by geometrical configuration or by the ways in which recetants are introduced
in the chamber. Thus the material covered in Sections 2-4 has a strongly unifying character; specifl: ex•mnpces
are called upon mainly to clhrity ideas or to show typical results. In Section 5, special cases of combustion
instabilities are discussed at imnelength to emphasize both the shniiarities and differences among the tlree
classes of systems,
The prevalence of combustion instabilities has motivated efforts to develop "cures" or methods of limiting
the amplitudes to acceptable values. It seems that all successful applications to operational systems have been
based on passive device.. The use of baffiles, acoustic liners or resonant cavities - occasionally all three in the
Sait, etghne - has become commonplace, especially in liquid rockets. If the geometry permits installation, adding
a device of this sort can be ;in effective strategy. There ae mainly two reasons they work: 1) by shifting the
freqfuenc•es of permitted oscillations out of the rapge where unsteady energy transfer to the nodes is strouget:
intl 2) by direct attenuation of the motions, primarily due to the action of viscous strew, s.
During the past several years, interCt has grown In the possiilities for active control of cosihustion in.
stabilities, The idea Is not new, dating back to the late 1940's at least, but development* of lightweight f(et
computers and better sensors nicke active control an attractive alteturntive to passive control. Both subjects are
4iscumed briefty it Section 6.
This eannot be a thorough review of the subject. In particular we do not explicitly treat design imsues iuch
as types of Injectors, rationale for choices of particular passive damping device# and stability rating of c4ambers,
Some aspects are quite well known from exprience with liquid rockets espeiilly but much work remains to treat
satisfactorily contemporary systems operiting at higher pressures with hydrocarbon fuels,
The list of references Is divided for convonience Into foer groups dealing With rockets; rainjet enginew tlhust
augmenitois and pasve mad active control. I do not claim Completeness and there i utnvoidably some overlap,
but each refrence• 1ientered Inonly one group. Also, not all references in the list are cited In the text, That is
not a matter of value judgement, but follows from the need to curb the length of the text,
I •a tepecially indebted to the following people who aided me early in this effort by providlg mue with lists
of referenme, and in omie case copies of papers mad reports: Professor A. Acovta. Caltech; Dr, Pail Koeutr-
masn, ONERA; Dr. PV. Llan, Rockwoekll Internatalowd, Rocketdyne Division, Profesor CE. Mitehll, Colorado.
State University; Dr. T.V. Nguyen, Aerojet TehSystens Cunpauy; Professor F.II. Reardon, SaCrntmeto State
Umilversity; Dr. Klai Sehadow of the Naval Weapons Center, Mr. A.A Shakayvok, Sverdtup T¶miuology, h•mtm
Profe0sr V.Yang, Pennsylvania State Ui•n sity; mid Professor D.T. Zin of Georgia Teh. Mhim. Jean Ander-
son and Pat (ladio of the CaltWe Aeronautical Library have been inst helpful locating rteflete anid naking
topift,
I have tried to give a fair coverage of the subject of combustion instabilities in llquid-tfuled cotnbustlo
"sYsteni basd on the literature amvila to he lte. I shall reatly appreiwa racilving copies of works that I
have not includad I thInsurvey.
2. SOME GENERAL FEATURES OF COMBUSTION
INSTABILITIES AND THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
Probably the most Importmat fundamental ehmatetrstle of combustionr %0tahifI that lit first applitu.
Imation the may be viewed as perturbations of classical acosmstleal motion. The cW perturbations awe due
to the cambustion promm. the ussocatet mu Saw, and the bouldary eoanditlonsiImpe at the Inlet and
exhaust. It is a very robust appre•somationl Indeed. Oftm on maqy Ig .uppa4etlys•pllcat processe atid
still obtain re•n•bly pood results f, some of the da•a•a Wttit.ei.

iA
 For example, if the average temperature, and therefore speed of sound a of the chamber gazes is known, close
estimates for frequencies of allowable wave modes may often be had by simply dividing a by integral multiples
of the length or diameter. Values within 10%6 or so of observed oscillations, and good approximations to the
mode structures, can be obtained by numerical solution to the unperturbed classical acoustics problem solved
for the same geometry as the combuotion charmber.*That conclusion often remains valid even when subtantial
amounts of a condensed phase are present in the chamber or when the mean flow field is highly non-uniformn as
happens when flow separation occurs. Large spatial variations of temperature can be more significant because
the speed of sound then is non-uniform; even so, an averaged value may serve quite well. The approximation of
classical acoustics also deteriorates if the Mach number of'the average flow is larger than roughly 0.4, for then
the Doppler effect and refraction may cause substantial distortions of the acoustic field.
One reason for emphasizing the surprising confidence that one may place in the classical acoustics approxi-
mation is that the idea seems to extend to many aspects of nonlinear behavior as well. For example, recent work,
mainly for application to liquid-fueled raonjets and solid propellent rockets, suggests that under hroad conditions
the existence of limit cycles can be explined on the basis of nonlinear gwdynamics, with other processes affecting
mainly details.
The emphasi~s on classical acoustics has been successful and will In f~ollowed throughout this wtick, because
the main departures, wvhile crucial in defining the real problems, are often small perturbations in some sense.
The mean flow Mach number is generally not large over most of the combustion chamber, Even though the oases
fraction of liquid may be substantial, the Volume fraction remains small on average. As at result, the elasticity
of the multi-phase mixture is domainated by the gases, while the inertia is a mass-weighted avernge of thmegas
and liquid phases. The boundary conditions provided by the propellant supply system and the exhaust nozzle
may be significantly different from the condition for A,rigid wall but those influences are easily accountedl for
by introducing appropriate imupedance or admnittance functions. Andi as we remtarked in the Introduction, the
amount of energy possessed by the unsteady motions is a smal part of the total chetaical energy released and
converted to average mechanical energy of the flow.
We therefore always seek Atheoretical forlaulation that in an obvious fashion, when aill perturbations vaniish.
reduces to a representation of classical waves in an enclosure. This strattegy allows construction of a theoretical
frasmework acetstmttodating all types of propsulsion systems,
It is.of course the geometry atold the perturbations that definte the Actual physical situations And distinguish
one systqtn from Another. The geometry causes technical difficulties-soalving equationit in peculiarly-shatpedt
volumes,- and sets the spectrum of allowed oscillations. But gemectry Alone does not pose ainy fuindamnwtal
problemts, nor does It contain explatnations of the it~tstbillties, BY far the gr04t0r Part Of research ott combustt~ion

It s a coacqoue
o ths plutofview that comnbustion instabilitim I ittlththree kttdsi of prmpuisliso systenri
are profitably consdered together. Much lit to be gainied by regarding indivitluid examuplev ?asspecialeases of at

running on later on such N, bya auunicerom lnd

Ntyen
fol934a.r l94).bt h froualo ndpyscl ai

reTne ithot etango-te.o

furnl,~tasv orkepriet
n td~ os beottineaedotIn
hitsiteri in.S byui
fthei1 mAfrojefleighly
1Systeas #Co. "~di thom~O8a khorogbli)Fngavnd@Jolne eie by9) IMass l'eper(198 t98Sh, Njtnyenor-t
lAnd
Nrgattye and Muss (l98?)andol ole (1r
an IDTng
1 nwittiand y Cockwel Intenaltioa
PVM langP
ret l i980UN t,
19S8) Ptinonlpatrtcou98?) antI Phy
Niearto and Nguyen(101)ave repor htd
atna nuei Al ndt pobtaind lwltt

thos compute prograwis, but withoAt. tiseuslon of the physical basi for the@ f4ortlations.,
Fo.llowing the failure dlurilg Iixht of the Vikingtnmotor, due to Avmlmasloo insability t&)urhrie vt Atl921
ateasntltaadng research premnan hall ben in progress for seven ymas In Rtaw,~ Sonie of the results%hawe been
repotred by Schm~tt sAnd Lounuie (N181).lltihal~lalttt alK (1W~4 19M8, I9OU) wad by Loisnse et ad (1963, 18.

Alqud haugamls. Majr ievth. lw iseatlditig

the d oflow
@ullasoaa
Ane ono &%aft'ietude In thoe maH
analyuls to aoblisoustions Watih~le
shall addiwtionAlm itmlcatern.
We@1Wee dIwo sson f tosey wihhe twtwl
einhmeref ofithe gealmllk fomiuiatlon
litt
Anallyb
h orliqidfoe" patcudlarmpWst
at t rslts oin the apIcablem
Oftil iquidt eniPW Nad thrusWMugmetoms Nt theHl dN P hU .IMN ht PC11.mtotl 4

We assunw that the wedium tond thehalmber coAnais of

etteat gases liquid ogeliue maid Wtc.Aid gaseou,
products oftceobustoak Condmetse pxeucts tofmbwtas e (#,#. soot) uaa als (cat mid ian be mfaevnawdikirl,
Ibr UPlyIs of Uwasnmy maow~n MaW of tbe detal WMAMaY to a 0MOMMeta duedP"l of the 90*~t "o can

so"s 4W is1swm
-V*AWi thelbwooaait asiltw" at tU0 OshUM PUM A Pee ~thew saw kd te ssabuspuabksI""
he approoimated or neglected. To simplify, the representation, we treat a two-phase mixture, a mass-average gas
comprising all species, identified by subscript ( ), and a single m555.veraged liquid phase identified by subscript
( )j A proper analysis must account for the differences between fuel and oxidizer and for the broad range of
sizes of liquid drops, stresam or sheets. We shall not treat those matters here.
The conservation equations for three-dimensional motions axe

mass(gas) =w (2.1)V-(pis

umss(liquid) +LP (p~)n 22

momentumx 1(pG, + Jflne + V, (PP1i1i + pIAili) + VP V.- (2.3)

energy ~(~g ~e)+V pGe.+pi,~)+V'pg j(2,4)

The viscous sume tensor and heat flux vector (conduction) are represented by Ruad 4t Q is the euefzy
'releasd by homogenouMs reactions In the gas phase(nry*c.o. and u'4 is the rAte OfcoUVention. iUid411
to gas (as/c.ol.Note that ptl6 the liquid densiity. mass jr Wtwit'luw of chambher, not the utarecal
dlensity. The velocitiest it,. f4 are mass-averaged values.
Kqttatitms (3.1) -(2.4) form essetially the system used in early work. e.g. Crocco and Cheng (1I5MI), Growe
(lWA), and Hwlaejand Reatedon (1912). And as thle h*al (fo mVIt Of 00the anlysi itiOrporated in the comIpnIte
prgtinM AUTOCOM, With the notable mseption of 'he Retenh Week referre to athove must eusent week st01
doA noxtaccOunt for different species explicitly In the Ceosmsertoseqation
rulI or for the manner in which liquid
may he disr~telbtte among streams, shets anud droplet sins. Titat does not mntan that such enp~tosare
liwpmq4 ignored. It ha" 6g been Commoa praetice t" aeconuoateV Stuch deta44isIn "n.Ysis of the Motion of
lthe liquid and In the rf resenotations of lthe stkeady and unttudy ~c"ur of tuaix and enttesy, Two. ether tine
dlistintonson bewea~tns maapear In nkumerica reslts& roe the purpow-s here a wmor bNk"ed view*4
adleqttate to ouumerwad the main gl"ba behatvior
The- tnmentrm and energy equatIons. (2-3) wAn(2,4) wea correctl wtillet ts tine utI10 istAnceW fN4 tOW
combined gamand liqWi phases. Se-parate uu)oasustwm equations aWn obaie byp definking the tOmve of Intssstiffav.
A. bewe ew adlquid,

MAn
Iohe
bet aWde to tbe Va by hea tvansfr betwee the Phases 'ispMOrAWtO. and 06VeInta teaton.

elrYh -W1241t,
*t RW t tk
Tue
erhapy Ofw liquid! hWMsclt
de the hea telAn as-Mate Wtth the trkt4A UItttk4 Us tt>
Now
0 ttan d Qjasw 6ceaaesse"gYpnWtltW1 lan e t1mi~g~ttis t m tge
1Wsfthe
avneilltw time's the@
mnnulse sbpln* pee mug vAluae of %hV&WihiAn wisngsswaa. t10

449# C4.V
+VP i-#stV t =aoses

Pic& 4 A4,VT 5* O pW* sgV,~

EsAIMlAis(.) (2.?) #M-(2) li ew %" @(eWqauWa #A pAse "ama

&Wthlab 0121 (1,4 "A.0 ) Air
time lot the,liqui
" Mha lismtowad
Wih " , fqna (n)) Mad (n.) ",-R#the swathe @Jth
i -%V
at*
d00W.ha Is AWA d d tA*e th66 .%+"e I injk wheew ktheo lkud 6sMM)eowntis aastare Ot et
wautltle WedsmW s axt tanW out edy ke &4M- ekdi' Us duAdas Ohe mwu~me owe ale
wAd Qe. Tuat's asfeisy WAAy
pethle for 6he sendAss 44 aehomstV peatkhe- widoucglass a haee teAk

1Uahi
a bid
t AMC.
m (SW): Nao~u
i "aW
(13h) Oullek* I,1#)V4 ftTh UA4i s1
The
sa
mw,~ndi p atftluwls dqha
Po "Mte" wpaali
eAk usr*weadewit. bAQk sfg I At
 1-7

It droplets are disperse in the gas, the niotneatiun mid energy equations nvAy he written in the nicer
wieonveuat fixm involving the mass-averaged pwoperties of the two-phas mixture:

+ p4V
C a + Vp= V-7.+ 6A,+4q,.6ce (2-9)

4(OTP+ a,.-yr) + pV -' 4+(h.- ~w (2.1,+V0)

f where

+ 664 -Vow, + 6i, -VW + 'i vo'!j (2-11)

+ 04614 WA, + 691. V(CYJ') + 1;. - .131

wdo041ij 7- il, Oh A-. CIT. Miredsoaity oftbe mixituteis

~ ~ ~ C.PI(V
ISSISI IS~frzctiott of liqulid.
l ui'
T1w nao weighted specil3.e 4vots fix the utimutoe we sletlue in the ustod hrdia" Ix~lutlxl 190)1:

Nowkadd ý1 i CUSIT titites tsfltta~mt (2.1; And (2.2) to 1/C. ticueo vqnatiou t? lu) to tMtsrgqwatis 4ýft~

*41 , ~ 1w $ t'-&e.
'tW#C
WV4ntttW Rkl ItWape4'ea ausA 6a VOW,~ ptflt,~ w14AA
fit r tthezk vat-n fbI e lkosn .edr K'4

4. v-,4 thýe

kw'k tti'-wt**o Ow +-Ohw~v Uht . i4,- t au

AM ieiN.-A r fd's-wbstLth's kt

4&C tt5*' ý
aant'e thetss.wasn W4.jttwn
owtk4A140 sg V'AVI( sV4
O OS. v -IS 4614r C4 , ,
'F* h v~v~
ivssiy 4the ;e~t4
r eoftaes ~'w~tr* tit Wie 4.uýejiatAt1,t'
We viosteiiotwdft~ s.o

tf*.C W-Wml; W .4 ~,M 1

wOmpOCNrW *,n t54Kl wVa" tk)146theý ofhvts

rwt Aa'& ai4 tr jth I-- ktnrs' 4W'~t
k'91$)nttn wlt. tau piAne Alwxt
4'%in**s tWLa*

4~P.

t'-Aý V 41
Of, pse
 r g[+6Q1 + v (+6MA -Al + ((h - c) + 16Ga9)w, - tT, -(P0941f (2.23)

4 ~Equations (2.18)-(2.20) are suitable for two-and three- dimensional probkms. There are many important
cases of nearly pure axial or longitudinal motions aisaing In all three types of systemus. A perfectly serviceable
analysis may then be constructed using the onedizenaiooal apoximation obtained by replacing 4l by us,
the axialcomnponent of vcocity;'t.-V byU,:fand V( )by~ A( ) whererS.isthe crowssectiooarea.
Equations (tlS)-(2.20) then hecons

0
pp
aO Op
(2.2G)

is a WinWaW tnh. it appeans that the inust vestnsiVe propai ofk~that is

6nbein purinweo h ance Wa" i
the V.S.. 4Istubting the conwputnr Praian AUTOVOM (I1MWb el al (io3. 1914) ned the later Vt50io wfitten
fkW XIQ,4.PofiW
n~t ft 4 jjhuc~k 00khrm"16OAof liqit gAPS EspeciAlly, app tfviatiiwoto to the

q'wii aOurc tetms me pneraly, bar oat tnods thAt air fawAded Pa heetlcti ;cnsanog. Asia eestkt mucht
reliance4y
ectw heplce on correlatina @(data. It Islthe nature Of &Wc 14 amh Citl M luarthethat. dute tAtthe
cau~pleatod pdW unl~e* ari eheinoasty, All thaeomnlral wor k mtouk evetsually nolke usa, P1 e'zpcriunrwtal voeslts.
t
WOnt Itw
Wefawdsairtl oau- tspltW
fl Wt 6VOappeuwlar analyss wf carefhllykiW
forAda 14ndl OWWAl ka
toWw
cano here reie a1 tha hkv hte ervd svo aryimtl
.wyn 'etcuturd
to (ua
ImWaW*k faq sljsetsshi pNRAadUna reMtst, Ut 04%plify, the I?*,ltha
q i thsuk,4
V we Whl#,&A

Wine
as))d wsoieo aj
"oe~
.sA otftaean 4#4 fistwisthg Putti, P p *e, etke. We. trims. lt4
mitx
# 4sWAvut yhin tOn*, That 4nw~aoi
assaal vrebatc in AaW q4V0 6,en 4sawe 41411 Wo
vU6Amiat ketlia wv*aso4&# tA 4he Swt quathew (119) sad t240) ma
@~w

The W*SA When'y V**lsa totth emeatr. Wsa

4,- Averag paasar 6s14# to, swgs~w ThAWWe A

Mek ~ *.IA-
Lnagr~ ~ f %*WA
iteilats
O 04t
alat*l.A Wess
L6ata
da taitdt
W fý 4Atw- r

A ataw~sA* *4 iasotaw- tq sw&A-t t4# pessturd $ A h* ea*A*,a Nuiawo (1,10 thel~ %tsaa

41,Io-$ it -* 04 4W

" r4 +I'
4k

)*Pac ssA*Mtsam#he tA a
#9t 1WuwettOA "Agpios 4,2
utaW &Mi Wtoe wrae wso ata

j;#
biraa %4 Oyv
0
&I4.V4~VAON, V4
 1-9

- (2.32)
Boundary conditions set on the gradient of p' are four d by taking the scalar product of the outward normal
vector with equation (2.27)

fi Vpt = f 2.33)
with

ail, (2.34)
+~(i . P 819 i
)s'+p-
If all perturbations are absent, functions I, and f vanish, and we recover the wave equation for the pressure
in classical acoustics with the boundary condition for a rigid wall, fi -Vp! = 0. We shall base our discussion nix
that case ab he zeroth approximation. There umay be ciuuamstances when a different choice is more effective- e.g.
if the average Mach number is high andl the influence -* the c~,~tnozzle on th,, wave motion., is sul'stanthrl*
- but it is good- enough here to assume this limiting case. The general solution to tile unperturbed problems can
be wvritten as a superposition of the normal mc~des V,,(fl satisfying the equations.

Vq'V,, + k24',. 0

where k-, is the wavenumber, related t -e frequenci by

= dk-,,(2.36i)
For three-dimensional problems, n stands for three indices.
The allowed values (the wavenumbe-4 and the mode shapes 0., are determined entirely by the gcouietr:- of
the chamber. TI.ese dr,'.-. the classical acoustic nodes w~ih when perturbed, liecowe the most commnou kind
of combustion instabili ..-s. Purely longitudinkd modes are represented by
o'dz) =cots(kjý

L
and the cyclic frequencies tire integral munltiples (if the fundamiental, f w, /-'r a/24. This iis the result for at
chamberT Closed at butl. ads, probably the must cuonunon casie iii propulsion systeum~
For a cylindrical chamber of radius R, the mude shapes mid nattural frecluettiets an-

IN,, os~kI4 J,(,mn r) sin3)44

aInd the ".14 are the roots of

fir I:r.R
Both (2.3-4)n and (2.38)n represnit stanuding waves; represetttatiolis of tho wersnht traveltur wtlvr. aop
easily constructed,
These results tire the zeroth uplroximatikiols io the loajority of coobulstloil hintbi"ionlsrr-lt it, pt14 calvo
systems. Longitudinal nodes general~ly fall in kthe lower fre £etitcy ranige below l-201-o and atep ftmt.l in aillklovk,
typeis of enginies, Thle geomnetries oft roin~ji eniglins andttttutto' vrter ifixturtitink o411ttheA ne-le or'e. fmtlt
the simple rettult (2.37)R, butl thle esseontiail idean renam ia.Vei dismiss 'it Section &1,k~how Itrsaltpe aitt
frequencies aire composed for those cases,
For a cylittdrical chamuber, equattiong (2,38)a~l "rmusuanlly gsl Itipjrovitstttittn tit tho Lil~l freqiueny it.a
bilities having frequeir, les ast hight asi 10-20 kHz and higher. Although toitied modes wilth I j 0 jiei. bacingw asIM
distributions) occur, islror commonly fonuelfiarl purely . ',011trial or aatltnrtltal iloftt" ( tit U, o' 1* 01. lattrlý
radial modes; ( msý 0, it 0); or combhinaitiono when tit. it P.Q hothl 'rrtr-rr boaly "ajledtr~ttarerae mode.
Tlete. nmodes atre thv bamsifor thle inamtihiltiet ealle4meldt' the ttio§ý ttionltno's MusIP Ito "4e 'b 'that
Langetrtinl' for which thle elasisical modu shtape Is J (NIIr) Kitt or 11 t . )nt
Equa11tionls (2.35futa'l do lnot containi thle hupotiltittA eVWlrt.VIss 1140ItVww-t
(freslntAVe.i vnstesnlt
MRWI ,t
'tdlel
ging', atbulk or Hlelmnholtz node. That Correspollds to the maltissit L'"V 0. littl em-ovi otily bievuw 1ostlsst4 tlithtw

Two sitsplea -:t the analysisu and ssporitnent tee a smell liquid reek.', liv Owree. Utvv,PAa1~afi
1 ~tlt) ad t. a sftas
leboratory rmawjt cartebustor byLeve~dhitt, P1'eltw ad Cat"la (t101). The m.utts ant FMirativpwad intA Isil t " wauesAasto
si
here because1, ROWT~ A~UaU a,lar".fretquay fch, Awss. tiuatwet &Acs ttsi lh masa UtettMatomhts W awwwou"..
1-1O
0 perturbation in the volume or, isually, at the ooundary, so A- V. 5,0.
When found in liquid rockets, those
tno'les have often been referred to as low firequenc, instabilities (e.g. Harrie and Reardon (1072)]. It may happen
also, as in ramjets, that a portio" of the system may oscillate in a bulk node, while part exhibits a wave behavior
the ,requenty is of course the same throughout.
The main point here is that the classicul unp(xtlirtoA modee described by equations (2.35)ab really are good
approximations to a large proportion of observed combust'on instabilities. The results (2.37)ab and (2.38)a,b are
the two most important special cas" for actual systems but in general (2.35)a,6 must be solved for the actual
geometry. That is now a routine matter of numerical analysis and we may simply assume that for whatever
system we wish to study, the natural node shapes i(?) and frcouencies w,, are known.
ru p.radical question is: how do the proc.-sses represented by the functions h and I, equations (2.32) and
(2.34), aff.et the mode shapes and frequencies ? in fact. the details of the mode shapes are of less interest
becaus, the changes ae relat:vely small. Central to the probicm of linear stability are the frequencies, which
he.ome :omplex quautitites: the imaginary part is the &i-uwth or decay rate of the corresponding mode. For
nonlinear behavior the main questions concern the conditions under which periodic limit cycles exist, what the
amplitudes are, and how their characteristics are Inluenced by linear processes. The approximate analysis we
now construct is i, bas;s for examining both linear and nonlinear behavior, The method amomuts to comparing
the unpert urbe. 1roblena, for which h and f vanish, with the actual problem to be analyzed ( h, I -t 0).
Multiply equtionm (2.31) by 0, 12.•5)a by p', subtract the results, and integrate over the chamber:

2
Sl~b p' - pjV O.]dV - I 'P'p.- - k. ýJ .dV = JhdV

Apply -reen'i theorem to the lWt hand side, substitute the boundary conditions (2.33) and (2.35)b and re.arrange
the terms to give

I~ V Lt~'V=J.AdV
Ov,- + d 2.40)

We now mse Aform zf the alethod of least restduals, essentially a form of Galerkin's method. This approach
wA$ first %p4liedto combhustio instabilities in liquid rockets by ZLnn and Powell (1968, 1970), Independently,
eswntially the sra idea was worked out far olid propellant rockets by CWlick (1971, 1974, 1976), the hasws for
the discussion here. The unsteady prcoure field is exprtswd as a synthosis of the aormml modes O.,j(r) witl
tinwhVVryi4 amplit V•t1)1

CseInvpondimmgly, the Velocty fiold is written

Tvens by term thewe *44im .atls the perturbed pro"bs. @quatiane (2.31) and (3.33)with hia Q. pctviding
the sa 4t,. 0(tisf

Wher W.4.=- Oka. Thtok ut. '- Ceo amwl %Vroecwvr thP crrect repreesslatt" "t natural K*Wes,
ObvieA~y (2.41) Wui(W4) sue gn @xaet iqgC ttst14 tta of the "tAlrwiedo. for the rowt-1m bsunslAvy
aent satitfied. EquAtlk (2.41) gl 4-Vesr.0 4efluk 14110 Isisslsy (2-33)ht m. oneufftly,
(2,41) uand(2,421 do riot a rately reptoduceu th.. Wjls stuctr 0 & unstuady ut ionnea the umwdlr.
The Him*eage "aslit h e4 faIeup *l" andi becaus of th 4%1401 a-VeragVag the eCqWWAu found f(Wtbe
"sAislltile %,(I)wiA prw.+k %m.astiAatoy basis( fortudyussg rel
i prwcito
Wm asla
Theý set 0fscris uW coastrutdW s the Qr N aqeeho"Wta
W A V"

Wuhstltue (2,41) inthe left~ hand se of (2.40) oard nwoko theusthpsais twoepesry (1.44)6.4s to Wuth- systm
of @"6"uasa r she OWllUtW10'

W +j
 2 L
F1 =~{ hst0tsdz- + [ft4is0 1S.1L (2.45)

09

p('(z t) =-E V0jz

j.1Az (2.49)a, b

j=1 ikýd

Orthogonality is expressed as
L

0J
kwqdz--Ei6-
L (2.50)a, b
E J2 02Scdz
f

Three points must be emphasized:

i.) Although the unsteady field has been synthesized of the mode shapes for standing waves, solutions to
equations (2.45) and (2.47) may be used to represent standing waves with energy losses or gains, traveling
waves, and discrete wave motions or pulses;
ii.) The forcing functions F& and Ft are nonlinear functions of the pressure and velocity fluctuations, so (2.45)
and (2.47) are sets of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations;
ii.) Many interesting one-disensional problems involve piecewiee representation of the acoustic field due to
abruptly nonuniform distributions of cross-section area. The formulation (2,47)-(2.50) remains valid for
those cases.
We should note also that the procedure beginning with spatial averaging and leading to (2.45) and (2.47) amnounts
to solving (2.31) and retaining the first term in a solution by iteration; that method is summarized in Section
4,3.
Solution to equations (2.45) or (2.47) requires first evaluation of the forces F&or Fl. To do so the various
sources must be represented, A subject discussed in the following section. The second order equations tony
then be solved numerically, Aprocedure followed by Zinn and Powell (1970, 1971). However, groat advantage is
gained in may problems by applying the method of tune-veraging (or expansion its two titme scr~les) to replace
tltesecond order system by an equivalent sot of first order equations. This step greatly reduces the cost of routitne
calculations and also provides a more convenient basis for formal analysis of the general behavior. The followittg
Argument Applies to both the three-diensionsoal and one- dimensional formulations.
Time averaging is an effective procedure for mtany practical problems, based on the ohsorvation that the
oscillations conmmonly have amplitudes and phases4 varying slowly in tltni; their changes are small in one period
of oscillation. Hence, the suiplitucles v1,,(1)inny he written in the focrs

v =(t
- ,.(t) sitt(w 5* + Q5 t)) - A5 (t)shinw,, + D5 (t) coswJ, (2861)
Tite t'*ite varying phase Q,~t) Is observed us Afrequency shift, the Actual frequency for the perturbed node being
dd~th(W' + 00 ý!W, + On-
We shall not cover the method for constructing the equations for tl,,(t) ond Cb,,t) or the, A,,(t) and B,,(t).
The mnethod was developed by Krylov And B~ogoliuhov (1947) Itsia form directly applicable here to the case
of purely longItudinal modes when the frequences aire Integral nmultiples of the fundameontal, equation (2.37)b.
When the U~quetielvii aie not so related, Asfor the commnon care of transverse modest ip tacylindrical chtuhier,
sntae difilcultie, aris which have boon treated approximately by Culick (1970), mid by Yang and Culiek (1980)
ko 1problems of covibuxtlon Instabilities In rouniet engines.
Here we quote only the reulks. obtained for longitudinual nodes;

'it~ jF. coswJ'dt'

di5

Theo lntoewa of awvcaglng h1as been takimten

eqal to r. 2vw/w5 the equations for each mnode aire awroerad over
the perid of that tnode. During this Interval, idl amplitudes, axe suppesed not to change significanatly. That is,
tit A,., B.4 appearllug In Fl. arc takms to be constant whea the Integrals ame performed.
1f the mieuliee proc.. ame due atnly teo aseod ordler acoustIrs, then F. has the formi iCullck (1070)]
 1-12

F.i = - + Einid - [A~ijij + B."Ejsw7J] (2.53)

The constants Dni, Eni, Aij, Bnij depend on the unperturbed node shapes and frequencies. Linear processes
always lead to the forms shown; the Dni, Ei are linear combinations of the various contributions, some of
which are proportional to the Mach number of the mean flow. Others depend on other small parameters. For
example, attenuation due to inert particles depends on the properties of the particles and on the mass fraction
of condensed material. For the case of longitudinal modes, substitution of (2.53) in (2.52)a,b eventually leads to
the equations

dA., 00.
dd = c,,A.A + $.B. + LE[Ai(A.-i - A._. - Aj+.)

- Bi(B-i + Bi. - Bi+.)] (2.54)a, b

dB.(2.5)a,
a.B. - GnA. + Ai(B.-i + Bi-. - Bi+.)
dt
-

+ Bi(An-i - Ai-. + Ai+.)]

where
1
a,. = -D,
1 E.,, (2.55)a,b
2 w.
and
and
+IA(2.56)

The modes will be linearly coupled only if very special influences are present; in general D,,i Ei = 0 if
i 0 n. While equations (2.54)a,b are valid for any linear process, the nonlinear terms are special, representing
only the gasdynamics to second order for longitudinal nodes.
With this formulation, the analytical problem for combustion instabilities has come down to constructing
the functions h and f - i.e. modeling the contributions processes appearing in the sources W, ;F and P, equations
(2.21) - (2.23) and then carrying out the integrals defining F., equation (2.46). As c preliminary step, of course,
the natural modes and frequencies must be computed. Because almost all of this paper will be concerned with
linear behavior, a few general remarks are in order,
2.3 The Problem of Linear Stability
The nice feature of linear behavior is that the problem can be solved once for all cases. We have, of
course, chosen to treat 6 rather special form of the general problem in order to reach such a conclusion. If, for
example, the average Mach number is large, or if the action of the exhaust nozzle causes a substantial shift from
the idealized condition for a rigid wall, then the functions h and f, equations (2,32) and (2.34) are not small
perturbations of the classical problem, Nevertheless, the approach taken here is a simple first approximation and
in any event offers what we really need - a convenient vehicle for comparing the behavior in different systems,
and the possible consequences of different mechanisms.
We assume now that h and f are linear functions of the dependent variables p', a', p', and T', Thus equation
(2.45) is satisfied If all functions have exponential time dependence, so p e ,',
ai" eOi, etc. and 4, f, q.,
have the same dependence:

. 10t h = he 'i f] ]P't(2,68)a, b,,

All amplitudes denoted by ( ) are complex functions iie. they are generally not in phase with one another, It
Is convenient to measure the phase relative to the pressure oscillation and Its amplitude i)., Is taken to be real;
because coupling between modes is absent we are really treating one term in the series (2,41) and (2.42):

Sand
,1u •"(F I) ,. V m (F) = d . ,

Blecause the actual value of h differa from k, by small quantitites, we have to first order

The expressions (2.59) and (2.60) are to be substituted for p', ti when FPINcomputed from Its definition (2,40).
Also to the order considered hore, p#/p and VTI can be approximtod by their values for Iseutrople motions,

| | •• i Im
m
m| | mi
itm m•
 1-13

P-- 1 PT 1) (2.61)a, b

The wave number k is complex,

1
k --- ( -o is) (2.62)

and with the definitions used here, o > 0 if the mode is unstable, for then p'!/p e*. Substitution of (2.58) in
(2.45) and (2.46) and cancellation of the common factor ei4k' gives the formula for k :

1d2 P E, f ý

Because we are treating only small perturbations, a/w and (w -w,)/w,. are small. With this approximation, the
real and imaginary parts of (2.63) give convenient formulas for the frequency and growth constant of the actual
motions=

=_- + {f/;E. O.dV + ff4 -OkdSj

(2.64)a, b
_=•~
2 {Jt>( .civf

Now we relate these formulas to the results obtained in the preceding section with the method of averaging.
First note that i., equation (2.5)a can be written:
•.= 7)es' = ,•.ew-Iat = t4• w..e"teii-w-Je•t

or, if 6w. = w - w. denotes the frequency shift,

(2.65)
For linear behavior only, equations (2.54)a,b are
dA. =nA. + O.B.
=F O(2.66)a, b
dBl
-d- = a'u" - OA

Direct substitution shows that these equations are satisfied by

A. -• A n..0 1co s O4j
T~ ,
A,•Ae" 5inOwt (2.Q7J.,t
The assumed form (2.51) for the amplitude is therefore

Qta) = •'5 (w. + 9.)t (2.08)0, b

This is exactly the Imaginary part of (2.00). We conclude that the parameter a% -D• D./2 defined by (2-55)n
is the growth contatu of the nth perturbed mode equation (2,64)b: and 0., = -.. /2w. dekilud by (2,53)b is
the frequency shift, chlculated with equation (2.04)a, 9. = 6w•,• w - W,.
All of the above can hbeswunari•ed in the following steps, a rceipe for assesing tile ctonseuences of al
analysis of linear behavior,
i.) Construct the contributions to the functions h and f by applying the definitions of the *ource functions W,
Y and r and extraecting their linear forms;
il.) Substitute the acoustic approximations p' = p.0. and T = JVOi,/&kl in f and h; if required, the
formulas (2.61)a,b are used for the density atd temperature fluctuations;
ii,) Compute F. according to Its definition (2A.46), If smecd derivatives of the irnpitudes shttid carie, they re
to be replaced by the teroth order approlxination, i. ft
v.) Then F, will have the form (2.53) with D.,1 E,- w0 for 10 n. The values for the growth co•stant and
the frequency shift for the nth mode can be found humulslaely from the coefficients of v),,amud q.

In this way the primary Information given by a lunear analysis can be fo-und In t6 itradlgtforward manner.
It's true that due to approxinmtions made hem, the•r may be quantitative inamccuacies greater than thos
accompinyhig a more careful computation of linear behavior, The great ashautae of kth ptoedure described
"aov is that comparlso of propos umech•ti•sw can readly be UkI&
 1-14
2.4 Evaluating the Linear Contributions to the
Frequency Shift and the Growth Constant
In this review we concentrate on the linear behavior. We shall find in Section 3 that proposed mechanisms
for instabilities can be properly assessed only within the complete acoustical analysis. It is therefore essential to
work out the details for the most general possible forms of the inhomogeneous forcing functions represented by
h and f.
Some rearrangement leads to the following result for the linear parts of hi an Jf

JAV~dV + YffA&dS = [2.

P4- ,)t~dV - pJ(4; x V x U')-Vtk.dV
+ J 0491 VAC. -t+ AV 4IdV

- ±JfIP.MPV ft W-dVO
-

+ Ok -t. AdS

We assume throughout that all terns in htand f are small (e.g. many are of order of the mnean flow Mech
number) and since k differs from k. by tcents of that order, we replace k by k.,, thereby consistently neglecting
terms of order square in small quantities. For the same reason, we replace jSand it'by their unperturbedl values,

Taking the real and Imaginary parts of the integrals and substituting in (2.04)a,h gives the tbaic fortualas for
studying linear stability:

The teemn 1)In the surface ittegral utise front thoemonribution s4WI0t), A It% 1 Hem JitIs' fat replac
by Ito ttnpeltrsuh value, (it Ai-0) afithei srfface becatt Ingeneral the-bountdary I6ntktdgI. It hWm luA t wot
a convention in classial nieousl~ti to replace fluesuaiuns @if
Ihe veocty at a busunilrte b adtita frutwtluu
Tha t" habecmer counuon practic Inianatlysis of cosuhumiti" Instabl*Ie Withi ae2P'uth~ fsAirtl .4 kh thenun ".e
khtsungh the Woundilf. Usat AburntinsufacI sAV F.Ab pAOpe11 reit,
""'kWlland teia QNhauMiot Wetk r-Wsiall
Th# asnlitutae funtio AN at t61 uatoalo Muimwac Is tleflws aw

aWj
kil14."h
Thus the cwbnso~a" In the musts Inteal 6.
I A

All typs of sytnttm treated Ift lthll paWe one chnwe fthmast OWAl Owing 14s the#kWAP X4lfst .4 tlru
& ihsw
pepeele In Ithe convergen ecit~o, WA ih a nosl
mt meas mNU effic0ent 14elmi *4aoustIe dlcueasusr.
wailer owes onisltna but assmlwimyv. T"le (M9~) fIk "*tmmad the Uttacaly wIsemetoInWast. It*k
fwpape Oha t the seoalml huli. Waall subeqw-t calculatkons Qwine (1903) mad Csoea m&d Ch**g (1W~)
el6ahontd on Tm4W# unsnwst of neslliwmeoalna (plaism) wakve mo~tiow Sone chie wmull ta of Itioe
then 1 1'e
conirsued with teat pessaed~ by Cwmneo Oey mafd MOWs (1961). CtdAc (tolt) t"pated Wated moidra N
three tellAnesoa moWtionsht sh AMai
shosoh Itretment of shie "*th~ w"*We# by CwtocSWd SisgAw
(10P) Thle laete w"k Is pmatleulmy wNeft"oum.duesuakica of 'otwsley seat catrey a@e
mmcenmodaine
Some cOWtsqwn of Milntrp dsUbmtem IW"dn In a motil wec latr Iaeest4mlcd by Marble (1973) mast
Marbe mad Cwdt (lt)ý that ima lna wh1ch
W M ele ha"In eetion witSh anldysi .4 conetiva wave 40
jecAWil nacemims &rlpsmatwn. Snot spasm of aoollac bcbrhvlo of a ni1 have beta ýtam idby Citwo
mad S~rlgnMa (1tw6) "ad by Zin WAd ego"c (lOG.,I6S) shq Awil noh p ft d hew.l
The cua6" bonk pmovid asgifiant low of mo-asti casVy peautkulsly for lwonpji todlol olaslo hIt4
c0nts mie kitr cea for t6*#n'dhroen loaml
m tions, putslularly when the nettle ii.mko"enege afnotato "01@s
~
ilasslidW Piwoedmat c0oss lull-has theretwe f cndeable
CONes leamselipgsh
Wees U Oanal. Oesitw e
bqajsa lathe n lase 1960' (Da tacidm (186T) CuJAland DutAod (IMA). The most 4"hoi "a 0m
e kein

h1
I

experimental work has been done using a large impedance tube with flow, a method first used by Zimn et al
(1973). Fbr longitudinal modes, for which the wavelength is usually much greater than the nozzle ;.:agth, the
"short nozzle approximation" is quite accurate, AN =i (- 1)AN/2. There is no 'sperimental data sufficiently
accurate to prove or disprove the theoretical prediction that under some conditioms transverse oscillations may b,
amplified by the exhaust nozzle: that is, a small amount of energy is transferred from the mean to the unsteady
flow, not an unreasonable possibility (d. whistles and sirens). Fbr most purposes here the action of the nozzle
way be viewed as causing attenuation of acoustic waves with a slight increase of axial wavelength.
Similarily, an admittance function can be introduced to represent the effects of fluctuations of the liquid
fuel and oxidizer at the injector. There is no average flow of gas in that case, so we set u.-fi = 0 and define

The minus sign is appended because the normal vector fi is positive outward but the velocity is positive inward
at izjector ports. Equations (2.1) and (2.72) are now

,=. LIOT -d- f VO.dV

greatr legth I Secio(s.7M5)

Thepeetn
unsted
( combustiono
henc
l thely-•t
ins~eopredictionis no oin Ise.r Wtb~t,"•ue
dics L rcedure Uc
First we nee
atuswkd.v
to exlii th rnotlhtuhe.thembv
to e~'icmit A derivedo(oof'1 finitions
sorce fuwt insl, dhe
theresutheI ( t ) not
hasben ears•crula malugeful wI teedictims of lncas tauithis a iprox
tfeunct

d aWeW.
oaM moa o the
regio
" ner toheInjeto Aosu
. As we s acetuidsest ofathe f are

Abathwe elc. ins staialltey

*qain
te Wofia (2a18 )by cnsits ofwtle unction
cmut~gseaeaetarotr4 of' thukisOr
9pawaith
j apudmstely cotuutasto t mer w~t ofd~ v.4
pRodenuasltw8) Ms
mtaw V itaIh rcioa
"Win testof Hwm
we ki In thatsdwtolons, on trs titht Ades ofa(2lt4)

gm.9oead
institl4um4 cuesgy

ned t makemr~t )nmiltluh

Firstwe ej togslthe tatnre.futi'a9wtf wi" Mte411"

fls "w t fhe..onhu

M m tae ljeltAsa
C out,! low)ms u@ fa sa n~s

.. -. )- to. l Male. 11 p*lt ~ noul~utTu "k.. d w0 ~~~t& h *vh l

4',

"Abo
.q... W -"ii 11 Of by 046te.-d64AO"O "11*
"et "V:O WfWOM O(

... ..
(123) -d (2,
•h wt %M voww 7.-..wjý
wh wa
qi~m(7) o
.aaa

•r jL. R I so.) 0. - ow mla

ma
.- (.u ) ., Om4
 1-16

+knff A"'O'dS - k,, f (A"' + MN)';b.dS)

injector exhaust nozzle
This result seems to contain all contributions considered in previous works and will therefore serve as the basis
for discussion of mechanisms of instabilities in Section 3.
2.5 Rayleigh's Criterion
As a result of his studies of acoustic waves generated and sustained by heat addition, Lord Rayleigh (1878,
1945, Vol. II, p. 226) stated his famous criterion:
"If heat be communicated to, and abstracted from, a mass of air vibrating (for example) in a cylinder
bounded by a piston, the effect produced will depend upon the phase of the vibration at which the
transfer of heat takes place. If heat be given to the air at the moment of greatest condensation, or
be taken from it at the moment of greatest rarefaction, the vibration is encouraged. On the other
hand, if heat be given at the moment of greatest rarefaction, or abstracted at the moment of greatest
condensation, the vibration is discouraged."
Probably no other principle has been so widely invoked in studies of combustion instabilities [e.g. Heidmann and
Wieber (1966ab); Putnam(1971); Harrje and Reardon(1972); Zinn(1980)]. Even some success has been achieved.
But it seems that in all cases when Rayleigh's criterion has been applied to situations involving exchange of mass
as well as heat, the conclusions reached have been incomplete and in some cases seriously misleading. The reason
is that not all sources have been properly accounted for. that is, pieces of f and P, equations (2.22) and (2.23),
have been omitted. Rayleigh never considered the possible influences of a condensed phase.
The approximate analysis worked out in Section 2.3 provides a convenient basis for deriving an explicit
form of Rayleigh's criterion including all contributions (see Culick (1987) for the form accounting only for heat
addition and applicable to nonlinear motions]. We begn with equation (2.45) for the time-dependent amplitude
of the n'k mode,

+
7~-2-' . F,
=F

This is the equation for a driven oscillator whose "energy" is $a = (2 +wl,,.)/2 which, within a constant
multiplier, is the mechanical energy associated with the n1A acoustic mode, Energy flows to the modo at the
rate Ft)* and at time t the rate of change of energy In one period r; = 21/w., of the motion is

A64(t) J &s).dt' (2.80)

TrMlitional us of Rayleigh's criterion hes involved only heat addition, a strictly literol use of the statement
quoted above. Correct application to liquid-fueled systeins requires consideration of all contributions msocinted
with heat addition mid exchange of Mass, nmolnentum and energy between the gas and liquid phases, With only
those terms reied, . &A IP re givein by (2.T7) and (2•.8) so h and 1, equations (2.32) and (2,34), anm:

h - V- +6idii - Nt--."-0),'l +6Q; + (h, - ,),, + (,4- e' - (2.81)

Ps
j -1k + 6d'i1w.) .(2,82)

The.FM, emqutiom (2,46), Is

where
An1tod L I;P V, (2.83)a~
F.
Qjt P#
,. 0'+
- s,6Q11
+ + (At - Owl,' + Nt, - C,-•+
allb,+
To And au vxpllelt e•prwi. at ftaygs'a mtkeh . autItult (2.83) in (3.80) suksintegr4at the lt tern

Iwo.Qadtadv + vf a

It khe atMtM I exertit a Mumly twrillltkm, then QO . Ia Strictly Petiodle and the t(m It squaMe brackets
waloIhe., tu 1waeoW iems w m watsa ~ -iwl.q &as rmmked earlie. With /C- -1, the enery addedd
to t16 " m&e dui• onw pecrid of aotllato is
-- - 'lhubuuwda~ImtmamtIeteem *ta AiW
Ut pM
W oet stis (La) liMAls 0sa *WN .rMl •ith Vapoutwle .

A
 1-17

A4 ~ ~ dVf tr 1L ,+
f4 F 1t(.5

where we have used the definition of the acoustical pressure and velocity: r/.o4. = p ./f.,i, = Vl,/ fk 2
Equation (2.85) is an extended form of Rayleigh's criterion. The first term accounts for heat addition
with and without charge of phase; the second term represents the effects of momentum transfer between the
two phases. If A64 is positive, then the amplitude of the mode in questions grows providing the contributions
accounted for here exceed the energy losses associated with the injector and the nozzle, the last two terms of
equation (2.79).
The derivation of equation (2.85) has involved only some of the terms in It and f, a restriction imposed
here only because previous works have emphasized the importance of heat and mass addition. It is evident from
the derivation that all of the perturbations can be included. This will produce an extended form of Rayleigh's
criterion applicable to all circumstances encompassed by the original conservation equations.
We need simply to use the entire definition (2.46) of F. in equation (2.80) for AS.. The contribution from
the volume integral over ,p•bl in (2.79) arises from the term in F.,
R AC~ 0,d (2.86)

When this is placed in the definition of AC., the result can be re-written

- dt', ( ý9i'dV

The combustion &0ip,.= 0(p'/p)/dt so this contribution to AC,, is

E
r+' rr
,,,
t dJ J -7
a"'\ ,' )dV (2.87)

Similarly, the surface integral involving the real part* of the admittance in Fn is

a2 O ) 0. d a2 •i ( dS

where the definition (2,72) has been used. After substitution in the definition of AC,, this term gives

a2 t+.,,
dt' /AdA~r )(,tadS.

Again 4),,0, is replaced by 0(p'/1))O1 and we have the contribution to A&,

n sdttJJA('[(%)dS. (288)

This result can he applied to both the injector and the exhaust nozzle, the two contrihbtions appearing in
equation (2.79).
With these additional contributions, the extended form of Rayleighs criterion is now
III ,"' d~t'[J-IQ- + iPt , i

_,____ ,,vi,[.(...Ii-
u It \P I
+! f l-4, 'A-fI

IY
f~ dt - 1(~)"N,
111i ?J)

This formula ftr the energy charge* in one period of oscillation contains till the contributious hluelded in the
comsrvation equations (2,8)-(2,20). The statement of the crtlerion Is now: if AU. calculated with (2.80) is
positive, theu the oscillation Is unstable. As the calculations in the following section conftir, this result is
equivalent to the condition for stability based oit the growth constant.

Why it istegimat. to use the iealpuat followe from the rmarks In the next s•eetos.
Actually Um Ist p My %polsl to the twoa clviem becaure itUd"tiot (2.0), AU lias units w-2
1-18

2.6 The Connection Between Rayleigh's

Criterion and the Growth Constant
The growth constant, defined as the imaginary part of the frequency, is the exponential rate of growth of the
pressure amplitude. It is therefore related to the rate of change of acoustic energy by a formula easily established
in the following paragraphs. Further, because Rayleigh's criterion has to do with the time evolution of acoustic
energy in the system, there must be a relation between that principle and the growth constant, a result we
establish in this section.
Equation (2.45) for the amplitude of the nth mode is the basis for computing both the growth constant a
and the change of energy AE., and therefore provides the connection between these quantities.
We are concerned here only linear behavior; thus rij(t) is proportional to eak, and with no loss of generality
we can set the constant of proportionality equal to unity*, so 7,n= el•", a choice that simplifies the following
calculations. Substitute in equation (2.45) to find the formula for k2:
k tL2 • 8 iakt

42 (2.90)
T2 d2

where as usual we write

F. = i'k.

The real and imaginary parts of (2.90) give equation (2.64)a,b, here expressed in terms of F.:

W2 2
Wn
a - ~(2.91)a,b

Now integrate the right hand side of the definition (2.80) of A•Cn:
tt-r.

Wd dt'

The first term vanishes because we consider steady oscillations (at most F,,??, changes by a small amount in one
period) and
a r[n ( qnF dF) n (2+)2
~IF.losak +44hec (2,92)[+Is
= osak),F, l,-.d
Let be the phase of F& (measured relative
tt~r to the pressure oscillation)
d. and
F_ = jF_ eie~at+#) .(29M)
Rettl quantities must be used in the right hand side of (2.92); we choose the real parts of complex quantities, so

4 kj F, cos(akt'){cos(8W) sin 0 + sin (akt') cos Od

1&

Once again we apply the condition that F is a small perturbation so we can c siotA y W,,andassunme that
Iland ,0 are nearly constant during one period of the motion. Hence the integrals can be done;, only the first
integral is non-dero and we find
U.,, =w.I,41Fsin 2-
With wa;, = 2+r,we have the result
a"-, - -W1 t. (2.94)
Finally, comhparison of (2,01)6 and (2,04) gives the desired roelhlow

AC.= 2Frxw . (2.95)

This result establishes quite generally the connection suggested by the explicit forms (2179) and (2,80). We
should emphasise that as he originally formulated the statement known as his criterion, Rayleigh considered
only the matter of heat addition to theacoustic field, It Is perhaps stretching the point to account tor all energy
lOes and gains to produce equation (2,05). We have done so here to clarify sme abus that have appeared in
the literature, an example Indiscussed in Section 3.2
SThlreultestblihm+quie
TFs Is nyally a matter
gaer~y te •n~ton uggtedby he epltt frms(2,9) d (,89.
of aom)llsatoda &eW arks InSe
a.so 4. after equtlha (4.111),
W
 1-19

3. MECHANISMS OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES

Both Rayleigh's criterion and the growth constant provide means of analyzing the stability of unsteady
motions. Properly interpreted, Rayleigh's criterion can be applied to nonlinear behavior, but the growth constant
is strictly defined for linear instabilities. The results expressed as equations (2.79) and (2.90) are largely formal.
Their physical content derives from the assumptions forming the basis for the conservation equations (2.18) -
(2.26). To proceed further it is necessary to provide more explicit representations, or models, of the processes
dominating the behavior in a combustion chamber.
Apart from differences in geometry, the primary distinctions between different propulsion systems arc due to
the internal physical processes. Some are independent of geometry, but others - such as flow separation - are not.
In this section, we discuss the four main ideas that have been proposed for explaining combustion instabilities
in liquid-fueled systems. Although all have been prompted by experimental results, they differ greatly in the
extent to which they have been developed. We begin with the most widely used idea, the "time lag model".

3.1 Interpretation With a Time Lag

The basic idea is simple, and quite general, related to the familiar experience that a forced oscillating system
will gain energy if the force has a component in phase with the velocity of the point of application. Stability of
dynamical systems characterized in some sense by a phase or time lag had been studied prior to the concern with
combustion instabilities [for example, see Callender et al (1936) and Minorsky (1942)]. In 1941, Summtrfleld
(1951) had observed low frequency 'chugging" during firings of a liquid rocket. Discussion with von Karman led
to the idea of a time lag as a possible explanation. Gunder and Friant (1950) independently introduced a time
lag in their analysis of chugging, but it was Summerfield's paper and subsequent work at Princeton by Crocco
that established the time lag theory in the firm widely used.
The essential idea in all applications of the time lag is that a finite interval - the lag - exists between the
time when an element of propellent enters the chamber and the time when it burn; and releases its chemical
energy. Such a time lag must exist in steady operation, and, since combustion is distributed throughout the
chamber, there is no unique value, Evidently a complete analysis of injection snd subsequent processes could
then be interpreted in terms of a time lag; results exist only for approximate analyses.
Now suppose that at time t the pressure in the chamber suddenly decreases, causing an increase in the
flow of propellant through the injector. The increased mass hums at some later time t + r, where r is the
time lag. If the pressure is increasing when the added mass bums, the energy released will tend to encourage
the pressure increase, a destabilizing tendency, This elementary process is easily interpreted with Rayleigh's
criterion, Assume that the pressure varies sinusoidally,

p, =sinwt (3.1)
and that the energy occurs later with constait time lag r,

Q'=ýsin w(t - r) (3.2)

Integration of the product p'Q' over one period 2ir/w gives

I p'Q'dt' - PQ / sinwt'aln(wt' - wrldt' j Qfeo. (3.3)

Thus, according to Rayleigh's criterion (2.7), we expect that net energy is added to the oscillation if eoswr is
positive, so the time lag tuust lie is the ranges

3r air
.,,<ete< (3.4)

Suppose that the system Is unstable and the r lies hi the range 3in/2w < r < 5w1/w, Then the strategy for fixing
the problem is baed on tmodifying tile system No that r is either inierea•d or decreased, p'lacing its value outpishlh
the range for instability.
Because the proce."se subsequent to Injection are surely dependent on the tlow variables, pressure, tenpor.
hture velocity. .." It In unrealistic to assuitme that the tlmehlag Is constant. The ntool widely ued fCormn of the
representation with a tinme lag are doininated by its dependence on pressure,
Figure 3,1, taskon frovn Dlpprey (1972), is aisketeh llhustrating the behavior for a sinusoldal plresuce oscillatio
imnpotsed on the systoem Tim total tinoe delay to burning Is supposed II this eatse,oe tt wcomposed of twlo parts.
due to the propellant feed !ysteso, and the cinbustlon delay (Iinecltion, atondiratlon, viaporizratios, nixing, and
chrinIcal kinetics), It I&thQ second part thati la snsitive to the flow condiltiongi in thie rhainbor,
Let rh denote the imasta flow ( ils/see,) of propellant. At this point we tao nut roneerned with detuail and
wit need not distingUish betweenl fuel and oiddlier. Tle a•gunentis biaed on tihe idea of i time lag are sllrecu'l
minolly to constructing a reprosmntation of the ntumasource tertu tsml(niass/m'e. - see.) in tho cotinuity equantion
(2,1). Thul tile result Is intended to expriess the rate of 4Maverntosa of liquid to gas in a v(Iiohte elesneotl. of the
chamblier, These isno onsIlderatIn of conibustilol procisises; tile usual a"sUlptilso It taim couloblitiou occu¢s
inlstantalleo•sly, a view that deternthme how the titte l muodel ought to be Incotorpcrated the cqptatltoni.
Lei ( F, dV) denoit the volunte elenistat at poisition i hit the chamuber and Ile (t, ill) tenoto the satall thte
Interval dl at tintv di, The idea Is that the atimuoumit of liquid wldVdi converted to gas In thle tlesimtst (r, dv)

l.
1-20

I I
I I.- t _

~tt
oWAYMSidt !

PIGURE 8.1
in the interval (t, dt) was injected as 6th(t - r)d(t - ") at the time t - r in the interval d(t - r). Hence by
conservation of mass,

widVdt = bihi(t - r)d(t - r) (3.5)

According to earlier remarks, the time lag is supposed to be variable, and can be written as the sum of average
and fluctuating values, r = f + i'. In steady-state operation, (3,5) is

fvdVdt = 6ds(t - f)d(t - ) ,i,.t - f)dt (3.8)

Expanding brh(t - r) in Taylor series for use in (3.5) we have

&rh,(t- r.) = 6th (t - f ) + 6iihd(l,-, +., (3.?)

The second term is non-zero if the injected muass flow Is not constatt. There are many situatimos (notably for low
frequency instabilittes) for which vttriations we imapotant But for the instabilities at high frequencies. viriatiow,
important, He -ignoe the second ter" in (3,7) "ld *ubstituto (3.6)
we
in the
of to find flow ame generally nt
(3.5)propellant

dt

The varitations of the local converstion of liquid to gas depend in this stple fatshion on the time - tspruldents
of the time lag, Note that v ma in genoral depend om prwitionu the tea."ting hore is quite widely appliahblo.
The difficult problem Isof courso to pfrdiet r itnfact it l.s•os t ed,ý.e
•it' et ue-w 1I0lim d t!ho idea
that the time lag Is tho period vequirtd for the proeCsss leading to vaporitation to be_ comtplted. Ite asfsmed
iav ovr the time lag of
that this integrqted effeet CAn be retpsnted by ai htegjal fun4tion I of t4e vdarbs
affeting the procese

fb it. il, .4.. Sh

sensitve Onlytotooccur.
%apocuikatloo Altmt all appliletilow of hemtime lRAmodel rest on the O"aIumpii.nthat the titu' lag Ih
the Plessue. TIe (quetina I mayq then We eapassd sisnt It* value at the menu presAUre..

I te) 10/(p)
+ j(p)i +
Al "i I
ink"mfil, ias e*u6
I v 14 'we, and(dI/sJII(P)- "Ilk TIWe
Ittwu W

1(p
aittif(P APH +prrlse WO

Thm WitsIs naow a 3,0).

ed in #ppq*aslnw e veuatiaof
:PWa litsstlto(a9 with 4P(t)) to a
01(p

M 0 "W - TA 0a
v)
 1-21

Substitution of (3.11) gives

p
Set w,~ Q1 + to' in (3.8) and substitute (3.12) to find the basic result of the time lag theory:

For analyzing linear stability, j; = jihfoy and W1 z soke

tN Oi'n(l - c"~) (.4

where the usual approxcimation has been nuide, or <<.fwin the exponent.
Equation (3.17) is a two-pararneter reresentation of the conversion of liquid to gas. 'The two paramteters.
the time lag r and the interaction or pressure index it, are unknown a prior. All work with the titue lag theory
require-s experimenetal Invasureznent to detennine their vzlues The general idea iz;situple.i After substitutiig.
(3.14) in the linearized conservation equations, Solution is foundl for the stability boundary (o =0) with 4Maunt
m Igparameters. Experitntutal data for the stability boondttry are used to detertusine n and r. Crocco, (;ey awtl
Hlartl)e (1IWO) wtre first to obtainl sufficient daxta to coufirns the value of this approach. Figure 3.2 reproduce,
%ontoOf their resultil for the titue lag and interaction index inferre from tests with maoilljectors. "'hle data
were token fortthe atability botundary of the fundmuAnetal hnt udialnade acr4 Ahw the strungi depetiouce on
fuel-/oxidizer ratio.

LL: ~L
-A N

pleat 11 5.

tim im~r. a," jhfu- A#wW;46

#0 14rso" SIfl . tmp m~tP0* It *t&U Esmý i. IL4 fip 40up kow.
m i.t pv

Ohviutomm
Wy hr
, t6 t"-4 huitw~tr.Th Itt4 lhm~l tIts ft@ U*VLQ
etýrl pli e[ Uhe
-he
6 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ttattn
~ d* taopas
16s n itm,"
n Isa nwsiowwo" rAW&Ifth at~ h tskomfqA~ bsS thet**4~ tW&
*4
04"kyithatn 066co
o ft, Iwes
t*i llA@&A
WW4)
6l~as
VP the tlneM
W t al ~
l.S4e,

C the t100) k"~VNWW(It.. tita till. otw Ieyathe* a U04i -wt VwwlA. t
4" y tj l~4 w-a
iNO".WVeý
%qU 00ilwkit ww laik, atlixthe
ol tinimum ttW*& '110 dEtOWN".I .mnisetw tW 00 Ift*&* 4mW#Wthe
"00*0tile
10i bt6 a the ba tai
W*Ui *kO64~,its ttntaW t 1,Amot. IM ~tiii a"0 1w ae4~
k4114 towhe~e
*th
s. . oft~tttlsa hv
lko mi svataet te#*nAtl
ý Wfaw VWW
iea 4
aalst %r
sss~ss &im ,Us~a
41 1W

sjala~~~ftw to ' ~~t't)~~lh~

tlWstsaw*t0elsh &itS
I
1-22
steady flow. An acoustic field is superimposed having the form of the lowest first tangential mode for acylindrical

chamber (sinO Jz(ctir)). The motion and vaporization rate of the droplet is calculated throughout its history.
By superimposing the results for an array of injected drops, assumed not to interact with one another, one mtoy
find the local fluctuation of vaporization rate thzoughout the chamber. That is the nuas source term w' in the
continuity tquatiou j2.1) for the gas phase.
WHeidmann and Wisber (1066a) defined a "respoase fato?". NV,to interpret their results:

N = Et$/W,(3.151
"-lIP
where F here denotes the sum over all droplets in the volume considered. They gave results for N as a function of
various paamueters. Typically, N shows a peak of about G-.9 in a frequency range 404-3 Hertz. Results obtainled

Ssize.
for u4teptane over fairly wide How conditions were correlated with a dimensionless lutramnter containiug droplet
chatheir pressure. gas velocity and a dimensionles amplitude of the oscillation.
In a later woXWk.
HeidotaIu Mtd Wlcber (1066b) usOed a restricted fom of Rayleigh's criterion and a simpler
linar analysis to produte essetially the suamcutn•-aw m The uew definition of the respse factor was

4vh.Au
|
kvitw
•*ah•. stuthmituta of Owlow
EL4
I
terWM NW tal"eQIW4
gtv oiwdqm
putd 44 (3,14) iu (3.T kV0
eUt4lw

Wey
t•.•,e,V( ,

%4ýoI. WOW Wot-1o wviwý344^ W•t 4kvv

shunt t t t ( 1- .ive P*
C .. •3l N,.......

rotA
6 6- u h P& .v .
X-6,* N t* WAtw- u 'trI WO -vw

Ysse th Nwt r twett

w"at n-flfl tasb
a *"AwI#a

r a W A their nutn
OW I" t
#W o p usinu tmtt vil ustoe 4ran&' e rj •

4A qtW 04 wvi *)& tosw Wý1kAM VS O.4 16 W,.

 1-23

It is significant that none of the preceding conclusions involved combustion: the assertion is that coupling
hetween purc vaporization and the ;.coustic field produces net flow of energy to the oscillations in the gas. Thle
contrary conclusion was reached by Marble and Wooten(1970) and Marble k1969), that both condensing and
vaporizing droplets attenuate acoustical motions.
The retason for the opposite conclusion seems to be that not all interactions between the droplets and the
acoustic field are accounted for in the calculations by HeidmanD and Wieber and by Tong and Sirignano rheir
conclusions were b.-sed on using Rayleigh's criterion, but only one term was considered. They argued that by
analogy with Raeigh's original statement concerning fluctuations of heat addition, the same criterion should
apply to mass asidition. Therefore, as in equation (3.16')only the integral involving w', was computed; a positive
value indicates the possibility for driving the acoustic field. However, the derivation in Section 2.5 has slhownv
that the correct form of the criterion involves several contributions, Considering only those associated with the
conversion of liquid to gas, we combine equations (2.84)a,b and (2.83) to find

PE fvf
+ %41F(+ witoT,4) -ii',,di
'I here is indeed a term proportional to the integral of wip' but it is multiplied by (hi - Z)which containis thle
heat of vaporization. Th2re are also significant amounts of energy transfer associated with the terms involving
the+b-, work
by c r non-vnporizing drops represent the attenuation of F utnd wavaes. Those effects are included
in th vr yMarble ano Wooten: their results show that the accompanying energy losses dominate so that iii
fact if combustion is ignored, vaporizing droplets cause damping, not driving, of unsteady gas motions.
We muast emphasize that the conflicting results, and the conclusion that vaporization is not a mechanismn
for driving combustion instabilities rests on proper computation of the energy transfer. In the earlie- work.
an incorrect or, rather, incimlplete form of Rayleigh's criterion was used. It is certainly trite that the PiroceeS
rel--esetited by iL';p' alone does cause driving if the fluctuation of mass release has a cornponentt in phase witl,
the pressure fluctuation, but that is only part of the story.
Pricni (1938) has recently used Heidmauln anl Wieber's model of vaporization, cominiied with the model
wvorkcd out ly Feiler and H-eidmanu (1967) fursa gaseous fuel, to study combustion instabil~ties in thet LOX/Imoet It-
suie system. He bases his conclusions cuncerning stability boundaries onl numerica! resuilts fr.r the e',ollbst iott
responses, of which that f liquid oxygen is computed wvith equastioin (3.16) and the method tlrcsirihile above; midl
oil corresponding results found for thle losses associated with the exhaust tior~zle and balV~vms,
Hit, ressults sent to-
compare fairly well with recent experimental work. rThe reason that this could be so - ceu, thought vaporizutioti
causes niet energy losses if all contributions are accounted for - is that the energy releissed by~conthsii,,in,
immediately following vaporization, is thle deutittant factor. That is, in equatiotn (3.1.7) the termts intvolvinr
eniergy transfer ture larger than those reprcsei~ti'tg losses, Comparison wvith experimuental) restlltS scellNntsvdilys 'o,
hivolve molt iplicative factors whil Iatre determined to provide best fit to data~, or air mthsent inl tioritndiwzwd ofornis.
Then wl~ie goodl agreemnitt is found, it seems that it is largely tite q1ualitative heha~vior that is heing checked.
Despite the umeavy emnrhasis, in many works, onl vaporization as tilt. rate controlling 1provess, it tf, geneurally
recognized that other processes contribute and itt somle situationls may be dotnmbiatt. The ivtdeetioit pr~ucsr, itielf
may be affected under unsteatly conditions due1 to tile varying st-etuils, iniplivi of jets, uamid ato'isamion141allso
sensiti e- to unsteady flow fields. Those problems aire extretm'ly commplicatedl diffieult to ,lesetribe' ill a fiarhimum
suiitable for use in atgeneral analysis, and are very mntic depetidemit tint details. of thp h'urdwar.', TWAs timew,'4i
has -1-gely been expe.'imemmttml with somec effort to -ocrrilate, ruentuh inlmm form useful for tlesigptt[eg. Le-vine (190)ml
2
Stutter, Woutiwutd oud Claytont (1969); Webhber kl97 ); Wobbem atod 11offinaim (1572)1. The titit, lt,tg twittud". hia
seent usced essentially as a means of corro'lmting till of those provesses without reticent fo 4stumila [Itm'artlol. ('roeve.
andtrlarrjo (1904); Reartion, Mcflride tand Smnitht (1966)]. smlnttmmomieR of exp"'diltmtiuel rem~llti ohlutmjhesi prior to
1971 mafy he foutnd itt the reference volume edited by 11arrjo and ReArdoit (19%2).
Of recent work, thle tmost fimudsttenttid and detailed ia that emmrnie titi ant
of)NFlA a. it r-s'mlm 4f toobirm
tine to coinbustioti inistabilities in the Viking mottor, Specittl ellort has been1h~ tmitd nwmudeisstitl flit:esttttedauh
behtaviomr of thle itijectors used !inthat erigite. Theit-hriteions, of thet research proghramyettserm-ecribedl by soutehiet,
Lemnoint' awd Dorv'illp (1982); itindl by loutrine atod Schtmtitt (1083). Cost1e igtefrt hr's 4tire lle--t -Xlmitsdu'i t
to charatcterize the stvittuly mundutusteadty behavior its fltp basis for attaIyzimg livittihitles in she esmgit,v [Lummmsitw.
Sel-t'itt ttnd 1rmunlt (19M4); Lecottrd. Foueatid uttd ltieittzmmtamum (0i Loutft..' ( t.~j Levomunti and ri'Ut ittcm
(1987)1. Tile resultst riutge ft-out dtetm'!le mettsteitsretens of tkw Nprry tuiroplet Owz44n.1ytlotitý (1tiýitlonsq~1to
the moore glohid itmisteatly resolsttmi('r t ile inijector, tisiagi a d"Vvic ahuitaled fromi usniethosi dm'snelltpe for wlill
1pmpellatit rockets, Incorporation c! the restilts oit thee *sskoi 4a '4smIFAlyt; o the ilsia ttklhmlif~til ptiftas'Is itk
trutgivas,
3.3 Ccmnvoctivm Wavess
Followittg work by hovas~icity (1953), Chu anld lKomnsttis (105T) ho%%-tw' oner way sit slrowlu'toiig~a'a
slithd dlistutrbantces of it Visctots compressible fhuld binto e~las itrisumtnk. vivm ts.tol esmltovp) 50.tr'
rtv rwe
Acousttic wavest carry tito etittopy chtinges,' while, viscowq "sd ewftoisy Witvea h~aw, ila stjsul~leat
flhictutttiontt. The direct effect of visicouts AtreCse 411d teits ennshimmeiism otq rowlbestloi. li~totmhlitimle gessta
rss
tiegligible except int lie vicintity of surficem, 'Iltit Patiropy fittet'satlimu ovidessly hmvs secosuti *1tsIehh'elfts 41V
Ituoutatie watves is im1pitpiie
by Shims
formal r'mtmmlypis covefed in tmSekft 2i thele Wktast 1Wtced to latmasihims stew rsttogty.
However, bo~th Vlst'uts effo'ctsi and 1101asatiftsitml Plttroll' tasty afiget fitp hArtasitis' livd ltsH&Csns'siythot~kghs P.tt
"vemes lit tile b'utildaries, Firdt wo exiislatin hes' thw. p"osie ittlltteasres 0pofstopy Qkluatsaitssss 11~su froUWitilim
1-24

the general class of convective waves, that is, disturbances that are carried with the mean flow: their propagation
speed is the average flow speed. Entropy fluctuations are associated with the portion of temperature fluctuations
not related isentropically to the pressure fluctuation; such as non-uniformities of temperature due, for example,
to combustion of a mixture having non-uniformities in the fuel/oxidizer ratio. In general, an entropy wave may
be regarded as a nonuniformity of temperature carried with the mean flow.
As shown by Chu(1953) pressure waves incident upon a plane flame will cause generation of entropy waves
carried downstream in the flow of combustion products. Thus one should expect that when combustion insta-
bilities occur, there must be ample opportunity for the production of entropy fluctuations. That process has
negligible effect directly on stability (the coupling between acoustic and entropy waves is second order within the
volume) but there has long been interest in the possible consequences of entropy waves for the following reason.
When an entropy wave is incident upon the exhaust nozzle, it must pass through a region containing large
gradients of mean flow properties. A fluid element must retain its value of entropy and for this condition to be
satisfied, the pressure and deusity fluctuations cannot he related by the familiar isentropic relation, 6p - y6p. As
a result, within the nozzle pressure changes are produced that will generate an acoustic wave that will ptopagiad
upstream. Thus, an entropy wave incident upon an exhaust nozzle can produce an acoustic wave in the chamber,
augmenting the a:ous'ic field due to other sources.
An artificial elementary example will illustrate the proposition. Consider a chamber admitting uniform
constant inesan flow at the head end, say through a choked porous plate; the flow exhausts through a choked
nozzle (Figure 34). Suppose that

FIGURE 3.4

mt the head eud A heater is placed, arranged so that its tenm ¥rature can he varied periodically, with frceqlrm-lcy
This netion produwes a continuous tet|peratittv or entropy wave eativerted with the tlcw. Ain experimentalt
realiat ioll of this situattiut lha- beetl drsrribel ihy Zuitoski mittAuerbach (19tiW). We tssmule no losste withiln
the flow, maa fluid elmtent retillsi its entropy: s•iall lperturtlibtious s' of thlt entroly satisfy the ftluatioll

all 0s'

If S is thil atlitutttl df the flut'qettim at the lhalvt I . n 0). tihe woultitm fo s i-s

Tos O hfy tOws

rAfru4Itqlatiot at that the Hlowslieed Is vanishifttaly atarl so that we ttey igttor Its tfcrt
ttwaokstie wears two reins this MAswttptIiou In Spewiltti 31. Thiti thes &*Acsile ptvvttsre gild wkeloiy Nields r-o tr
rtnsetoýl as aMni *4tiglttwad gitld lwftwail Itutve~lg PhIAItse w fts

a (V.04' 4 =-"I~a

As. 'tvaikl, thr vostiplox wowtittmtwnais6k (,.t 5*51/0 Tlie ttcssttstl litasstre andi %veiti~ymtnititt tW4 ist41let
-44)r 1Wf the i etwttnswi
bts~ tsswwwttttt v4"4tlsM. (11.1) with 60 , ' 07

&ispseto '0641wlteubt the

11W the tiolgidtwatla, WtwseJ tttuvV44n WUW4 404w. that V1 P4. "V061
4 Wnes

iW. P. istu% ig5. 13Th

A~ssrte'
tht VW' we~
ss t.*sa#: ~wiat
W" tw-tat otW 11Wawkemmstk waw. --M

Bto41&Wi ttIWsAY a datts) the Pt ~'wt' Ht1#A tlntts 4w" tis ase
JOsse.it?1tio "lsot wow@ ttit0sts
as WA U tv""Wsata t*sis
VUpbtOw L064 alti41 KP~tksaWma Ito at -t.2 4
 1-25

Tajen (1952), Crocco (1953) and Crocco and Oheng (1956) have shown that the boundary condit~on at the vozzle
entrance may be written in the form

p' + jsdA1 u' + A 2 8' =0 (z L) (3.25)

We may now show that the problem formulated here admaits solutions representing steady acoustic oscil-
lations in the chamber, whose stability depends on the values of the coefficients AO, A,, A2. We eliminate
the unknown amplitudes S, P+., P- and obtain a characteristic equation for the complex wavenumber k, by
satisfying the boundary conditions (3.22)-(3.25). Substitute equations (3.20) &id (3.22) into (3.23) to find

P-.f - P-= 0 (3.26)

With (3.19) and (3.20)a, the condition (3.24) is satisfied if

S =Ao(R1. + P-) (3.27)

Finally, substitution of (3.19), (3.20)a,b and (3.27) in (3.25) gives

[((1+ A,)ei~L + A.A 2c iLp

u J++[1- AI)efkiL + AA 2e U ]IP.. 0 (3.28)
With P- = .P+ from (3.26) we have the characteristic equation

- A i + 2Ao A2e
?cT2kL1 [I+A UkV (3.29)

Generally AO, A,, A2 are complex numbers. The real and imaginary parts of (3.29) provide transcendental
equations for the real and imaginary parts ( w/a, a/a) of k. The solutions are unstable if ai > 0, corresponding to
self-excited waves. Note that in the limiting case of no entropy fluctuations ( Ao = 0) and a rigid well (A, -' co)
at z= L, (3.29) reduces; to ecikl' = +1 or cos2kL = 1 and sin 2kL = 0. Then k = nsr/L and the allowable
wavelengths are A =2,r/k- 2L/n, the correct values for a tube closed at both ends.
This example suggests the possibility for producing instabilities if entropy wvaves are generated and if those
waves, interact with the boundary in such a way as to produce acoustic disturbances. It is in fart a genuine
possibility that has been considered both in laboratory tests and as an explanation of instabilitics observed in
actual engines. Tue difficulties in applying this idea are largely associated with treating the processes responsible
for causing the entropy waves.
In a combustion chamber, possible sources of entropy fluctuations may he distributed throughout the chain-
her, Burning of non-uniforin regions of fuel/oxidizer ratio and interactions of pressure distributions with corn-
hustion zones tire importanti voises, both producing non-isentropic temperature fluctuations. Thus in general
the property that in inviscid flow free of sources an element of fluid hias constant entropy, is inadeqjuate. A
proper description. of entropy waves should he placed in the broadler context accounting also for convective waves
of vorticity as work-ed o,it first by Chu and Kovasznay k(1957). We cannot provide a complete discussion here,
but for latter puirposes in%Section 5.3 it is helpful to have at band the more general equation governing entropy
fluctualtions,
Combination Of the first law of thernmodynamics for a perfect gas and the. definition ds = dq/T, valid if the
heat transfer dqj is not too abrupt, gives

ds = C' - p

Now introduce the perfect gas law to ellukinate the temperature change, Writing the result for motion following
atfluid element we have
1 Lis 1 Dp I Dpg (3.30)
VT'-T ptT p,Dth
where DIDI to 0/01 + a, - V is thv convective derivativ. After stibstitution of (2.18) and (2.20) we find time
eqluation fig esitrupy,

+ {(Ist - r) +-i(6ujd1)wd
Theiright hand Nids' contalnma all sources of entropy changes Including viscous effects. cossibutationi and conversion
at ifuid Io gAs.
Equation (3,31) completes kthe set of eiquationsmmaquired for cormplete analysis of combhustion Instabilities
Includlng entropy wavvs. The equationst governing verticity wwves ane obtained by splitting the velocity field
into two pact-. ilte acosuviti field Which INIrrotationtil, and the rotational vorticlty field which, Iftreated in all
geswrahty, Inolude Itarhuiene au well as large vortex %tructtmres and shear waves,
The subijoct of vorvciveed waves Inthe presettce of dacouic mnctlouss hass not beetn exhaustively treated. Somue
spocial exasapWe we d~isusted Ws Seadwo 5.3
 1-26

3.4 Vortex Shedding and Combustion

The presence of swirling, spinning or vortex motions in propulsion systems has long been recognized as a
serious problem. They fall broadly into two classes: those with angular momentum directed along the axis, usually
(if the rocket itself isn't spinning) related to standing or spinning transverse acoustic modes of the chamber; and
those having angular momentum mainly perpendicular to the axis, associated with vortex shedding from bluff
bodies or rearward facing steps.
Motions identified as forms of transverse or tangential modes do not normally qualify as mechanisms: they
-"arc themselves the combustion instability. Male, Kerslake and Tischler (1954) gave an early summary of severe
rtransverse oscillations ("screaming" at 10K Hertz ) and noted what has always been a serious consequence:
greatly increased surface heat transfer.
Here we are concerned with vortex motions growing in unstable shear layers. Those vortices, nt.w commonly
called "large coherent structures" [Brown and Roshko(1974)] are convected downstream at approximately the
average speed of the two streams forming the shear layer. In propulsion systems, the shear layers in question arc
generally formed in flow past bluff body flame holders (in thrust augmentors) or past rearward facing steps (in
- ramjet engines).
Observations of vortex shedding from flameholders, and recognition of the importance of this process as a
possible mechanism for combustion instabilities were first independently reported by Kaskan and Noreen (1955)
and by Rogers (1954) and Rogers and Marble (1956). Both experiments used premixed gaseous fluel and air
flowing past a flameholder in a rectangular channel. However, the particular mechanisms proposed were very
different. Figures 3.5 and 3.6 taken respectively from Kaskan and Noreen (1955) and Rogers and Marble (1Q56)
clearly show the vortex shedding.

FIGURE 3.5

FIGURE 3.6

Motivated partly by earlier observations of Blackshear (1953) and Putumn and De'nnis (1953), Kaskau
and Noreen speculated that stretching of the flane front accompianying roll-up in the vortex causes a pressuro
dietrubance, Periodic disturbances generated by periodic vortex shedding may then sustain either transverse or
longitudinal acoustic fields, (They observed both In their tests.) As a quantitative busls for interpreting their
results they, modified a theoretical relation derived by Chu (1953) for plane flamnes. Although they had modest
success comparing their reasoning with their data, Kaskan and Noreen did not provide a comiplete explanation
of the closedloop process roquired to generate self-excited escilations, This mneehanism has not subsequently
receivetd ouch notice as e cause for combustion instabilities, although the idea has recently been trvived in
connection with work on ramiet combustion; see remarks in Section 5.3.2.
Rogers and Marble gave detailed reasoning to support their Idea that delayed periodic combustion iu shed
vortices generates periodic pressure pulsas that serve as sources of the acoustic field (transvere in their tests).

- .. .
 1-27

The fluctuating velocity of the acoustic field itself initiates the vortex shedding, thereby closing the loop. Rogers
and Marble drew on earlier data for the ignition delay in flow past bluff bodies [Zukoski and Marble (1955)1 to
demonstrate that vortex combustion could in fact occur in proper phase to support the acoustic vibrations.
During the past six years, the idea that vortex shedding is a dominant factor in mechanisms for many
combustion instabilities has gained growing support. Practically all of the work has been motivated by problems
of longitudinal oscillations in ramjet engines. Een thoutgh the frequencies are substantially lower than those of
the oscillations treated by Rogers and Marble, the essentials of the idea seem to hold true.
The problem of longitudinal iskillatioýs in small:ramlet engines was apparently first recognized by Hall
(1978). Rogers (1980a, 1980b) gave thorough sunmaries of the available experimental work. Those reports
served as the basis for an early analysisof tlhe pirblem by Culick and Rogers (1983); that work did not include a
satisfactory mechanism. Concurrefitly, B*.ne (1981, 1983) proposed that vortex shedding in a dump combustor
appeared to be a likely cause of the. obieved instabilities. Apparently unaware of the earlier work by Rogers
and Marble on transverse oscillations, he based his argument on known results for cold jet flows.
Since the early 1980's a great deal of attention has been given to the role of vortex shedding in dump
combustors, both in cold flow and ini laboratory combustion tests [e.g. Keller et al (1982); Smith and Zukoski
(1985); Biron et al (1986); Schadow et al (1987);,Sterling and Zukoski (1987); Poinsot et al (1987); Yu et al
(1987)]. There is little doubt now that.indeed the coupling between periodic energy released by combustion in
shed vortices and the acoustic field is the dominant mechanism in dump combustors. The extent to which the
same mechanism is active in contemporary thrust augmentors is less well-established but there is good reason
to believe that it is often, if not usually, the main cause.
Extensive experimental work on vortex shedding in shear layers and jets at room temperature has provided
a fairly complete picture of the formation of vortices; vortex pairing; and the general features of the flow without
heat addition [see Schadow et al (1987) f6r a briefreview of the literature relevant to problems in ramiet engines].
Tests in various configurations, iieluding those appropriate to ramnjets (e.g. Flandro et al (1972); Culick and
Magiawala (1979); Dunlap and Brown (1981); Brownet al (1981, 1983); Schadow et al (1984)] established the
ability of shed vortices to drive acoustic resonances over a broad range of flow conditions. The works cited above
have extended that conclusion to flows with large heat addition accompanying combustion under circumstances
simulating those found in actual ramjet engines. We shall discuss those results further in Section 5.3.2.
The obvious qualitative importance of combustion in large vortices has prompted several recent analytical
investigations of the process. Broadly the idea is that the shear layer is formed at the edge of a bluff body, the
high speed stream consisting of an unburnt mixture of reactants; the low speed stream is composed largely of hot
combustion products forming the recirculation zone behind the body. As Smith and Zukoski (1985) and Sterling
and Zukoski (1987) have shown, the shear layer exhibits widely varying degrees of stability depending on the
operating conditions. We are concerned here with cases when the layer is highly unstable, a situation encouraged
by the action of the acoustic velocity forcing oscillations of the layer at the lip. Large vortices may then rapidly
form, entraining unburnt mixture on one side of an interface, with the combustion products on the other side.
A flame is initiated at the interface and the question to be answered is: how does the rate of combustion, and
therefore heat release, vary as the vortex rolls up and propagates downstream?
Marble (1984) treated au idealized case of a diffusion flame initiated along a horizontal plane when simulta-
neously the velocity field of a line vortex is Imposed along an axis in the interface, Elements of flame initially in
the interface are caused to execute circular motions and are stretched by the vortex field, causing an increase in
the rate at which reactants are consumed. The expanding core contains combustion products but as the vortex
roll-up continues, the rate of consumption always remains greater than that for flame in the flat interface having
the same length as that In the rollcd-up vortex. Karagozian and Marble (1086) carried out a similar analysis
accounting for the influence of stretching along the axis of the vortex, They found that, following a transient
period during which the core grows to its asymptotic form, the augmented cansumption rate ia unaffected by
axial stretching. In those cases the rate of heat release reached a constant value monotonically: there is no
distinguished period of pulsed combustion as required for the mechanism for instability described above,
More recently, Laverdaut and Candel (1987, 1988) have treated both diffusion and premixed flames in the
presence of vortex motion with finite chemical kinetics. Their analysis Is entirely numerical giving good agreement
with those of Karagoalan and Marble and laragosian and Manda (1986) for a vortex pair.
Perry (1983) also analysed the influence of finite chemical kinetics in the problem posed laid solved by
Marble (1984) who had assumed infinite reaction rates. Under sioe conditions, the heart release rate shows a
modest peak In time, However, neither his results, nor those of Laverdant and Candel. suggest the sort of time
delay to pulsed combustion one might like to see to complete the picture.
No work has been accomplished to determine whether or not the augmented reaction rates found In the
analysis are sufficient to explain the mechanism of Instabilities driven by vortex combustion. On the other
hand, the experimental results reported by Smith and Zukokik (1988), Sterling and Zukoeli (1987), and Yu et al
(1987) show vividly and beyond doubt that unsteady combustion associated with vortex motins Is a vigorous
source indeed. Figure 3.7 is a sequence of photographs taken by Smith and Zukoski during one cycle of a high
amplitude oscillation, They propose the following mechanism, A vortex is initiated at the edge of the step at
a time determiaed partly by the local acoustic velocity, The vortex propagates downstream, releaing energy of
a rate that seemn to reach maximum when the vortex Impinges on the wall. In order for Impingement to occur
at a favorable time during the acoustic oscillation, the propagation rate and hence strength of the vortex must
Increase with frequency, Because the vortex strength depends on the magnitude of velocity fluctuation intiathis
the motion at the lip, it Is necessary that the steady amplitude of the acoustic field Increase with frequency. That
behavior is observed. Moreover, numerical calculations by Headrcks (1096) have shown quite similar behavior
for the usnsteady flw induced by an abrupt change of velocity peas a rearward facing step. Figure 3.8 is a sketch
 1-28
taken from Hendricks' work showing the development of a vortex calculated for those conditions.

)ýv

~
.~~~ ....

1.451

Flouts Lf
The tMOIntla kIM ti f VejttcM M~beisISa iAa inehazSUM (WedulVIUS tnaMaW~tl COM WeOWatY Inc Wepea
In the sspProximale analysi summathwe to Sodiuma U and 1~3. lhWu ksUAm enpethwWAtal W#kiew that
Impg vortlee hs cald Raow ton sustaln vewAcusw 1% a duets Flandro (106N) has showne
ow. mean ot ham&*o
the pem analytt"Bly h&Ia nwi d4iel sold Wsetaana toupumn hetwese vetlal mAd samautic tu~oWAW S@@
sle Aas" andI CUlki (IOU~) for an 4lment~y model oftcouqlams~~ "W WIn the kapbogmem of a Vortex
ou an obstacl 'Taks with tombuators have shown, bwmw, that amliude~ of ose~Wton ame tuhutaaily
eiaiter whent husulg occur. That molt i most Wtuy due to the uastuay emery wise.. %% thenifee amom
tha this Is &hmaWn WAntcOf the driVin.
Wenc in the forcin funetion &, equatios (USl) Wn(2.4), v* totem only the town 0 In P. eqatmion
(2.23); Eaystin (2.45) Wcthe tlmewdspmdst &A~ Ud& of tW *~ %06e is

.Ai~ U2
 A formula for Q' must be constructed to account for the tmjectory of the vortex and its associated rate of energy ..
release along the trajectory. To illustrate with a simple example, we consider excitation of longitudinal modes
and assume that the vortex traveli parallel to the axis. Wthin the one-dimensional approximation, that implies-
averaging the presence of the vortex over planes transverse to the axis. The situation is sketched in Figure 3 9.
The origin z = 0 is at the step, which is not the location of a pressure anti-node. In fact, we must allow.
acoustic velocity to be non-zero at the beginning of the shear layer at z 0, so the mode sllpe is

FIGURE 8.9

O.) = cos(k.z + 4,) (3.33)

The values of k. and 0 can be set by imposing a boundary condition at z = I and choosing :iOne locatio.) z < 0
for a pressure anti-node. For example, if pressure auti.nodes occur at A = -64. anda L + 6 1 1. the two
Z
couditions must be satistled

siu(-kR6LQ + ))+ 0 (3.32)

siu(k,,(Z + 611) + 41 = 0
fron which k. and , ca• be determined. For the purpos here, the particular valves of k',, atnd 4 ar inumateritd-
With (3.M), the acoustic preure and velocity are

ul= s*.. + 4,)

rin 4(~c (3.33)u. 6

F simplicity, asume that the vortice ropr ato with coMItant *po..2 V, and t,-launched periodically

j w riodth
IPV
| TV,at the time tI 0, r,. 2r., -,-. Assame furth thut th" are point vyrtie releasing energy
at the rate 9(1) each. Hnceo the enrly releme as wied with a tai 4 sA vo.rtic@d can be ropmM104r by
6-fUMCtiM aUViq With Speed WWItiply4 th enr rekeWe .,

Otut) q](06t1 - tVJ1 + qp(t),ta v,(# - ?'.l + QJQP611t - Mtt - "tr'))

- it..(t. jvrA
IMy(eJAD (334

In atcordwwe with the boheviclr epordted 4y Sittth &WdZ,-k"i wte sh"d ze;att the strngith of eah vortvx
"And.
thae(o by finwaption Its emu eleas to the Vtvlty Alletautlo- ewvtiln 1t1bhith. for dimpldcty we
lWtre the lnflasisce of t" mma flow speed ant set ;11prowtrimiil to uw aronsal veloity ra the stp nd aw
A t6e tini wwe the Vaete INhshed. wke.
Dausm

f q(t) is
wh*ba
Vit1) #jt) i(jc
VweX

supposed to be cwwnoc' to all vwostles

- .ls
N3

Witt, t.33T) L-t thfi4 dicsew.Ise ('ý38).-

(33)

4AOkseil/f4I - t-.(t - jyj)- #jtt56j - ') 1.8

sh K&s
wessseto (3e,3 olf 4U Nh
ethem
W 4a Wd w f(3 ) ihr ie5

1jtrd$

Itcamfa~t
U04W
Ufa) J6( -k .)f(aAte

A4~~ Ak
4*0 - AA-
1-30

Ja~V~~ C~j{q(t) cos[k,,taý(t jr(33]

f ~ ~j=D 3.9
+4,~)k.V'sin~k-V-(t -j,]

with

= ~~T)~(3.40)
~ 5 0

Thus we have an expression for the right hand side of (3.30) representing the forcing due to a train of burning
vortices, launched at t2 0, rv, 2-r., - - from the lUpof the step at z =0.
The results (2.52)a,b of time averaging may now be used to determine the functions A,(t), B,,(t) in the form
(2.51) for io.(t). To find explicit results, the time dependence q(t) for the energy release rate of each vortex must
be prescribed. Although contrary to the results for vortex combustion cited earlier, we assume for simplicity
that negligible energy is released by each vortex until some time T.~ later, the time delay for this process. Hence
we set all q2(t) equal except for the difference in the times of initiation:

MR- K~ra, + rA)

Mt (3.41)
With this form the integrals in (2.52)a,b can be carried out explicitly. In this step, consistent with the approxi-
mationus required for the method of time averaring we set

.(r)=-Wn[A.(t)coswnjT, - B,(t)sinw,,jr,,)
and take A,(t), B,,(t) to be constant when the integrals are performed. As a result, the formulas (2.52)a,b lead
to the results always found for linear behavior,
dA.
Wt .A ,B (3.42)n, b
dB'
Wi = 01Bn - 9nBn
Hence the ea,, an, depend on the various parameters k., 0., T, r, r etc. introduced to define the mode shape
and the stream of vortices. Their particular forms are unimportant here. The point is that the idea of producing
combustion Instabilities by unsteady combustion in vortex shedding can be translated to tan approximate descanp-
tion allowing correlation and Interpretation of data. The details of applying this analysis to experimental data
aire presently incomplete. It would be particularly interesting to determine whether this model of the process
predicts frequency shifts as large as thoen sometimes observed in laboratory tests.

Uldrt' iinq the purpose of research on combustion Instabilities Isto provide the basis for understanding and
curing the problem In actual propulsion systems. Experimental data taken with laboratory or full-scale devices,
combined with analytical catimateg, have Suggested the most likely mechuianism for instabilities. Analysis based
on the conservation equations incorporating one or more of these metchanisims provides the means for translating
empirical resuts to a form useful In design and development.
Thus the analyses of unsteAdy motions that have been carried out have becen conditioned to a considerable
extenit by the t priori view of the mechanism, or model, chosen to represent the unsteadly combustion processe.
(That Is not entirely a necesary rule, but seemns to be, partly a social matter or a question of taste.) In this
section we shall cover briefly fout classes of analysis that seem to enacompas almost all of the work that has been
alone on omubustion Instabilities In liqtuid rockets, Historically, the problems were first treated for liquid rockets,
raweseh In the subject was particularly active during the Wa60s because of the needs of tho Apollo program.
Some of the Ideas have since been adapted with suitable modifications, to analyze Instabilities In augnientors,
and rarAjet. We shal diwscus thWN subjets Int Section 5.
4.1 Numerical Analysts and Simulation of
Combustion Itnstabilities
By 'numerical analysis we mean works that are devoted to solving the differential contsrvatlou equattions,
usually In nonlinoear forias. Thus, It Is necessary to prescribe In complete detail the taechaimsm selected as the
cause for the Indastsblte, In view at the discussion, InSection 3, it Istherefore not surprising that numerical
analyses hve" uniformnly been concerned with mechanisms emphasising Injection, ateasisation, vaporisatlon, and
comlipstust of liquid propellants.
tePiMu and Oneatert (IOU2) wmr first to treat comnbustion Instabilities lit liquid rowkets by solving nutnerlcAlly
tecensereatoi equationsm Their approach was late adopted by others Inotably by lieffiaso, Wright and Breen
(1968) base ont work reported by Detran. WVright, and Breen (1068)) wItt sme Important detailed charges, but
the ststatV remained unchange. The work haa been sumarzasied in Hartie sard Reardatt (1072), pp. 104,20T
and pp. 28803.
Because o cemputatlioual limitat"n, only one. or two. dinmensionda problems were treated. The tvo.
dimnesional prcoblemt was formulated toe concentrie sanul Inthe chame (ig're 4.1) The nonlinear csmser'atlon
equations were solved with source torms representing vmprisatlen and comibuston, Hoffman, Wright, amI
Wteek dialapAW tdhed l lquid fAW and esidimseraud were atile to reprent the o=erg release somewhat more
 1-31

realistically: for example, they were able to account for variable oxiderfluel ratio and conditions when either fuel
or oxidizer may be exces. Moreover, they included the-droplet drag and momentum thransfer between the liquid
and gas phases. They assumed, with Priem, that the vqorization ratb was quos-steady, but they improved the
representation by including a dependence on Rayfiolds number. Like Priem, they assumed also that combustion
occurred immediately upon vaporization. As an improvement in detail, they used a lognormal distribution of
sizes for both the fuel and oxidizer droplets. Break-up .and.atomizatibn of the injected liquids were ignored.

FIGURE 4.1

The same initial value problem was treated in all these works: a wave having sinusoidal amplitude distri-
bution around the annulus is initiated with maximum amplitude A//. It is time evolution is calculated as it
propagatees around the annulus. The annulus can be placed anywhere along the axis of the chamber, but axial
propagation of the wave is not treated. Axial locations are distinguished because the properties of the droplet
sprays vary as the flow proceeds from the injector. The average properties of the spray are assumed uniform
within an annulus.
Thus the wave is confined to an annulus and the chief results are the waveform as a function of time
and space. Fr•om that can be determined the growth or decay of the wave and the dependence on the various
parameters characterizing the system. It's a curious result - never satisfactorily explained - that all calculations
apparently showed linear stability. The initial disturbance had to have finite amplitude in order to be amplified.
When unstable, the wave steepened, as shown by Figure 4.2 taken from Hoffman, Wright, and Breen. Owing to
the constraints placed in the problem (especially the required propagation in an annulus ) it is not very surprising
that the possibility of finite amplitude transverse waves without shocks, predicted by Maslen and Moore (1956)
was not confirmed; their results always show substantial steeping after short times.

II

J I J .48 .- ~j

WN~sa AM",#

FIGURE 4.,

Figure 4,3 shows some of the main results found by HofnfaMi Wright, and Breen, The initial maximum
ssamplitude of the wave Is plotted versus a burning rate patameter, esntially a measure of the average energy
release rate In unit volume. The curves ar stability boundaries: for values of amplitude below the curve, the
wave decays, Several boundaries are shown for values for a 'drg parameter' equal to 1, 10 and 100. The drag
parameter Is a dimensionless measure of the momentum exchange per unit volume between the liquid and gas
phases. Figure 4.3 Illustratte the obvious result that the gon of instability is decreased as the momentum
emrhange Increases,
Travewem waves have long been troublesome and destructive Instabilities In liquid rocketas Male, Kerslake
and Tis•hler (154); Reardon, Crosco and rtne (1964), Levine (65); Clayton, Rae, and Sotter (198)1. The
problem had motivated the analyses deribed above, and for similar reaeons Burstein, Chhnits and Schechter
(1972) also carries out a numerical analysis Like the etarliet formulatons, they treated wave propagation In an
annulus, Including the Influeaces of a droplet cloud, but with the added feature that they could include axil
 1-32

2.0

WM5,t 551. ftftMWr 9

MOE IN1 OF FARMO 11 STALIJTY

ONA UNITS
FIGURB 443
baffles. Thus their main contribution seems to have been their more extensive treatment of propagation in the
axial direction. They too evidently found that small anplitude waves were stable.
The serious constraints placed on those earlier works, mainly due to the limitations of computational re-
sources, cause them to be of limited value. It is not clear that the problems solved have been formulated in a
physically consistent fashion, causing one to question the meaning of the results. In particular, the restriction to
wave propagation in an annulus is no longer an acceptable approximation. Habibalish, Lourme and Pit (1988)
have recently reported their most recent progress in a program devoted to modem numerical analysis - or nu-
merical simulation - of instabilities. Although the calculations are being done specifically for the Viking engine,
the ideas are more general and the essentials of the approach are broadly applicable.
This sequence of works has been previously described in several places [Schmitt and Lourme (1981); Habibal-
lab and Monin (1984); Habihallah, Maraifa, and Monin (1985)] and we shall not cover the details here: the results
are yet to be completed. The work amounts to be as thorough as possible analysis of both the liquid and gas
phases in unsteady flow, including the influences of turbulence and-0* combustion based
.
on recent analysis (4,1)
and
experiment. A series of two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer programs is being constructed. Ulti-
mately, solutions (simulations) will be obtained for the conservation equations discussed in Section 2, but with
I+ 0.4,=11
careful account taken of chemical species. This seems Gclearly to be the proper direction for current and future
numerical analysis of combustion instabilities. Only with full use of modern computational resources will it he
possible to include the necessary details of the processes from Injection to combustion.,-
,.• 0.2
4.2 Analyses Based on the Time Lag Model
By 'time lag model' we mean here the most common form, expressed by equation (3.14) for the un.gtpatl:
conversion of liquid to gas. Crocco and Cheng (1956) examined various elaborations, including spatial variations
of the sensitive time lag, but here we shall assume r to be uniform everywhere and the same for all elements
of Injected propellant. Also we shall not distinguish between oxidizer and fuel. Both assumptions have been
adopted In almost all applications, a notable exception being an analysis of chugging In which two time lags were
introduced (Wenzel and Smuch (1966)].
Although some analysis has boen done of nonlinear behavior with the time lag model [Sirignano and Crocco
(1904); Mitchell, Crocco and Sirignano (1909); Mitchell and Crocco (1969): by for most results, and all appli-
cations, have been worked out for linear behavior. To illustrate here we use the ap!)ruximate analysis described
iii Sections 2.2 and 2.3. Although differences In detail will arise, thi results will contain all the essential idelts
discussed In previous works,
Broadly, the central idea is to use the formula (2,72) for the growth constant, a, 011alue1ted on the stability
bousndary, so a = 0. Those terms containing w will of course depend on the Interaction Index, it, and the time
lag, r. If we assume that all other contributions to the formula ameknown, thens the condition a 0 provides a
relation between si and r that must, within the approximations used, hold on the stability boundary.
There Inno need to work out all details. Comparison of equations (2.90) and (2.98) shows that equation,
(2.72) will take the form
0 ,.<V- C,

where Ct, Ct ame constants, The constant Cl contains the various effects of liquId/gas interactions, the oIWAZle
mean flow/asow-tiea Interactions and damping devices. Now with 01~ given by (3113), Its reAl purt Isn(l - csw&r),
and for a w0, (4.1) gives

n(l - 4"Wv) Ot(3

 1-33

since L, is defined by (2.44)b and therefore becomes a common factor. The function GiR is supposed to be known,
with value depending on the various parameters (geometrical, etc ....) defining the system. Then equation (4.1)
is the relation between, n and r~ referred to above..
Figure 4.4 shows the unstable regions defined by equation (4.1). This is a reproduction of Figure 4.2.2a,
p.180, in an article prepared by Crocco [Harrie and Reardon (1972)]. The calculations carried out by Crocco
were quite different from those summarized here, but the result has the same form, another illustration of the
fact that, there is, in certain deep sense, only one 'linear stability problem'. Differences in detail among analyses
a~rise only because representations of processes, and therefore characteristic parameters, may differ.

U stable Unstable
(X3.01 PO)
Stability
limits

0.5 M Sloble

FIGURE 4.4
In this normalized form, Figure 4.4 is a kind of universal chart for the n - r model. The multiple regions
appear because of the factor 1 - coswr in (4.2) and correspond to the multiple peaks in the response, noted in
respect to Figure 3.3. They are usually not physically realistic and are another reflection of limitations of the
elementary time lag model. A formulation of the n - r model showing only a single peakc was reported by Crocco
(1966) but need not be discussed here.
For applications, equation (4.1) and Figure 4.4 have always been unfolded to give plots of n ver'sus r; nsend
r versug some characteristic parameter, such as the fuel/oxidizer ratio as in Figure 3.2 above; or in some cases
the stability boundaries have been presented in terms of system variables, with nsand r parameters along the
curves.

3.6 -I.
-V ,N NMIt iftltawtv

- o woos ew.s ti

2.4 (ILIs

4 i Its 10 14 ag 3 36 40

An example a( lthe lattet Is repeeuted InsRpms 4.5 takens Itm Cfaoco. Grey and Havine (1960). Thq
psriswMlo at this 6paz, mand Im a and v, weas o eximsal. experamuial WWL 1A
othet qutanssikave m~sejs
 1-34

,all case the strategy is the same: the stability boundary, marking the transition between stable and unstable
small amplitude waves, is located om.perimentally, as a function of the variables defining the instabilities. Then
the theoretical relation (4.1) is used to compute the required values of n and r along the boundary.

1. That procedure has been used successfully to interpret longitudinal modes [Crocco, Grey and Harrje (1960)]
and transverse modes [Crocco, liarrje and Reardon (1962) and Reardon, Crocco and Harrie (1964)1. By applying
the method to large numbers of tests, extensive correlations have been worked out for the interaction index and
time lag as functions of geometric variables, Injector design, propellant types and operating conditions. A brief
summary has been given by Reardon in Harrje and Reardon (1972), pp.277-286. Figure 4.6 is an example, of

I3
results for n and r determined from tests for storable hypergolic propellants, with various types of injetors.

4- ..-

*Ue~kado4jtlel

"!3' '"02 .04 .06.08 .1 . 4 . 8

MW 6*0 dialrtse' ali

.4 , - 5-- - -

FIGURE 4.6

Hatving Qvale" of it anld r. Otte Winow Picsioltably In akpoition to freturi to thr theowelicol rssut (Mrthr
9rOWth cons111,taolad aIpply the results to designing new syitaim. An ohvt-inys 4MMMtonnI$ga thAt. the 4za14
cairrolltionl' cin lit mAtu~ned "alid Only k
for thesytenot actually tmeste. How (tit the resltsl von be emtantolowl~
cannot ho known with great cniee.Neverthelms,,0thisen-mpiiric#l opptoach lss been 4ppaatently U*4
suess~fully Wiboth as a frameork for correlating dlats and as an aid to deisig It I itwessetial In tIN- proevill-e
thatt the want# tlteoeteal resolt for th6 growth Vonstnt hWuW'd W ort e elathin the dthka ttnd for tsull"Wiaen
ptodictitonsl. Otherw~e, incooslstett and toeanlmgs rmults will ho obtahtlesi,
Although the iW"a leadin to the idefiition of it andy as. appealing. the Otio lag tomYande
rod
l L"togaeil-m
A*ftramework for eM atingRslat "Annot a@
asW a10M
theory esls 1UfudaneAWWR lal"n AMcahof M014tior'
ins1tabiliftýes With a dig-mont two pwaRneive reiwesention of the uns0tteay, Pwoeft, tho leta"laA& "1d(4 11
might have aidillfernt ftsnettnttal fomi, but Ithe f0osula cOuld W. used I# the s"u" fNinona ýo Iwmwrae *-ahulit
bowadarles Only the fortns of &h correltions wouald be chamged.
Wemst also ntow that because oily the single tonnul& fowthe poswttls ccomini (112V or (4,~ has beenk
U10ed, the0 14ethod 410410111W Abov uses Wast Vitptoti to detesvmie two unknowts (it, r), Thugs in liatoitm, WARIn
difteultIN tay aris in obtalting com ent smtwtulil Thua trost" 6smvdedl It. nones corettily. hWit the ea
anid ItOManaY Parts (2-70) ansi (2.78) ot thew vowpWe wovionanhet re uWed Inthit 11410 1,lent. aauite %Vlwo,ý vi
'he fiquoticy aMe usW Will 411Me (2,79) caninnlitit the nMWAije pust af the "WtAdY Mass aussee t3- 14. OWtwor
04qknatlsu (2.75) and (.IS) liase t*Ate

ot J A.41"A* - 0,
Heasewith (3.14)
 1-35

nuinwr =
C3 f 0 2.0zdV (4 .2) a,b
n(1.- coswr) = 7

The left hand sides could equally be regarded, within a multiplier, as the reul and imaginary parts of the mass
source,

6)') = sbsn(1 - coswr) (4a

(4.4)a, b
6,i) = *in sin w"
and correlations could he done with 6,. = n(l - cosiu.) and 16'i = nmainr instead of (n, r). Thus, even
though the heuristic argument leading to tsj in the form (4.4) is bhsed on a time lag associated with motions
of the propellant ( a Lagrangian view), the end result is equivalent to a purely Eulerian representation of local
combustion process. The time lag associated with motions in apace can be reinterpreted as a phase lag in time
at a fixed location in space,
The formulas (4.3)a,b have been deduced from the approximate analysis discussed in Section 2 and therefore
have a particularly simple form. Although it is true that a linear analysis will always produce two forn',las, for
the real and imagiuary parts of comple. wavenunher, the forms may be wildly different in detail, depnatling it
the method of solu:lon. Crocco, Grey And Hartie (1960) solved thei differential equations directly, a method
used later by Crocc%, Harrjr- mad Rearda (1962) and Reardon, Crocco and Hafrje (1904) to study transverse
uusies.
The time lag mnodels of the combustion process hAs been usd also in tnalysis otf nonlinear behavior, both
for lrongitudinal oscillations (Srigrago and Crocco (1964), Mitchell, Crokco and Sirignamo (199); Crocco and
Mitchell (1969)1 and for tramsverse oscillatiom (Zion (1ON); Zinn and Sivvell (196)I. in those and other works
diwettsd in the following two sections, either n and? are assigned values; or the unsteady behavior i6 studied
as a fbnciou of is and r. Thus. stuftleent expeninental data had been gain.vv$ to suppe" the time lag modcel
that it could be used i a general fahion for theoretical work. However, remarks above emphasite thmt this
practice really amounts mnusing aty vomtýutiom rs'ponse having real and imagittmry parts related to 31 ril s
by equations (4.4)a.b. Exprw*iag retubts and intetysting behavior its terms of " and r entois noaotitsp*ns.
4,3 Use of Green's Funetlon to Compute
Ll-actw Stability
Hvjinniiig in the latelud, Mitchell said co-wockmr (1072. Q,10$ . 19t4 I8 1M_ 8W.14S7) lntwduttcv
use of t G•r•et s fWieti If*proAU,0 M integal equa0tio slved by i tve etkii. Goo Otumstavi o t0d6 apProavh
have been givitn by Mi~teS an~d Frlert (19791 and by MOW'tchll184. The tune la44 de wronOnsvsae to
tepresxet til e" bthutnim respos. the rasto. frk atiminal th w-- omks hers, ApAtt fr mt thait wgtt.t, thý
mehOd1Isattaetive for afrialtg Counplaleatuýn atwh awbals sad rmssnutmnr that ate qite awkwar to hauidl
when dfferenttal vqeatiom ato tod.
The appveosiiate rets~t-u 1106) rind.0t4)ssh Ole Mnfa the firsOftordr ten in#a IthWMtiWs PsOerdair Wi
Omit t~ird by Mhitcell They arm lov d h lseuslm j4 SectW ioAn hwe. (Afauns UYatpplying (ar4r' nw4*W)
to thk problm Lf UUMr stahilly ofte W(twanidagltzbumhnrs W thesote end tisethinW" W4
l f4 tesamtv- ol
thos two methods
With the tawduttkmn #Af GOwn's iWirtlorel dlflerntlo ivqontas 1*ronvrrted toean0 irtepal equatwA tit m
way he vnn'cstlely salved by Iwt"rto, Tihe genre) tbwy, with ap$In~lssrs. 6'thmennghty described b MWorse
and "hubah (1103), CAil!e (1903) Am Opp"&' the mthwlodn probemsd va!wtho ita tshiuoUAWs' It was 6%oe
Ohrg s arI
ad.pted:by Ow.s 19?)) 1, iay • .AW
.i
MIt"
W " his co-e:ves (04g. l006 OtO.1"t 194) Imwe thest, to p he aotsk- eresin. -As
veinItY potO ntil unneecwas Ihatador to Wokutl"6 a the deee WOtepsw
1Wi hW Sect"o 2 4eM owrrs.'.
We MaDii~mtrato the essntals of!his Wtwil with tie wlutt'iatlwt 4"*Wes hensý 1he pestsO" V to suit the

doph00"a sewala repmIWtAU"nl

m to t"9a $0"4 MWd
equalu (2.31) ua

De4ir the Gino' M1nsli

Walg.04 the ume bot&*h~f ht wMt a nit wsag* at prantic a) W &hsse

4 POW 014 ..

V-4 am d

Is q1 "AW.O •b 'k :.O

.aMO06 owd 1 Q •ow.i .s~
 it t~s ttat5 eact-lau-ttae vxlrvct'c C(a.i-I r.e c asti xptlical'in illaels e' lanainut! me-Av. .-,-. Of till" t te *s a-l~n.

,n
!ý11.iI tlt ill~(4 .t;j~j, I.Y V.* MA iliaegrAtils(oea rtil'the: rlcai
1110V lt gs.b

A. rj

NOw itisvat I(4 .8) in (4.7) aetti naisttttar I litet. we tort, examininelg that 1aitetie whetich, sarlieneulse gaarflarloattllismi ts-lea),
tcdlcv t..- flIIat- ?il?t ct~cssjt-aa ltionittia- an.'). Split Oiust ta-rin (rains hels re-iattaiftie-t fir flat- expalltstictll"il
tapspl y Otei I..
Ia/1
,. tl ý-,, il fath-limitt h -- f.0. 'ITh~se lalia-itjonst give' tite fearmidm lslte er0'
p al P .
2

Cyltjitca l (4I.111)is .-xurt-i4 t~itit (2.6;3), e~xc~ept ttti tlhe farctar pit(. whlas-I 4t0faitiacata-tItCdtaltt 1 Olteotoielt 12 t
t,,inat iwtJ 2.59) wits ii,,a- le _'~.i~te i (it-. he-re 'll p, , caill~ed aac-aiie
tise' thsi a'Isll- it lirluttraaay lhel.,t allI.,
ictimulalzalit iOta; thitas I) -a . ill (4.9) while in (2.59), fo= t,,.)
E.putct iota (4.9) shteive e'xplicit ly Offi'liu-rtarlat jOlts Of tllc' Classmical Iittell' iai, Keatintg sealrt,: atia site"],
Veta
1
-Ilacala. p. Bewaitc'am 11 ne1f deapendcsotaltp~aind 67 (i.e'. it atnd ls)., equtationse (4ý9) isi ani italegral eoimialin fair p nAttt
4 .fitrst, V' -calatitt lit, rcaeti hated with (4.9) mitttil ý catndjor' are kntiwei. lit titi- nfljairaxinia~ta tk-tiettl cliwacltA
it, Sartitia 2, we-tsaimply ,mct it #I7 te- (4.10) direcwtly. To p;it~-eri tetttha-t, file iiateral
imud
small~b
cplIiatiat (4.9) lltta.t Ina-sadvad That. is whetrer autt Of lilt! laher in Mitchell'~s wairk is e~jaettaleiti 11i' sail, I til-
-'it? atilt iatiaect'aietiiy alimtagtailt ilteratin
tell ct-altae-. We blias)! false elita-tatthe
oa liar tit'ai~i intiarah
WVetitact wifet, Icaaevttr, tihat whent-tlalteit erctiaampritert-ire- istused, eatie. aacetteitt IN, xe-reiss-a1 Ile41 all trillaa~.,
t itle-itt ra-t itatiie. Titi' suitaili pnarnameter hlereais it Miach natattowr, A". , Chriarcateizinig Ilit:avi-aaga- fl. ci
Order-a
Ctcrra-a-at bus ItO i at
fire tits tf OrdateriA/,: althat it', it tte- atrrcus-iva: steps in fltitt'elraetiton are lctalm-ied j."%. th
pi. c-crtiarre giveas:

fmcatata ith aced

I 1w tc f mtae a'acat.t4 tttirtid lay expiltaisiatt OtitI te pritmit ive ouetstl-stvettiitt vajaitttltit tAccorifhit~ teoaeintal
tit S~r-imiat2.2. If theatytart- taciteartie-c tat Oirder leigier titan A fro I stheit lit taint a-tarrast tat pjartaces's) it O Iatlalt.
,, mi th iapprtcxilesat ant i-,te ý o;,. cat the taatia-
um' tpa (to comtpuate k2 wilth (4.10). That in whiy the aapproixialaaua
aclttdatl tdistetsccaa ill Sa-e-tiatax 2.2-2.4 wets notet rarricai1 tat highetar Order. fia carry p antd iT toe higiher Older lteasa
44dlctstI- I layt0lt' at ist [Inat ina Oftit tandalfullecy yieild mitaleadinag anda incoraa-ect re-fuit,:.
Priatt-ily uased, thaefilriaatalcatiOaa lattica-a in Ctaea-u'm tunaction is atpowerful mtna' ltiod In eatain re-stals for -~atttaai
eiaet jitobeitt's. Fair pracctictal lattrposca-a it ie *eaatda sutperior to taoisatione eatthe diite-rentitti a'qualint t~ivem
qi itis[ab1.
;,
to i.with
whichi airbitrarty bottittlaraay coultataujjctt land volttimetric larmarce-u ClitueLie cortuaneaimactc. In thsat tra-i-a-at.
Itt tai t 14(cci Latt hat sacitiaaelvaitatetig amttile- tipplioxistiatttf xntholti dificussAtrc teariear, excarl-at tidtust ' tatoGraeaei'
tataictIicct a-a esa.0mribtt-a helefina oal itt Mi tca'iaai't worik is strictly limaitedl tatlitnear prolificness. Ote 1iW atelier Watill life
appf"imcia ate'tat Ietitti givelle acrlier- is ct latneeaf tt ile'r-kiaa'c tta'methi Andiaa c an
IleIsaa) 10aAaislyzea nT~niine-ai liellatic
4.4 Application or Gaierkin's NMechnel
Zitat manditatwell 11068, 1971)) lirst jal~iitlaiaeha- a-crk appilyintg a (tartitf taf Goicrkitt's attedthaciitartriltttaititett
ltclcaltifiitia. Thecieaafa- difreretaat trinsthlie- a'tclasical Gale'rkiaa'a tna-Ilkcat waatsadidition (if a wceipe for limantlita elt-
italiegaet-tttic
elci eae ttaiay caonadititotns. nitt msietliteaflt'ttt sm-raemicit palisc'tea theanitaataind %las ttaeh (c) itavs'usligaainteita
14ntgittiditilae meeidtrtattsvt'r-m' iaacctapilitirtm, witih millet empiaimsli ont apsorital nape-rte oft naonline'ar lee')ritcyiaa "t'joe-U
wactiZimta(1971. 1974); Liat-et sallt Zitia (1072. 1973)1.
livrla-tai theia pitipt~ea eat thite revae-w as eatieniy to cotvea'ritrat--tt tat linenar ietmNhity. spnace shlrt; tfall
t
1,t-imeit nt iciti'c y caf uninltinmr't jIaitila'eeei. ThataIc lotstif Intruealrda tat Impalsy that taoallte'aa liaahaviasg Is snlanpityra-taae
(eelitth oraaatraity, theare' ist intiech to Ile learanede la~tit thartirctlcaliy anti fearaippicatka-nif ito arimigta As implicall la
I at' thscittt'tttata oft thae approeximtaste itaatitod iraSawtitn 2, thi, autittliar belie" dixathat: elit'ttist promilaltg gawcthtui ase
initla raritetas is stitate teatni of lCatle-rkiau't tna't'aoa.
 1-37

5. REMARKS ON INSTABILITIES IN THE THREE

TYPES OF SYSTEMS

"IM.,, the preceding discussion has been concerned with "natters common to all three types of systems.
Muclrýf th work was in fact carried out originally for liquid-fueled rockets, the strongest motiv-tion being
applicationst engines intended for the Apollo vehicle. Some of the ideas and methods developed for liquid
rockels haw been modified or extended for analysis of combustion instabilities in augmentors and ramjets.
Moreover,. there are special problems peculiar to the different systems themselves. We therefore examine now
those paxticular matters.

5.1 Combustion Instabilities in Liquid Rockets

We have covered almost all the basic material related to liquid rockets. Little work was done in the problem
in the later 1970's. With the flight failure of an Ariane vehicle due to combustion instability in a first stage
Viking motor, a comprehensive research program was initiated in FRance in 1981. Mnst of the available reports
f that work have already been referred to and little more needs to hb added here.
Within the present context, the most important parts of the French work are the experimental and an-
alytical efforts to characterize the liquid spray; and the extensive numerical simulations of unsteady motions,
incorporating the results obtained for the propellant sprays. The problem causing the failure involved coupling
between the pressure oscillations in the chamber and structural vibrations of the injector which is placed in the
lateral boundary (Figure 5.1 taken from Souchier, Lemoine and Dorville (1982)) Figure 5.1(b) shows t•e com.
puted distortion oi the injector plane. As a result, the fuel and oxidizer jets wcrm shaken, zausing (apparently)
perturbations of the distribtidon and phase of the energy release, therby closing the loop and making passible
self-excited motions.

.i 1... .I,,
-oo- ,d!

-__-, , '_ _ _

(a) (b)
FIGUR• I

Such effects on the injoection processes have long been known to be a piotenti! va-w odfiatabilltlei tLvhte
(1005); Harrje and Reardon (1972)) but they have yet to be welleharwcteearm. T1ey re hlkely to be patl-eua•tly
important In cawes when the amplitudes of motion are large, It Is quite posibe that the Jorsu o a.e !teplersw
tation of the unsteady sources of mass and energy are strongly dependent on the amplitudes of W.too " woll W
on the hardware design, Such behavior is far outside a successes of the time lag evxW and i likely to Ismal
so. Careful experimental work is essential to clartly the situation.
During the put several years, mrious Interest in deveiopilg new liqutidfuelod roele ha pto*n it the US.
primarily for use in proposed heavy lift lanch vehiclesa, DUcAUe of t11ei. high densiuts umidgood p.sf tance,
liquid oxygen ond hydrocarbon fuels tre kuilag considesd as prp•pliems In particulAr, stneusass h" 401 st•thd
by the NASA Lewis tAesearch Center is the favored fuel. As a reTslt, atudles of "ohmatiwo llus lldlft aze n
progress at the Aerojtt TechSystems Company and at the Roehetdysse Divislon of RIokweAI I|.rumtrion,
Rocketdyne has designed and fabricated two engines, for the Lewist ResearehltCster (LeRC) asmu for tho
Marshall Space Flight Center(MSFC). Df.th use LOX/tulethase aid have Idestlel thrttat chasuhebu sl9nhiEdsess
injectors. The MFSC engine has an acoustle ronator; the LeRC engine has no 4laatpig device'. A stanu aistuft,
of firings directed to determtning stability ch terlhatles have b om plete (Josse, Doatis mA Thaekkmed
(1988); Phllippart and Moser (1988)1,
 1-38

Development of computer programs for analysis of instabilities is in progress and only incomplete reports
have been used. [Fang (1984, 1987); Fang and Jones (1987); Mitchell, Howell and Fang (1987); Ngayen (1988)].
The program IFAR (Injector Face Acoustic Resonator) has been in existence for some years; the time lag model
was used to represent the combustion process. That program has been revised and modified for application
to both retangular tand axisymmetric chambers to become HIFI (High Frequency Intrinsic Stability) [Nguyen
(1988)].
These computer programs are being used in the manner described in Section 4.2. With all other variables
and parameters specified, the values of n and r are calculated on the stability boundary. Then to predict whether
the engine is stable or not, the values of n and r must be determined. TIraditionally this has been done with
correlations exists for injectors using hydrocarbon fuels, so as part of their work the group at Aerojet ha'- been
performing sub-scale tests and carrying out analysis of the injector response [Muss and Pieper (1087); Nguyen
and Muss (1987)). The analysis and tests is intended to provide correlations of n and r for the injector with
those on the stability boundary calculated with the analyses cited above.
Aerojet is pursuing a program combining analysis, sub-scale tests using both retangular and axisymmetric
chambers prior to full- scale firings. The chief purpose is to provide as certain as possible basis for confidently
predicting the stability of the large engines, thereby reducing development costs. This program has been recently
described by Muss and Pieper (1988).
Philippart (1987) and Philippart and Moser (1988) have reported comparisons of predictions of the sort
mentioned above, with firings of the two Rocketdyne engines. One operating condition was examined for which
the LeRC engine was stable and the MSFC engine was unstable. Three calculations of the stability boundary
in the n - r plane were done, uing the programs IF'R, HIFM and a .nodified from (NDORC) of Mitchell aid
Eekert's (1979) MODULE. Figure 6.2, taken frohm Philippart and Moser, shows the results obtained with HIFI
for the two engines. Results obtained with the other two programs

'/ : //i / ,' ,

0, ,.//
,,/

Wi.',, /, iti/

A a 4 >.t
;,
-
tar:,ware Me
WR WI
//
illt ih iI
i -Q•
..•
ushW
of sia mifonsUVa hew. Ins shown#k,TW44
t~id t an4@tkP swrtttvik sth vid ctahwtor
kige mothM t' Wepuawtit
; ~~ ~ ~ ~ 0- it n of~eltisiNl~t am Wtolmr/!•
the
MV M taow' 1W It/A
twut. 6wl•*.Athw ohweh p~t!t ill•ow".t•"
test,44
m
. . wsawsrtiwssfh
dWfl t.V (assLOt~~UY
t hV Iat"r •of l'# tt
4kV phtjlsssuppual
4*11W teatp?
. line
i¢...-mp. v
s Mof prutitlin
W
-twuok

tha resists avees"(sll

ibsenog 4 w .-U fItv6Wt there JwAiWesaut~tw to bt~w
di ee
du4WfWlitna'stcfor lWf*ids
,~~~~~~~~~~ llithlt lltv l n tho&
volo
, Wdy ýwi Ittlt w- , thm wltit umi
ull•ctite~-'. ing. to "uiii e~ll!W ~
¢•itl bef t•h1w 004Vth,
vifeitas pwlw III bee~an.wishe truei
heVI 1teW the sj'aw av4tUIs
VW#nkM4*o wlW" iwnt-
Itow s~ss fimowle 1W& %hIftuabbind 1)08 hans g ive- Moi -nyiit"~MWIt dhi tets with hel*4wV
reeto
6*64,
AW.S
1 fb#hW. wnWFM49
inW
Yigttr theUII PtihkMa
rsutistIn thatvisuIf. theWIW6nipsVt1
fw-iound
bdes areW In he cw CleWAL46y
abuts
Q-Awibua eW%ndw by h iinps an Masses awl"W ib wsssvt

~~~
* .110 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T ofiqm
4vvts,
kwuutsn
slat ItI ts sA at"t Is;nt "0. dweisnls the6 4swretos
WheWV&Msia

tssyaias psdw
Insw AinI 4sas ' with pslinfis
pohi npualog the rasW a Iiffwd
0Il4 Whnt~iw #AtilatlteW"ss
 1-39

3j ITad
Sa~~e's Ode~e'a

I.ai~ Ia, a5s

FIGURE 5.3
Low frequency insta'.ilities ('chugging') arise due to coupling between the fluid dynamics in the combustion
chsanber, and the propellant supply system. They are perhaps tlv' first sort of combustion instability definitely
identified and analysed for liquid rackets (see the remarks at the beginning of Section 3.1). POGO instabilities
involve the further complication of coupling between the propulsion system and the structure of the vehicle. The
low frequency structural vibrations are the origin of the name, by analogy with the motions of a POG0 stick-.
During the 1960's, the POG0 instability received much attention as a serious problem in several vehicles
including the Thor, Atlas, and Thun vehicles. Rubin (1966) has given a clear brief summary, including particular
emphasis on pump cavitation and wave propagation in the propellant feed lines. Those are matters often over.
looked by those concerned with motions in the combustion chamnber. Yet they provide significant contributions
to time lags in the system.
More recent work in 1;ance has been reported by Dordain, Lourme and Estoureig (1974) for the Europa II
and Diamant B vehicles; and by Ordonneau (9t)for the Ariane.
5.2 Combustion Instabilities in Thrust Augmentot's
It has long beou standard practice that acoustic liners are integral parts of thrust augmentors. Since high
frequeavy or 'screech' instabilities wvere first encountered as a serious problemi in the late 1940's and early 1950's,
liners have been developed largely by trial and error to art as passive control devices designed to suppress the
oscillations. The staff of the Lewis Laboratory (1IN4) compiled most of the existing data and performed some
tests to provide a basis for general guidelines for design; Harp et at. (1954) reported the results of extensive teats,
also at Lewis Laboratory. Of the methods investigated to solve the problem, including baffies and vanes as well
as 0djusting the distribution of linjectors., perforated liners worked best. Gr'ups at Pratt and Whitney Aircraft
and the 11nite Aircraft Research Laboratory had already tried Helmholtz resonators and in 1903 demonstrated
the first suceeesul use of perforated liners Is a full-scale afterburner on a J6T. The physical basis for the success
of liners is explained in Section 13.1.
Despite several Attempts to devolope analytical methods and at more quiantitative basis for design, treatment
of Combustion insita'dlities in thrust augruentors has remained almost entirely an empirical matter. lKenwortlty,
Wolrrnaln and Corley (19%4) ropoirted the results Of an eXPerilanental programR dnvoted to studyinig screech
4Istabilitles in 3 different designs of 4u~mugttotm. The report also contains ana lysis used to correlate data and to
provido some quirlance for desiln of acoustic liners, This semst to be the last extended work on 'nigh frequency
instabhilities In full-scale auigromefto the mechanisms. remain obscvure. Chamberlain (1083) has givenl the 11ost
recent status toport: little has changed In the past decAde, it seems
Perforated liners el.,Ctively attenuate thoe high frequency v.cl1lationsi related to radial anti tangential atinustic
nodes. Low frequency Instablities. often catlled 'ruimble', tend to he ntoretruine Linters ore ineffective at
tow frequtencies ansi the prolem ~4 runible Issolved Of reduced in practice by Careful control and cam dination
of the disribution of Injected fue anti the nosse opening. It~s a cotly proess to dovelol' the systenm, Inevitably
Ceuilring teveWhdeign "AN the injection quoute anti flWAOnelmoer, and expetisivo full-ovale tests In altitude
aisnularlonistest fclte
Th Itlelml'~ of conshustio Instbilitis In thruitt iugsnimttout 11, WArgubly Inore difficult then thalt ill liquids6
Mkokts for at leAs two reaswts. the procv*"a Involved In Rlamp mowltivlltong "0esenitive to pressure antd
velociy 11091ttat0ika an the device IsIUsll required to pe~rform oer AWider Mang Of voperatinig cMiditions.
'The Anrt explans the importanc of Injector vad &wlasneder design, As Aresulit of the second, the high and low
frequermey IM-N1tAilte an typically 1oontil In diffecent regions of the filight envelop. Figure 64. repuleosn'd fr~'m
the e*MAcles ikummnary (as of 10Tl) by Bosutiell, Msirhal and RW&#h (1OTA) Illustrates the point.
ItnatNAWIft"lis
Its thklwer frquestey range 6"cme inreasingy troublesom With tll# deVe1"lopmeet of turbfan
eoglns atconteqluenceof 16pgeomtry (wee Figure u. tamte from DossneL munwil and RIcels (1071) anti Figutre
I.AeMs frowns Zu"tok (16M8) Its the parc tssrtý)Aoj the fluctuations may penpetalU Iptmu piast the turbinei
dis LOst theý torhims generaly scen to act wsatgoo rflctr In fan engjw*s It Is cemssto that the entir
lenth Of the 40adk uct patiep~at in the osel~lias les.ducin The fIreqwrcdal wwoiiftte mes low as 50 Ilx. See
*11101MoA "nt RadcUWff (1O03) for an ealY reot of VMnlOW freWquec oCKWattinaK GIAWcertios iWturboatist
lave hero disused * IMyPAtnl, Wwr"al ani Rincli (19-11). Mac,'it ~19), Ernat (l.074); atknirsood tt Id(1l9??)ý
and CUllee "nd JutArts (19,40). F*gur 5.7 "Wprducet pomwe spetral densties taen fr44 turbofan auuwot" ocs
jl~au"cl, wazital and hek6 (1011)1. oceans, of st6 tOWatin putst. spectre afth acuw kmic Win gas sturbine
1-40

liGUENY

INSTAIl

ALTITUDE
COMBUSTION
STAKLE

EQUINc
ITASIU

FLIGHT
MACH
NUMOER
FIGURE 5.4

TURBOJET
AFTERBURNER

TURIOFAN
MIXED-FLOW
AFTERBURNNER

TU111OFAN
ut RUBBER11

FIGURE 5.5

oiuv
1101 Patawwhttrcom
"ilige
aulm e tuiea II

louraer4, hall~& vacist#. i))

The. last.kaa)cor fo tait sit.
OOIts IjtIII0
41*141F Net1 Is-
gstwi for hypa&MIai? seaIml

lium 110) eerti allowbt.p

eselasses tt...d to masmamu
am"~ till,
art

mgtwhi* tendi to exhIbit a pmert vulety ofdisc-re okillatioaauia do thwm for 1iquid W.t.The P4 I
t6e gldgr futlumckls in Figure 5.7(sk) mv lsmdxe~i' mcoc~
The mtubudlem, proacms* In anaugmieutor differ in vemaruI fwdamnulal rmpcvtv trou them 1ina liquid
rotu&C Only fWeIs Ittietd mfiquid; the oWddxeT bsuniurat oxygen Inkthe fuel.Iecu Rionlfveo the bypamo
mad t4e cow aegime Thmawme no Iipling"n fuel mud axhIu liquid amacms, bWt the foemiw of PiSLO and
 1-41

DENS"-i FLJ~CYu

(a) (b)
FIGURE 5.7

vaporization of the fuel must obviously occur. Normally, it is intended that the fuel drops should be entirely
vaporized prior to ignition in the core flow so burning occurs in the fuel/air gaseous mixture. B~ecause the flame
propagation speed is less than the flow speed, a continuous source of ignition is required, normally supplied by
the wake of a bluff body, the flame holder. Clearly, the performance of such a system depends not only on the
flow conditions and physical properties of the fuel but also very strongly on the geometry of the injectors and
flame holders. In the cooler bypass flow, vaporization is not completed upstream and liquid impinges on the
flameholders; the liquid layer then vaporizes. Zukoski (1985) has provided a thorough and readable discussion
of the combustion processes in afterburners. Figure 5.8 taken from his article, illustrates the general features of
the flow in the vicinity of various flame holders.

FIGURE 318
According to the preceding remarks, It appears unlikely- that vporbuatiosi of the fuel droplets Ixa dominant
imeehanism for combustion Instabilities Innugnientors. Nevertheles, It tocerttainly quite possible-that Interaction
of the acoustic field with the Injection s~ystem could produce fluctuations of the fuel flow and hence subsequont
fluctuations of iuel1/osidlae ratio anl heat release Incombustion. The proems might he modleled In teams of a
tim lag but theme seems to he no treatment of this sort Inthe published literature.
One would suspect that procese assciated with the flame holder nmay dominato. That view isgenerally
supported by practical experience with the strong effect# of flame holder design on Instabilities. We hve diaeussm
InSection 3.4 the mechanism based on %votexshedding and combustion suggeted by Rope and Marble. (19MW)
Their argument Ispersuasive and there has nevr bee evidence disproving that process as a possible mechanisma.
Theoretical developments and the necssary Ishoottory tests have not been cardied ar enough to Incorporatethe
proposal Inant analysis suitable for Ieneal design tvrk with arbitrary geomdtries.
Russell, DBsant and Erms (1978), have worked out a onwdimenslonsl analysis at Instabilities in augmnintors;
the work is also discsse by Underhill et aW(1977). Dacadly the anaLysis represents the acousfti &id u a
synthesis of up and dowcutmmn traveling acousic waves, sand eatro wavk aso lIt the ewtuple discusWe e.4oer
here InSection 313 Th~e unsteady heoo soureas are derived as models of misin and conibus"tlonI the wa"e of
the folae holders Bypas and coae tows are treated soepartely sad superpose Inparall. It's a 11WMoser AWay
the equations for the time-de& net variables art solved by applying the Laplace transform. Condiion for
stabilty are determind by Applying the Nyguist crdterion It Isdfl~cult to uadersan all details of The analysis
hsow the &Av"lal (abbreviated) descrption A~wlthu saw ccess was evienty aichievedl with this *worIt
 1-42

seems not to have been widely applied. Moreover, the results are mainly in a computer program which has not
furthered general understanding of the problem although it may have been useful in treating particular cases.
Over a period of several years Dix and Smith and co-workers developed an analysis based on the formulation

t published by Culick (1963) for liquid rockets. See Dix and Smith (1971) and references cited there for a description
of the work. Although that sort of approach should be useful in treating augmentors, that.analysis has also not
be widely applied. It is
important to note that while their linear analysis is corrcct, Dix and Smith committed
some basic errors in trying to extend their calculations to nonlinear behavior. The results they have reported
for the influences of the amplitudes of oscillations are wrong.
The most recent work in instabilities in augmentors seemns to be that reported by Dowling and Bloxsidge
(1984); Langhorne (1988) and Bloxsidge, Dowling, and Langhorne (1988) at Cambridge University. Laboratory
experiments were done in a configuration intended, roughly, to represent a longitudinal segment of an augmentor
(Figure 5.9). A flame stabilized on a single vee gutter in a duct supplied with premixed gaseous reactants entering
through a choked noszle. Withi modifications

I - zone

FIGURE 5.9

$ ~that may have significant influences on the unsteady behavior, this is a common configuration [(Kaskan and
Noreen (1954); Hegde et al (1986, 1987, 1988); Router et al (1988)]. The work by lKasksut and Noreen ha's
already been described briefly (see Figure 3.5). They worked with a flame stabilized on at vee gutter whereas
Hesde, Router, and their co-workers at Georgia Tech haebeen using one or two wires to stabilize the burning,
lohuhterwork has peualbendrcdtoplitosinranijet engines mid is mentioned further in
Section 5.3.2.
All of these wvorks are concerned inl somte broad sense with flames And flame instabilities the instabilities
tire ultimantely muanifested as vortices, so) the mechlanism for the instabilitios discussed here could he classified ats
vortex shedding and combustion, As discussed in Section 3.4. Another sitnilarity among these wvorks. is the use
of electromagnetic radiation to identify the heat releasd by combhustion products.
Langhorne (1988) concludes that for thle device shown in Figure 5,9, two types of coulplinig exist Letweelk
lthe burning processes And pressure oscillations. The transition between the two occurred in at narrow range
of stoichiouietric ratio Around 0.05. For 0 < 0.65 a convective wave of entropy or spots of high temperature
Appeased to propagate well dItwuwntrenin ')f thle flameo holder. With Increasing u0.that convective aspect seemed
to have beenl confined to at short length and in the retnainder of the ducrt the beat release (As mieasuredl by
radiation irons C.: And 0(t) semued to be lin phase Witli thle pressure oscillation. Nro results of flow Vinalku.itationt
pre available to confirm tlite behavior directly, but vtWtex sheddhing apparently MAY 6e inIVOlved.-
At least partly Asft reqult of lthe two kind& of coupling. two frequoainci- oft instability were obset cod with
larger amlplituides Produced ait higher skoichiontetrie ratios. Blaxisidge. Dowcling, And Langhaiwne (IO9,.) have
wwo~km out An Interestlitg And utseful un~lnainalnalysis is Interpret their observatloons.
Certain aspects of the C-Ambtridge" resultst are simil1ar to those reported bY Ileitor, Taylor, And Whitelaw
(19M). Sivesegaramn amtd WVbltelim (1987) and by t6heOorgia 71cel axatlps. Thle frasons fur tlite siffthilai"u
and freconciliation of difteronces are "tot known, it Auffilelenly getuera! analyslis has anotbeen cronorufted tt,
necollmintoaa all thle restulta onl Acommnit basis, There 6s little doubt that inore than one meetnircutlnt may
e ~Act, one or Another dominanlcut under diitfervil conditlons, liecaus tli sarltivey
' tltis Well-defined sitluation, (as
pretnixed flamle in a duet) dtie prohlent laerits furthe afterrslttiothW14 jwrilwntally antd theuretically to bring
clearr undem-sanding of lthe behaivimur
5.3 contbstltutio lt~IUAblllti In R/Al"iet E1141wit

ll lalll
s-twl InthmedsWill th s-sronftotan ofsatlituid Ia~
to ttjet lowliamr opigWvucn mo
twoefrittAn tile umitypkiian ieItodf~
ao'nengraliajo iiel.
Thes
s#ht~st
canwogsg) fladuI~s~mn
61#4011. FIII"
with
W Wawilat
th that 4Lsimtor~
 1-43

COAXIAL DUMP COMBUSTOR

WeO DUMP COMBUSTOR

FIGURE 6.10
but similar to that for afterburners, spray combustion seems a lesser issue. Although the published evidence is
perhaps not wholly conclusive, [Seweg, Edelman (1981); Edelman et a1 (1981); Harsha et *1(1981)], it appears
that in operating engines, the liquid droplets axe largely vaporized beore the flow reaches the zones of flame
stabilization and combustion. Hence the processes in those regions involve mostly gaseous reactants, a great
simplification for carry 446 out research on combustion instabilities; very little experimental work has been done
recently in the coupling between spray combustion and unsteady motions. Laboratory tests have for the most
part used gaseous fuels.
That is not to maythat transient processes of droplet heating and vaporization are unimportant, for they
are surely influential !inarrangig the distribution of fuel over the plane at the entrance to the combustor. But
there is no operational or experinmentail evidence to support the proposal by Tobng mnd Sirignano (19801k, 1986b,
1987) that the unsteady conversion of liquid to vapor is a poteatial mechanism for instabilties. This matter
has already been discussed In Section 3.2 with the chief conclusion that if all processes excipt combwiau~ir arc
accounted for, the presence of evaporating liquid drops Isa stabilizing influence on unsteady motions, We shall
not consider further problems assciated with Injection, atomization and vaporization. Howeve-r, it Is true that
Insufficmie attention hos been paid to the distribution of fuel/axitlixer ratio In the flow, Little Isknown of the
details, either theoretically or experimenally;, Melaboratory tests [e.g. Schoodow et *I(1987)) have shown that
the distribtion of fue canhave a substantial effect on instabilitles. &adfc that has l9bongenknown qualitatively
frtmu experiecem pined In engine development. Il~oger (l~IM, 1004)-, (mlsenski et al (1977)). There seems to
W n ru~evdence of coupling between oilsclatios Inthe flw and the foal supply system,. Thus no oicelations havv
beet observed in tainjos corresponding to 'chugging' or POGO0 tratablties lit liquid roeltt&
3.3.1 Unateady Behavice of the Xulot/Dilfuser
So far as combusitin instabilities arte onerned, the principal feature distionpalbg riunjet engines* fioo
liquId.tuel rackets and afteeburnett lo the Inletdiffuser. Within theAInlet Asystem of shock wates exists to
provIe sthe mass flow and stagnatio conditions demaded by the eodlitinns set Inthe comblustion chvnber and
exhaus ntiale, Under aIIItal operting condition t he shocks art 6eated downsutrsin af the geomletric throat
In the expandIng supersonic %lw.The postimonfa the shock depends eltefy inIthe stagnation pressue to the
combustion eimubert Ioaftgiag the stagnation presur camwe the shockiI to wmov upstgeAm where the Mach
Anumbe and therefor los of s"ta 1@t0pressr a#e IM.,It is this senitvity of the &NoInthe Inlet to pressurv
chPang downstreaM IhAt haM CAUsed langttidln oscIlin ItObe such sei WAI ca C einIn arnie engine. In
the hit* 1070Ns jItal (910, 1960) lItp (10l0a, lN9b) &Asqualitative asi later limiltod quantitative relatkimn
were 4stablished Weten the aaplitude of pressur oeciltiwo and the lass at dynamic pressur mwargn
Sinc those emily wwek, extensiive test by Smjbets PAdmoweeks j1hen, Sajhen and Kioutil (1070), Sailhn,
Dopan and KmAUti (1064)1 Dogma Salbou &Wd KiouW (I063g 1106b)) ha~v Ahwn that the unstedy behavior
IIIvasl mae owplicated due to flow, wpm&t" wanImaahty of shaWaeri. High sped whtlieren picture
IN@ AlIo SChU10111001 &1
(1141)) hWe abeam1 large shOCk MesaWats s wOl Ws the faDRoAtia o4 Vrtex Urue-tusem
Although cospultilows baed IWthe-owedlmsoA"oa apprtlosti to low III the diffowe )CuWic and hogs.
(INA~h Yang (106) Yg mAd C"te (IOU4, 10W IOU6)] aon usful and seewsAto captur some (atthe dominant0
feaure o the bohavkng. It is "Itotese tham the true wmelo. cam be "ushtlad well .4y by wma~Wla analysi
basil ft tht lNaviw.StWelea.stston (at two-or tltreeRdlmea so"a phw*t~iAWardia and Comkl (lout)
Ntih Wantiuqhe (10?)! aid Idemecio Cited Ithen.
'Ther Isrvidene tWa uie W eicndimt" " I"lt eakbihit sef ected or 'amuruPosclllatlowa bEte is
tUaferdM (mam the Biama 11"to the ftUsatloas emocisi at k"a Psat with spuante Bow. Alth~ug a

04 Id(1063 APPend1x D)WSP4m the PusINAUll 1Wm OWm WOla

map dr1ive combW"io 10AtA& , thee s VAo1i104
&MIdec ofet WAme isih ""U",ses that these ftealrlM hAl. mu"t ""prlaea sMets strongly suggAm
tWa the dajasore
dtlvin utatabl matke 6s liel aw"W *Atetwithpe.. hr th caahutla ehassow
 1-44

Nevertheless, because the flow from the inlet is the initial state for flow in the chamber, it is fundamentally
importsnt that processes in the inlet be well- understood. In that respect, as we remarked above, perhaps the
greatest deficiency is knowledge of the history of the injected fuel and the distribution of liquid droplets and
gaseous fuel at the inlet phsse.
5 5.3.2 Vortex Shedding and Combustion Instabilities
By far most attention has been directed to vortex shedding as the most likely mechanism for combustion
instabilities in ramojet engines. In addition to extensive experimental work related to those ideas, much has been
done, both with laboratory tests end analysis, to clarify the acoustical characteristics of the modes of oscillation.
Much more is known, and understood, about vortex shedding end its role as a mechanism for causing combustion
instabilities chiefly because that phenomenon is easily identified in experiments and is commonly encountered.
Although vortex shedding is arguably the dominant feature causing instabilities in dump combustors - and might

f therefore be termed the most important mechanism - it cannot be separated completely from convective waves.
~Furthermore, neither mechanism ca be understood apart from the acoustics of the chamber in which they occur;
the type of mode that is unstable always provides some clues about the mechanism. For convenience here we
nevertheless treat the phenomena separately and defer discussion of convective waves to Section 5.3.5. One
distinction between the two mechanisms that seems to be true is that if direct coupling between large vortices
and the acoustics field dominates, the frequencies of oscillations tend to be close to those of classical resonances.
If convective waves are involved, the frequencies may be quite different, as shown. with the elementary example
in Section 3.3.
In Section 3.4 we discussed vortex shedding as a mechanism for combustion instabilities. The earliest ideas
were developed in the 1950's to explain the occurrence of high frequency transverse or tangential waves in
afterburners. Periodic combustion of reactants entrained in large vortex structures served as sources of acoustic
energy. If properly phased, the sources may supply energy to an acoustic mode of the chamber. The fluctuations
of velocity associated with the mode initiate vortex shedding, completing the cycle.
C Roughly two decades later vortex shedding was again proposed as a possible mechanism for instabilities,
but now periodic combustion was not part of the argument (Flandro and Jacobs (1975); Culiek and Magiawala,
(1979)]. Laboratory tests in cold flow established the result that if vortices shed from a step or corner Impinge oa
an obstacle downstream, there is sufficient coupling with unsteady motions to excite the sustain standing acoustic
Modes in a duct [Culick anld Magiawala (1979); Dunlap and Brown (1981); Dunlap et al (1081); Nonmoto and
Culick (0982); Aaron and Culick (1985)]. In all those cases, longitudinal modes were drive, Large "vortex-like"
structures were observed in somic flow visualization work on dump comnbustors at AFWAL sometime in the late
1070'3 (Privatte communication, F.D. Stull].
It was therefore logical that vortex shedding should be proposed as a possible mnechanism for causing the
longitudinal modes In a ranijet engic'e, The idea semius to have been discussed first in this connection at
a JANNAP workshop [Culick (1980)] In 1979. Byrne (1981, 1983) gave the first detailed discussion of the
inechouisni, He. used known results for the stability of shear layers and jetst, vortex shedding and vortex merging
to argue that the frequencies of those processes taking place under the Conditions occurring in raintit enighies art!
in the range of frequencies of the oscillation actually observed, He supported his ecnchslons by good cotnparlsous
of his estinuated frequencies with data taken 4y others for both coaxial and side'dump configurations. Waugh ci
al (1983, Appendix B ) alhowed modest succes correlating amplitudes of instabilities with Strouhlu number,
Since 1W.Ca large number of experimental works have establIshed both by visuaflizatiou and quantitioive
meausurements that ""'vtes sheddig Ill aLdistinctivo feature of dump ombulators, (Selindow Pt al (19M,. 1987)i
Snith and Zukoai (198); Brown et al (1083): Dimo et at (1986). sterling and Zukoaki (1987); Polnst Pt at
(1987), Yu Pt al (108T); DAvis and Sttahle (1987)1, All of those tests were performed either in cold flow or with
prsmmlxed gaseous rewcants. The most extensive suummay of the Kubject has beow gIve by Sclhadow et a) (1987)
who inludedw als tefeenves to related work no dscussed here,
The work by Sehadow anid co-worker at NVC Is partleuilaly noteworthy tot Ila sysvtaemai prmogresin
frm tests invoid flow to experiments In dump cixebustors with burning, as well as studies of vortex conibusion,
in diffusi fIcose Their program has used four different experimental favilities anid has Involved both forced
sad Wselfxlted osellatlona. They have aWsdow. l1mited tesas Ina water tunnel to shw the fonnatlon of large
vorticew to kthi confguration. Overall, the work at NWC has etablishd the exisence df vortx sheding at
tki- ftinstaWOWe "Inrvellsde cox alo untioun&Mormwew they have tlswn that consbumhsu

esaalially aowtvaetln combuston prodlucts. The ampilitude of Iaitmiles have always been kai~
istc
mouall (',95% of wean presxus). Thus It scents utre #As
foun as in the work by ath"r cited boethat Iuly
lW90 astplltude aidliarkw require the presenc of Isnastloes processes and the conerio of heot release to
merhankal eoee,.

avaanlog a duet. Under broa cndiions the bAme Is uwiktll ad vortce pow Iinthe sheet uxtudeaibet
withdtheflw #Ad art aulelintly strong to excis Wacosi wvs An t& d"t. The buthows have proposedA that
fluctuatlo"of the.bAs&otmur UORe - Wmaheet of t6e natwti ow waeae
respetible They hae L&ve data basd
-on eltedtw daist hwa tWa theakweatwos @I aurfa amt me InphWs with the pressut VUIlatWW, By
Dayl *2efig' te"toutfor hear ad ieIt
n folws that OWe hea additio eacura 1owtk o atu Wa lkti aves). a
vm&uitetabWWhe ~ etia
*Uf sAd Zakah (OM) for adump coab~uste.
 1-45

Although most experimental work related to vortex shedding in ramjets has been done with coaxial con-
flgarations, the phenomenon has also been found in side-dump combustors. Stull et al (1983) have reported
early work with that geometry and Noeseir and Behar (1986) have examined similar caes in a small scale. More
extensive results with full-scale hardware were discussed by Zetterst6m and Sjbblum (1986) who investigated
configuration having two or four inlets. Visualization in a water tunnel revealed the presence of vortex shedding.
Instabilities in the operating engines were avoided by modifying the fuel injection systems in such a fashion as
to minimize combustion within the vortices, That's an important practical result clearly supporting the general
picture of vortex shedding as a dominant mechanism.
5.3.3 Mode Shapes: Experimental and Calculated
In practice, the first indications of combustion instabilities are almost always fluctuations in recordings of
the pressure. If there is only one pressure transducer, one can infer only the amplitude and frequency - best
displayed as a power spectral density. While the frequency alone may suggest what modes are involved, the
configurations used for ramjet combustors are sufficiently complicated that the modes are not always easily
identified. Moreover, in laboratory tests there may be an upstream plenum chamber and other parts of the
apparatus that participate in the oscillations. As a general rule, it is essential that measurements of the pressure
be taken at several locations in order to provide unambiguous identification of the modes. Sufficient care should
be taken that distributions of both the amplitude and relative phase can be determined. This information has
also proven extremely useful for confirming the results of analyses.

-@- Ometvý

FIGURE 5.11

The most extensive measurements of mode shapes in dump combustors were made at the Naval Weapons
Center by Schadow and co-Nwrkers. A summary of the results, with references to the previous work, was
published by Crump et &1(1986). Figure 5.11 shows the geometry of the sub-scale laboratory device; some
results of meamurements and analysis are reproduced in Figure 5.12. A case in which a bulk made id excited in
the combustion chamber (175 Hz) is shown In Figure &.12(a); the fundamental wave mode was excited in the
chamber excited for the ease shown in Figure 5.12(b) (540 Hz). The calculated

-04,

}l .1 0q
Av.

. . ... .
.
.t
Os0.

_
' tMt 55 5 55W• , "
b i.. " ,'os,+
,, ... .. iw
....s

oaf a

+ ~(.)()
, #,l'POva,
,8&J#i
 1-46

results were based on a one-dimensional analysis [Yang (1984)] in which combustion was ignored and the mean
flow wss accounted for only in the inlet. The good agreement is further evidence of the point emphasized in
Sections 1 and 2, that the mode shapes and frequencies for combustion instabilities axe oftcn. well-approximated
by results based on classical acoustics. Here we also find that the one-dimensional approximation works well.
For those calculations, the inlet shock was represented with the admittance function computed by Culicic and
Rogers (1983). It is apparently a good approximation that for these cases, the shock system is highly absrbing:
the reflected wave has much smaller amplitude than the upstream-traveling incident wave., That fact, and the
presence of the high speed average flow, explains why the relative phase varies linearly in the inlet.
Clark and Humphrey (1986) have also reported fairly good results obtained with a one-dimensional analysis
applied to a side-dump coinfiguration. The engine was supplied from a large plenum through inlets that were
not always choked. Although the frequencies of oscillation, phase distributions throughout the device, and
amplitude distributions within the combustor were predicted well, the amplitude distributions within the inlets
diffuser considerably from the measured results. The reasons for the differences are not known. Yang and Culick
(1985) later carried out a numerical analysis including vaporization of the liquid fuel and were able to predict
quite well both the distribution and level of the pressure field.
A series of tests in a coaxial combustor have been reported by Sivasegaramn and Whitelaw (1987), intended
to examine the consequences of changing geometric parameters and fuel/air ratio. Data are given for frequencies
and sound intensity at one location. Mode shapes were evidently not measured and no results of analysis are
cited. It would appear that these data offer an opportunity for a straightforward application of a simple one-
dimensional analysis.
The one-dimensional approximation works suprisingly well for rapid estimates of mode shapes and frequen-
cies. It is worthwhile remarking on its application. Equation (2.25) and (2.26) with .Fi = *Pli 0 determine
the classical mode shapes. Few exact solutions exist for arbitrary variations of cross-section area S,(z), hut in
the case of ramjet configurations it is generally required to obtain results for piecewise variations. The problem
comes down to solving the wave equation

d~ 2 dp IdS,

where dS~/dz vanishes everywhere except at discontinuities of area where it is infinite.

Hence the general procedure is straightforward to find normal modes of the chumsber. In uniform sections,
the pressure field is represented by the usual forms, Ai cos(klz+ in) or its equivalents, where Ai, Oi arm associated
with segment i, and ki is the wavenuimber for mode 1. These solutions are matched at the discontinuities by
requiring continuity of the acoutitic pressure and mass Hlow. Eventually the amplitudes A, can be found to within
a multiplicative constant, and the valutts of hi are determined as roots of the characteristic equittion.
This sort of analysis has long been ki-o)wn to give satisfactory results if the changes of area are not too large
[Culiclc, Deo", Price (1972); Derr and Mathes (19T4)). Simple resonance tests at room temperature have cunfirinedl
the calculations, Amethod that is still useful for investigating the acoustic modes of combuistion chamubers. For
application to actual systemts, significant differences between these approxinmete results ý.ad observed values may
arise due to uncertainties in thea boundary conditions at the inlet rand exhaust.
3.3.4 Numerical Analysis of Flows lit Rannjet Conibuotorsi
It is the nature of the sort of approximatte analysis disrussed linSection 2 that reasonable results for the
frequemicies of oscillationsa canl be obtained with rather crude tippmou~mtiontus to the actual nioile shapes. Air-
thernore, the stability of small amplitude notions can he assNessed with wusne confidence) if all tho important
processes Are modele reasonably well. The approximate analysis of course provides no infarmnation abouti the
details of the situation In anl actual conibmistor. Indeed, qualitative knowledge of the real state of affairA js
required to inalme thist sort of approach productive. Independently, of experhuirtatl results, dhe oily other sourci'
of Information Isnumerlcal analysis based on the comlpplte conservation equations. Mloreý Importantly, resultsl of
aercurate inunorical analysis provide the only basis (or judging the aicolueay of an approxiumate anatlyoiN.
Thnus, thorough numerical analysis of both the steady and untesteay Hlow* lIna,voinustion chamber is
polotentialy extkraltrdInaily Imtportant for Investigating cmbusnttion Incitabilitie. Even with recent devoloptuentx
In high spee eamnlsuters, captibilitietstand resources Walcosdeal shork of thure required to hanurierel
problems ltir exatnple, It Is still not realisticl to treat tredmnialProblems, evenl withsmt cusnllnrstiou4
utandotoreatiproter accotinting of turbulence mid combutstion processes aklrdy taxes available resource beyond
pracotItal Ihoits eves' for flows that aRe tsosnvolnwnslol In the, wean.
Numerical asualoss, or amshintloatm - really the application of cotoputatIonal fluid dynawlics to himsilgate
internal flows,- has neve been sesiomsy pui*ued either for liquid toket or AVm thrugistwao.nmmtos. lecattse the
slurge of intrest in treaing roenbustion instabilitkes Intantje engines hau m ibe quite rement appitialion "f CFO)
bas hecomne a sensiblet endeavor. Althosugh reislt obtainsed to date do " tapproacht closely the goals cite at~mv.
same progress has ben toacte
The, most advanced workts hatve been repted by lkailastanath et al (IM8,1ING, 10.3T) will by Jim and menu
(13W, 1W3), Althoulih evenatually coombusitloe pmowase will ho acctmstmad W.resultit uimultsld to dawite arconl
for cold flow, In the mollwsadmo tosted by S&Wmsow et Wl,FlAnce 5.11. Trlw two 464c rlifieteuces betwee the
twWorkWarthait K
t*. nlath @t&ISol" tlenistR"(EuW") @quail oms, arPlng that theeffcetsof #Wiiner
* d~~~~~~amuhtiq
of the nunwesial shtti gives a high tbut ttot influite) WJetlv WHeyAW.d
ntbrwhilek JAs will
Milton sAolvthe full Na ler.StaWe @qmsarlotzslind whilp.tilsna et al assinos utnltiple mliviaut noitlei, Uts
ftnd Miotirtteat aitgleto.Wd aka. vhmly joined to th dotaubm se Ina th esipecilfetital aivpatuittý "lita"44syse
ass w"me out fir &Wisyammorts flaw tmsilm shmaW UMtalas, Fture U.3, rtviodimed (mata Naliasanatl emW
 1-47

40x so.4X10 1m

DENSttyOX0 STRUAMUNES 1oN"riy sfltxAM1.MIC

FIGURE 5.13

(1987b) shows density contours and streamlines for two differenit wueshes. Figure 5. 14 shows it time-sequeuco ofi
vorticity contours computed by Jou and Meuon (198Ua). Obviously both result* show theo geneatiooo aof g
vortex atriacturva.

Theie wwwW n h iots 6%v becm votbjm to mwy aibjetIvt deth emo fwl"n ua4 It Impok4W
to &o o h t.DA wocka We~ eotuke~toi lto thw ywaluvm1 Wwtkuatloos uwitd tof d~iwu*4
Utw imita teuds to dsseopdvv. Thsf up of cojmo both Am1adltkss =4 d~&fkvo Wwwo~ tip iwo w~it
*(Wks, At 1h6~ 6We 0"e #~A&be WU~~od to favet e"4460sm buuwd. VA doe fl~s4ot~t VqAIaMWa Nr W1lh
a1 6WoWtaY MondtIoe C" be fontamy stl
tomWe PUftf* It fftbti M*#iW&WM4 fetlWe AM WAMWmde MMWY*O PMtlWet ossotS (fos &b i1.44
MsdWte m-
W"ap P1 tatn of A*e 16W Va""tbk NhaCo" the eas
MKW way to dotqa doe P400@t~ of the
WAWe~ay &lW6 wMtpotie 1Vertel d~tla du Wkw Cw~m. tdekm. Nmer Voperid iltestk* we esompWt
to the w016 istud4 AhWNW *6a AteioflWU&tM~e he
Upi Wl to daoksu WWMWal WA&ds iso MW M@00*
(IWSb) 6W AiatsmU*W th0 WMV dAekatu tat1skwUW
ntesae.t
o 1oeV. !ýu*a t!$A I- ,
mid PWWsmWe Past Ot tued~d
i.aM &I Thir seuba shW thi
dha V"p *10te a .daszey $o~kta
OWPAe
 1-48

sources of the acoustic field; and that Impingement of a vortex on a choked nozzle appears as a dipole source.
They have used the latter conclusion, and an approximation to the influence of the acoustic field on separation
of the shear layer, to construct a model for coupled acoustic/vorticity modes. This is a form of an instability
based on a mechanism involving convected waves (in this ease vorticity waves). Evidence of such coupled modes
appears in the numerical results: their frequencies are not particularly close to those of classical acoustic modes.
More recently, Molavi and Sirignano (1988) have published their initial results for numerical analysis af
the unsteady field in a two-dimensional dump configuration. The k - e model is used to dr.ccibe the gas flow.
Vaporization of liquid fuel drops is accounted for, fpllowed by combustion with finite reaction rate. Calculations
of the gas motions were done using codes written by others (a "Teach-based algorithm with the Simple method
for solving the pressure field").
Unlike the analyses discussed above, there is no evidence of vortex shedding and no discussion of that striking
difference from previous calculations and experimental results. The emphasis in the work is on the behavior of
the liquid phase. No oscillations appear spontaneously, and forced oscillations (i.e. unsteady motions numerically
superimposed on the steady solutions) decay rapidly.
Two recent analyses have been done to demonstrate the existence of recirculation zones (confined or trapped
vortex motions) in the head end of a side-dump combustor jLiou et al (108i) and Hong et al (1988)). Those
works use the same or similar computer codes as those used by Molavi and Sirignano; the results show steady
vortex motions apparently in good agreement with observations of flow visualization tests [Stull et al (1983);
Vaika et al (1983, 1985); Lieu and Wu (1985)]. The calculations do not include combustion. Like another recent
work by Vanka et al (1988), these analyses have to do with the steady flow in a rnmjet combustor and make no
attempt to treat combustion instabilities. In that respect they ace nevertheless relevant because knowledge of
the steady flow field is prerequisite to understanding unsteady motions.
It is not possible to reconcile the preceding numerical analyses. While all must contain somne realism,
the results show only limited qualitative agreement with experimental tesults and among themselves. The
calculations are difficult, time consuming and as always amrsubject to peculiar - sometimes unpredictive
influences of numerical schemes. Others not involved in perfomingu the calculations can only assume that the
published results are in fact numerical solutions to the fonmuloted physical probleans and do not reflect in any
significant fashion the computational procedures. Success with computational fluid dynamnies applied to internal
flows can be am enuormously important contribUntion to treating problems of combustion instahilities.
8.3.8 Convective Waves of Entropy and Vartlcity
We gav' in SetAlon 3.3 an elementary exaimple showing the possibility for exciting istoabilities hy coupling
entropy aid acoustic disturbance at the exhaust nozzle. The calculations carried out there are equaly A!aid for
yortiiehy: Just MqllAM the enltropy"fluctuation hyr the voftildty fitictuidiiiiu. Thaits owoutialy the- &liof the
Modatel dl~euw-4 by elam
trd Moltto (10"•) cited Itboe• In Section 3-14,
Tho-4w cwputmtionm hmv prodluced two tuahi mluli: &hy co~toil tho view thma vonyv~etivwvo consvteeittute
a iAaoible mehhaisum f4r instabilities: and they show that the fTrequWnVie of ciiplct4 aromttie/eanvective w4ve
modes samhe iauificasttly diffe•rnt fro tho e of perturbed elussical acoutic modes, Soniu of the Mum• lical
jesuitsakpplretly
that cited lit Sectina
atre t" 8344. andi to
relat•d souse expeimental tMPePAwell,e. hav'Those
ofclastio
el"talnt shown peaks in power spVcllltrl"04-Naie
,V'Wrstatious stLemsgly "tUegot that

voti~w-1%v
t wa!I ,p tititin oaltootm itroo WtAltull o u cnircatnse"td twin lWatin
and In •he weood,sv.ral louceniratd sou we uvA Th# el ttA 0 M
required V4tt M-oo 4
* he examoo glw-o In Seiont 313. Acoding to dths reslt dle•tnhed intd*
"aiss' to aw- stble thftr
~iwett~ated cmoenbiotlo when O1w4hWe snerailenu fAm intoblOly I* the onveeved etr* mopy waio.,
%ia floated
two 11W0 of Instaflks MW& wit ataf w•
i4 Mitt rN el atti 1%)-.!W ti~
' . "
In a "ok Intenkide to investigate the stabiity @funstAd*y "Wslanwith eombustio *na dump tt;#owei ýer
litnnphtt and 04tldA (M d th re97 w•ewid MI%•i b Cheia (lIOU)f& tho wof y lwhw' t l

to ~iiut wooo " tm~vt

dwdw" InoSxweee 34&k
tA
Pri~wsheska
outwo hot"" WV~s
itt d to tiax•sh llftla we 4whto
ft Owi twttt risie i t3ny
*tb nsi a ti.ile

*OA, -
*WWM401*#% OOM1 t acto dhy
400&
ONO*p
VA-%@f"
St~It N"
&WtInhyflachm
eqwy west stot
the en A oe
tnhte(sentiAh-,-
m fir rtI* low fthesd.
tseto
M% Mtu hil
tiMA
.t.
dwt witrihsst"e ~ 0 the dumppO~f pl*wL
Aai.Aueal o~est pot WAM
s t60 gakinta
041wolu P~d A4WA01tps1rqsoa
(WaWA*4 was @*a&Abtwn Mo Wk aint
IlanWsqe kOAtisAl scove
woot4wm~Wt6 t* 9 ofweay twiosews th6@4 sss Them" izat dw cotith m wasskd~s

.iM Owkt" I.6ft ,s w".ls StthtttitWttwt*

'AMVAisVa"atst Wct'
VMO
11,Akft
it .lo W M iwwwt Le~atsy e ki*
A at he *Moak 1he vesetie calndtio
VWW"fibav
V& t6as oblapsA aS*she nil
asA olari
UAWte
6estM *As

110 cot to wa"t 4 ai*6-* wkLO yakm m VY0t -,'w ftk-.

"-"-O fw it *a"t al-i"

 1-49
SAS. The Time Lag Model Applied to Combustion
Instabilities In Ranmjet Engines
During the past seen years, Reardon (1981,1983. 1984, 1985 1988) has used the time lag model to correlate
and interpret the extensive data taken by Davis (1964,) Because the work is summarized in a paper given at
th~is conference [Reardon (19$88)1,there is little to add here apart from noting the Seeral approach and how it
fits with other works.
The time lag mode) is unwieldy (at beat) to use if combustion is allowed to be distributed anid the time
lag Is variable. Hence as in many previous applications to liquid rockets, Reardon assumes that the energy
release is coucentrated in a transverse plane, that the parameters (itr) are constant, and that the flow field is
one-dimensional. Then the combustion response is given by the paut of equation (3.14) depending on frequency;
to represent concentrated combustion, the average distribution 01 is replaced by U-unction. A modest change in
the argument allows one tu use this form for the unsteady conversion of liquid to vapor, or for unsteady energy
release.
Reardon assumes that the oscillations observed by Day's Art hulk modes in the combustor. the pressure is
essentially unifocrm intspace and pulsates in time. Hence the mode shapcki(*) is approsinrately constant and one
masy assumie that the total uastearly energy release due to combustion processes in the chamber, E,, is given by

Tire rate of change of c'necrs~ in the chamber is the net result of energy released to comumbwLiors arW the rates at
Which CIM&ry is coavected in arid out of cocnbustor

+4
Th4, telatioti is the basis forsIRardott's treatment of the experimenalo results
A,.w60(lscttssed bit SectieI 4, lit & cappesomof the tine ta miogr to titsttitststes iII liquid roetets. uith
twwatont4'es (it. r) Were determined by matehitts a Itheoretieal result to esnerimertal results (Orthe stability
kviui'tay. The idea then Isthat tOse vlues a4 (n. t) taru be used to predict, the stablity htrirstiefmr
new (hut in sowu sense simlar) desir. UHe", Reardmm has chosen to uxe values of n vcalulted by Croeco and
cheng (IM~) anld to counpute the time la kInPdeprndnti#4 twlvg prviusreuts
W 4btain by ot4hers. In Shmo t.
IteArdo essetially WAnes that the estRnbustlo moel is kwnasr (detased by the tw~o ri~ranwtef (it r) with
conentrated combustlion) WAr then%uses the relatio ko the halawe of enery in the chamber to euselae data.
Stabili tyofweitlatlo may be0determined by applhieuth of the Nysqnis crierion ADW the misleads OnWy
balane issewritten by tsing the Laowac Itoansfmm, This possblity arise twcrcw. as we ha%* itoiely dresitbed
earlier. .4W'
plowbes of seluftneted MROan "toingstablteiaMh1 interpred as a lneasyte" with Anemattvi
(teedhek loo~p The stabilitr 9t11@64% enpeewi with the grwth ennetaw -4,tiProilso oilier pfWVsesar itte4ide
t baane 1k "frAl
In the energ resutway
Mq ke bo twd to tast the lmnPofaneothese pws4e by#
cmparison with dikk.
leximrlon ha ured thi procciuetokA sttt4 the .#mn at seval prenes ant geowekvtel jsnmtoess With
tnWe'j pownt5. It woew thatd this ort app
6of A oasks baon the truimrw liwlatnr toed Parhesv It istat6
Wily atmacsho WoM 4ts 441,4 am and th"reor 41 the 6144 Untaatc hit U10tlPo'&4vtte "'Awie 'atibAust -swn~g
broakid zagw f pana*taVf* 'T W . i~tdst'f14o NW4 9t
two to po ide thatA f11filisless 41404

8.PASSIE ANIO ACTIVE (CONTIOL OF

COMIUMOION INSTAWI4TICS

systm to ""A'eethe N#Pw$Iwe44 the 0Wtteodssr rnlfalr askiinmssrbu mWWi

94is of etosmv W6't
hisewe,". Lftn, ntt
"W t )0Ad nmieW* with the #"%Iaprs~W. 0, fste
6&*'td ma mstJW*W*'nm

Samali
so . WPrapeMa sit,". Pnsdwtsr d'citig Worl ~Wo Itpss
P@ rmne Puscd smw at big) fism1 *oc
tftu~l I~ 6& #,hftC st*& abmalmta&*A 0Wessrpw aala N.J~
nVsj*a lkale Vr4Wk~~ t**W A *

It#*-~ IA&esre S"a (104)), At a"ot thes~ thwos"v"dsu tentamiu fvitia use frst wtM * %'aP

tsw.04",
"04 0 hs'softies AP6Pr S (l16M, Otoig s
MJ~aws$e K"sb (WIrI
110tow trded
0 pitV^* t6*OW fntrsam
* W Ntl I*~ Wq
the454 VA&U PMC*%tita
t 00 64Wtte
4,~v

ed laps
i at tnqsuAu uatsam
6tth eaftif anOWr n *Oktopsi
hef n st j'fls
SaWAs ro6ssimes tes#n 6rrelies
"Aemim
top 04 t6d Aapl6 4drr
V

ce, otfairly narrow frequency rang'. It is possible to design baffles for operation at low frequencies, but acoustic
S* liners and resonators can be used only to treat high frequency oscillations because their linear th•nensions increase
as the frequency is reduced. Generally, the ne. essary sizes are too large for application at frequencies below, say.
0O--I0 Hz in actual propulsion systems.
Greater difliculties with low-frequeucy combustion instabilities during the past few years has generated
* - serious interest in active control. The idea is not new, dating at least hack to a proposal by Tsien (1953)
for aervfstabilization of low- frequency chugging modej in sensor, instrumentation and micprocemors make
active control an attractive possiblity for treating corhbustion instabilities over broad ranges of frequency and
operating conditions. Recent research on this subject has just begun and only a few results have been obtaied.
• ~6.1
Passive Control Devices

The design and operation of baWiles, resnators and acoustic liners for liquid-fueled rockets have been thor.
oughly covred in two lengthy summnau•i. Chapter 8 of Ilar•je and Reardon (1972), and a report prepared largely
by tohe group at Rocketdyne with the collaboration of other organizations jNASA Deigu Criteria Office (1974)).
In liquid rocket engines, baffl rmou.d
e on the injector face along radii and extending some distance tdown
stream. Figure 6.1 taken from Harrje and Reardn (1912, p. 4.28) shows the installation in the Luar Medule
Ascent engiue manufactured by Rocketdyne. The design also inctded slots around the periphery that acted us
acoustic resasators. It baa often been thepractice to use both baftfs and resonators or acoustic liners in liquid
rrcket engines. The liners mas extend alaog the chasaber wail to the nuole eutrnsce, an example of whichie
* ~shown in Figure G0 (Mitchell (low3)]

1k*wtanusws s0sln 14 uathe .keran in,-

k tet*@a4 h41
Wsese
w- i'saeer 01 *4wes4 &fttNOA$

i It
W. " en td W . Wth ..
su

tW* nwM-tee 4. two

4 W a.taP)A
Q .at.

ft4y paut *W *6 the0

11w 14rthe ets*uý'
dat tho$ W* e to4134*4-tm A seenetw at thirw n i

*AW d .i• • •.•o"•• •

.WW* W• t ~ *ý o4 *Ok 1 .... .~ý4**

&
ties sta&qOeIh a*sate is da4
A "U Ike14wiatID &*&w4 0,@w
1ss we ~thev t sit
Um6** the
aend AwnWkea"
mk aa" w ~i
tsi.t In to
tei4 e
4W xo
we *SS tW WA " 6W e m tu&* toOv" abe

•a. t•Nto tf"4

th wu. niewtoU&*
sepsjdwt dss
4r t ,(te
s*"wes.~i •h r h SNOMI
;a •n,its w ,W w
ea kth
t ktEeate poessAndth
* *(sew
@d'W s4 d
*ot iawd stl, ttesAw
i .tn-

lie •1k u . at ese hyIe e ts~~ w~sad .. ..:ss .4itt

," .w te essen nus i. 4 ..

Inita teb* swi sth .sin
$ecswt rseke."wu4 n ~t s @a.s•"..

tws esnhs" v tete awa 1Iu

... ade.. .U ... u aae te... .n:--, .. :

&
 1-51

Xter outlet
Wa

Resonator cavity waft Ot

Acoustic apertures

Q 0=

oooooo•ooo O@4r OUU•e

00000004•0000.. C-r
ooooooooooo 12 Weical 4cir

4 (36 Water pIss gPes so e

oater
assaoe
Section C-Cc

Water-cooled liner *o o so
(396 holes, 0.210-tn dia)

I 'etortestl
and ront ring

Presswm~rshell

FIGURE 6.2
- O*oCITY
no" .IMI

- - 4llSUI

L LtInSe

(I) UaaAFFL6i, A•Alts ITMne Ibi $14)IrntAl1lAL

tea 5t•ANCTIl
PIAMVas PINeS IAFttIWPA•ft5V STaMItvir

(a) Oak Lim

-- llaO-,-
CI.OOIIM

a" M W" 1.101

/
W11" ?*lt PTIdltAL
NO II1 N0* I'"lUITIALW
uau
(WN WRII)
(oWui tM "uutwe
(Itsl ins t

FIGURE 6.8

losses in the frequency rarip of inste nilitieN. Their effectiveness depends on the loeal How fielW ih:dusmt by
tho unsteady flold in the chanmbor, and in the conseqnOnt aption of Viscous forces to dampen the ntllons.
The elementary cavity is the Helmholtz reonatur, sketched in Figure 6,.0 It action cwizke visualiuod 1toitt
simply as a luaas/spring/dashpot system. The nmuis the plug of gas in the wflte and the spring is provided
by the compressibility of the gas in the volume of the chamber. Hence, one u|snuld expect that the nattlul
frequency should decrease as the volume of the cavity increwes(because a given displacement I the plug 6•
a smaller fraction of the volume); and should also decrease as the mtss of tue plug iwmreslees. Ifteumesey --
(spring constast/wsass)i The formula for the resvott f(quency is
 1-52

NMI IQE 1S.11.$

F *UR6.4 M m

AA

FIGURE 64

4 Iato11
the tvngth of tw orlake. V4 * It"Voltume ad V, 1%
the "oU"w of the eawlty. This faruilk Is quito
%
good uipproilmtatiotl to ulerwtvd valus Providing tho kvmap tcanratum.Iivrthn tFYheVw
Runte, 0end If 10'
Isassivwdmanpprtntlmat" value. 'The lvgth Ilkreally an sctlve leugta ot thr tplug Of gas, so in kseite. (6,1)
mrva defmtonsI, Tiwawetieul estima*tes fr 4 usai he found In seveal of thetlw roe a rnees Pdmtitt H~aul and
tteiudqin (1072. p. 410),
Damolkg of the wotimus occurs pdwauily hecekw. a( the motion of the plug 4 gmsh the @41w VIM It I6
strongly a functimon the maplitudleea.1 wofw i# hcus
om 4k wiuaion W Ia the a l~k
V ingaad andLaltte
41uo (180W); ltguare (1953); Sklgnn dt il (10bT); Zinn (1000)).
Ae UsatmRi uly rtays of small wod yawaaWN.. Flgwo 8.0 (Hattie and terdan (1972. lb.
410) Isa ske tc ifttypcal cownluAtlo, EPAd
harkifig mitiy has xewWs calk, Equation (0-1) Isthe hlewfo~muta for de&jpalng reusawtnes and lkines Wu
dealy many cvmopsmw.* mmit he U"ri In specifi Opphntlun
The "awgo6ia"for Uteriwear thorougly (twuaed Inthe itfveto fat addition to the ovloovin greomtiAw
vaiable, %V4we ifthotald
eton htseilcotlst M0g0A
twis he" K enb to tOw effecotsthe amp1lttait Ofutotion.
nu'4an flw -a or luuwý the oric, aond teipeattas vaukl~oma, the influenc of wteapesattar Is lnpotwan
tecmew It ultwwfolm*e1 vtheped of PWor and heacebthe Meomia twquewWY liminag CavItit atar tu.*its
thertefuvwerotAly affectod hy the temperskAwi of the gasemI theOocifime and oavitims That 6samatoio #"a*o
Why ac~ousi rsonaton haew not hewo samcce"afutl U"e to muld pnadwaa tchet* lwone o4 dAth M4n i
tlnvw, respaon amt bum"~s awlway operatin wowe dmiasie coetlltUw
A practca lmtatio of ntara~ o he lt bavit.nwldtht ak
Is givm gvasritdl coflgufAtine e~fftivkl
MMatftenae Only oweak rew~iaz
rnautacw had of fesquerac. 71gw. Ill (KeAisetae an Oh"g (10)) Aft.-A
theinlecat rtAajg4 gematry cata Ilunrm d IntheW Lane flotemr engin
lncnwAsng the amplitue at uminio tend to reduce the -a ot the tcwtowtan cwtee for aline, Int heuaada'
the %anwidth. Plur I'slaakn lG) showsdata tan atte epess l. ml eono ie
In
mpeane
n tttrAejeetww with uabnlaiiut~aoa arly -w (*lasmwAt~ly thetedk paut o h aala
Calculatiwo of the iaaimoew of eoat~won Owd aoustic lines have appm"sv in tmay pumktaleaios
tOhssgvi ad(10),191 fl)ý tImUer amd milcet (1974. 10M.: Hsim*andl Restles (1912. Chan 6): and
?AMA benin Ctiued. Otee (1074W. Whaevr hd t*Ail. vit fthcWopuW" the Mawat ew~u*t eo"hl
 1-53

wA.
a Caltty

0 0•4~ 1" •

a"lq

... ,J

,FIW.UB6. w

&W
at btd Mu l ta tMOm k• VA& m Ow" a"tog

-. - 1 ..

.a - - -

• -i - - ~ ! . --
 1-54

* (1973)]. Thus, assuming no average flow normal to the plane of the liner, the attenuation constant is

.= -4~ JA$& .WdS (6.2)

'where A(') is the real part of the admittance function defined for a unit area of liner; that is, it is an average of
the admittance function for the orifices and the solid surface. If the impermeable surface is rigid, At = 0, and
(6.2) can be written

(tJ
a=-2k A?),dS (6.3)
where So is the total open area and Sj is the total area covered by the Uner. Obviously the liner is more effective
if placed where the mode shapes (i.e. pressure fluctuation) is largest. We emphasize that this result is strictly
valid only for linear behavior; nonlinear behavior is accomodated by the approximate analysis given in Section
2, but no results are available.
In view of the widespead use of baffles and liners, perhaps the most remarkable liquid rocket engine design
is that used for the Lunar Module Descent engine (Cherne (1967); Elverum et al (1967)]. Neither baffles nor
liners nor any other damping device was required: the engine possessed very robust intrinsic stability over its
entire range of throttling, from lO00.pounds to 10,000 pounds thrust. Moreover, the design has been scaled to
50,000 pounds and still exhibited complete stability in static tests (the large engine has never been flown).
The chief reason for the stability seems to be the feature that the propellants are injected through a single
(large) coaxial element located in the axis of the combustion chamber. As a result, the distribution of energy
release tends to be concentrated nea the as of the chamber where the tangential modes have pressure nodes and
even the radial modes have smauller pressure anti.nodes than at the periphery. Refer to the first term representing
the main source of "citation in equation (2.79) and cosider only the unsteady energy addition,

The integral is reduced if the energy release C is small where '. is large, and viee~versa. Figure 6,9(a) takeu
from Elverum et al is a s•ech of the situatilon for the first radial mWe. As shown in Figure 0,0(b), tho

Wta? ?SSS . MSTan WK

- fl

Floutse..

@4"g desela t~kWhite dlsdulbion bemus find IsltJ~W'e "WalY alon the pVFipher of the injtwmr. xlds
6sInjedcd atilaly dwuwwj 38 hWs. thux, the liquh Imopng a*the tuteawtimof &i dwoe with 38 ltam Ai,
a~ to
IntFgue the axia sn MUanino the fuel s&K tends to W"daa
11Wa) the u s1n6Wviwn tho W4ia
d~~mwt~coM
theA pedn AWdie
b teses
oww&u the eltamaher wells Althomgh the tujeetn peeeetlag Into
the dohasni a*i a baff agpl w On
M. W
the W m es It enu hawe nlttlluenemat@athe tsagenal wndms lls'rv
eamia
one~~ ~~ tathhi W40%tlvlOf eAaWty ItNh absnc o40
WMed hat s aWnd line Jesu
&1"9 11 11W he 1W
of the dalving, eiala() yod"l (10") gawea usaa w twift cmwpan iu ftesaiit ~~crlac
at thes OW"ja eathe Apol whik.
6. Active C.S.. a Combauto"a IuauaWila
It if okfiandinena ~rrY that cowbusl Inaahtln~ aNe sei-nltd wWaWWc. their n'cltaki
tcews hone@ the @M#eYuan twow
wd thewombwalash jcowsadsem
"A o o*t"the tatiad
Uk"Y #W
dnkpeda00 the tweedy wotke themslves That is *Wha mugsasahituad dhaubanc gens eapoaeeashl
p#utin*wWWaaspt&eudet
6W eusWd
M YPWdswia a pedodl helseyt
cvW
W044
&"YAMW0414a home" (ak
tow
baemadnadlag, 6Wa utealW of dat and des1104a tzpeWmsi
 1-55

The very nature of the instabilities, that they are self-excited, causes considerable trouble both for treating prob-
lems in propulsion systems and for laboratory experiments. Experimental work is time consuming and expensive,
due to the difficulty of performing controlled and reproducible tests.
Passive measures, as described in the preceding section, were the earliest and continue tn be the only practical
means of treating combustion instabilities in operational propulsion systems. While often effective, they have
the disadvantages noted above: there is no widely applicable theory for passive control; development is always
a costly trial and error proces; and the effectiveness of a particular design is inevitably limited to a relatively
narrow range of frequency and operating conditions.
Active control is an attractive strategy for use in both practical and research problems. It is not a new idea
and has appeared in several limited forms in the past 35 years. Tsien (1953) showed how the chugging instability
in a liquid rocket motor could be stabilized by controlling the supply of liquid propellant. His proposal was based
on the time lag model of the supply and combustion dynamics. As Figure 3.1 shows, the overall time lag in
the system is composed of several contributions. Consequently, it is not necessary to affect only the combustion
processes or the pump characteristics to alter the stability. Tsien's idea was to manipulate the propellant flow
in the supply lines by controlling the capacitance, Figure 6.10.

FIGURE 6410
The theoreticl bais Is readily established by writing the equatiot for the chamber pressure, a result that
ea be obtained either by cowetiu eos'evation of mass or energ or by Upociallring the approximate Analysi
desribed InSoction 2, Then we e•pect that pressure fluetuAtlits will s4tisy the equatihv fig a daumped osillator•
4asd it we include an tmxeitatlo due to comburtion with a tmO l4g. the behavior ia govaruto by

whe•r u(t) ltza•wup@ci.• input cuntrol funcltkm, The domping co ftoe t isoa O.' is the rsMoant frequottey
of twhelaasLw s4M 0 is a contwtupt. s@aething Mwtthe interac"o Index. Now t4ae the Laplace Itradsom, with
s the Usfam variable and P(s), V(#) dwoh* transtoms of p(t),u(t), to fiad

M~al Is + uns +.~41 Or."P() + U(s) (606)

ThW equit" e be
tv twprd with the Wo dlWam drawu Inlu•ze 6.11.

V(S) PS

S(I

S.ss4 a
Equadwn (U) and tW bl.& diaguit cm be Woved to gloe
Pie) (-1)

fi 6t dtb* 40"mbe (theO

da uN -twe twaaaemta
wVe 0 AM athe tusdaal ot Commaa
I&an themy)
1-56

The solution (6.7) can be re-written as

P£a - __ -___-
U(s) =2 + 2as+ (4 + Fe-)

Stability of the system requires that the roots of the denominator have negative real parts.
For the case of a purely bulk mode or chugging, the term 2 is missing from the denominator of 0(a). Taien
treated the problem of stability by applying the Nyquist criterion to the denominator of (6.9). For a system
with time delay, the form due to Satche (1949) is required; see Tsaon (1953, 1956). This method was applied by
Marble and Cox (1953) and Marble (195) to more complicated forms of the low frequency stability problem.
This example, progressing from formulation of wave motions in a chamber, as expressed by equation (6.5),
to the block diagram in Figure 6.11 and the transfer function (6.9) for the closed loop system is the simplest
illustration connecting combustion instabilities to control theory. There is no point pursuing details here, but
this brief discussion should make appealing the appli"tion of modern control theory suggested below.
Application of "servo-stabilization" as proposed by Tolen may have been attempted in a laboratory some-
where, but it appears that no results have been published, and certainly this method has never been adopted in
practice. The primary reasons seem to be inadequate sensors and instrumentation. That situation is very differ-
ent now, with the recent developments in solid state devices and microprocessors. While practical applications
may still be some time from realization, there is ample reason to pursue research on the problem, and indeed
some interesting results have already been reported.
Short of the sort of intelligent control systems enviioned herei,there have been several efforts in research
programs to gain control over self-excited instabilities in order to obtain better data. A device invented at
ONERA [Kuentnzman- and Nadaut (1975)] used a rotating exhaust valve to modulate the flow and impose
pressure oscillations on a burning solid propellant. The purpose was to provide a controllable means of meouring
the frequency response of a burning surfce, Subsequently the method was modified and used by several groups
in the U.S. and England. Another technique for switching oscillatiou on and off involves a moveable baffle
(described in the reference manual edited hy Culick (1974)]. This technique has been used to produce several
growth And decay periods of oscillations during a firing lasting less than one minute, Simuilr results havw been
obtained with a resonator, but with much greater difficulty because the temperature in the orifice and cavity
chaniges rapidly during a test, causing great problems with tuning. All such methods axe motivated by khe netd
to gain some measure of control over unstable oscillation in laboratory tests. Here %vare more concerned with
techniques that have promise for appicationr to full-scale propubion systes•.
FRowc.-Wilihow (184, 1986) has described his own successes and thoe of others in the use of active control
to utnipwlate acoustic f&l(ds at nomw temperatures and pmsures by using actoutical Iutvrference. The essntiAl
idea simply stated but not alw&ys easly realised in practice -. isto detertuie the charae'teritlcs o the given
aoutIlc field and use that lformatiou to control seconday samc of sound so as to produce drved rmults by
interfmaec. Mtwt obviously a "deV1red resulr% I to reduce unwanted nos to tilence--all parents' Holy Grail.
FfmwsWilliamr cals nti.mtoord" the aicostic field r.tW as the Input to comtrol the iatbJect field.
InPrinciple, tho Idea shtould be aplic~able to combusitio slytms. and $Mne apparent examples havo already
been rported. The prineipl of lowtk tactwell core many ituation, hout not claly in those just cited, When
the ptimary @o•rem of the aeoustlc wares are tftlavses tnstive to presure and vetlocty disturbne - as the
eaeIs fW all co umbsion instabillt~s -then interactionii botwoefnth
Ii@njeeted "conkrol' field and theQ Korces
befom a central Issu, Cnsqentl, although Wie authow may (pObly with jutificatio) cite their reslts
as ";uatipW of the atppelcaio of lantound," It eems that one muigt reaonaobly bw skeptWal.
Screnlvaartt lIaghtt and Chun (19SM) dwwnorstated control ot ossllltloat geneated In V,lijke abl byW
iroduitn• a ecodar heaer. The im has bee at let dliud k noty )ear and l tried lfotaily,

of has the proe pha sad scl disututin, tt the J ýtit't10o ft, .at41tlM (2,70). an••
th
fkrs term in (2336) man be maidi negtive, so d~itcrarsaut arm attinuatedý In the Bliko tube, Owumontrol hreatr
need not tie osilated by estoreal nieaasa Ifthew soure Is placed It the uppe half of the tubie, the fluctranting
"hIa adition1 arises fr4m intrAtio With that veloCity' sad Antoataiely Iulao the phasWnecssy to aINttnaie
th Wives. Tht It. th heat sourer Ir t.1eta eNey frou the field,
- .. 0 the avfg, Similar lts r
obIAed %Y S.V. san it With seconday heAts W4s l_ In KUorgan PIPe Nat ft .t -1,
espriarosreinteretiog aniuseu
U dnUaoaatraions
i but, Ifonl bresoas Itsme erarrnat contol 6s otX
r aceie
aOPplcatio to propulsonsyte *fa eeCm
s itdoubtful Oenteprise.
.
Toiw I" Contro of In t ilit6 has bra demonstrated it s "ei
of *oruk
c ari lit cwidgr.
hivftrlveslciames
(1085) Mnd 1104t (N10. 10N$) tIstecA'laosi
w aresim
with It 614rifuadt
P plce
U&. oto th"
end 44 the tub. 'T spear wAs placd in a lV lkas44 OW#4llad Xain NO Phs Din.s .eaA
4",-
.to
,a monitor the lht #*%Io" A a mr of hw remw, Tht iformation wa pitcs.od to djst.t.
63op gaikad phase, RAeI rous alas ontpa of a ualrtoptaon, wesii4* parsmn It "Aktuak ax the 4al1s h
kesiawk l6V uid staowsd thd &to ol ewipposd @Wa bloased' r
tw instblte
qritab ofg
tatiaws 'TWa wmala
&Wtrarti that control of that fWAnlnatlot itarskity Is*An"14AW4le hy the Iiiartis' of amaisud whl
rerpalrwaaW4l.rfr-W4 phase fAwltlaar Eridmaay tse Injuasa &WW~a siaeR&At e@0etr Ontwehat I#Atrsfrre

Meait reesgly OoiA~a 61 (1061) hkVe Vontrol W-btooilt"" WntOW lbMortry bosra dom"bt 10
Secfti "~ Wswat &9). COMMro w0 ertertd With sat WWWWla4a pl4r4 baaIedaN the thidtts leak WWOre
¶'ewhoklly "-~sqkMona to eammarlioa t10e inks M"r sowt It*aurug iblas I*s nla~y rmuto11 Ow.r"4Asato4P
asta plas 4a the wwakt veakn hie valad ' lans stious vswpvtuv vwaf that mwtt the "wme
 I4
1-57

purpose as those produced by a loudspeaker (which itself Actually appears as an oscillatory source of mass). The
system was only partially successful in suppressing the Instabilities, reducing the amplitude of the fundamental
mode by somewhat mote than half.
Lang et &1(1987) and Poinsot et %I(198) have reported control of instabilities In a subsonic laboratory
burner supplied with gaseous reactants. Two different fiamebolders have been used- a plate having 80 orifices,
set in a stream of premixed gases; and a more realistic configuration comprising an array of three rearward facing
steps through which fuel isinjected into an air stream. In each canea microphone was used as sansor to excite
loudspeakers placed upstream of the flames. Not only waes suppression of the instabilities demonstrated, but in
the most recent work, the authors have shown the great usefulness of control to study the transient behavior of
the motions. Active control will no doubt be a useful tool in laboratory research.
Langhorne, Dowling, and Hlooper (198) have geven an Initial report of their remitta for a method which may
well prove to he the most effective approach to controlling combustion instabilities in full-scale systems. Using
the apparatus described in Sectin 52 [see Figure 5.91 they successfully reduced the amplitudes of an Instability by
introducing a controlled secondary supply of fuel upstream of the flameltolder. That this is an attractive method
follows from the discussion in the Introduction. Instabilities are encouraged in combustion chambers because
of the high densities of energy release. The power involved cannot be matched by mechanical systems, such
as loudspeakers, and response times as well may be inadequate. Evidentally the mw6 direct method of control
should he based on manipulating the source of energy. The work by Langhorne et al. is thoroughly discussed in
a paper at this meeting.
In their work in~ended primarily for study the noise produced by convection of entropy fluctuations through
a supersonic nozzle. Zuloeld and Auerback (1976) demonstrated a form of control in a laboratory device. They
produced entropy fluctuations by oscillating the temperature of a Lichrore wire heater. The heat addition caused
fluetuations of both temperature and pressure, the latter Accompanying the unavoidable density fluctuations,
With an oscillatory bleed valve, they were able to compensate the pressure fluctuations, leaving nearly pure
temperature or entropy waves. Thus they demonstrated simultaneous control of mass and energy sources.
The approximate analysis developed in Section 2 has a fomm that Is naturally Adapted to upplying the theory
of control of distributed systems jMurray.Laaao (1966)-, Gould and MurrayLasso (1066); Bales (19M. 1082)].
State-feodback control can he applied to distributed system# after decomposition of the general motion into
modes as Accomplished in Section 2. The state of the system Isthen speified by the matrix of amplitude
n., and Amplitude velocities fib -'-1h 1h .... Yry,,, Sinha and Fling (198) have first discwsmd the
application of model control to the -problem of combustion instabilities and have given some preliminary reults
of Asimulation. 'it appears that neither thi nor any similar muethd has twon tested on an actual comlbustion
Instability.
The basi Ideas are' easily explained, buat succesful applcation will require considetable furthert research.
Simply inCorpoating seNe sort of feedbak control isby no meanis a guarantee that the s1ystem can be stabilized
- tot example, a stabl oscilltor carn he convertedl to an amplifie with the addition o! feedback. In order to
Achieve success with active control of combution Wntablities, it Is essetiail to have ak%zthorough "ndcrstmrling
of the #ysten In question, particularly of the resporisible mechanism. There is no point hiere in speculating c"t
possiCl cotroi laws' of on the potential pioWMena that Mtay arise with use of WdAl control, lbut we can at least
hindicate why this Appears to be a scnsilek strategy to pursue.
To control combustioin intblit~te mesa to exert external Influece on the unstiady mitu, nwantentu or
enerY In the chamber. whatet~e physica means may ha devisd, the control Input@ must theorteleally appea
as Mor@e in the conseessatn 441uat"n (2.1) (2.4) and in Subsequent forms Thus, Inequailons (2.18)= (2.20).
weeMay add cOWntro Inpus V,. and Pe an the 6&ja hAd Sides, thel partiuarfoMs depeeding on tw,kind
of wontok 1184e41
Its the examples treated ahoms, Sreenlvama 0 al used contrl (listited) of man engy source All other werke
with a soars aour. except In*tkaemnomstrece work, Langhoroe eat, control. the ewerg sourc by *Adulting
a secodry fuel suppLy. I#order to giv, a muolee analys6 of theW mmdtwts It wouldf be necesary als to analy'oe
the basil owatial~a of tOw lssata ies, for they wore shory elect by themtionsA ladtwd by the ctro"
The eomitvl wwurce teem. add. eootrba,alnto It mad asad ithwve
oquatio (341) wit Its bo&UdaY
cntin(24S) becom

toth sstm of equatiow S

for wthe"

whwe14(t) 6 d eeft Atotks'

11 " 0

Utbe~~neroreheewMmoe.req )(t)gvbhwpafs
Dss4~.a4 mv + ItM(&401l

1ttw6t uwAsbew
k*d
q~o(
)&
M
,tthwVtJP
1-58

where p.NL stands for the nonlinear part of the fo&rcing function. If nonlinear behavior is ignored, each of the
secillator equations has the same form as (6.5) - it is trivial to incorporate a time lag model, and of courseca.
here contains both energy sources and damping, for which the contributions are negative.
To incorporate feedback control, the state of the system must be sensed. that is, the unsteady pressure and
its rate of change must be measured, say at S points, and the output signal is the matrix {IV,V2,..., ys}, where
the all element is the signal measured at the position F. in the chamber:
vjt) =c +d ia '(. , (8.15)

Because the pressure field is represented by an expansion in modes, and in practice only a finite number, N, can
be treated, (6.13)
IV N
0.E1,,(t•. (i'.) + doE,(mo¢. (o'.) (8.16)

In matrix form, the sensor output is

= (C)?
IV) (8.18)
where C is an S x 2N matrix.
The control input (6.12) is due to a finite number of actuators; in the earlier examples, heaters or loudspeakers
were used. Their presence can be represented in hAand f, so Qt() can be made explicit, except that the
amplitudes for the actuator motions depend on the control law chosen. In practical systems, it is hardly likely
that simple heaters or loudspeakers will be effective In combating combustion instabilities. The fast response
necessary, and the energy requirements, probably will dictate cither active control of the fuel supply, or some
other method of directly affcting the mechanism of the instability.
Whatever the form of physical control chosn the control matrix {u) can be computed according to equation
(6.12). In general, all actuators will affect all modes, and adl uQ4t) are non-xer, Yang ef at. outlined the use
of this formulism as the basis for a digital control system using a zero-ordevhold technique. Their analysis is
entirely formal, with a simulation to confirm their proposal. Neither they nor anyone else have attaicked the far
more dificult problem of applying thee Ideas to suppress combustion instabilities in a full-scale system, It's
an area of research that holds much protm for productive rsults In the near future, a possible solution to the
problem of ewobustion intabilties whose time has arrived,.
7. ConcludIng Remawrks
The opeating •ditions in high performance combston chamber amrsuch that there will always be high
prbttoitlie for disturbam to he umtable. Experience during the pamt four decades h• clearly
• w•n that
one mUs Oxp a new dtign always exhibit instabilitk*. While rearch has estawlshod the prinCIPes tor
contructing stable combwstion charms, In practie the rq met may be pooely undertood or violated in
0leric to imprve steady-sitates perfowmlarret
It Is thereo essetial that contining work on thee problem be dir•ted to dpr undestanding of
the nichmanlsms of CIbthslon lmtablUe constructing more powerful and Widely alcale anlysi,,and
development of neow
methods frM1uppressng haintal~lite when the arise in full-scale systems. Recent pgRWUs
In istors. hWnt#MAtlon aid compuliqn re•o-rc offer sAilgeat mw opotunitlko.
Un&Mdertndn morehal~mi require extensve and easeful laboatory etrpernrots as weA as torWou mus
ysla of Instabilitko in ful-scal systems Thin doadnAnt oweAnstoshave been emph&asise homw lUqWr doplet
foretatio. vaorisatlmo arm combutown; ortex shedding ard co Umbutin and nvetive waves. Ie many
ye"s. mttaadsms hav. e WapmW with a Ime 4 modeL Thi rpsntio oftheicoupling be•twee
gssslyrawkm and unady wm a enegy rMetle been sewlt used In both march mad 4e..p.
How~ .as emp a InSecti 33, the wrsof thetwo pa•km m t•.u O,the i Index
i , . r. the-tie
bg.4 14ro to he 4omeftd %hwithudersandlng what 6 really ha~ppeing Uhdr corrdelaton of daawithot filt
hais
n radawaalprocese haive "imte pwedictve valteod va ia ge f application.
With the deveopmen-t of higher pesfonnrec ptopulsI onsytem, the iwao 4esv@ watraM (#WdWP h Apes
to the tong run) to trena eosnbo-alo insahiltie nw"a he foude on resear deoted to hast probilems. It
woon c"io tha fo all threw types of Ulquld4ueW syslee It is eavia Amsia to unerstad thormogly the0
"edy WanAlusedy processe6s 1 lIon
"odn K 11eteliui to conhusawin of gaseos seataos. Already mu't
ba" h "learned in re@en ra"" on thew subjt tha ha o h. iorpoad In sue of cmuto
irtwstktLfs Mock re#man to he done 1ý boa the MAn P" Is tAM ItA
shulU no ln be necMWar to sw* so
n oge pplcikusof the N- r mdLM oder espesi
lwsvly f nesoanl machtks includin high speW *"A'
imn~o
meurmcn adfow vlas 4allaaroa W-oid wid
opaim~ti (@robauwin eA AW"df -toof the
Th. recetw ork on ortx hdiM s d a
litMaddition to.t M @W44twro". rat laboty te4t A aHMed nw*ic na* . hav
.Alk

arid wtitoy pt tob made,

onetion with d*sig have@ hut the diretion o psoem
Vf AIs corewt ttWr
0. this. "M-a "ond the " of say (Nam"hes .abe
aOn .eld
be d t". " m .th

Anailysis o theovw46on poIrblea I#or~Aw

ur ts sat gl l fnisrk iMPortan to both. .A.
sosl dilgs.
p t issaenlaltha
dmnaasnaeehr~s thson)4 wish
allbf
relvana prcsrs
poi.s se.nnans.oe
-adi r. hebsi
. o. se Ivdd.-th reea iscrt
. ly.r wq.e

4!
 1-59

for; failure to do sowil quite likely produce incorrect and misleading results as discussed in Section 3.2. Modern
computing resources ae now capable of handling full three-dimensional problems and the time has arrived for
serious application of computational fluid dynamics to problems of combustion instabilties.
Such calculations awe expensive and will not in the formeeable future be useful for routine design work.
Moreover, it will likely always be true that significant uncertainties will accompany some of the necessary input
information, especially for the unsteady combustion proceses. And of course there is always the feature that
each numerical calculation provides results only for one case.
Nevertheless, numerical analysis is important for several purposes. As for the external aerodynamics of a
missile or aircraft, CFD can be used in the design process. However, the corresponding application to combustion
instabilities must await further progress in understanding the fundamental processes in a combustion chamber.
Recent work on the flow fields in dump combustors, and similar calculations for solid fueled rockets, have
demonstrated that much can be learned even at this stage. Equally important, although incomplete and limited,
the analyses serve as necessary steps in continued development of analytical tools.
For most applications and theoretical work, approximate analysis in one form or other will probably always
be the primary method of doing calculations. One framework has been described here in Section 2; its usefulness
has been illustrated in several places. It affords a rapid and simple way of assessing mechanisms anO predicting
trends of behavior; and in combination with test eults, it provides guidelines for design.
An important step that has yet to be taken is close coordination of approximate and numerical analyses.
Because of the assumptions required to simplify the equations, any approximate analysis is always accompanied
by uncertainties in the results that are not completely known. The only way to assess accuracy is to compare
approximate results with those obtained by an accurate numerical analysis. Limited comparison of this sort
have boen done for instabilities in solid rockets, showing that the approximate analysis is accurate under broad
useful conditions and can also be helpful in understanding unexpected immetical results.
Nonlinear behavior of combustion instabilities Is an important -opic not covered in this survey, Because
combustion instabilities are self.exeitcd oscillations, they reach lih.uing amplitudes only because one or more
nonlinear processes ar Active. There am two classes of nonlinear p;.,iblems to be considered theoretically: 1) what
aie the conditions for existence and stability of limit cycles?, and 2) under what conditions Is a linearly ftale
system unstable to Asufficiently large initial disturbance? These piobleins hiave receihvd some attention, ch'ifly
with approximate analysis, but much remains to be learned. The subect of nonliXn-r behavior is faWcinating
theoretically. And already solme reults useful In practical situatiom* haV bhett obtained,
It appears that the confluean of modemn experimental and analytical research will provide the basi for
apply4ig meth of aActive control to probleas of combustion 'n.tahllties. The pssibility Is attrnctive, and
May s•m• alniot obvious, but practical realiatilon is far of., Initial Mesults oRtain•e In L boratofy tests WWit
and without combustiQ o havV illustrated thQ promise. However, the diff0e.rnces betwI the conditions in thws
device And in fultlscsln propulsi %,%stems unist be recepitwd Isuccessul applicautios will vurely require
throug UndestandingOf the Wmehaniss Causin instaAb WiteIn the Actual Ayfiteime resuts WW be require Of
all the subectsa comcrd in thsrview.

Acknowltdgwmnts
DuriP4 posptuaion of thi pape have Wwenelttd bont numrous ovan s twtloeand
* argwumets) with tuy
colleague hasoftss Nambie and Z46WW'I
This wtok ha bee spoted pat 4 the Calik" ntitutt 4I .i"hn by the Ofic of N"
R@*areb by the Alt No, O11W of WeleW-&i Retes*s b* he N"va %*pows C*Mnte wale akNv*Wo Service
Cowvgt &PAt by ws Acousti Eaom unldr cntrt to &h Air Fbre AstroautWs Lboratorty, I NM
hsdih ,,,
to C i ler.am
Jan
, Voerw#' Wawh Wood, "d Da Y•" toll A, tW
e easisanidlo y_

Uqstld KWAhel
Met~
Adulmse.M aI. IM) qTh Wissil L444 NWA
Itchtlrpihle Wit VRK)WAd Sowi 4 IV*Dwerelfptea PeK-
6ft.," AAAISAIE 0 JoWi Peapbie $penilM Coakemvc, AIAA PpwNW' 1lI"~
tAInshoc, ILL (M "-thhY4o L4qWIJ, o kerhsi 1niu Opecahea, AIAA J, Volt 1, No. 1, wp

"Mawwno. IPA. (195#) 6*S"tJ

rh~y 4 OM. matl@(U04f
LIaid ot herL wjt
(LUZ) widt ?tabopwwi Asommby
• . TPA), Lesie Aemsuaat VL tlI, lO4.

-lft
Dait~t' It Soa
sad I%'&*** It A.U-1=W
t(gig) "Cuaiw
0.10
i Csibuaki-0 hfuatihihl.
.r*
o ii, Votlens Tyoi o

S" ~auwe .. :; .til~al

 1-60

Bar, re, M. (1976) "Analysis of Rocket Engine Transient Regimes," XXVII Congress, International Astronautical
Federation, Paper IAF-76-160.
Bastress, E.K., Harris, G.H. and Miller, 1. (1967) "Statistical Derivation of Design Criteria for Liquid Rocket
Combustion Instability," NASA CR-72370.
Beltran, M.P., Wright, R.O. anJl Breen, B.P. (1966) "Combustion Stability Limits Calculated Utilizing a Non-
linear Model," Dynamic Science Report No. SN-70-F, Final Report in Contract NAS 7-366.
Binoit, A., Collin, G. and Mestie, A. (1974) "Etude de Ia stabilit1e Ia combustion dans un foyer i flux giratoire,"
Le Recherche A rospatidae, No. I (Janvier-Fivrier), pp. 37 148.
Bracco, F.V. (1975) "Standing Acoustic Waves in a confined Non-Uniform Gas," J. Sound and Vibraiion, Vol.
41, No. 3, pp. 301-309.
Burstein, S.A., Chinitz, W. and Schechter, H.S. (1972) "ANonlinear Model of Combustion Instability in Liquid
Propellant Rocket Engines," AIAA/SAE 8th Joint Propulsion Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No. 72.
1146.
Calender, A., Huartte, D.R. and Porter, A. (193U) "'meLag in a Control System," 71aw. Roy. Soc. London,
Vol. A235, pp. 415-444.
Cherne, J.M. (1967) "Mechanical Design of the Lunar Module Descmt E•gine," XVIII International Astrunau.
tic&! Congress, IAF.
Chu, B.-T. (1953) "On the Geueratim of Pressure Waves at a Plane Flame," Fouvt Jni. SYMp, on Comb., pp.
603.612.
Chu, B.-T, and Kovasnoy, L.S.G. (195T) "Non-linear lnteractions in a Viscous Heat-Conducting Compressible
Gas," ,1, Rai MecA., Vol 3, No. 3. pp. 494-512.
Clqytom. R,., Rogm, R,S, and Sotter, ,.G, (1968) "An Experimental Description of Destructiv Liquid Rocket
Resoant Cw•nbution," AJAA Jonal4 Vol. 6, No, 7, pp, 1352-1259.
Crocco. L, (1902) "Aspects of Co.mbation Istaility in Liquid Propellant Rockets." JARS Part I, VoL 21, No.
1931. Part 11,Vol, 22,
Cxoecr%, 3 (1933) "Supereritleal Gas Dischrge with Nih Fie,4ueny Ovcilations," Acrotcek~in Vol. a3 Mp
40403.
Qem L. (IM6) "• .intlAins
on " Ptblem
, of Sealing Rackot Ntotlac. " AGAIU Selected Cohloo
I'mblans, Vol. 2, DuttO^WotbA Scieutific PuAbleimatv. London, pp. 43T.466,
Cvoece. L,antd Chng, S1. (I084) Moe,, of Covak%*Iista 1w.taidtp tt Liqui propelaxt Roecket Metors AGAR.
DOGRAPH. Nix .8 Unklostwwth* 80 ~enic N-Wigatlone L"Pdn,
Owtacc, L. (IOU8) "Conuwu ts it tha W roe)b P"pe on C naionlon Oseellatios.' Jet Pvtapawine VtA.

Crocco L., Gtvyý, adHlwt*'.

MW D.T (1060) 'theory of Liquid Propellat Rocket Comahttstlo InsA-4liiy #An
It&E..mAtt Wift"., ARS 1. Vol .. D.No. 2, t+. 189408
000a. L, Monti, W and arey, (1.61) v.f.ttikiat Nw* Adwitaum '. Thswy- 4,v Ewac wstwo 4
the AdW-ttane Painatwontr ARlS 1, VMA, 31. No,. 4. pp, ITAh.71
Crowoat L,. ks,)at DT vAnRpoaloat P.R. (30M) "atseoCmbumans.o Intbity I#tLquid Propellant
tteati W^!et ARlS J. MA, 32, No. 3, pp. 360.73
COont, L (1M6) wetleal Spells oa Liq PsptvlsaM ROdas INsabtlqty" IbTA
Ioacc) #11Acafutwtwn Tat o.ft IUsao
A sttiltute, MpItl30lIl2
Cwtoea, L, Grey. I. MAd idAttte asr
., (1%31) -h kidAnr Mcaako,*Off a tho CnraT
M O6 wonae
L4.4 W.a

COwctv, L (kk6) "-Ttw kwlesis

0f Chumscciek- Tnsi osbtiaw Instability, 2'4 MidG ot~eak
• •
3mwadStlvnta. W.A (19k) *~Ru@ts OwTbu'fmvcw* W.It.}p:
L.~ao 69~y Clseposeat Oht
t6.Nm.1iura Scbiaa0
• Of
28.ShattWa- -aa,43 AIAA
1.,p. 1,. W, 4.ý% So4.. 1084243.

lhos#lat Rod" MOWa NASA cm MO21.

COwv*s L, a+m.we MY'., ~Siquuo, W.A. @k 61 (098) 1NsiUmt Aspect af ck ýnsto 6sAbly iaUq
PragUWla Rbdat 8&tts"NAMA dl "M2
aecarat L ad &&hu , Ch. (l00).16ftwns K164Cl oid -s iii w"bi 83iaiuth M"Ioaw ataa wo
UWa64in, VA66iideeilss $aea utuki-%i. VQlt, lp. 14?166.
0". %A88
wtwp. W Ow~ui*.iii W* WOWd.i1 AIAA J,.Vol. 14NO.5k P. W34I101t
"kit.a#&eC. (till) Nnia asbidLmtu sq ofAaMe
 1-61

Culick, F.E.C. (1975) "Stability of Three-Dimensaional Motions in s Combustion Chamber," Comaustioa Science
4nd Technology, Vol. 10, pp. 109-124.
Culic, F.E.C. (1976) "Nonlinear Behavior of Acoustic Waves in Combustion Chamber," Parts I and II, Acts
Astrongstics, Vol. 3, pp. 714-757.
Dipprey, D.F. (1972) "Liquid Propellant Rockets," in Chemistry in Space Research (R.F. Landel and A. Rem-
baum, Ed.), Amnrican Elsevier Publishing, Inc.
Dombrowski, N. and Hooper, P.C. (1964) "A Study of the Sprays Formed by Impinging Jets in Laminar and
"Turbulant Flows," J. Fluid MAch., Vol. 18, pp. 392-406.
Dordain, J.J., Lourme, D. and Estoueig, C. (1974) "Etude de l'Effet POGO smr les Lanceurs EUROPA 11et
DIAMANT B," Acts Astronautics, Vol. 1, pp. 1357-1384.
Elverum, G., Jr., Staudhammer, P., Miller, J., Hoffman, A. and Rockow, R. (1967) "The Descent Engine for the
Lunar Module," AIAA 3"4 Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No. 67.521.
Epstein, P.S. and Carhart, P.R. (1953) "The Absorption of Sound in Suspensions and Emulsim. I. Water Fog
in Air," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 25, pp. 653-85,&
Fang, J.J. (1984) "Application of Combustion Time-Lag Theory to Combustion Stability Analysis of Liquid aid
Gaseous Propellant Rocket Engines," AIAA 22"' A-eopace Sciencte Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 84"0510.
Fang, J.J. (1987) "Combustion Instability Model Study," Phase I Repoon (September 1986 - October 1987)
Contract NAS 8.36-74, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.
Fan, 3.3. and Jones, Y.T, (1984) "Comparison of Analytical Modeling Results with Oa/Hj Combustion Stabity
Data," 21 JANNAF Cotu.hustiou Meeting.
Fang, JJ. and Jones, Y.T. (t987) 'Development of a Generic Combustion Stability Code fir Liquid Prop*llat
Rocket Eugines"* 24th JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
F•e•er. C.E. md Heidman", M.F, (1967) "Dynamie Respofse f C ou,|lydxoge Flow System and its Appli-
catl" to High Frquecy Combustion hwtUlity," NASA TN D-4040,
Filinmaonne V.. (0968) "InM6estiaton of Instability of Combusption of i~quid-PTopellant Rocwke Motos,' $owflt
Apphed Mteiisuie. Vol. 4, N. I. pp. 8041.
Fodn, G.A, (1964) "Rol Torque antI No•mal Fee Generat in Acoustically Uvtwa , Roamket M•otors
AIAA 4., Volt 2 No, 7, pp, 1,W-130&
FlAwo, MLA, (1967) "Rotating Flows InAcoustically Unsalde Rocke M~ow," Pts,D Tltrsi, Ctmlifwuio Wtml
tote of Teebuelop.
""maine, R.JI.Lo,.k.RS. and ComIb, LI'. (19$•)"S•eNdary • No0 e•s lyet"
hltrA'y in Meditum Sie
Liquid FilNet
Roke ngne. Chapter 3. ACARD COafrt~we Pvocedlup. Aivwaas to Thetiral Jades

Owalctaev. AAt(1084) "Ittfirtm of Liquld Rwce

W- ait ot@ Wall41
Complianc o Len'4vteqney tn ~tahll
Se-. Atromoa#ti. Vo4 IT, pp,2443k
Cmadn,w)F ud M t DX (1140) imlllrysaFtowlutaflceke Motor," S. App. MwkcA
4 VoL Itý ?. 3.

HI4ab4a". K. OMiMoo.n, IL (11M) 'T*4Wo@sf

t #Wn~
a 4Mode ke Ow Two Phas Float Uv Wisato
aV kdmt
kt
Rowut Ltgwas cnwbusl Cawmbet" WItansaxiac
' Cw"oaf @keuce
o Niu * @"ea
todin lud VDy
.iakm SACLAY.
#%Uhl", M. Ma o , and Month ItH(.I I 'NuW-4 k4 of lii Fteq'.e o uI i fiN ta .im
a LiquidPmpelia £gwA Rthogi api#Combu lo a Cmpn,10'teaimdCdhqwan
Wlbbllk
. LoWrMe, W. sd Ph, FC(151$) "A ump M&el
Mid.OweCoott.La-lwo
StabliY studi
A. e to tw Am6WVikin bgite. AIAA 60" Amoapa Seete Uww. Iwo..
Mafde.1 Wit 10M) A.ty CWdisst IN Usia Pefa noe MOW . N AMM W *.

Msrjsý 0j. sAiltisaom, Pr. (Ut) (10;2) Lqa'J

Nnfleai UUtM luaswaimt NASA s£14lo.
Baumn Itjl (it"6) 'Revi"w of Comsis bh Cea"pw ishk w"f twek.**Napei"s. .. $aes" jt
No. ?.~pp,t0*tO3t.
Usdss, U sd Met, C. (1966 'E4tealaIMo Ieat lu Vetidy £&u 4k SpWaidn baas*@W~
00"M"oeIdaiit, NASA t$ 14AW.
xssaaM
. "A,Wmebe., P.R (IN") "A%*a6th a'
wodf u Vaa~a
sqar ids V"sai Clasmmn WVh
1.1104 liaWn. tbiifim NAMA tN "U4

Vadaht NASA W404h4

I
1-62

Hoehn, F.W. (1972) "Experimental Evaluatidn of a 600 LBF Spacecraft Rocket Engine," AIAA/SAkE 8" Joit
Propulsion Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No. 72-1129.
Hoffmian, R.J., Wright, RO. and Breen, B.P. (1068) "Combustion Instability Prediction Using a Bipropotlant
Vaproization Model," NASA CR-920.
SJensen,
RJ., Dodson, H. and Trueblood, B. (1988) "Oxygen/Methane Combustion Stability Investigation,"
Advanced Earth-to-Orbit Technology Conference, Huntsville. AL (May 1988).
Kovasnay, L.S.G. (1983) "Turbul•nce in Supersonic Flow," J. An. Se., Vol. 20, pp. 657-682.
Krylov, N. and Bogoliubov, N. (1947) lntroduction to Nonlinear Mechanics, Princeton University Press.
Landau, L.D. and Lifschitz, E.M. (1908) Fluid Mechoxics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Lecourt, R., Foucend, R. and Keuttzmann, P. (1986) "Experimental Study of the Acoustical Sensitivity of Liquid
Fuel Rocket Motors Injectors," La Recherche Aero.patidle (English edition), pp. 11-22.
Letoort, R. and Foucaud, R. (1987) "Experiments on Stability of Ltquid Propellant Rocket Motors," AIAA
Paper No. 87-1772, AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 234 Joint Propulsion Conference, San Diego, California.
Levine, R.S. (1960) "Experimental Status of High Ftcourney Liquid Rocket Combustion Instability," Tne•h
Symposium (Interustionul) om Coma4asiou, The Combustion Institute, lip. 1083-1000,
14ng. P-V., Ftshr, S, and Chang, Y.M. (1986) "Comprehensive Modeling W a Liquid Rocket Combustion
Chamber." J. Propulioa, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 97-104C
Liang, P.-Y.. Ch•r•khani, A.and Jensen, R. (1987) "A Finite D•'avfuae Analya o4 Wave Dannlpig And Acoustic
Cavities." 24" JANNAF Comhustion Meeting.
Liang, P.-Y.. Fisher, S. and Chang, Y.M. (I9T) "Numerical Analysis of SSME Prehw.-r Injector Ato•.iati
and Co•mstion Procns& i PJ;pulsias, Vol. 3, No. 0. pp. 3W.613.
t Uang, P-,V. And Schurman, MiD. (19W7) 'A Nvumricý alnvestigation of the Flaute-Bnling. Mechanis Down'
stram of a Coua~l linetion £lvet, 24" JAN, AF Comnionnio Mewting,
Lwes. EM. nd -Zinn.&T, (1912) "Mhe P•edictio, of Noutnncr Loogitudinal Cow)hmttiost"ab ty in Liquýi
Propella R•t•te, NASA CR 12 )9.
Lame EM. and Zlnn. 11.7. (190M) '"Nolier Longtudlinal Conuhustioa utwahfiiu ini Poa"e Ntato COst
Iwo*%u-0S1oner .14 &AaolaA,V,. 7 pp., 2.218.

4'une wwete btitupildo, IAF Papr INO. 624U4. 3t4EAF Cosuvw*. Pans*. 1W,2 and Arounantlu Aeta.
WI 10. No 12. pp. 10I..f
Lwmsnn, 0.ý. &Ieti. D. m4IUlnt- F 1190 1 16&Sprq 0,li4
4tvnininaa CM ewtirAtiým 4.Wa.a
SImI riL.A App, 0
Lwnuwm, D.. Sdlunit, DI and ihatwlt, F. (1988) Rp"itspwltwta fM-,ctntPAnnio of a kNtsv P~dhn4 y Tw-
. Loucun
1),. auSlmit.#
WOUW-Asu ,. 1183
"a hn L%4s "Le;.mneen
bucks kujeenuC n•sace
34 &ldefodatenalecaktnulilsdcot
nnUsinaal COAfnnWc UmJA.
t Atwtestot #'VA io
alkS"-

knuosue, D i+ kuwt *V Omsessota f4 ttv Aran VWdng EuC AMA Pn -1,4)

Nut 4C4444.
V A AASAKASMC JoaUM hordlau C.. m#. ItumvtW Alsimo
JNk t 1Wt " Udfem. AU (1M! wY
.TIteaas. Uttee Ouch .r
ttOlokmtih Rac-ket MneC$CA
-RU E184A-N.

.pp. .

FRa~qVlT.j "the11r~amwkit0w*%AF* COuh44@ bAnas irtet4fltMv wn.W? p

F it en044t.-AMAam
Nabe Wif*"s4
100 %16t 3-4-1
a. Co*ra VIpM, l

flwUas
A",M M4s, Ua".ae WI.
$0 sikt h%*4~uc pwAW v(IS) AIAA t~w istOWýss~wnIaefd. yo&
 "7

1-63

Mitchell, G.E (1970) "The Effect of Kutropy Waves -.,a High Freuency Pressusf Oscilistioca in Liquid Rocket
Motors," Combustion Science and TelbcM.Jey, Vol. 1, pp. 269ý-27.
Mitchell, G.E. and Jottbcs, Y. (197-6) "Wave Ditowtiw illecxts nocVaporiasstioo Luimied Coxnmhstio Stability"
13"' JANNAF CombustOn Meeting.
Mitchell, C.E. and Eckert, K. (1979) "ASimplified Computer rropam for the Prediction of the Linear Stability
Behavior of Liquid Propellant GOMhWftcjrs," NASA CR 3160.
Mitchell, CE. (1984) "An Integral Closed Loop Comnbustion Sftablty Model - Status and fleview," 21"1 JANNAF
Ccimbustion Meetig.
Mitchell, G.E. (19%5) 9Impnatiewna of and Integral Stability Model," 22" JANNAF Cobus~tion Morting.
Momse
P.andilnpri, L- (196$) fleoreftic11 Acousks, MCGraW-Hil, Inc.
Muss, J.A. and Ptper, J.L. (196T71 "Perfornasce and Stabiity Ghu-axoeisatioatoftLOX/ Uydnwarbt' hajectoes"
1987 JANNAF PropLjain Cunereucet
Muss, J.A. and Pelper, J.L. (I035) Pcrf irmance anid Stability Chsnactuiaatioucrf LOX/ Hydrocoirbou lnjectors,"
AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE204 Joint Propilsio Specialist Coadreenet
Nguye.T.V. and Muss, J.A. (1987) "Modificatico ofdweAgostu-Haufter Vaporination Response Model for the
?zedtiua of High Frequencpy Conmbustion Stability." 24"' JAN;NAF Combustion MteetiUg.
NSyets, TV. (198.8) "Ans Imjseovd .Higb.Froqttey Combustion Stablty MoeW AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE
'1 4 s Jont Pro1otlsiiu Coasferew, AIMA Paprv No. WM&5
Nickewtum ,Gmiad Ngpoyen. T.K. (19W4) "A Cnmpntcr Proramm for Modeliog SteapsweSt CombustiOn in a
Rtocket Engne Thrust Cliamhet," 4ots'and
Engineer~g Associftws, tne.
Nickerson. G, aind Vogyea. 'rJ( (1bWO) 'A Cnnepntr Propzsxn Im.PrcWO4ktOf Cwvnhqswn hwaedlfity Vssn
a Nonlinear BilpeloteAnt V".odzatinn- Mos"
& and £ssgineordng Assaesnte, Wn.
vSofta
Pmty. H).
EX d WC-sh,VE-t. (1974) '9jlweissoset of Wall Heat TV4%nfee 4s.the Pine ac of LnrJ~e- 4snpltu.
COndssjsdo - DriVe. OWcilatiW4ns." t'mw
Mi4 $zeSeneF .4 Ts4104b1. Vof t, -4
KiPhlPpait K 0. (198T) 1101411~usteisi &;A Analywts of 1iqs41&~Aygn ~~ ne~u"
JANNAP Cobut eeiwe
-n

WntlY Avallald Asnudyual TII.4 AAAA~M itA~ly iuAStt U 4 Ms,*Ptosotio. isifwje AIAA
NpfvNoW-2551

twoP JANNAF Payniswi C"Vnfeisne

Pndl. EX A an t mw, WT. (1071) "AS~gqe %%k. Appsnft-nto
1w, -14 k6 Nntdseww C-VAsstUw*,q
ItosWit fIfea*nca (tam44k@n Mine. tad lkeAsatesgy VIA 9.' Mz
Poteli, kA an wt.as
OT (194) "Thwomeleal Wnet~un if Nonhwn cse 6
LMkAtu tst wth*4l Real NanhC' &U A*'sanmtueg MA, 1.it- 01 I,=,
)%aea., RA -0#fl4 an Us. (1940) ts..uwa Vssainsou a .6
he .
C*Uti .awf CtwAsu"% NAMA Iwkiea It"u RV

a Ot~ saiMd)"NASA tM 0-4W

NASA TUX .Wit

NaWIad
tw~, J 1M1 1410 btli yC*S wtt d1 ~i Aa twa~LuFr
(bfit Ik"had. sainenM IItwtlkogy AL Otmrp IM),

wa,Wt tee MaW3MM fl,. at.f-- tisnnM

4 ~
A % V
Ohia Pat
W %Ct4
.. ."1~ 1 ."1 ii 6 Q

14"t flC'TZ41

Lewd tb0tt 0#4) itu 1""~4 SO"t "MW NPazI"ua New val"

Reauds..e
iJ.*u MJtsad Smit. Aý Jh, (OWI)196At Wdi* m bUWsibis A O &
ikasdtWMA 5t.We 4, X&x.W,0541
 1-64-
Reardon, F.H. (1973) "Guidelines for Combustion Sta~lty Speadcations sad Verification Procedures," J.P.J.A.
Publicattion 247, NASA CR 138745.
Rec4&4,R.H., Hague, D.S., Joixs, R.T. and Glatt, Cii. (1973) "Program User's Manual for Optimizing the
Desgn
f LiuidorGasous*Propellant Rocket Fugine with thze Autowmtd Combt seo Design Code
AUTOCOM," NASA C'R-229&.
Rcichel R.H., Hague, D.S., Jones, R.T. and Ghiwtt, C.R. (1974) "System Oriented Design Optimization fur Liquid
Propellant Rocket Engines," Rsssfshrtforschuiug, Vol. 1/1074, pp. 18.24.
Rubin, S. (196) "Longitudinal Instability of Liquid Rocket Due to Propulssiou Feedback (POG0)," AMA J.
Spisecrftt Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 1188-195.
Quhin, S, Wagner, R.G. and Pay"s, J.0. (1973) POG0 Suopressico on Spame Shuttle - Early Studies," NASA
CR42210.
Rupe. J.H. f(1987) "ýAa Experuimeental Correlation of the Noareactive Properties of INection Schemes and Cool-
hustiou EXfrcts hita Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine. Part V. Otn the Influence of Vanes on Combustion
nod Combustion testability," Calteda Jet Propulsion Laboratory Rport YR 32%2355
Sobrrsky, fl-H. (19U4) "Effect of Wave Ptopagatioa in Feed Lb"es on Low Prequency Rocket Instability," Jet
Pmnpbwoa, Vol. 24, pp, 172-174.
8. ~~~Saluri.
R.,. Wanbaire, J1P. and IHuwnm N.P. (19M) "Effect of Thtrust MeElement in Combustion stablty
(3tacrsreic*le of fHyirupou-Osygro Rocket Enginos," NASA TN D-4041.
Seaserer, I). (M9) TaComb lusto d'mw goo on tawlieu r -arviwce d&.uropouitin ,xtbewu prealehe 4un
~uwwbl.* Javatilts sew to Siswtfatia stuinqs its ?&erUwmznes 4# Cauthnnhta'. Sopha.A44iPoliS.
0.(1Ml "Cecubtstiota d'nttw "Itott imtowbtle etude. ta"niurquev 4r l'intiucnr ties bypoweiz*
s4AferreD, Con-
+41$410t4t 1*I-ofi e# IP." La &eqheret Aenqsw~
tautc. 198. No. 4. Mp331-32
Selterre. 0, (104) "EM(ede In'cnw-1'tiua MnW otiw n~tki'nti adatev r~wkke 4 cuwlecniWY TO)'
l'evaepintsi011
AGARDn PX.EP Sytuiywaiwu moCeanbnsien an FPIt in "Zi vturie Rupir*
Mcmilt, D. 4A4tLtw-ns, D. 41t 3) 'A Mdl lntsiiny of Liquid i~Pt-Ilnue Et~nt with6 Qua
tvi v'faRiw
IAF P'--ue No- 81-4M 320' 14? CwAvpers. Itwm. 19-S1. ant Asteosnho Acts. VWl%,$o- 44.

#ts.Vol, 3.pWp )W&1)?

Smptuaue %V
A, and sCtooo (I*41 A Stiwk WsrsF Medvl o* tttaaho" Qooket
W- a toA AMA S. Vo
Nw. t'7 pp. 1245-12M6.

tndenee*Lsi twnt Fatfusmoa DWn,n Cwasksstsa **4afAwgttVail 114. M 1817 ITO

Si-ates, ~ ~ n~ srr~IC-oA-tN 181lNwi
*~ itdasJw Ros+w*n ta Smorfft41lv4 o-"wait pliessawr
tMwtuiats, J $sueeA4tWA , NO. 4. * Z-MI
t
C. 198)sel lestat-ak
S~ses.J wd. *'a~it li Iwt~~ arat~vAmvs- ~1 NlAt
ltpp %*
Sore4.We.V
AIw
AALerwatao JCndNeicC 18)"No~aa,-~ pon- ~ sznem eten
~
N~~~tioo ~ ~ ~263DLM
PVeIia F8Y
A?@saee.Pu

sbou j~t ItAf4iet ab. it la i.oVat lb. mSitt *UA

w~ lfl2' toIs- "

fr' rs dr&W sS Si,ý C.ý (419) 'Atieve &At06W"

tn 4a thiket Nltiaar' AMA I.ti hm I *

"wsstaAA . An .At,
Wa ýIvh. te3t- WO

Wa4 #101., VA. U1,wflI V$k

 1-65

Yong, A.Y. and Sirignano, W.A. (1986b) "Multicomponent Transient Droplet V.•porization: Integral Equation
Formulation and Approximate Soluti.n," Numerical Heat Tansfer, Vol. 10, pp. 253-278.
Tong, A.Y. and Sirignano, W.A. (1987) "Vaporization Response of Fuel Dtoplet in Oscillatory Field," ASME
National Heat Transfer Conference, Puper No. 87-HT-58.
Tsien, H.S. (1952) "The Transfer Functions of Rocket ?'3zzles," J. Am. Rocket Soc., Vol. 22, pp. 139-143.
Valentine, R.S. (1972) "Liquid Rocket Performance, Stability, and Compatibility," J. Spacecraft, Vol. 9, No. 5,
pp. 295-307.
Webber, W.T. (1972) "Calculatkin of Low Frequency Unsteady Behavior of Liquid Rockets from Droplet Com-
bustion Parameters," J. Spaecrcft Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 231-237.
Webber, W.T. and Hoffman, R.J. (1972) "A Mechanistic Model for Analysis of Pulse-Mode Engine Operation,"
8'h AIAA/SAE Joint Propulsion Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No. 72-1184.
Williams, F.A. (1985) Combustion Theory (Second E!;-ion), The Benjamln/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc,
Menlo Park, CA.
Wuerker, R.F. and Briones, R.A. (1978) "Application of Holography to the Combustion Characterization of Solid
Rocket Propellants," TRW, Inc., Report AFRPL-TR-77-90.
Yodzis, C.W. (1968) "Engines for Manned Spacecraft, AIAA 4'h Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, AIAA
Paper No. 68-567.
Zinn, B.T. (1966) "A Theoretical Study of Nonlinear Transverse Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant
Rocket Motors," Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University.
Zinn, B.T. and Crocco, L. (1968) "The Nozzle Boundary Condition in the Nonlinear Rocket Instability Problem,"
Astronautica Acta, Vol. 13, pp. 489-496.
Zinn, B.T. and Powell, E.A. (1968) "Application of the Galerkin Method in the Solution of Combustion Instability
Problems," Proceedings, XIX Congress, International Astronautical Federation.
Zinn, B.T. and Savell, C.T. (1968) "A Theoretical Study of Three-Dinensional Combustion Instability in Liquid-
Propellant Rocket Engines," Twelfth Sympon'um (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Iastitute,
pp. 139-147.
Zinn, B.T. and Powell, E.A. (1970) "N,'nlintar Combustion Instability in Liquid- Propellant Rocket Engines,"
Thirteenth Symposium (Internationalj ou Combustion, The Combustion Institute, pp. 491-503.
Zinn, I.T., Bell, W.A., Daniel, B.R. and Smith, A.J., Jr. (1973) "Experimental Determination of Three-
Dimensional Liquid Rocket No';zle Admittvlnces," AIAA J., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 267-272.
Zukoski, E.E. and Auerbach, J.M. (1976) "Experiments Concerning the Response of Supersonic Nozzles to
Fluctuating Inlet Conditions," Tranusetions of the ASNIE, Journal of Engineerfig for Power, Vol. , pl,.
61-64.

Thrust Auginentors

Blackshear, P.L. (1953) Driving Standing Waves by Heat Addition," Fourth Symposium (International) an
Combustion, pp.
Blackshear, P.L., Rayle, W.D. and Tower, L.K. (1953) "Experimental Determination of Gas Motion Accorapa-
nying Screeching Combustion in a 6 in. Simulated Afterburner," NACA-RM 53128.
Blackshear, P.L., Jr. and Rayle, W.D. (1957) "Oscillations in Combh'stors," Chapter VIII, NACA TR 1300.
Bonnell, J.M., Marshall, R.L. and Rieche, G.T. (1971) "Combustion Instability in Turbojet and Turbofan Aug-
mentors," AIAA/SAE 7"' Propulsion Jount Specialist Conterence, AIAA Paper No. 71-698.
Chamberlain, J. (1983) "Combustion Instability in Turbine Engine Afterburners and hsunjets," ONR/AFOSRl
Workshop.
Clapp, C.J. (1907) "Full Sc ie Turbofan Duct Burner Test Program," NASA CR-54637.
Cullom, R.R. and Jolmsen, R.L. (1979) "Operating Condition and Geometry Effects on Low-frequency After-
burner Combustion Instability in a Turbofan at Altitude," NASA TP-1475.
Cumpsty, N.A. (1979) "Jet Engine Combustion Noise: Pressure, Entropy and Vurtieity Perturbations Produced
by Unsteady Combustion or heat Addition" J. of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 66 No. 4, pi' 527-544.
Dix, D.M. and Smith, G.E. (1971) "Analysis of Combustion Instability in Aircraft Engine Augmentors," AIAA/
SAE 71h Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No, 71-700,
Dowling, A.P. and Bloxsidge, GJ. (1984) "Reheat Buzz - An Acoustically Driven Combustion Instability,"
AIAA/NASA 9'A Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA Paper No. 84-2321.
Duroshenko, V.E. and Silverstov, V.M. (1982) "Experimental Investigation of Entropy Waves During Unstable
Cowbustion In the Chamber of a Gas Turbine Engine," Combustioa, xpllosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 18,
pp. 20-25.
1-6Ernst, R.C.(1976) "A Combustion Model for Low
Fr~equency Instability in Turbofan Augroentors,"
AIAA/SAE
1211, Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper No. 76-680.
Garrison, G.D., Russell, P.L. and Stettler (1972) "Investigation of Damping Methods for Augmentor Combustion
Instability," Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Report AFAPL-TR-72-84.
Harp, J.L., Jr., Velie, W.W. and Bryant, L. (1954) "Investigation of Combustion Screech and a Method of its
Control," NACA RM E35L24b.
iKaslran, W.E. and Noreen, A.E. (1955) "High Fr~equency Oscillations of a Flaime Held by a Bluff Body," ASidE
Transactions, Vol. 77, pp. 885-895.
Kenworthy, M.J., Woltmann, I.E. and Corley, R.C. (1974) "Augmentor Combustion Stability Investigation," Air
Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Report AFAPL-TR-74-61.
Legendre, D. (1986) "Internal Acoustics in Tur-bomaclrinery," Reth Acrosp, 1986-3, 75-79.
Lewis Laboratory Staff (1954) "Summary of Preliminary Investigations into the Characteristics of Combustion
Screech in Ducted Burners," NACA TR 1384.
Mach, 1(0. (1971) "Systems Aspects of Augmentor Combustion Instability," AIAA/SAE 7"' Propulsion Joint
Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No. 71-697.
Moreau, R., Candel, S., Piquemal. JP. and Borglri, R. (1981) "Ph~nnrnhnes c'inotabilit6 dans un foyee turbulent,"
First International Specialists Meeting of the Curubustion Institute, Bordeaux.
Nagel, It.T., Denham, J.W. and Papothanasion, A.G. (1983) "Supersonic Jet Screech Tone Cancellation," AIAA
Journ'~l, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 1541-1545.
Newton, R.T. and Truman, J.J. (1956) "An Approach to the Problem of Screech in Ducted Engines," `Aansactions
of the ASME, Vol. 78.
Nicholson, H.M. and Radcliffe, A. (1953) "Presjure Fluctuations in a Jet Engine," Br-itish .7. App. Phys., Vol.
4, pp. 359-364.
Putnsm, A.A. and Dennis, W.R. (1953) "AStudy of Burner Oscillations of the Organi-Pipe Type," Transactions
of the ASME, Vol. 73, pp. 15-26.
Russell, P.L., Brant, G. tond Er-nt, R. (1978) "Low-Frequency Augnientor Instability Stnrdy," AIAA/SAE 14"'
Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper No. 78-996.
Smnart, A.E. arid Jones, B. (1976) "WMcarnrerrnt of Unsteady Parameters in a Rig Deiigned to Sturdy Rehecat
Comnbustion Instabilities," 141AAIAA Aerospace Sciences Mee~ting, AIAA Paper No. 76-141,
Unrderwood, P.N., Rusnak, J.P., Ernst, P.C., Petrillo, E.A.. Rnssell, P.L. and Mrrrpby, P.. Jr. (1977) "Lo'v
fteqrrency Combustion Instability irt Augrecotors." AGAIID CP 229, High Temperatu~re. Problemas inrGas
nirbine Ftiginres.
Usow, 1(11., Meyer, C.L. arid Schunlze, F.W. (1953) "Exper-imrenital Inrvestigatiorr of Sc-reechirrg corrlrrrstirrr, in
Mirll-Scale Afterburner,' NACA RM-E53101.
ZUkorrki, E.E. (1985) "Afterburrners,"' Chiaptcr 2 (if Acrothermordyllillnics of Air-craft Enrgine Conapounrea, G.
Oates (Ed.), AIAA Edrcation Series.

Rani~et Enginres

Aaron. K.-rrrr Crrlick, F.E.C. (1985) "'Coupledl Vortex Shrerddirrg anrd Aconlstic Resirtarrces irr at Duct,' 22 `1d
JANNAF Conrrrbustion Meeting.
Aboiseif, G.E., Keklrhk, J.A. rand 'uiorg, T.Y. (1984) "Rrrrrijet Rrrinble: Thre Low-Flequency Irrstability Meel'a-
rrisru irr Coaxial Dump Comuhrstors," Com~bustion Scienc arnd Techsroloqy, Vrl. 36, pp. 83-1118.
llirrrr, D., 10rbrard, P., Pauriin, S. arid Laverdarit, A. (1986) "Etude du couplage acoustiquor - histabilities
arrrrynrtrrriqirer srrr irne irntiqirette de satortontcteurr," IUT1AM Syrrpohniirr Acro et Hydroricoustique, Ecor,l
Cor.trrde, de Lyour,1986, P-roceedings edite by Spr-inger-Verlrrg.
hlirorm, D., Wtbrard, P., Paririn, S. arid Laverdanit, A. (1986) 'LCouplage acoulstirpro, _ Structures Collererites
rime apilrnelre exp6riniiertale et thnoriqrrr su tirrle conrfiguration do brase," 7""' Jomurnies d'eturles strreto
Propagation Eroirstiqire (JESPA), Lyonr,
Dorgrrr, U.., Sajberr, K and Kr-until, J.C. (1983) "Characsteristic Frequencies of 'll-rsnsoiric Diffuser Flow Wecil-
latinirns," AIAA J., Vrrl. 21, No, 9, pp. 1232-1240.
Bogar, T,J., Sajbenr, M. arid Kr-until, J.C. (1983) "Response of a Supersonic Inlet to Dowa~strearnt Priturbatioira,"
AIAA/SAE,/ASME 1914 Joirrt Propirlsiorn Corrfererrce, AIAA Paper No, 83-201l7.
Boirga, T.J - arnd Srsjberi, M. (1086) "Resipornse of 1truisorric Diffuser Flowti to Abrupt Increases of Back Pressure-:
Wall-Pressure Metasrrrwrrents," 231d JANNAI" Crorimbrstiorn Meeting.
Blrowrn, G.L, arrd Rusliko, A. (1974) "Onl Derrsity Effects rold Large Struci are irr ITurbuleint Mixing Layers,"
Jourmnal of Fluid M'ecrhrnicsa, Vol. 64,1), 775.
 1-67

Brown, lt.S., Dunlap, R.., Young, S.W. and Waugh, R.C. (1981) "Vortex Shedding as a Source of Acoustic Energy
in Segmented Solid Rockets," J. Spacecraft, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 312-319.
Brown, R..S., et al (1983) "Ramjet Combustor Instability Investigation," Final Report for Period I October 1981
-31 March 1983, AFWAL-TR-83-2056, Vol. IIL

Brown, R.S., Dunlap, PR.Young, S.W. and Waugh, R.C. (1985) "Periodic Vortex Shedding in Simulated Coaxial
Dump Comnbustors," .1.Prop. end Power, Vol. 1, pp. 413-415.
Byrne, R.W. (1981) "A Note on Longitudinal Pressure Oscillations in Ramnjet comnbustors," 18'4 JANNAF
Combustion Meeting.
Byrne, R.W. (1983) AIAA/SAE/ASME 19 1hJoint Propulsion Conference, Seattle, Washington, AleA Paper
83-2018.,
Chen, C.P., Salhen, M. and Krontil, J.C. (1979) "Shock-Wave Oscillations in a 'fransonic Diffuser Flow," AJAA
J., Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 1079-1083.
Clark. W.H. (1982) "Experimental Investigation of Pressure Oscillations in a Side Dump Rarnjet Combustor,"~
J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 47.53.
Clark, W.H. (1982) -Geometric Scale Effects on a Side Dump Liquid Fuel Raunjet," 19"' JANNAF Combustion
Meeting.
Clark, W.H. and Humphrey, J.W. (1986) "Idecntification of Longitudinal Acoustic Modes Associated with Pres-
sure Oscillations in Ramijets," AMAA J. Propulsion, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 199-205.
Crow, S.C. and Champagne, F.H. (1971) "Orderly Structure in Jet Turbulence," Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
Vol. 48, p. 547.
Crumup, .1.E,, Schadow, K.C., Blonishield, F.S. and Bicker, C.J. (1981) "Combustion Instability in a Reseatrch
Dump Combustor: Pressore Oscillations," 18'4 JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
Crump, J.E., Schadowv, X-C., Yang, V. and Culick, F.E.C. (1986) "Longitudinal Combustion Instabilities in
Rnrijet Eniginest Identification of Acoustic Mocks," Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.
100.
Culick, F.E.C., Derr, R.L. and Price, C.F. (1972) "Linear Analysis of One-Dintensional Oscillatious, in atVariuble.
Amua T-Burner," O'k JA NNAP Combustion Meeting.
Culick, F.E.C. anid Magiawala, K. (1979) "Excitation of Acoustic Modes in it Chaniber by Vortex Shedding,"
Journal of Vibration end Sound, Vol, 64, No, 3, pp. 465-46T.
Culiek, F.F..Q. (1980) Report of the JANNAF Workshop on Presstire Oscillationts in Ranmijets," 17"' JANNAF
Combustion Meeting,
Culick, F.E.C. and Rogers, T. (1980) "Modeling Pressure Oscillations iin Rainjets," AIAA/SAE/ASME if)"
Joint Propulsion Conference., Hartford, Connecticut, AIAA Paper 80-1192,
Culick, F.E.C. and Rogers, T. (.1983) "The Response of Normal Shocks hinDiffiusers,' AIA J... Vol. 21, No. 10,
pp. 1382.1300.
Culiek. F.E.C, (1987) "A Note on Rayleigh's Criterion," Outabustion Science and Technology, Vol. K11pp.

Curran, E.T. (1979) "An Investigation of Flamue Stability In a Coaxial Dump Coinbustor," Ph.D. Dissortation,
Air Force Instit-ate of Technology, Report AFIT/AE/DS79- 1,.
Davis, D.I. (1981) "Coaxial Dump Combusators Combustion P Iisaihis
-t- Paratmetric Test Data," Acro
Propusion Laboratory Air Force Wright Aeronauticid Laboratories, Wright-Patterson AFI3, Ohio,Itei
Report.
Davis, J.A. andi Strahle, W.C. (1987) "Acoustic Vorticail Interaction in a Comiplex Turbulent Flow,"
Derr, 111. mid Mathes, H.B. (1974) "Cold (las Acoustic Tests for Resolving T-Burner Uttce~tainties." 11"'
JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
Dunlap. R. and Brown, R.S. (1981) "Exploratory Experlimnots on Acoustic Oscillations Driven by Periodic
Vortex Sheddinag," AIAA Jour~tal,Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 408.
Edelman, R, (1981) "Spray Comabustion In Rmatjet Environmuents,' Report of a JANNAF Workshop, C.P.IA.
Publieatimsn No 343.
Edebmiul, R.B.. Hnartia, P.T. and Schiototlocka, SN. (1081) "Modeling Techniques for the, Analysis of Raniet
Combusduni Processes," AIAA J., Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 001-009,
Flniuvct, GA., Isaacson, L.l(., Boys, D.L, and Lin, P.T. (1072) "The Influence of Mean Flow on Rocket Motor
Comubustion Instability," AFRPIL*TR-72-103, Vol. 3, Contract No. FO40l1171-C-0047, University of Utahi.
Flanidto, G.A. and Jacobs, H.R.. (1975) "Vortex Generated Sound In Cavities," In Aeroacousfies: Jet and Coat'
6ustioa Noise, Vol. 37 of AIAA Series, Progress in Astronauticts and Aeronautics,
1-68

Flandro, G.A. (1986) "Vortex Driving Mechsanism in Oscillatory Rocket Flows," .1. Propulsion, Vol. 2, No. 3,
pp. 206-214.
Grenleski, S.E., Kiersey, J.L., Stevens, C.E. and Dale, L.A. (1977) "Effect of Fuel Injector-Flaxneholder Config-
uration on Pressure Distributions in ASAR-ER Combustor," 14'h JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Vol. 3,
pp. 49-87.
Gutinarlc, E., Parr, T.P., Parr, D.M. and Schadow, K.C. (1986) "Visualization of Vortex Dynamics in Flame
Combustion," Bulletin of the American Phy~sical Society,, Vol. 31, No. 10, p. 1881.
Gutmark, E., Parr, TYP, Hanson-Parr, D. and Schadow, K.C. (1987) "Azimuthal Structure of an Annular
Diffusion Flame," Western States Section of the Combustion Institlite Spring Meeting, Paper 87-27.
Hall, P.H. (1978) "Generic Ordnance Ramojet Engine - GORJE Tests of the Inlet Combustor,"' Naval Weapons
Center, China Lake, NWC TP-6068.
Hall, P.H. (1080) "Response of Supercritical Inets to Downstream Pressure Fluctuations,' AIAA/SAE/ASME
16th Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper 80-1118.
Hanson, R.K., Vandahurger, V., Allen, M.G. and McManus, K. (1086) "Effects of Fuel Spray Characteristics and
Vaporization on Energy Release Rates and Flow Field Structure in a Dump Combustor," 2 3rd JANNAF
Combustion M'.eeting.
Harsba, P.T. And Edelman, R.B. (1982) "Assessmtent of Modular Ramjet Combustor Model," .1. Spacecraft and
Rockets, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 430-436.
Hegde, U.G., Reuter, D., Daniel, B.R. And Zinni, B.T. (1086) "Flamte Driving oi Longituidinal Instabilities in
Dump Type Rainijet Combustors," AIAA 24'4 Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper 88-0371.
Hegdle, UGC., Rleuter, D., Zion, B.T. and Daniel, BR (1987) "Flulid Mechanicarlly Coupled Combustion-Insta-
bilities linIlaýij, t Comlbustors," AIAA 25"4 Aerospace Scionrts Meeting, Rer~o, Nevada, AIAA 87-0216.
Heg'le, R.C,., Reuter, D. and Zifin, B.T. (1988) "Combustion Instability Mechanisms lin Rainjets," AIAA 28"'
Aertl'epace SLienecs Meeting, AIAA Pap,-r N'o. 88-0150.
Heitor, NMV.. aylor, A.M.I<P. And Whitclaw. J3W, (1984) "Inlfluence of Confriinteut. in Combustion Instabilities
of Preurixed 1-lames Stabilized (lonAxisyntuietric Baflles," C011461136011 and Flaine, Vol. 57, pp. 109-121.
Hendric-s;, G.i. (1986) "Two Mechanisms 4J Vorticity Generation inl Combusting Flowv Fields." Ph.D. Thesis.
Californtia Ins9tilute (if TednColkOlgy.
l1o, C.M. aind Huanig, L.S. (1982) "Subhurmssonics And Vortex Merging in Mixing Layers," Jauruitl of Fluid
mechanlies, W(I. 119, p. -143.
Iin,' CAL and Ibuerre, P. (19841 "Pet,,rtliq Fiie Silent Layers,' AnaUall Rev~ieV Of Fluid MNehaa1110, Vol. 10, P1
30r.-424,
Ko. T.-H. (1988) "A N:;11erlcal Study onItile l'reDmnin Vortex Motion inlatSide-fInlet
Hong, Z.-C. %and
Dump Cutnh~wtor AI~AA; A-WEISAE/ASEE 24"' Joint Propulsion Specialimst Meeting, AIAA Paper No.
8."300D,
lisieb, T., ,Vrla AlB., Jr. anld Coakley, T. (1984) "*Nuntiricul Simulantion oif a Rtainjet Inilet FlowfleltI inl
Respoinse to Larp~ Amplitude Coutbnstinn Pressure Oscillations,." AIAA/ASME/SAE 201' Joint Pro-'ulsiiont
ý;i'ecitdist Conference, AIAA Paper No. $4-1303.
tkseh, '1. (1988) "Dowtvnsleain~ Bountdary Effects on the Fr'equency of Self-Excited Oscillations inlTranisoni
Diffuser Flow," 23"1 JANNAF Combustim,, Mfeeting.
ilsieph, TI.And Coakley, Ti.1 (1087) "lDownstrowt-z Boundary Effeto on thle Frcequency of Self-Excited Oscillations
lin Tt'tnsesnie Diffuser Flows," AIAA 251A Aerospace' Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 87-0101.
liumlphrey, 1,W, and Cuichk, F.EC'. (1980) 'Linelar Coupling of A'otititicK and Entropy And Acoustic Stability
in Rainjet Combuslltion Chambehrsi Containing a Plane- FlAmne," 23" JANNAF Combustion Meeing.
Humphrey, J.W Andl Culick, F.E.C. (1987a) "Llinear And Nonlinear Stability of Acoustics with Nonutniformn Fi,-
trolly linChrtnbpru with Meant Flow,' AIAA 10~ Fluid Dynamuics, Plumtn Dynamicls and Laser Conference,
AIAA Paper No, 87-141T.
Hlumphu'ey, I.W. And Culick, F.EC. (1987h) "Acoustic-Eneorgy Interactions lin Rainijet Comubustion Chaiunbors,"
AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23 '11Joint Propulsion Mmeilug, AIAA Paller 87-1872.
iou, WV.-H. mnd Motion, S. ý1080) "Numevrical Shimulation of the Vortex Acoustic Wave Interaction lit a Dump
Comnbustor," AIAA 24' Aorostsnce Sciences Meeting, Rollo, Nevada, AIAA Pallor 86-0002,
Jou, W..H. And Mellon, 5. (1988) "Mo~les of Oicillantion linANon-Reactinig Ran11jot Combhustor Flow," Submitted
to Physaics of Fluids; based onl AIAA Paper No. 87-1422, AIAA 10"Fluid Dynarnics, Plasuna Dynamuics
And Lasers Contferenice (108T).
Kailaxmintitt, K., Gardner, 1.11., Boris, J.P, and Oratn, ES. (1985) "Acoustic-Vortex lnlecactitns in an Idealized
Ranset Cotubustur," 22 "dJANNAF Coutbustioni Meeting,
 1-69

Kailasanath, K., Gardner, J., Boris, J. and Oran, E (1988) "Numerical Simulations of bte Flowfield in a Central.
Dump Ramjiet Combustor. 1. 'Tests of the Model and Effects of Forcing," Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, D.C., N2RL Memorandum Report.
Kailasanath, K., Gardner, 3.11., Oran, E.S. and Boris, J.P. (1988) "Numerical Simulation of Combustion Oscil-
lation in Compact Ranijets," Proceedings of the 1986 JANNAF Propulsion Meeting.
Kailasanath, K., Gardner, 3.11., Boris, J.P. and Oran, E.S. (1987a) 'Acoustic-Vortex Interactions and Low
Frequency Oscillations in Axisymmetric Combustors," 25 "' AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper
No. 87-0186&
Kailasanath, K., Gardner, 3.11., Boris, J.P. and Oran, E.S. (1987b) "Numerical Simulations of Acoustic-Vortex
Interactions in a Central-Dump Combustor," J. Propulsion, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 526-533.
Karagoziaiz, A.R. and Manda, V.S. (1986) "Flame Structure and Fuel Consumption in the Field of a Vortex
Pair," Cemnbustioss Science and Technology, Val. 49, pp. 185200.
Karagozian, A.R. and Marble, F,E. (1988) "Study of a Diffusion Flame in a Stretched Vortex," Cembusdion
Science sad Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 865-84.
Keller, 3.0., Vaneveld, L., Korschelt, D., Hubbard, G.L., Ghoniem, A.F., Daily, J.W. and Oppenhcim, A.K.
(1982) 'Mechanisms of Instabilities in Turbulent Combustion Leading to Flashback," AIAA Journal, Vol.
20, No. 2, pp. 2%4262.
Keller, J.0. and Daily, J.W, (1985) "The Effects of Highly Exothermic Chemical Reaction on a Two-Dimensional
Mixing Layer," AIAA Jouvnel, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp. 1937-1945.
Kyehakoff, G., IHowe, R.D., Hanson, R.N. and McDaniel, J.C. (1982) "Quantitative Visualization of Combustiom
Species in a Plane," Appised Oplics, Vol. 21, pp. 322,&3227,
Laverdant, A., Poinsot, T. and Candel, S. (1988) "Influence of the Mean Temperature Field on the Acoustic
Mode Structure in a Dump Combustor," AIAA/SAE/ASME 21"' Joint Propulsion Conference, Monterey,
CA, also in Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 2, .July-August.
Laverdant, A. and Candel, S. (1987a) "A Numerical Analysis of a Diffusion Flame Vortex Interaction,"' SIAM
Conference on Numerical Combustion, San Francisco, CA.
Liiverdant, A. andi Candel, S. (1987h) "Computation of Diffusion and Premixed! Flames Rolled up in Vortex
Structures," 23'd AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. San Diego. CA.
Laverdant, A.M. and Candel, S.M. (1988) "A Numerical Analysis of a Diffusion Flame-Vortex Interaction,"
Combuotion Science and Technology,
Lion, T..M., Hwang, Y.-H. and Hung, Y.-H. (1988) "Computational Study of Flow Field in Side Inlet taminjt
Combustors," AIAA/ASML/SAE/ASEE 241A Joint Propulsion Specialist Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 8$.
3010.
Liou. T.-M. and Wu, S.-M. (1988) "Flow Field In a Dual-Inlet Side-Dump Coutbustor," J. Propulsion sad Power,
Marble. F.E. (1980) "Growth of a Diffusion Flameo in the Field of a Vortex,"~ Recent Admit ceii in the Aerospace
Sciences (C. Casci, Ed.), pp. 3W5413.
Momion, S, and Jon, W.-H, (1988) "Simulations of Self-SutAnined Oscillatory Non-Reacting Flows in a ltrnn.
Jet Combhustor.' Submitted to Physics of Fluids, based on AIAA Paper No. 67-1421, AIAA loll Fluid
Dynamics. Plasma Dynamics and Lasers Conference (1987).
Molavi, K. and Sirignano, W.A. (1988) 'Computational Analysis of Acoustic Instabilities in Dump Coinhwitor
Coaniguration." AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 24inh Joint Propulsion Specialist Meeting, AIAA Paper No. $88
2850.
Nomoto, It. and Culick, F.E.C. (1982) "An Experimental Investigation of Pure Tone Generation by Vortex
Shedding in a Duct," 3, Sound and Vib., Vol. 84, No, 2, pp. 247-252.
Norton, OXP. (1983) "The Effects of a Vortex Field on Flome with Finite Kinetics," Ph.D. Thesisi, California
Institute of Technology,
Noaser, N.S. and Behar, S. (1980) "Characteristics of Jet Imin~gement in a Side-Duinp Comnbustor." AMAA
Journal, Vol. 24, No, 11, pp, 1742-1757,
ONR/AFOSR (1983) "Workshop on Meehanisms of Instability in Liquid-Fuelad Raminets," C.P.1A. Publicationi
375, Strahlrl, W.A. (Organixer),
Parker, J. Sawyer, R.F. and Ganji, AKR (1979) "Measurement of Vortex Frequencies in a Loan, Premixed
Prevaporized Comnbustor," Comnbasiion Science and Technology, Vol. 20, pp. 235-241.
Poaino, T., Trouvd, A.C., Veynante, D.P., Canclel, S.M. and Esposito, E.J. (1987) "Vortex Driven Acoustically
Coupled Combustion instabilities," J. Fluid Meeh., Vol 177, pp. 2654292,
Putnam, A.A. (1984) 'General Considerations of Autonomous Combustion Oscillations," Chapter F of Noa.
Steady Flame Propagation, G.F. Morksatin (Ed.), The MacMillan Co,, N.Y.
1-70

Putnamn, A.A. (1971) Combustion Driven Oscillations in Indu.,ry, American Elsevier.

Putnam, A.A. and Faulkrner, L. (1982) "An Overview of Combustion Noise," 31' AIAA/ASME Joint Thermo-
physics, Fluids, Plasma and Heat Transfer Conference, AIAA Paper No. 82-0927.
322
Lord Rayleigh (1945) "Theory of Sound,"Vol. 2, Dover, New York, Section g, pp. 232-234.
Reardon, F.H. (1981) "Analysis of Very Low Frequency Oscillations in a Ramjet Combustor by Use of a Sensitive
Time Lag Model," 18"' JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
Reardon, F.H. (1983) "The Sensitive Time Lag Model Applied to Very Low Frequency Oscillations in Side-Dump
Liquid-Pailed Ramjet Engines," 20'" JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
Reardon, F.M. (1984) "Modeling of Very Low Frequency Oscillations in Side-Dump Liquid-Fueled Rainjet En-
gines," California State University, report prepared for Universal Energy Systems, Dayton, OH.
Reardon, F.H. (1985) "An Examination of Some Possible Mechanisms of Combustion Instability in Liquid-Fueled
Ramijets," 22 "" JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
Reardon, F.H. (1988) "Very Low Frequency Oscillations in Liquid-Fueled Rasujets," 72B Specialists' Meeting
of the AG AR!) Propulsion and Energetics Panel, "Combustion Instabilities in Liquid-Fu~eled Propulsion
Systems."
Reuter, D.M., Hegde, D.E., and Zinn, B.T. (1988) "Flowfield Measurements in anl Unstable Ramjet Burner,"
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 2 4tA Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper No. 88-2855.
Rogers, D.E. anti Marble, F.E. (1956) "A Mechanism for High Frequency Oscillations in Ramnjet Combustors
and Afterburners," Jet Propulsion, Vol. 26, pp. 456-462.
Rogers, T1.(1980a) "Ramnjet Inlet/Gombustor Pulsations Study," Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, NWG
Report TP-6053.
Rogers, T. ()980b) "Raniojt Intlet/Combustor Pulsations Test and Analysis," Naval Weapons Center, China
Lake, NWC Report TP-6155.
Saiben, Mt., Bogar, T.J. mnd Krontil, J.C. (1984) "Forced Oscillation Experiuients in Supereritical Diffuser
Flows," AIAA J., Vol. 22, No, 4, pp, 464-474.
Schadow,K.C., Grump. J.E. anld Bloanshield, P.S. (1981) "Combustion Instability in atResearch Dump Colubos.
tor: Inlet Shock; Oscillations," 161AJANNAF Combustion Meeting.
Schadow, E.G., Grumip. J.E. and Blonishield, F.S. (1983) "Effect of Dutup Plaut Design onl Pressure Oscillations
in atSudden Expansion Ranijet Gombustor," 1983 JANNAF Propulsiont Meeting.
Schadow, K.C., Wilson, N.J., Grump. JXE,Foster. J.B. and Gutmiark, E. (1084) "Interaction Between A,'ousties
and Subsonic Ducted Flow with D~umps,' AIAA 22"~ Aercwpace Sciences Meeting, Reoio Nevada. MAIA-
Paper 84-06-30.
Schadtow, N.C,. Grumllp, JEH., Malhil, V.A.. Nabity, J.A., Wilsotn, N.J. and CGuttiaurk, E. (1985) "Large-Seale,
Cohevrent Structuires ast Drivers of Ranijet Comibustion Instabilities," 1985 JANNAl" Propulsion Mfeeting.
Schadow, Nc'., Wilsonl, N.J. and Gutmiark, E. (1985) "Cluaructer~irtiou of Large-cale Structures in a Foirced
Ducted Flow with Dumtp," AIAA 23" Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Ronls, Nevada, AIAA Papewr 84-0080.
Svctadow, H.G., Gutmark, E., Parr. D.M. and Wahatn, V.A. (10K7) "Effect of'Shevar-Flow Dynamtics in%
Comsbustion
Processes," to be presentd at the 81 International Symposium onl Airbroathting Enginest.
Schadow, E.G., Gutmnark, E., Purr, T.P., Parr, D.M., Wilsoni, N.J. andi Crumup, J,11, (1987) "Large Scale Coherent
Structures as Drivers of Combustion Instability," AIAA 1014 Fluid Dynaunics, Pitlasmal Dynamics anmdLasers
Conferenet', AIAA Paper No. 87-1328.
Shiaeffer, C.W, Flandro, C.A. andi Brown, 11.5. (1087) 'Ratnjlet Combustion Instability Inivestigation," Final
Report for Period July 1984-Decesnber 1986, AI"WAL-TR-8ts-201T.
Sirignano, W.A., Abramitno, B., Itaju, M. mnd Molalvi, K. (1980) "Spray Combustion: A Drvn ehnsofor
Rtaunjet Couibustic'n Instability," 23's JANNAF Combusition Meetitil.
Sivasegarain. S. and Whitelaw, J.H. (1987) "Supps'essitlotiof Oscillations In GConfined Disk-Stabiliited Plalints," J.
Propubiion, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 291-295.
Sreenlivanau. ER., Raghy, S. and Chu. Bi'. (1983) "Theo Control Of Pressure Oscillationsi in CMAh~tbution an1d
Fluid Dynamdcal Systeams" AIAA Shear Flow Control Confoeirene, AAAA Paper W50540,
Smlith, D.A. and Zukoakl, ENE. (1985) "Combustion Instablilty Sustalited by Unsteady Vortex Combustion,"
AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 211' Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper 85-1248.
Sterling, J.D. and Zukoski, E.E, (1987) "Longitudinal Modk Combustion InstabllfIties in) a Dutup Comnbustor,"
.4IAA 20~ Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 87-02220.
Stull: P.D., Craig, R.U., Wtiebly, G.D. anid Viinkat, S.P. (1983) 'Investigation of a Dual Inlet Side Dutup Coin'
'bustce Using Liquid Fool injection," 21l4 AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting. AIAA Paper No, 83-420.
 1-71

Ttouvi, A., Candel, S.M. and Daily, J.W. (1988) "Linear Stability of the Wnet Jet in a Ramnet, Dump Comnbustor,"
AIAA 26"k Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 880149.
Vatalt, S.P., Stull, F.D. and Craig, R.R. (1983) 'Analytical Characterization of Flow Fields in Side Wnet Dump
Combustors'" AIAA/SAE/ASME 19"' Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper No. 8W1399.
Vanica, S.P., Craig, R.R. and Stull, F.S. (1985) "Mixing, Chemical Reaction and Flow Field Development in
Ducted Rockets," AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 2181 Joint Propulsion Conference, AlAA Paper No. 8W1271.
Vanka, S.P., Krazinslci, J.L. and Nejad, A.S. (1988) "An Efficient Computational tool for Ramj~et Combustor
Research," AIAA 26" Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AlAA Paper No. W800604.
Waugh, R.C., et al (1983) "Ramjet Combustor Instability Investigation- Literature Survey and Preliminary
Design Study." Final Report for Period 1October 1981-31 March 1983, AFWAL-TR-a32056, Vol. 1.
Waugh, R.C. and Brown, R.S. (1984) "Ramuxjet Combustor Instability - Comparison of Data and Analysis." 21",

4
Wong, K., Peddieson, J., Jr. and Ventrice, M. (1980) 'Analysis of Combustion Intabilikty in LiquA Fuel Rocket
t Motors," NASA CR4159733.
Yang, V. and Culick, F.E.C. (1983) "Linear Theory of Pressure Oscillations in Liquid-Fueled Raxojet Engines,"
AIAA 21"~ Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 83-0674.
Yang, V. (1984) "Pressure Oscillations in Liquid-Fueled Rtamiet Engins," Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of
Technology.
Yang, V. and Culick, F.E.C. (1985) "Analysis of Unsteady Inviscid Diffuser Flow with a Shock; Wave"," J.01.
Propulsion and 40oier, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 222-228.
Yang, V.and Culick, F.EC. (1984) "Analysis of Low Fre'quency Oscillations in a Laboratory Ramjest Comnbustor,"
f Comb. Set. and Tech., Vol. 45, pp. 1-25.
Yang, V.and Culick, F.E.C (1986) "Nonlinear Analysis of Pressure Oscillations in Ranijet Engii'e-." A!AA 24'"
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 86.0001.
Yang, V., Kim, S.-I. and Culick, F.E.C. (1987) "Third-Order Nonlnear Aco'ustic Instabilities in Conibustion
Chambers, Part 1.Longitudinal Modvs," AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23" Joint Propulsion Specialist Con-
ferenice, AIAA Paper No. 87.1873.
Yang, V., Kim, S..!. and Culick, F.E.C. (1987) "Third-Order Nonlinear Acoustic Itbitesin C'ombustion
Chambers, Part 11;Transverse Modes" 24'4 JANNAF Comnuitiruln Meeting.
Yu. K., Trouve, A.and Daily, ,l,W. (1987) "Low Ftequoncy Pressure Oscillalitt ionka Model Rasnjet Conibuutor,'
24'4 JANNAI' Comibustion Meeting.
Yu. K., Lee, S., Trouve, A., Stewart, H.and Daily, J.W. (1987) "Vortex-Norrle Interactionsin, Ranijet Combos~.
tars,"' AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23" Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper No. 8T- 1871,
Zikikout, S., Candel, S,. Polinst, T., TrouvC, A,aid Espotiito, L. (1988) "Higlm.Ice encJy Cotutbuttion Oscil*
hition* Produced by Mode Selective Acoustic Excitation," 1161 sysposntm (11tterust.asus) Olt Conm&whljw,
The Cotubusttion Intwitute, pp. 1427.1434.
Zeotterstr~ni, K,-A. and Sjdblomn, BI.(1985) "An Experimental! Study of Side Butnp Itmujot Comuhuators," lutor-
nationial Symp-itiwn on Airtirvathlng Engines, Paper 8547024.
Zukooki, EXE and Marble, FXE (19ON) "Experiments Concerning the Mechanismn of F'lante Stabiliration in the
Wakes of Bluff Bodies," Proceedingm of the Sysaposiwn on Gas Dynanils, Northwesmter 'ieeriity.

Passvo anid Active Control of Combustion Inutabiltles

l11er, MR.IMitchell, CZE and Espander, W11. (1974) "Stability of Partially Lined 09omulsustors With Dlstfihutetl
Comubustion," AIAA Jouisra Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 4,5-48&.
Bser, M.R. and Mitcliell, C.E. (1077) "Theoretical Evaluation of Rigid Bafleis In Suppresson of Comnbustion
Iustability," AIAA Juarmae Vol. 10, Nu, 2, lip. 1M513X
Blalas, M.J. (1078) "Predbarck Control of Flexible Systems," JRhNS Trasmactaon4 sit Autonateiw Control, Vol.
AC.23, No. 4,ppý 673,679.
lialas, M.J, (1982) "Tr~endst in Large Space Structure Control Theoryt fltndeott Hlopes, Wildest bocenia," INERI
7%wse~ctonaanoAutAmatiselc Control, Vol. AC.27, No. 3, pp. W4-31.
Ithickuttia, AXW (19W0) "Effeet of Nonlinear Lomats on the Desig of Absorbers for Cwnbkiuttion lnstabillitms,"
A ARS J., W.l 30, No, . ppý
PP 12-12.
n-
111oaildge. G.3., Dowling, A.P,, Iloope, N.mid Latghornoe, P.J. (11987) 'Active Control of Rtlehea Buns," AIAA
25' Aeropace Sciences Meeting, Paper No, AIAA-87-0433.
Ulorsidge, (3.J., Dowling, AAP looper, N.amid Langhiorne, P.3. (1987) 'Active Control of an Acousically D)riven
Comibustion Instability," J. Tiaer. and App, Mitch.. Supplement to Vol. 6, lp,*101-174.
 1-72

Collyer, A.A. and Ayres, D.J. (1972) 'The Generation of Sound in a Rijke Tube Using Two Heating Coils," J.
Phys,.D., Vol. 5, pp. L73-L75.
Combs, L.P., Obeeg, C.L., Coultas, T.A. and Evers, W.H., Jr. (1974) "Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion
Stabilization Devices," NASA SP-Si 13.
Culick, F.E.C. (1973) "The Stability of One-Dimensional Motions in a Rocket Motor," Combustion Science end
Tecknol.97. Vol. 7, pp. 165-176.
Culick, F.E.C., Ed. (1974) "T-Burner Testing of Metallized Solid Propellants," Air Force Rocket Propulsion
Laboratory, Report AFRPL.TR-74-28.
Dines, P.J. (1983) "Active Control of Flame Noise." Ph.D. Thesisi, Cambridge University.
Epstein, A.H., Ffowcs Williams, J.E., and Greitzer, E.M. (1986): "Active Suppression of Compression Instabili-
ties ,"AIAA 10's Aeroaicotasties Conference, Paper No. AIAA-86-1994.
Ffow.s.Williams, ,1.E. (1984): "Anti-Sound," Proc. Ray. Soc. Land*%, A395, pp. 63-88.
Ffowcs-Williams, J.E. (1986): "'The Aerodynaitui Potential of Anti-Sound," ICAS-86-0.1.
Fox, J1L. (.1961) "Prelimiinary Invostigaticn of Hlelmholtz Resonators for Damping Pressure Fluvtuations in 3.6
Inch Rem Jet at Mach Number 1.90," NAPA TIM E51CO5.
Gould, L.A. and Murray-Lasiso, M.A. (1986) "On the Modal Control of Distributed Systems with Distributed
Vwedback," INER llensectioni on Automatic Caafrol Vol. AC-il. No. 4, pp, 71294737.
Hlarp. .1.L., Jr.. Velic, W. W, unit Bryant, L. (1934) "Invcstigation of Combustion Screech ansI a Methiod of its
CotitroV' NACA TIM E53L,24b
UcekI, M.A. (1986) 'Heat Sourers in Acoustic Reswtitoro.'" Ph.D. Thmss. Camnbridge University.
Heeki, M.A, (1986) "Active Control of the Noise Fronm a R~be Tulbe," IUTAM Syntpoaliwn on Avra and Hydru.
Acoustics, Lyon 1906, Springer-Verlag. pp. 211-216,
Hersh. A,& atnd WValker, B. (1979) "Effect of Clensing Flow In the Acoustical timpedancev of Hchuhtoltz Hesossatots
Csstsisting of Single and Clusteredl Orifices," N ASA Report CR 3177.
lunaarise U. aitt Labate. S. (19NO) "Arouatic Cirestlatlon Effectis and the Nonlinear Imtpedance 04 Or46cm," J.
Aeossst, Soc. of Amcr,. Vol. 22, No. 1 pp, 211,21&.
tugeard, U. (1033) "Ont the Thrwry andl Design of Acoustic Remalte-*,' J1.Acoust. Swe. *I Amvrv., Vol. 26. No.
6. pp. 103Y.1001.
lNurutrinatus, P. and Naditud. L. (1074) 'Wipone item Prorsargol Solisics 4". OseillattmWonsc Pressio etfdo'
Vitosso," Caow4utiolw selclite Rug Trelixoslwj. Vol, 11. pp. 119.139.
LARK, W-. oltuot, T,, bud Csusdel, S. (1087)t "Acthve Contol of Catubus Ionltutbility," £'ewi4tutse 0"ed
#latme. Viol. TO. pp. 281-289.
MacWe FAL1il Cn
ox. D.W., Jr. (1IOU) "coStblntu of I *-kWqumssy O"clatisso In it Liquid 8ipro.
pellmnt Rocke Mottor." ARS 4~, pp. 63.81.
MarWe FE. (15U) "eo-tlllaonof I relqttnecy Owilla~tion in Liquid Ptoppoimitt Rovkvt Motosa.'
ZAMA. Vol. Vt/I. pp. 1.38.
4 Miltcell, C.R. (1972) "Stahltlity of Cosnhusitirit With Pasturtia Longth Acoustic luoms." Combsishou Sclefens *NJ
Techaetety, Vol. 6, pp, 61-70.
-m ani ou
Mitchell, C.E. Ritd Bae, M31l. (1976) "Stability Predictions foir Cunsbuaorsr with Acoutmir Als ehes
Wtiuotus Cvatbusitlon Distributlimto," A.1AA Jsnsnat VWl. 13. Nos.S. pp.v1107.1109.
)ditchelL, CX.EDos~s. F.R. Httavmt. T.J. aind
u oll, D.J. (1980) "AkcoustIc CAvity Matdel Dovelopturent," 23#4
JANNAF Vouitiodatnt MmeInK.
Mitchell, CR. Dodd, F.E. (1097) "Two Dintuutmww Acoustic Cwhiy M9d&l." 24' JANNAV Cuombusit~io

Mithelil. CE. Howell, WJ Anti ~ttg J.3, (1087) 'An Itupirowei PredlicvNtive odl for Injector Fares 0aftiuss,
2414 JANNAF Cwnhuatsstl Meetig.
Mitchell, 1RP(1966) "Advancd Throttlitng ('cuicept Study,." Pratt atnd Whitney, Report AR~PL-TIUOS98
Murray-Lasno. MA. (19W0) "*The Modal AIIINalsis an SynheIsN Of WInea Diliteiblsut COCtRol SYMVtesus"!kA)
Dissetation, Massachusetts Intiltuto of Technolog.
NASA Deiltt Criteria Oftices (1074) "Liqtuid Rocke Engine Ckitabustima Stabilization Device," NASA SP.6113.
Nostlerode, J.A. and Oboeg, C.L. (1900) Tuathbutifton Instablty Inat' Annular Engine," 611 ICWIPO Counsslsti~ti
conference.
Oberg, C.L. (1909) "Fital Repo~rt - Lunar Mo~dule Ascet Enginte Acoutk-Cavity Study," RIUcktdyne DiViAlos,
Northi American Rociwell, Repot H-.7035.
 1-73

Oberg, C.L. and Kukula, N.M. (1969) "Acoustic Liners for Large Engines," Rocketdyne Report No. K-7792.
Oberg, C.L. (1971) *Combustion Stabilization with Acoustic Cavities," J. Sp4e.rsfl, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp.
1220-1225.
Oberg, C.L. arid Kukula, N.M. (1971) "Analysis of the F-1 Acoustic Liner," J. Spacec"At, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp.
1138-1143.
Oberg, C.L., Wong, T.L, and Ford, W.M. (1972) "Evaluation of Acoustic Cavities for Combustion Stabilization,"
AIAA/SAE 8th Joint Propulsion Specialist Conference, AIAA Paper No. 72-1147.
Oberg, C.L., Kesselring, R.C. and Warner, C. 111 (1974) "Analysis of combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant
Engines With or Without Acoustic Cavities," Rocketdyne Division, Rockwell International, Report R-93m.
Poinsot, T. Lang, W., Bourienne, F.. Candel, S., and Esposito, E. (1987): "Suppression of Combustion Instabil.
ities by Active Control," AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23r" Joint Propulsion Conference, Paper No. AIAA-
87-1876.
Poinsot, T., Veynantc, D., Boutrieame, F., Candel, S., and Esposito, E. (1988): "Initiation and Suppression of
Combustion Instabilities by Active Control," U" International Symposian in Con.&tion.
Satche, M, (1949) discussion of "Stability of Linear Oscillating Systems With Constat Time Lag," by H.I.
Ansuff, J. App. Mekt., Vol. 16 (Dec. 1949), pp. 419-420.
Sirigutuo., W.A., Crocco, L. and Han'je (1967) "Acoustic Lines Studies:" Y3"ICRPG Combustion Conference.
Sivwegaraut, S. a•rd Whitelaw, J.H.. (1987): "Suppressio of Oscillations in Confuted Disk.Stahilized Flames,"
AIAA 20th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Paper No. 8T.0434; 3. Propubion, Vol, 3. No. 4. pp. 291--2.
Sreetivasan, K.R., taghu, S. and Chu. B.T. (1985) 'The Control of Prtesmure Oscillations in Combustion and
Fluid Dynamical Systtems," AIAA Shear Flow Conference, AIAA Paper No. 86.0640.
Taig. P.I. and Signtmaa. W.A. (1971) 'Theoy of a Get(ulized Helunholtz Resmearor," J. Vi&. sad $4uat,
Vol, X. No. 2. pp, 81T7.
Toton. T.$., Tang. P.N., Siriguano. W.A. and litrje, D.T. (1971) "A:oustie Liner Ltsgt from 5 Fluid Meeluti•hi
Approach." AIAA/SAE VA Propuim Joint Spialist Conference, AIAA Papet No. 7T-7TT.
Tiit.W, '.$,
'.902) oScrv.Stabilatitnof
Combustion in Rocket Motos," Aft$ 4, pp, 2 ,263,
Toen, Hl.S. (19=) Exuptstrnq Vykerneflii. McGraw.Jtill Book Co., New York.
Vtvik. DX,, Ford, 11A. antid Olekmam, A.W. ( 166) valuation of Ab~ pti Liners for SupPre..ei(n of Cow!
bustio Instahility in Rtert Enghrse+" J. Slnateeevt. Vol. 3. NMtt. pp. 103- 10-4.
Yanu, V.. Sinht, A. and Futmg Y.T. (OW88); l-Uwa T'luy of Aetive CntOrol o Ptf'cur" Uscillaticm in
Conmustina •ambr, AIAA/ASMlE/SAE1ASEE 24' Jot Prtopuls Comfrertne, AIAA Papef NU,
W8-2944.
Zint, BT, (19O I "A Tlwowrtal Stuidy of Nvolineti Dunkmgs by lholita"4 l4.- tta," AIAA 4'k PV*pulsWo
Split MtnA, AIAA NlPpr No, 69-451,

A. P. Dow Iinta, LIX

I dit surprised by your statement that the desian of a oatccoesful
active controller requirea a detailed uttlerstondin, of local
combust ion-p low Interactions. Usually the irpltomtntation of
"0anti-sotnd# or active control requires only giobal proportier, and
the transfer functions are more frequ@ntly measiured than
predicted. Would you care to elaborate?

Author*# Reply:

I base ray comment on the notion that the most effective control of
a complicated physical system generally requires understanding the
system itself. That forms part of the basis for d.-signing the
controller. While iits true that knowing only the transfer functions
may on occasion be adequate, that information already implies at least
pArtial knowledge of the system. Especially if, as the case to for
combustion chambers, nonlinear processes may be important, I atuspect
that success vill rest substantially on knovledge of the physical
behavior,
 2-1
COMBUSTOR INFLUENCE ON FIGHTER ENGIE OPERABILITY
by
Thomas L. DuBell
Pratt & Whitney - Government Engine Business
United Technologies
P.O. Box 109600
West Palm Beach. Florida 33410-9600
and
Anthony J. Cifone PE31
Naval Air Propulsion Center
1440 Parkway Avenue
Trenton, New Jersey 08628
USA

SU)OARY
"--- is paper discusses an aspect of combustion instability that is generally unrecognized.
but which has a critical influence on aircraft gas turbine engine operability. The basic
lean combustion limit (static stability) of a combustor, when coupled with engine system
dynamics, can result in the inability of an engine to recover from a compressor stall. This
Is a most serious event for a tactical fighter/attack aircraft engaged in air combat.
The coupling of combustor static stability characteristics with engine system dynamics
is reviewed, a hypothesis presented, solution approaches suggested and plans to address this
challenge discussed.
INTRODUCTION
CoVbutor designers are generally concerned with two aspects of stability. The first
is static stability which is the range of conditions ovex which combustion process is stable.
Outoide of this range, the combustion device will not release energy. The second aspect is
dynamic stability which is often referred to as resonance in main combustors and screech in
auStontors. Dynamic instability must be avoided because of its destructive nature.
There is another stability characteristic that is not usually recognized. It is pseudo
dynamic stability which has o strong influence on engine operability. It may manifest
itself during fighter aircraft combat maneuvers which result ii aq engine compressor stýll.
If the cobu#teor does not continue to delivor energy during.the highly dynamic stall event
(it blows out), then the engine may not recover from the stallý Loss of power during combat
can be catoutrophie.
During a *tall event, the fuel flow remains relatively stable, but the airflow varies
widely from positive throagh-flow to negative boek-fov in'the gombootor. For the
combuotor process to continue, there rist always be a rogton of re@mtion to pilot the buk
streat. If the heat loss froo the piiot area exceed* thi hoat release, or if the pilot is
removed completely, then the @tobustion process will 4# extiogutshod and the engine will
cease to operate.
Engine system dytnamc stall events atnd their influence# on the coombustio process Are
not normally considered by co5bustion system d#s&ner*. The purpose of this Paopo It to
draw attention to this issue and to sou#est the combustioin systm devign should includo
eontideration of cobustiou Influence on coap~eesoe stall recovery4 this will he referred
to as "operability".

cal urbo4-keginavontakins a eovibustor which oppears to be a aiqple

The
compnonet, t which is fundamentally the most complex component in the engine. As a
reoslt, it is not well understood. figure I illustrates why this device ha% earned it#
"black art" nickname. The combustor destgner/develop@r must satisfy Many conflicting
rtqu•.rmnts while dealing with three dipenAtonsl and locally separated lowa. multiphase
chemically reacting flows, velocities that vary from uHach .4 to 1ee8 than Mach .4,
;eapratures that ranse from 65 deo. F to more than 4000 deg. IF, pressures that range
from 3 PSIA to sore than 600 PSIA and fuellair rai6oj chAt cover up to an A/l tange.
The eoswkator uist deliver near 160t ahoeasl effieteney over a wide operatin•trange and
produce low "Musgt SARo *Mission.

VIGURE 1 A TYPICAL TUOJ•T ELt01N COM41USTION SYSTEM

2-2

lTealpT Tw abgs

Camew •nsme rdio 0 ambud d- x too

FIGURE 2% COMBUSTOR REQUIREMENT TREN4DS

Figure 2 shows that future designs viii be even more of a challenge. Temperature
rise, hence fuel/air ratio is increasing which causes the amount of airflow used in the
combustion process to increase. This trend toward increased combustion process airflow
and higher overall fuel/air ratio increases the engine operability challenge.
C0OBUSTOR STATIC STAILITY
. •mbustor. once started, will continue to releaue energy as long at the energy
release in the reacting gases is equal to or greater than the energy loss from the
reacting gases. When energy loss exceeds energy release, the reacting gas temperatures
drop below the level at which bombustion can occur.
The environment in which combustion io desired is very important, Reducing preosure
and/or inlet asetemperature reduces the probability of achieving a self sustaining
reaction, as doe* increasing the through-flow velocities in the cobu#sPor. Therefore,
static stability is a function of reacting fuel/air ratio. pressure, temperature and
through-flow velocity, Figure 3 shows a typal combua•tor otability onvelapot combustiou
inside the envelop@ is possiblv. but stable combuotion outside the envelope to not
attainable.

If a ttxrbojee engine had to operate at only a single design point within the
tabilLity @nvelope there would be no static tatb.lity challenge, Design of such a
device would be roiatively easNY. 1over. the etgine sust be started trom ground lev#l
through high attitudes and pdwr level must be variable from-matiWA to tdl@. Tran•s•its
such as dectoration froo asxiAu to idle, powr oust be possible, Thit places sevoer
dvmands on the tombustor. figure 3 also shows the path a tramitot oight take on A
combustor stability map. The path must remain within the "eoebuat1in possible' region.
The challenge to sat1sfy this requirement is made-.are diftieult by incereaing the
tmPeratuTi rise. The Ofect of this-is show" by Figure• . A larger turn jdý of the
uellair must be Aveamaodated which rteult. in operation nearer the stability litit of
the coa•tstor.
 2-3

~ik

FIGURE 4z COHMUSTOR STABILITY AT )HIGHER TEI.PERATORE RISE

The static stability requirement is not newicombustion systems have been successfully
accomodating this since the Whittle engine. What is Aev is a recognition that engine
system dynamics during a transient can couple with the combustor static stability
characteristic to result in a blow out where none would be predicted.
ENGINE STALL RECOVERY
Duilng violent maneuvers, such as those typical of fighter aircraft in combat, airflow
into the compressor can become so distorted that the compressor stalls or ceases to pump
air into the engine. The high pressure sir in and aft of the compressor reverses flow
directions pressure in and downstream of the compressor drops rapidly which "clears" the
stall and a1lows the compressor to resume pumpint airflow into the eonine, If the cause
of the original stall is removed, the engine will operate normallyt if not,. stall eyclea
may continue to repeat until the system recovers. Should the engine power level
deteriorate too far during stall cycles, the compressor may suffer local circumferential
stalls known as rotating #tall. The engine system must be shut down and restarted to
clear this stall. It ts desired the engine recover from a stall without shutdowu%
shutdown is a loss of operability.

66 PWru mamd 100

PIWMRE it m?% STALL atci•"- utnk c=.•
Eapr1@ttci has taugth that e"u stwtitSysto. ewoiftedtloAt eihtoAult. In ivtowd
e'.gin r towry trues s tall*. Figmrpto Sths tht odetrtl "4ot ws• far tere
gsucoesM US. 1 fuel twitlct. h•a•ig Part of the foel at"Iatd bj fuel pressure drop
than vwen uioin& mre advaocod ded desirable air blast fuel aonle*. A clear understandif
01wythis it so *Ay provide itight to e"Able deaAiv of cowbust lees systass chat
a~rbut. to engineo stall recovery.,

sup" a tau@ ftluec of coabustor Pressuto during a otall. The small

dlur
caug atvinttrease in croubuttor Wat t*Wperature.
aturowhan fuel was a4kd ed e
Inarasted exi~t to~tsaturo toeulted itinteseased eftibustor pressure whichA eaused the
9VAu ressof to *tall. U OntAll. pressr dropped to A vry uuch hnaer Value which
Allooed the stall to clear And pressure increased bmnb toward the level nekdedwt
lowfuario reuiroameeaa to tbo turbine.
satify
2-4

Tkft
FIGURE 6 COMBUSTOR PRESSURE PURIMO ENGIE STALL
The date show a momentary drop in combustion pressure as the pressure increased
toward the point where another stalt cycle we* initiated. Afterseveral of these cycles,
this system recovered to a "oteady state*' levl below that dmAm•ad by combusting flows
the combuetor had "blown out". The combustion process was reinitiated (by a spark) end
the stall cycles started again, but quickly chaised character to a stable rotating stall
from which engine recovery does not occur. The engine must be stoat down and reatarted.
Close examination of such data leads to the conclusion that the combu•tor experienced
partial blow outo on recovery from each stoll event and tinally suffered complete blow
out. Study of similar data from stall events whtre the engine reovered sho" complete
blow out* did not occur. The- engine has a chance to recover If combustion can be
maintained. Investigations were initiated to determine why blow out occurs whore the
engine metered fuellair ratio remained well within the stability enveloe of the comSutr.
One clue was provided by the engine data that indiscoted oAQ typo of fuaVel
nestl woe botii-
thau nother (Figure 5).

a" #it bl fwl netslle VA* troneivoly 0t'itrowted and dats take" duot"n engtine
e.toII toetiU, rijut: ..hrow t@ 11 1asa it.Wih iAdiCAtA0t fuel Vro*saut Ir 0We
W641@tit sit Viiwrynear that in the C aW, the fuel tewerauw* in the tip
wiatt.
Inhsally intrcAtS* *igoifteafitly duringt~he uanfitfns. MAlaye of tuol. prolutof. a"d
ttoqitature data takaft during s stull thwdthat som fuel waoiaincould be **pettvd.
Alltsh enine rotow+veri tetow ess, I vpior ealatod .10 th14et it. Cobbhtat
prasturt Iftetteeaedis itaoeed she Vi~pooto eioivtas finto a liquid. At fuel Vitoo
ecreekVr4 oeeurtdO lwu t. %Mliklivetr. to tsh e&ietot than WA metet-Q by t0
~~tn~lne. ms the ts~low.'is withins the, comwotsratOA~iliqt -I&*, bot the tr"I~talnty
doiotueiat*14t ratia vrabelow the 614m out lietýu. tti hyputheaikihs been W
confiniod by teasing, wish )WAte and ewaoad4e
6W.1 by
6 testfii V1 ite Ifu,haw~if
different Vaporleat 0# tederimorea.

K •twii•.•tO uit tfor th Cowus4ra

• t dt. so coiidor Wits b*#en perevet*e-.
tsi Vhe
e~tobustion system Ott"*o dynamic thsracsrrisitits Play 4 Very iepootmt fail its 40ibling
4h eng~ine to tretaer &Me a Otall evens. Stall recvoery iA especially isors~nt tot
fighttr•* itratt itnet s trw tie prot bility of ocowtoritg4 stallt *ill alwtys W Mgth.
 2-5
The combustor static stability characteristic and the fuel system dynamic behavior
appear to be fundamental to enabling an engine to recover ftom a stall, The combustor
fuel/air ratio must remain in the stable range. How to achieve that is the challenge;
some possible improvement approaches includet
"o Improve combustor stability
"o Reduce fuel temperature
"o Reduce fuel volatility
"o Increase pressure in the fuel nozzle.
The U.S. Navy is supporting efforts to investigate how to achieve improvement through
research programs using a new dynamic tombustion facility. Figure 8 shows the basic
facility arrangement. and Figure 9 illus•.taes its capability. A complete description
of this facility and Its operat!'-e 1 pr-esented in Reference 1. This unique facility is
c€pable of imposing norwel engine transients and engine stall transients on a model
combustor to that behvior can be studied.

VIWGM dt QWWgio TAMI"N? MY F~ACILITY

Ak . Ak 1OI4

-W~ "" WW~t

/" bl •t .S*~
-0

&§ip afti
OWS*f 4awopot §f "Tttet "4, "Odw*he tufw)~t 1*1btfuo "*a~44w

Aitt "Ii. t." "W

WeA*ee. tlkM .
ate.• .a ..

.-. J$t.
k.4t~c~l4't*I~¶5Ue"1 -ar
ftomee ~tJJ,-A#1~1ko
~#ati~.AA
. ft4dtiek

Witiunlf I; VI*i4t to I I I ta P S VytIt*

Sul A1%A*S
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBUSTION DRIVEN PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS IN ADVANCED
TURBO-FAN ENGINES WITH AFTERBURNER.

8 EHENDERSON AND J1S LEWIS

Rolls-Royce ple, Fitton, Bristol

SUMMARY
Development of a high trust to weight ratio engine requires that the maximum afterburner thrust
boost Is achieved. The achievement of this thrust boost must be free of potentially damaging pressure
oscillations.
Tha charactunstics of both low end high frequency combustion driven pressure oscillations associated
with the afterburner of an advanced turbo-fan engine are described. These osciliations are related to
the ueometrv end flow con'ditions of the afterburner and cnqine.
Models of the characteristics have been developed based on experimental and theoretical techniques. It
Is shown how those have been used' to ensure unrestricted operation of theo afterburner system throughout
the required operating range.

AFTERBURNER DESCRIPTION
The development of the turbolan &fterburner r~ystim being considared Is well documented In RtEF1, r,
brief description follows.
The aftnrbuinar Is, described a. a w.'#Jturn sv.tem (Fig 1) the essential featuro of which is to keep the
tips* end ctre streams of the torbofan engine soearate until the 114meholr
kvi ,na Th ;logo@ tf
mixing between th~ctwo streiamA is. limited to ensure that On~cefutl ix injoicled into a stream It remains
with tII* fiflow. Probtirns have befakobsvrve:1. particulatIy with, fniect~on ot fuel intu thit told Lypass
* atrewn. where drtoplets take up the Iintial air 4ttection but Onr'no fellow subsequent MiAinu patterns
* resulting in non ~ideol fuill-In ratio dieributiovis.
An. ady~ttago at this style of afterburner it that flemef'oidera and fual InIet~tW& epoiri-jristo1 the
iwtiai gas cenditiuat can 0e Specified, "04'erino to fiy 1 4,upt anue V th
vcrnfeehies
upstream fuOl Winketiont 4t# 01ov00e in like cor stream whiltt th0 more* difficutlt cointiviton cu.nditrort
in thp uposstaxstreai at ae hrrnaa by 6 seporaetel Inatiid veawisida plifisetv sone with iftoutstaf at
* tl~~1%*ai4
figliiuel CO-OWate With tir 091MAr 16Me.

Ho~IUte I TWbdWa Mti~ob ~ $SVSMV

ti " 14 pioitte fe by a wo.lett Beftiti att theso rsY

litl, f, I ft&%^okWe o h*~a
thinVtU

CtASSM~AIMN OF COUMIM"W STAMNtUS

"4404sa willet 1"sl.01400 WeIft'e fieii P.4404Ml wOf~ 4i"4aih

Itl owto bAv.eatt *%ut3
psirakittioefWhia'W#U
efjt ft"14"W vw~ kCf ciir~aa fim so *40VA M4~ pilweo 04 t t00A
ee
therube
le~a ti *~eeiki teWkititte 618A'tc 004k dwiletsd4 i&n.5,
U * ae ef
" o"ae&aWitei14 *4he0* wwviweelkwiluee
mae~ea 4e she ua"ga t isi W ee Pwud~u N
04lbOAeW."loAW as*4 f nW
w it"i i wit. lw #vut ao m
.4e ssanfive
d r .ea~om?s tew
tod Wr
W m~tod 0" ow %"I4Ch I a endulW4 we tip"
%l~
fleqW~e
cee atn S~tKR seea. 1*0
K&is
-ltsb fKtlrAde 64 "*tte
ISsebe0C h i
~~~ ~~e ~ A auf
efue ~ ~af.,4*du~5S5ii
~ ejelefe"
~ ~ ~ 0 l& *ent~ VWl"~
M %"Ae,
lae
ias * sb to iiCwkt e d~t ~lkfM
3-2

Buzz
It has already been stated that afterburner buzz Is a low frequency acoustic waive, haspresence,
magnitude and frequency, has been detected by monitoring pressure within the let pipe. A piezo-eiectric
transducer, which measures the fluctuating portion of the pressure signal, was flush mounted on the lot
pipe skin. It Was Positioned upstream of the I amehoider to avoid environmental problems for the
transducer.
A typical output (FIg 2) shows how the signal develop* as the afterburner fuel air ratio is Increased.
The signal changes from being random in nature to exhibiting a frequency peak which then Increased In
amplitude.

ftwor 2 Develapfent of Preumv Spictrun with lncmaalftj

Aftubuinw FWe Pi&Rtio (a) to (41)
Why sit we concerned a"out feltebinnar buO 'It *eie allowad to contioug unchou'"da lhoevcyli
k)
dired could eaury
poet~uge ia404 pOV4 lim the 141eof the aftcsbum. it The 1!u11 ftaqieOtc Vw$ to
be Icf etkW with the natutal fiequenc of a comennent In the aftopburne. t,w deed any p*-t 4f the
wiokne the eftwt of the lovAsute "tarleton woul be man~ewte 4 em itleg the engilne mst!4ltd in in
airframe bums appar as a Peelk In r.0 "ois tipcutm Orem t1e onfila O'khaaal end will kmpea tvcil
piesstwe luoadson the alisseft stItiCtIW. finatl0'lw 14"et of buss (uf I.Ne u46e oW 2% pleaewo
have been sepeuted "a4Audbl WAdeeM
wiskan'.atg unCOepeaW by N'oam
Amed
STEADY STATE OWf
The atset and ovesttv iof aftesburne bull hks bee teleted t9 fuel a14rbti Oil WA then bushi
turbotan ahasmburna the ~ee applie MRi J~r tal it used to~ tletelbe bust onset iMMt% ne
eiW#enbeg o§10 the prWoUst descmbd inAe M6 11210 4yte
Is tht ie fuel Wi falia in OWetwo streaMs.
OVpas w4d re", IS topalaiev tontrltegd a Muse piscine geftmnito of "-e a&Vtango
Mhis k Otateabled
at the boll ~ne pown to WeW44*~ f"i "Velksrof sitead* "lat buss dat flow tUk wcae nogam
enime #11tesbre tas"tngaeeau li 66inW le of bWL onsW 41ig
ShADY WtAN @WlOWTS

lat

111" MOM PW 411]1

ROM~~~~~~~~~
3*fe ha~ec VO
.5M O 9
 343

The characteristic shows that buzz can be Induced by Increasing the fuel air ratio In either stream
and that onset Is Independent of the conditions In the other stream. The testing also showed that buzz
onset In the two streams was accompanied by different frequencies, separate acoustic paths being
excited, A buzz characteristic of this form coupled with the ability. in a mix/burn *systm, to devise
fuelling laws ar'cund the flight envelope to match the characteristic, results In optimum afterburner
fuelling at all flight points. This ensures that the maximum afterburner performance is always
achieved.

TRANSIEN RUZ
When rapid htandling of the engine/afterburner was carried out the buzz characteristic changed. With the
afterburner control laws set to give fuelling conditions below the steady state buzz limitis, buzz was
apparent during transients. The reduction in buzz onset fuel air ratio was greatest during an Idle to
combat slam acceleration (Fig 4).
'.xar !nation of the engine transient (Fig 5) revealed the foliowing. The stability characteristics of
4he controi system allowed overshooting of reheat fuel flow at the end of the transient, this overshoot
was fouivi tc vary with control system. However when modifications were introduced to prevent the
afterbunit.. fuel overshoot a reduction in buzz onset fuel air ratio was still observed. The transient
&..o reveals that engine speeds. and therefore mass flows, are not stable this will give rise to
variatiow* in fuel air ratio. Examination of the main engine fuel flow trace shows that the
oye.11141li1necessary to accelerate trie engine is still occurring at the time that maximum reheat Is
n'hieved.

LP SPOOL SKO

Timn
Figure 5 Engirte/Afteuitrwm Treanlent
The eltecte Of 1nlet Vitiation lNVe 0A the bw. itrsensi wife oftenwiso a" a full cratel
ahtefrtwew fig It was possiole to aweaite the rig at Constant entry gontWoS li telmre of maist flow,
pressure Vnd l6eroerte WhIls veeyitt the level at Vitlleian in the core itleath IV"* west achrved bv
wriecttwo wale lAOi the core sntreM therby wtforeat the o eterlo
fuel flow leevired to achive ithe
Caorstream ehiry ten slurs A boss onset Cha~acteriAt wes genoAad fot lb 0%iow"rte fin tMA

com WAN
A

-Al

-Am -NM 0 Ml 04

Ahciiw
06a ~MWA
eluat U400hM Crlif il ine es
we t"61 W06 east Ia O Ue" amleldwe
3-4

Buz ONSE VARIABIIT

Having established an afterbumer/Controll system standard that gave acceptable performance In
development it was found that when the engine entered the production phase a variation In affarbumer
fuel air ratio at buzz onset was evident. Over & sample of 60 engines a variation In fuel air ratio at
+9% about the meain value was found. A detaled examination of production engine pass off statistics
was carried out.
Initially the ambient atmospheric conditions at the time of pass test were examined (Figs 7 and 8) but
as can be seen pressure and temperature level bore no obvious relationship to buzz onset fuel ait ratio.
Detailed geometric measurements of tihe afterburner systems were compared but again no Obvious trends
were found. internal engine parameters. pressures. temperatures and bypass ratios (Fig 9) again showed
no conclusive trend. Aithtough later Investigation revealed an underlying trend masked by othter
influences.

S Aa, A

AA

AL A A

-10 r

1111

A
 3-5
At this point a Model Of the engine and control System was sat up into which variations in key
Parameters could be fed. This wast coupled to a fixed buzz onset characteristic of the form shown in
Fig 4. By systematically examining the effect variations In key parameters hod on the afterburner fuel
air ratio at buzz onset a picture of how the *9% variation In fuel air ratio could occur was built
up (Fig 10). This shows that some parameters have a strong offset whilst other key parameters have no
effect on buzz onset fuel air ratio. This approach showed that the buzz characteristic could remain
constant yet other factors could influence the onset fuel air ratio.

VARIATION INUIJZ
ONSET FUEL AIR RATIO PRMY FUEL
OVERSHOOT

ENGINE TRANSEXT
194 TI1 ACTUATOR

2% CONTROL. SYSTEM S"LI

- TOLERANCE

2.414 EN014E SYPNASS

RATIO
VAWAMA~

N~ NO EFFECT
P132 10 EFFECT
Figure 10 Effect of Engine and Control System Pawameteus
on Sun Onset Fuel Alir Ratio
HARDWARE MODIFICATION
As part of the iiwesuiitiset'or utto butt onset variabdiit the affect of build tofotarices wits vxanunad
No systwimakic dependence an any buil detail was to"nd the 4aefterurnte was insenituive to WWuii
toetances.
Outing flow viisuattikatton 41toclated with this invastigation it was noltitt thai flow in the tiypass btisant
had a radiall outward Coitilonen aft it passed throAuth the fiamensoliler AS hoiSbivais 0~kfqet previ"ýIV
(Net 1) fu" inieclod into such a streamt follows the iniial gieCtO" of the Atim" buotint.hli knold
bvpassj aie, Wher# Vaponsatioit is low, the fuel do*s nol tub~ephquettv follow the aOrflow. This reuilts
in fue concentrouatl whwhfit is kniown eels 1Wato premtMuze owlz ostm
A Vu "%de of the Aftasfbuiferl Was got up to #sA~*w the flow us the bypaiss stream The flow psath%
lroduced by the modl $ftw, igIII t~hat the is"at the owl at kfecfron s #Nslwd ast iao the
saoi Chane *wee then made to the CIO mfode to devtermie i" a siusla Wmodfiat4o to the hards..ar
could eiersurali the outward flow wcomoenvti itWas shil wntha a hao to tIM UlAmeloldr profie
ifS 111001* Weule
in oW IMt
ft*a She offeliW4040o
at

fiur fl.SVpua Ali foin pet ker CFO Model oft Sk-ad-od Rarneholder Pmfib

Rgw-1. Illw
V9M Flow kh aigm CFO ModelM 1A~s
Meih lasWAkel Po
 3-6

This flamahoider profile was convented Into engine hardware and its buzz onset characteristic compared
with the standard system (Fig 13). This demonstrates, an Improvement in buzz onset of 2M%

Ii

STANDARD FAME:J"MI

r U

all as to0. 1.0 1!,

N004ALU0D CON PAR
Figure 13 Effect of the Modified Flameholder Profile
on the Transient Buzz Onset Characteristic

SCREECH
Ui hasiteed
M bee. stated that scleeh is ass0ciated with acoos~tk waves in a lane at fiaht saael to
fth tot pipa asis i0 alowed to continu itAtChedl itS amelltud canit se Vesy lepidiv eid severe
"damap follows M9a 14* faillue is oftenason iated with Mksm oepealn in heatalelda wheat the metal
hate~tacked because Wtthe cvck piessufse scift oat oveteeed erase A tpOWa pleasae seolani
drig
talea asceeh et#if*g 114 conta"n seVeal plessue a&

F.a14 TWica SeteeilCh OM~g

 3-7

AMP
1284 1300

0 100 "000
FMOUINCY HZ
Figure 15 TypIca Scseach Frequency Spectrum
On@ aipproach to Wlting the problem his been to Wcovide passive damping using a peitorated ointo
within the let pip*e. Calls associated with the hot#* in the liner act at halmholtz resonators and In
this wa'V limit sctceech amplitudes. toitialiv the tiner gepmeltv was coatigutiedl such that the resociaatots
ewertuned to the dutninaflt screech ttiequency. 'This resulted in a low porosity liner which was limitedl
lit offectv~fenss It was found that a% porosity was increased the seteecti damper became mow* eltectitie
altough its helounoku toequenacv was moving away teamn the mt'asued screech frequency.
To erolaift this it is noressety to esaminir the dampuing tcurves at such screech tiners. it is foultut that
1111 low Itoleity lInI hte s S a VI featrOW 944aS to its damping Cepibhiiit, WhilSt 64 thkePogositv
inCteases Ine damping cuove blosu~te. This heMpen to the eatent that higher degrees ot damping can toe
achieved att the sctaeech frequetncies with a h~ghprostity lirver then with a 'luned4) liner. fkiin would
04t be trtue 0t a line enMUV matched to a screeh toequenicy but this situation 1s ditficult to Achieve
Utpractice
In eta~inini the setortas which govern screech oGatt it was !cu"d too at ltubfani aherobuiner, that it
was mosit utegenden Oi blyipss stream two #R aloitio and tep 1% "this suggestivi that the
fatietg
4t#tWuls waS being lonitated in the bVmens streamt Thi% was, "ht~h vaponed byl the Iat Ithat h
teatu4% W40e in1troducd iaio the bypass duct *Nct- fosukdtogti valving but swinrneti~c# oressure andj
teMon ure profies at el4bnlWer 04Nl a foductoo i I "toe eeecf ons" bouisdaiy was alipatentl

*50
IACHIO UMc

.......
..
'4 aa

U , * so. 40 to too.,~.A

AWISw 16. SaCiec ChKSAcWWa*

11 A IO61dAMU
A"-&- IIMesec Tetetli~omioets
AW

- 4,11116160t
11% ~ Ci~~a41O
Oull 106 *4 S~ld W04M &61,WAV .&
34S

DISCUSSION

S. Candel, Pr
Could you please e"plain how the prevaporizing systm works.

Author's Reply:

The primary zone is fed by hot combstion products - the core

gases. -ltehave a mixing tube or vaporizer into which hot gas is fed
with the fuel and in that way we Zet a relatively pre-
vaporized stable primacy zone.

C. H. Coat i, UK

What is the reason for the flow separation on thr upstream surface
of the stabilizer in your flow-field calculation.

AuthoA'"s Reply:
The flow aepaeation i. caused by the presence within the model,
of a fuel 0a1ifold 4t this position.

4x

• q .
 4-1
DWMKIC INSTABILITY CMAACTERISTICS OF AIRCRAFT TURBINE ENGINE5 COMBUSTORS
by
MJ Kenmeorthy. DWBahr. P. Kungur. DL Surrus, and JR Melis
GE Aircraft Enginea
1 Neumann Vay
POA 156301
Cincinnati, Othio 45215-6301
#3 Cifone
Naval Air Propulsion Center
POX 7176
Trenton. NJ - 08628

SUMMNARY
Many aircraft turbine engine combustors exhibit dynamic Instabilities at subidle and idle
operating conditions. These Instabilitiesa can result in objectionable noise and, lIn some
Instances, compressor stall problema. To permit analytical eseesseents of theae phenomena. an
aeroacoustic m&*el of theae combustor instabilities vas developed. To calibrate and validate
this model, sector rig tests of the CF6-SOA engine combustor were con4ucted. In t~hese tests,
the frequancies and amplitudes of the Instabilities and the acoustic characteristics of the
combustor were measured. Additional tests In a FlOl/FllOjCfTK56 sector combustor rig are
plannad.
The test results Compare well with the theoQry. The following canclusions are drawn frome
the Portiton of the work completed to date.
1. Audible noise is a resonant acoustic wave within the cavity as ptredicted by the iomlyric4

2, The acoustic wave responds stvoa"ly at the fuel-air ratio with the optiakm time lag
betweent the fuel iNector s" the heat rolettes retion, consstenet with the analyttial
modalt
3I The analytical model predictions are In generally tpood egtwsmwnt with the Cfl-SOA
ceehuster test data, Wtx further eeretswith better defined end aonditwien age being
obtaised for a 8m0re complete vaidaution.

Autible, dyrnamic Pressure escillatiens ageselet*d with tho Ceebsexisprcssfr1enl

ocuntuwb~iei engines, pert icularly teVele"on engines, at #"Ifl@~eafi 4eat idlo
COPditions. These pressure eptillattiens ass in the frejuency range of 10 to $04 kk. At ct
Aircrtaft b~ines,. they afe called growl at sabidle WAn bowl aar Idle,
Ihses ynamic pressure earillstisna too cause, ceareuest s*tall agint1fs. to he aftfeeta
resulting I" engIfe stall, They gam else eseult hIt inreased start tises, elxjecti"Aeli usi*
levels, ead il se Calves hss~fere failure. "thi phvneeeaa cevelt bweafmet ear sVers for*
utubae gas tusbisie seetbustlee sysems hefln uihetmitlly wider spesering range
The prebles is "et alway doplictued ikk a@ebustr eseopoteent at sector tess e&d chics his
gfeatly limited twoapiraocn These eauillattse" are aftie firet identified.1in iitial 44isi*
teste *idmih typically hano oaly erier
ea wary toe dynamic pressur mnsureeere, abej
tasti% has alas haW less W~iuasmeiatien than 1Wi40te invrity
o antrlual se~i. Thee v-
are Ant atiafleitet te asetters the caebseus eAt coleetiea rharat~arvtthe an chs4etie
toacass of the ecawtic et6 pesnt
*the effort dkasvcibe herokein inlve tiw bt"04dn4o .1 Wtse needed detaile4daSts I%
teeter nebrietar tesltrigs. The objective af lthi attest tat.t deateset the auttete &t the
adsents aoite in4 stea tsseaste test rigs ari to #elate t$*ese findins te anawilt
enalytitAl modal. Qtfltiasey, the intent is4 ts sly the analytical fts44 to engias asj o
MAat Oitealyift Ag ir nd~ifi *tfionc to otersaintWAbility preb%%jI# e nhsuin t1i eginS
4
e0d Of availing Mush #CA e44 it the design at E*Atot* fee sew ngji~ata to pritlsd the a"e
at the alese
vlyl ts'thi
W ft re s imN 4"~jitee engine, date 6. to* atokstice ari
"rlotleeciu ehrarriesiee at she engine eoweern ar e turbine 011l ti ha neede

soehsro Mtis int 44anby the aewastie refato

le tens rensistira at therepese
engine inlet tsgisa a6" at tue tot'bine. The awm is elte iektliuAkke by she vess ae41i40"1
at*& varation in the roehoas. OWe seobeete teeatAvao time a 4* 1 she lenth, and the
spittl awssal drivigoft en atofshe esebo"4i beet release istAbi. #A "410"kee sedul
4-2

Is available for evaluating the various acoustic resonant siode* that are possible. The
tendency of the coabustion heat release to drive one or nores of these resonances Is then
explored b7 examining the phase relationship between the source of fuel-air variations at the
fuel injector, wihich result in a fluctuating heat release. and the associated fluctuating

co isibu stionsytem program

n woe lonductves (a Ch68aractriz h combustor, hc wyasfun
with
tynhaie ahowlthfreoquseicy neartheiy frequenyencounteedi and(2 eninco.Ioate theresutfnorte,
thisturotramthatcurrentlytoeiwgucarried out withfarsector of another pheomnauso. The
eprinO/'al/$rengineacoqusired with this case, r armepiseneprovhide
oig patpter.aur tt
sImuladdteitne trhie USNavy unich IteAierally Poperles ith ExolcoraitionsDeeomnt thoeengine
spasriabl Ilreetailedeffare alo Irovestigto fInestuningolacutics
dyermit resonadances, miditor
ciolbeunstiae. nadtion
prga the rjciesueve:
tosem (1 Carcitedntrallze the combusto yions
dyr"ca. oothersystem will tli. beeited by-modul;atng.()Icoprt the theai
relslvanoulatsinto
ovrllv h cleombusop esg aethd olttofy utheszed o currentlt andftreasoyrseteds iotn&
thndpaer
thispriogra tcurelated boeingclrrded analtica
ote mectel derinoter ascamlysfor. thge
RfII0rA0nCe3 endgthe fomurther. eaIono thicate bledalg toethvier aithermenstol
te exitator
siulteltehneturbiA sptator eloration opeae with0
wich cnhusoke ondl.ions Inengine.wspoi
Vaiablfeee 3,ia
loeneg oe fth e arvailablo
aas eriefirnce tuinv ofv acoustic resonanctesan to
ceue
permtmdiffrn orlrcniinslttocmutor
dbe~e haspoided. sttuedain The affec offeltp

Theitentof
tese efort is.o*re at
th et-o
ln hesr tueaticOeZltt to anavirnl
anlk.tte lafmodel scnnd4 otito a eeopedAprevia monelyatio01 olersft4 osngtnee bto thiPpe
aeuThel vraorlated woy tea dthe ude aayia o4 eie aial o
Wrnt !L Anala mtel frthrexplrasetiongOthet moda-hltpthenomewith experimen talic
sontor
ionReerened 3i.tHevw masi ofnthetnady tlabust ron.*itInvolved &pacificotovttosiita
of t
tie ain combustor arndouteal.dy velewwtty lod snate b as
pro steady errlaerin a-I

-ThelittiaiIseatof tha*efet) storl

the ieldmay
anted
toesrr evlaedysulvig
r too t 4vil. t
epralticogwsodLTisg eqtod w*ith ustedy hptreleasel as.
C4 AitateDirn,
we -The ual #0"V

U-seus"Aical vvwal rersnaltel*dii on eagnrlcting 4i

h rvsolpomr gaveevin"
dythe 44
unsteady Vpressib prAuaessur (oa!ty wesitasutd bywtiy eat release tiod
ra..unteitfa

t@" rgy~Atialemati it ma tbeesprsea as anU tio enewased

mayegbneo
0 toyevolV04n insh
"Mf 4MIAWt WVW 't~M M61 lkR*iitV rtTh

tip.
V*f#eW it0 alw u~ aiA eod lWW~ IW wot.h~

UMh116a ieM
rkui toe# tab 411AliA rt*1
Waeaaa ieo4

k1r" bei 44 Whofwo tofi""wAwko 0t

4 OLD ), r"N
gift
 4-$

In the above equation, the left side representa the cooveeted wave equation for the
unsteady pressure field P(u . t) and includas Interactions with nommnifomm an= flow and
nonuniform mean temperature fields. The right side of the aboe" equation corresponds to
various possible sauo"re of excitation. The first sauac is associated with unsteady beat
release rate.

The second term Is associated with rate of change of mas" flux associated with vibrseing
surfaces or rotating blades of finite thickness. The third texm io associated with unsteady
aerodynamic forces, such as those Induced on fan and compressor blades In the presence of
unsteady flow fields; It Is relevant when modeling the dynamics of compressors or fans. The
fourth torn Is associated with Lighthill's turbulent noise source and is relevant in
estimating Jet noise.
For a coupled compressor-combustor system with unsteady heat release and unsteady blade
force. Equation I msit be solved with these twaj aouzce terms specified Independently or
evaluated In a feedback loop. Depending on the nature and phasing of such a fee4back loop.
the coupled system may he stable or unstable.
For the combustor dynamic eaodl, only the unsteady heat release termi is relevant. The
compreasor duct acts only. as an acoustic load to the cv.~uutor In the fcc. of a coeplext
reflection coeficient at the inlot diffuser of the coebustor. In this way. the combustor
dynamic analysis way be restricted to the combustion chamber.
i~awt_ JtoLjLA'as* - $*fore evaluating the unsteady pressure and velocity fields from the
soluAtiou of fquatlon I driven only by the first or the unsteady beat eea"se term. so"e
~ommieat abomt the uaateady hest rel ase term r prorae
7-Thbtat role*"a rate may bip vottnasd from a quasi-steady perturbation af tho steady
4tAzo tear aaa*caatvmis.c
# fmta% oat fuel&Air ratioL The apijtude of VaR$E*4Y
hOct releas1e rate Say tbelMh ie 11Rtod to en" amplitude of fluecuatton4 of the fuel1air. rttio
a4M thek #l0Pe0 of Steady state bat ftl"31a0 osit~s lctain to fuel-aftir rat
say, or-14Ate free "nY of OW. following ptelaftites!
1,StedY Vcoepreceor 4tisch Varie
.ii th time dependen4 feWl flew.
R wiing
ihiattsdr, goaptes'ta Ate,.M4~ OFt minin Vfttt 3tey fuel flow,
iCccdr 0iming of SReAdy &0 Manstead
%NW fuel flew jitwicuda.OMAV
laiat t'rbvolt

Wn4tw ~Ali a h ratio Vzre4WVs unateady teat release rate, Vhfi%~ to tu"n
an uaceey ~reoetei
4,,%ae b aiainof unted
ttthicp,- rsre ie LO-
dircuo as &wm
*V4 abati"se of' 4"tteo 1. (kiven 6MnY by OWeunstady bes W0104" to
*Ow~wgr Itina ttensiwks or a* petirAodh fozwý Ahe untseay heat cued. rate #am el".Web
inIt.
todce f~q*VrqueCengenons,,
lfo sol 1"tt-. 1wsan
the o"W rn t# m is esan he spilly loket"mse at Ohe ftww
sh f 1(Oftle I Wche# &oIV" *y & dreeo fuoctee "tNhd With beeýdasy
IMO~
4waotithr swode of th fesin . adses tseat t%# wtals.M esheost #lates
14t~tW #%niotfitnI) hO W1 *0an
eia se-ea the ft wr 4doma01 fr Otie hacarenl
04
Vv'5Iesie Of Owe WAIL releas TAU, Toe ae4144 49"HICAOW #triiase
sh ale
tf
deeriusssaof 6 tIeflW
V I a*A4tof. Owth awpotaswe risin tattwO eyss#"Vwt at# the
flaw. Af the twa-s *erwtol a#*s 'eatiette.. &Qi *t she tw~ott efleeso& sef nin
* apt1tude and phaml (of Ohe Ittit *An*Aohwet. FiWse I ehae OWe~Afttr~bota** U"4d. V"
vactea4 PtecocsW fIelthdoayh eOfwvIu Ashe s at aedet ttI.

~ satalie~t.SweOt 010 relemeu **a, it it. bAde Vptci ale

tubeti#Ae end wmwttlhy Wat"sgao W-4if~ *"i
te * fatoo stti
a) ~ f~"taet sreerWtd of "0e tate at e6 fof Sbt
Ok w dt" bee t*166le am.st

04
seatefat ew "wi
matalst.lbs~f
ast osee
p *j&-tint amast" by"b thee
t ts Auih Ates
06 tet

lt te eetedypitoevt.fel aeMeseeswd 1%Spawtis t reereapeeje to

Theelwte.
(r~sred aae Ot tbe eceeeAYt ftui eaitti by "Aece~ady b6a. deiaaeS""Ulm~
 Standing Uave Ocvenal byoot ttau- UP to this T3int, discussion he. focuact on the
"prealized forced responsa c06thse otustor. -The actual spetum of the unsteady pr"Asuro
tie ±4 sy be evaluated from Equation 2 which Involves the product of the unsteady boat release
spectrea 64(ai ad' the norwfluzad teapoois pssoctm .A3W). For a given coobustor,
A i(;) i2fixed- The unsteady heat rlaepctu.(der door depend on the, Mannar
brwaaa the fuel-aiv rairto ia changed.

-Undr &ome qoudittons, co*±attore al 1amhon to be u%=table oad beocees self -excited. In
ju'ch h-43tns positive feedbeac loop is neceweery. The tuel-air ratio becomes modkulated
by *ittiet the .uamtoady preecun -or untseady. velocity pn~daced by Ohe unsteady heat release.
z
Th- slctd trr'qay-f osatiyl uj:vZrra -by a ine lag mode up of different

* - - if asimple end losesless rnt~oieg wae" eufot it 4 oast#ant at-se duct, the wave vwoud have
is s-in, or cesium wave, sh~apepreeashu nlpr t The amplitude chan~au from
pusitlue tn negative mith time. a null or ssceo pttmk odd aq
n Ayowlt at onie- " tor
.
ptintak Along the Ouct. Them'hu leaseI aeni~tan tram oenul to. the Usan it it exstat. ant
.Vharneby stheral&.
atf -

* -. At the san t~me. sh vetocY Vaia¶it a. iluatrated *n flgura 2b. The eocyvito
istlarip abewe the proeamio I 611
Is al. Th4 velocity variation beoetma .etp uASS the>plesur

Unflpr.r fc t -WOree.
-fiatiloo versus Otin to plotted. Ite fuel flovwM boljh
oftoteted by the preesvW of thia suatait vgaveý 0"e p ate Is l4owet lbs fuel %rll) W
P"~
h&gbwst.ý 'hi
ytlo 0 crrte a 01niseA tueb-ttr ratio. The heat "194e40e In the coebuaetpn@
VTOCea "Oes "et -WiTur Imeiesly air niflea mtrawe at leAst pat "ay evenedithe
-&e*-Ie
recmru Tomn tesitthe dome regio of th1110 ueaben reauth tIl r 4rpottion of
It# hear. 3ose reaction may else Accmt 4owmnmmrof the- tcirttnl1.ai atoi It- the swrnntt'e
trace) kime te time heat tlaken., as illustrte In Ptpret to, Scnr
wn th Preev VWis -
* eosunej thentmeA% eat rioses* will drive the sawding 4"ve. It It Were to @cAr wO n she0
Pfewar. wasj at Otniss at wo404 -.omA_*Tters Ortam tim s?,tndg wave. W. * tins t44Ql Z'
that of cne'hlf w4Velang woult-edW"to evste between the fat" wonala tr the heat *etno*

be OWrd
cte twat h heoee '4$heafnr z thoenacWt 94
iV"V*A_* At
"tWfu.1 4*0tle dtnrthAet. times Ahe sedOf attend to1 t0* fobl *ii V'*Le a A. lit pAge0
log, how.Ver. *S w111 *e N*" *la fuel presser.* 4rop Atee '*~ tio
la;s thA0%sW .0l
* flAnt1 t!4 "tluto 4F'teaWeoaa$ntmalstr*tugteaatn
wooe In'_"
this ns c
4ir Wlodo'y t* adn"14, ftaV$.at 0 fWIfuel#mcep~~a--ft ~ foW 14 nealty ruesson
lt N,4Pr.a est " Uth that N@144
fai~t~o th it# -riae piay as *@Ptts
Of zhuh~prina h wa iiia
twhee talet w,4itdelve the stf~lutk M~. ThtMOaw
tier ~ hs4nh
o 0adbWat tkof 0 4s*w. V#160 Pweri 4 11*xte*#l. nt"St. * Uzi* es
leasd
at~asnaa t the6. an.wAate lsrita itsr tflaingft wp'ut Wtvequal Se

It4 kodesetfta.v tebAhet 4O t~ *ti.j

M11& *#kAV* 0* -sl
*U~t *ac tim Owrnet e54
th dnat
the ~ nia.
~
'esa- Mt
Wrsr
h ~ ewi
n vaultW
ae
AtW
tw
~tws.se " *MfStisteAWn~~ ~v
pana Mt ,1ete" '
ple"* byseets s IAp
sis it"tat theant

e;aathese (to"mplaue it 4ls* aftewas te.ntsa

tar0WA i wtefs it 4
At Ve ~e~yfrse
"Cn Ow san iVtmshe f a"trla tIein tete
* nedin
via: Plt ale ts *tv
sies "m~ Itin
q ast 14ta" se neat.
t aS the tit
04ns qt"is sill atea have a at i ireinttAd .0i6 th00 s tteus
Wetti 04t"eiv.iaatMW. lue *ase. OtW to at %le
6%OWN&"aed.as id h

t&#
setej1 .IaM is4
twti lwet
ishe Z4t fiW*tI*sAli sup It#*
tee4 fnst #Aetc ~

Cft.Sa C#Atntee fit. teat t4 1t 4*~ 1. Pumn j aw 4 -fit til #Astefested &4wues
TlflMals. apcstwsa seasuea uedAfmte aOe beiaw aSft en eftsaia6t *64064e. the
teat. 4aeh "ofta to net t"e es aAest. 6ies
gaas~ to posing xbtka the
 4-5

downstream back pressure control valve, and out of the test facility exhaust. JP5 fuel was
supplied through a manifold feeding a set of five engine-type fuel nozzles. Fach fuel nozzle
was flow calibrated prior to installation in the test rig.
The test rig consisted of a true 600 sector of the combustion system of the 0F6-80A
engine. However, the combustor inlet and outlet conditions of the engine were not
duplicated. Specifically: (1) The prediffuser section inlet provided no simulation of the
blockage from the compressor outlet guide vanes; (2) The exhaust section inlet provided no
simulation of the blockage from the high pressure turbine nozzle diaphragm. These two
features obviously effected the acoustic reflection characteristics at these two extremities
of the test rig. Being a 600 sector of a full annular combustor, the test rig featured
side wails. As such, the test rig did not afford a representative simulation of the
circumferential acoustic wave ch-iracteriarica that might occur in a full annular combustor.

As sbowu in Figure 5, the Lest rig instrumentation included ts'o Plane 3.0 total pressure
probes; one Plane 3.0 gee stream thermocouple; four combustor dome static pressures providing
a pair of measurements of the combustor dome pressure drop; and one gas stream theruocoup-e in
the exhAust section. This static instrumentation was used to establish and monitor the
coahustcr test rig operating conditions. Combustor fuol flows were sat using a turbine type
fuel meter calibrated in the range of 0 to 1,000 pounds per hour. In addition to this static
instrumentation, an -irray of dynamic pressure instrumentation was employed to monitor and
record resonance activity within the combustor test rig. Included in this array of dynamic
pressure instrumentation were six dynamic air flow type sebsors.

Test rig static instrumentation was hooked up to digital display devices as wall as a
multichannel Sanborn recorder. The digital displays were monitored and recorded to document
the combustor operating conditionsa at each test point. The Sanborn recording provided a
continuous time history of the operating conditions. All dynamic instrumentation included a
set of amplifiers to boost sensor output signals. The amplified signals were then split to a
14 channel tape recorder for postprocessing going to a spectrum analyzer device with channel
selector to provide on linte reduction of signals from the individual sensors into their
frequency spectrums. A hard copy devices was attached to provide hard copies of the spectrum
displays. A photograph of the dynamic instrumentation data acquisition equipment is shown in
Figure 4.

Data could he obtained through the complete range of fuel-air ratios from lean blowout to
very high levels corresponding to engine accelerations. The pressure levels could be varied
through the subidle region from one atmosphere to three atmospheres with unvitiated inlet air
up to 3000 F,

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The test results obtained with the CF6-80A sector combustor showed a significant amplitude
at one fuel-sir ratio, A similar but slightly different frequency occurred at other fuel-air
ratios, but with much lower amplitude. Figure A shows these results.

While the approximate frequency near 300 H~zexists at all fuel-air ratios, c'nly one of
these fuel-air ratios rosulted in a high amplitude. The specif io characteristics associated
with this one fuel-air ratio ware examined in detail with the analytical model,
a' ofFigure 7 shows spectrums from the dynamic pressure itstrumentation along the axial length
ofhe test rig. These data show that a single sharp discrete frequency, was aeasur-nd at
every measurement station. They are all at the miamefrequency, but at difterent Amnplitudes,
Figure 8 shows the amplitude and the phase relationship for those measurements. These
data were used for comparison with the analytical mo~dal, These data shew a gradual change In~
phasft from the front to tho back~ of the sector. As shown in the next section, this is
consistent with an acousatic mode st,%nding in the Malctot.
A reproducible oscillation was encountered and Its characteristics ware documented with
dynamic pressure measurements showing consistent phase relationships eWins the length AMd a
unique futel-air ratio at which this resonant standing wave In the sector is driven to high
amplitudes, This data basse pet-tis the urse of the analytical model to analyse the measuyed
odetermine the end reflection chAracteristics of thes teat rig and to relate the
igvs
acoustic' driving maohaniall to the unique phase relationship between the fuel noaela and heat
release- region a~t the drivent fuel-Air ratio,

COMPARISON WI1TH AE(AYTICAL MOLSL

The VAP~IUrt."Vreults were compared with the analytical model for the standiog atountic
wave inthe cast rig. The calculation of this standing acosatic wave, eq~iltas tassmttions
tot the enq reflections at the front And the back of the teat vil,
At the inlet, the entrance is approximately an open end. The reflectioll coefficient,
however, needs correction factors to account for the embecc snaps of the ogpening, the flow
effects, and any effects of the inlet pi-las, Intimation of the ralflootion coeffiolent at the
* I exit end is nor* complicated. In the pee: '%os C&Aran the cembutor. the passage ends at an
acoustically hard end. However. In the hot gas path of the tombstor. the pasupsube aioe an
4-t,

approximately open end, 6 inches downstream of the inner and outer passage end. Thus, auoe
combination of these two different ends must be used in the model. In addition, the open end.
,orrections are needed for the exit shape, through flow effects, and exit plenum effects.
Also, corrections for the temperature differenceg between the burner and the quenched plenlu'n
.,rV needed.

Calculated reflection coefficients using shap* and through-flow corrections were

,.;timated, References 4 and 5. However, the actual reflection coefficients finally adopted
were determined by comparing theoretical calculations to-the measurements. Figure 9 shows thei
restlts of these calculations. The best match with the data, particularly the frequency data,
was selected for making further data-theory comparisonn. The final reflection coefficients
u~vd were 0.5 exp(200 ) for the inlet and 1.33 exp(165 ) for the exhaust. These
coefficient values include a real part, which is the first constant and represents the
fraction of energy reflected, and an imaginary part as a power of the natural logarithm bne,
which represents the phase of the ruflected wave.

With these reflection coefficients, the model predictions compare with the data an shown
in Figure 10. The amplitudes and phase relationships are in reasonable agreement. Figute 7
shows a low amplitude near the dilution holes and a high amplitude near the locally closed aft
end, measurement Station 7. The region through the combustor liner is more complicated and i,;
beyond the scope of the present analytical capabilities. Amplitude data are compared,
therefore, only in the earlier portion of the test rig, measurement Stations 1 - 3.

Ani explanation in terms of -he acoustic wave present for the high amplitude case shown
previously in Figure 6 is as follows. For the frequency of 285 Hiz, the associated time
period for one wavelength is 3.6 mseca. The time lag between the fuel-air variation at the
fuel injector and the heat release at the flamiefront. may be one-half wavelength or 1.8 msecs
or perhaps even one-quarter wavelength, as indicated in Figure 1. This 1.8 msec is on the
order of the time for fuel to travel around the recirculation zone to reach the burning
region. For flow Mach number of 0.2 and convection Mach number of 0.5 of the free stream, a
time lag of 1.8 msec is calculated if the flame region is 2.4 inches downstream of the fuel
nozzle.

Now if the time lag is optimum at a fuel-air ratio of 0.020 then at other lower amplitude
fuel-air ratios, it must not be optimum. As the fuel-air ratio becomes richer, more oxygen Is
consumed and the average distance to the heat release region must increase to finally reach
the additional oxygen. This will increase the time lag. Also as the burning temperature goes
up because of increased fuel-air ratio, the frequency of the standing wave resonant in the
test rig will increase and hence, the optimum time lag will in fact decrease as indicated in
Figure 11. Thus, the time to reach the flamefront does not drive in phase with the standing
wave at fuel-air ratios either above or below the strong resonance condition of the heat
release. Accordingly, the optimum fuel-air ratio can be attributed to the time lag of the
heat release.

FUTURE WORK

The next effort will be conducted with the FIl0/FlOI/CFM56 sector combustor. The test rig
exit will have the turbine stator blockage simulated. Thus, at sufficiently high fuel-air
ratios the exit will be choked corresponding to a close acoustic end. With both the combustor
and the inner and outer passages ending closed the downstream end reflection will be much
better defined.

The inlet end will be variable permitting the optimum fuel-air ratio to be varied due to
the frequency change. This will provide some quantification of the time lag The end
reflection will also be better determined in the constant area inlet region. At some
condition this reflection will simulate the reflection from the engine compressor.

The FIIO/FIOI/CFM56 sector combustor test rig configuration is shown in Figure 12. The
internal portion of the adjustable length inlet section is housed entirely within the plenum
chamber section. Threaded rods, driven from outside the plenum section, are used to move the
male portion of the inlet section into or out of the external portion. Inlet length
adjustments up to 15 inches can be obtained.

A total of 13 dynamic pressure transducers are available to monitor and record the dynamic
response characteristics of the combustor. Three of these transducers are incorporated into a
probe to be Installed inside the male portion of the adjustable length inlet section. Nine
additional transducer, are located along the test rig cold flowpath, A single specialized
tIansducer (No. 6 indicated in Figure 12),is immersed flush with the inaide surface of the
combustor outer cooling liner. Access for this probe Is obtained by using one of two spark
Igniter ports featured on the test rig. The purpose of this probe is to monitor and record
the dynamic response activity within the hot flowpath of the combustor and later correlate
with measurements made in the cold flowpath. This snecialized probe has been used for similar
purposes on full engine tests, and will be available for use in this testing gffort. In
general, all transducers are circumferentially centrally located along the 90 (five cup)
sector combustor test rig. Transducers No. Ba and No. Sc (refer to Figure 12) will be located
near the side wall of the sector to monitor transverse mode activity.

Best Available Copy

 4-7

As a part of the planned testing, the effects of fuel type will be determined. Also, the
effect uf driving the acoustic wave by fuel modulation and air modulation will be documented.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Audible noise is a resonant acoustic wave within the cavity consistent with the analytical
model.

2. the acoustic wave responds strongly at the fuel-air ratio with the optimum time lag
between the fuel injector and the heat release region, consistent with the analytical
model.

3. The analytical model seems to be well verified by the CF6-80A combustor test data, but
further data with better defined end conditions are needed fat a more complete validation.

5. Further experiments. which will be even more definitive, are in progress.

REFERENCES

I. Smith, GE and Bastress, EK, "Propulsion System Flow Stability Program (Dynamic), Phase II
Final Technical Report, Part X Combuition Instability Model Program Uuer's Manual", Report
No, AFAPL-TR-69-113, Feb., 1970,

4. Kmnwotthy, NJ, Voltmann. .9, and Lorley, RG "Augmantor Coabustion Stability

Investigation", Report No. AFAPL-74-TR-61, Aug&ust, 1974.
3. Huff, RC, "The Effect of Acoustic Reflections on Combuator Noise Measurements", Paper No.
84-2323. J. Prop., Vol. 2, No. 1, Jan., 1986.

4. Horse, PM And Ingard. K. *Theoretical Acoustics", McGraw Hill Publishers. 1908,

" ung-r. P and Plhmhlee. HE, *Influence of the Jet Exhaust Flow Field on the AcoustL2
M.
Radiation Impedance of a Jet Pipe Opening*, AIM Paper No. 79-0676. March. 1479.

Ooverr•n Equation:

a;

.01
10.
0-. ,. 0 1

3CO

. . , ,j.

| m m m m mm | m m mm | Iam3q
t| a
4-8

Axial Distance
lnigWv
=Amplitude Varies lnigWv

4,t

FulNzl

a) Standing Wave Pressure Amplitude vs. Axial Distance.

Cisance
Axia Velocity is highest when
prssr is neutral

- -Velocity Varies ---.

q~bI Velotity Amplitude vs. Axial Distance.

timeat oe
wvelegthIt pressure Is high at heat release.
~s1 12 ti eo n a ee g hheat release will drive resonant w ave

0re04ln high tuet-air c) Pressure Amplitude vs. 'rime.

L -314 lime of . wavelength-.. pressure is high at heat

11.........Ji
~ Hr 'e-air travels to flarrelant iretolse heat release will
drive resonant wave

At constant fuel flow, when velocity

is lowest. tuel-air is hiahest

dl Pressure and Velocity Ampidtudes vs, 7ime.

Flpx. 2, Simpleo 5ýMoion Vvoe in Straight Dwat vith No Acousticl Lossa,

ftta*e). Teok Ma
 4-9

Figure 4. Muoa~em*&a dUM~1 Control Room.

-0¶0. 8.25---

-6.5 -BOA Sector Section~ Plenum~

Peui nlet Dilluser 30

v1asw.s 5.aeRg1awm~~o 5aQatL. (AnrnuioouIn Wbss).

160
28 H

1220

0,004 0.008 0.012 0.015 0,020 0,024 0.028 0.032

Fu~el-Air Ratio
1tgat. 6. Ua * NVtUM& D
- aft at *wL4Jv~ "6.b
 4-10

**~*' I 4*. *
'280t. 3
16010

-J0

0500 0 50 0 500 0So

Ka n~u~y Frequenmy. Ka
Proquency. Ha "Psraqy.

150

90 5 =O So

Freuecy0N Fr~quenty. HZ

Figure 7. Natural lo Spectra at Dltfzeliit Spatial 14cd~t1iXi Combustor

Iinside
(divesioatel In inchos).-

1150 US5Hz

150 ~ ~ 0~

II

4 134

n~w*
sww1, usttlwtum V4 Aft M alado1A df"le4
 4-11

zIk' (az + b2 J i- L-a-.a-b

b

AT 300 Hz, INLET: o.77exp(i 1310) Rter~enc* 4. Moa*s. PM and ingard. K.

EXHAUST: o.8 36xp(i 1390)
AFTER CORRECTIONS DUE TO FLOW:
INLET: O.40exp(j 1310)
EXHAUST: 1.31exPUJ 1390)
*TheorelicaI Acoustic*.* Mc~raw Hill Nublshmr.
1968.
Rlerence S. Mungur. P and Plumbloo. HE.
AIAA Paore No. 79-0676. March 1979.

DATA HATCHED VALUES; GUIDED BY ABOVE ANALYSIS:

INLET: 0.5oexp(i 2000)
EXHAUST: 1.31exP(i 1650)

Figure 9. Analytical &valuation of Reflectioni Coefficienits.

32

go (

I2

30.XIMS .82
4 -12
3*

320

N300

c 280

26-

220t j2.:0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3Z.F4

12 Ti LAS~ t
figure 11. C..r.ae £
im wit h wevaiM PtAa~tifbptWo Ott,

OoIlPfa~ttoso
-
1"twn-----
 4-13

DISCUSSION
S. Candel, Fr

The data presented in your paper essentially describes the influence

of the fuel-air ratio. Experiments performed at our laboratory on
a small scale combustor indicate that the mass flow rate also
determinea which instabilit ies becone dominant in the low frequency
range. Did you also vary the -mass flow rate and could you describe
its influence?

Author's Reply:

Yes, ue have done experineu.t with the nass flow rate chantged. The
mass fiow change does cause the resonant f£ceuency to change a bit
and you will see that result it the data. I did not show that data
here.
 RECHERCHE EXPERIMENTAIM SURLA STABILITE DESPETITS MOTEURS FUSEES
A EROOLS STOCKABLES

par Robert rOUCAUD. Renaud LECOURT

Of fice National 4'Etudes at do Recherches Atrospatiales

29, Avenue do la Division Leclerc
92320 CHATILLON (FRANCE)

Risuat

Vn montage a it* ddvalopp* & lONERA pour quantifier is stabilitt du

fonctionneenot d~un petit moteur fusd. A ergols stockabloc at determiner la
sousibilit4 do l'injection aux phitinom*ea acoustiques. La mitbode utilisd.
consists & ddctablliser pdriodiqu~ment un petit propulseur eutour do son
premier mod* longitudinal, par une modulation intermittent* du col do Ia
tuydre, At & wseurer l'amartisseoatt des oscillations ainsi ddcltochies. Los
dimensions du motaur sost oboisies pour quo Ia Iriquenctexacitde, solt tris
voisine do cell, susceptible d'apparaitre naturelleoset. An sods, tangentiol,
cur 10 &*otur rdel 6tudi toparall~ll.
DouR types d'injectours out 06&assayls II premier correspond &une
injection axial* au foad avant do IN obtabre, o4 ie phinomdn* acoustique
prdpodroant wat une oscillation do pression ;it second eat caractdnis* par
uno injection radial* off ectuit i ai-chanbro ad in quo lea oscillations acoos-
tiques portent do Ieqoo prdfdnenti*llo cur Isvitiate, tine 4tudo pancmdtrique a
0t4 aendo et Changeaht SUceSmivMtnt t 1a ptesmion RGY4nno do fonCtionne*Ment.
let caractiristiques de llinjectour. I*eaoriole, isloagueur do chambve at
laupitude initil*l des oscillations.
Lee ris'altats obtenus coastituent une baas, priciee pour validor los
codes do calcul, at ils mattoat to dvvoce l'isportanee relativo des *osil-
lations do pressioa, at do Vitas$* cur l'injection. tonoutro, Its tendancos
enriegistrdes as compaeaet assets Iavotablwamt mu observations fet..o cur l.
saotur real * e montage mis att point slavire done un optil potetltol Precious
pou laid. so divitloppamoat des propclaeurs biliquidea.

UPUUNZU? STMWAI LIQUID

OV STAII.ITY? or IN"I4
PWOIZ.IAN? 10=tS NMoi

As tuiprimestel device was developed at OMIRA in order to quastify

the stakility of a storable liquid propollsats rocket motor and to measure the
sossitivlty of the lajoeiottos* tom
to as roastic distiarhasco. The method
coasists isa periodic destabllluation of a small rocket nacr its first loali-
tudisal acoustic mode by mesas of As istetesittoat sodelatios of the troat. The,
seasiwitY Of the iejectiom some to quantif ied by the 6eacereeAt Of the damping
of the pressoer. ocillatioas. fthlegth, of the mall ro60e motor is cheoese
so thAt its I irts loeglteisal mode has the case frequeaemy tham the epce
instable mod., gemerally kaegpstial, is the late* scale motor.
tee typos of tlmjetors were tosted t mxale mas,
At the &ftamnof the
Chamber, where the Gecetic distirbl is caelml a pressuer osailllatiog, and
radial ones at aid-loogth of the chasber, what. the acoustic giattubasce is
"meily, a velocity Oscl~lation. the studied Parameters were the JeeN chabor
pressuer. too designs of sjoe~torc. the fuels, the le04th of tMe chasmbe ad
the triggoriag Amplitude of osellatioas,
All the date obtelmed eastituta amaccurate basic most to test the
validity of the memerieal models. Woeaver. a soed &gremptr the he ostablished
hetotea the smell seal* data amd the memo. obteimed ds stability of the large
"&scl motor. The device cax he a "Wt&"*tbl toom for the dewelawmet of liquid
propellmet roket motor.
5-2

NqM9enclat ur.
a celerit6 du son
AT admittance do tuyire (adizensionnelle)
L Longuour de la partie cylindriq.de do I. chaukbre de combustion
X Nombro de Nach i 1'entrde do Is tuydre
Re Parti* rdelio
K aaortissoment
ol amortisseaeat dili la couch* limits acoustique
1
t.i intorvallo do confianco 1 95 It.

111TROUCION
L'apperition d'instabilitda de combustion A hautet
firuonce,pendant I* fonctionnemont d'un motour
toad. i ergola liquidos constitue un risque masour pour Iavi. do co aoteur ot do Ilongin qu'il propulso,
car oll* entrains gindraismont lour destruction. Do nowbroox travaux expdrimentao: atthioriques *At44A
conduits. Ell,pour so prdmunir contre I'apparition dlinstabilitts do combustion. Les rtfdrencos Cl]at
(3)rdaoaont Its efforts accosplis rdconswnt i 1'ONU doenco domain., dans 1. cadre du programs.
Viking.
Par atnalogi. suascdes travawn rialiads 4 1 ONIRA aur Its propulaeora i propergol solid*. (4)et
(61. uno diamecho opiriventalt a Wtpropeoo i Is PR!?. dins le, cadre do ddvoloppement C'um motour i
inloctiou "wtlikw* adin do tenter do quantifier globaltment Isrdponse to I&zone proche do 1'iueot~vr
i Unaex*citation acoumtique Danm ccbut,.l'ONINA a ddvelopp4 et &isau point on montage, fig. 1.ddcrit
todeilc dans Its rdfdroncos t6J ot (73. SAve aowontago on situle on mode avoustiqut quolcooque d'un
propulseur par 10 premier mode longitudinal Cumn petit praoulsour.
La plupart des %otours & orgols liquidea n~aied. posaiddnt one iajectioa 4u tond event. U~ns cog
meteors. Its instabilitts do combustion & haute frdquence, lorequ'ollos appiarissent. s'organitont
principaiomont sous fore, do modes acoustiqoes tangontiels. Dalta cetto configuration. injecteor 44 fond
avant-mode tangentiel. Cbaque injectsur 61metuatart *ot seousio 4 des oscillationa do I*prossion stotiqut
et do I&vital$* tangentiolIc.
Pour cotte raison, toot configurations do propulseors out Wt itudides. I.une coeperto on
injoctoor axial plat& Ao fond avant afin do sousettle pniacipalomet I&zoo* d~imjection au ventre, dO
prossion acoustiqos du premier mode iongitudinai. Vautre cooporto on ntaoeotur radial A dittirentos
&keisses do It longuour do is chambre do combustion attn do toomettre I&stone dinjection no ventre 4,
vitoss acqustique du m4ss mode om & Mae combination do coo dewa grandeur@. APT# sson adiication du
propolseur, litdtod par"Aurique du montage & injeCtios Axial* ItYPe d~ihjeCtQor nature to QQmboitiblo.
prousiow m*ovene do toactionsemeet) a watt* quil 6tait Possible dlobtwnir des "ebume pricivto do
i'asortiseemest du prosier mode ioagitudinal. Do plus, lots configurations itudides oat pu itto clasoats
en tNUtbOn do l'aoortiSOmem4t, 04dom o loM etabiliti at asci lasetuat se*at, doeso Panatela, 0014i
Ctobrsat Amo lea risultets do otabilild obtenos da80148 lea essais rialitso ur %emeteor A kchelle 1.
(6). bmieat"diffication ma, pee 0td effeetoda, josqu&A plisemt. soulo pnopulseor & injection retisie
to raion do amcmpiesbnd dones to cat. L'Atodo paramitriquo do Coitt* Cnfeiguration a dome 40d roaliste
cur Is propolseor oniginol ae qot &'.a peasdomed do tdsUitats triot Satitfaissets (7).Woosmacodos
C11eist, d'une Part do #ftfUraoVt litdiod Parasidtniqe IVOC 10 saul PfapolBeUr & tmjtCtlom o&til, d~autto
part do oottre enk Geauro des aithodes dawelyset dos mouros plus approfoadfes afttodoai puot tawspaser
pluasedremat lea iadiestioas do satbihtit toutie Patpe I*petit propolseun ao mueeo A Atahella I.Cot
article ptdsemte dome lea trvus" satueliemmnt ~itea dams eons dawn votes.

Am Court du doppen du propoismiar riel. celut-cl &*ost TOMil imotaole sousee ptrmier wode
thavsgtiol dams centaines, coat itutatioas do foactioamoeest. bo plus l14djoeetios dittevitie amostiqoes
pour ooppnisor at mode, a felt pawraitrooe mts
odestempatiols oupirieors. Uadose
matc pero iotd-
ress at do twitlter Ilitudk pavamlkiiqoe do Ia 16po0M des tajoeteurs #at Ia meortoeas ourtissomoets
so fosetioa do Is fedquowto do 1'ectitatios aecusnque. Wos A*e"* Chalet use pit" do traquesto alsat
do S A 12M~e qui #&#lobe Its frdgu~eest des down piettors mowic aIeattels do froveoisar & itktile 1.
Cott. An44e a 60, rialiseave AV" toPetit Propuiseur h isjottiee metials oIt~prdsetait Io)o uat bees
garsatio, do Ivalittd des uosuael. Le petit p010012"t eask met do eeobros do eCombustive to isgouraf
ditlittetas do tamge A obabot"scatteroso mode loagttudilat do Isiqueme apgspii. Wa'ojeetit plitmipel
do ctOO emepagee Aloosat deast do Manerisor l'volotita do is rdpesse dtoloeteurs 46 toettioA te In
Iriqtoos, vl'Avasuil doe paamireop s a 6t# tiduit pa rappot awn doa Loud.. prieddatem, 161on(71.
Miasi ilss Atd got#&* to,%& imiseteur surs dawn us eosbustibleou
0 a &fox Per Costao let mosusee snat
toujooro oftetudeeo pOuer doon valour. do preemIs. mevasse dAms Is ebame do eosabostios Le tableau I
ricepitulo, lea paroedtrem itadads.
etr Wit tocstipurstioss amo Wevece testd, jueqA Pr0sest qotoo qe
uenro thambeso isCoksot iso
Its Plus looguoo. Doo Atliteultds roecott6oc eVe. to 0y1610 do meaisatios Pour los hadtes Irtqoescee
meeat 14a wara. 60i rieelueo it rotardost doem louk~iest~ des ossl eats. I At 12 Iht. Wea usmas 4e
trdqueaee t 6%d1auotiasesst globeal offtect"@i&o acmt c ostiturtiese do peusrosoot Prisetio
dams I* tableau 21. as tappll at 40 twni6 o at . *emt, At dose poewoba. costiluettoe 0o
 S-3

nialist entro qoarente At cinquanto asesures 4o couple frdqueuco-aaortissou~at. Los velours indiqudos dans
1. tableau II soot done don vaelurs aoytunes pour chaque montage. On constato quo 1os frdqueacas obtonuos
*ont prochas do cellos qui 6taient visdos. Comme pour tous lts osauis prdcddents, los frdquoncos propros
du sod* tont un pyoplus *loev6s &haute preshlon qu&i bass* prosaic.. Do a6me, Is emortissemonts gout
p~lus faiblos & haute pression qu'k basso pression. go fonction do Is friquonce, l'aaortlssomaot augment..
on verva plus loin quo cett* 4volutioa oat due k Vacoustique des chambres do coebustion. Infin on notors
quo los assures do frdqoonce comae cellos d'aaortissoeoeat soat do bows.qualit* ominsquo lattesttut lets
feibles velours des intervalles do confiance
CII
APPLICATION DIS, CISULATS A UNPAOPM~ULS
Wobjectif original do llftude itait do quantifier Is seusibilitk do llnjection daengta liquid*$
i on champ acoustique. Cola dwaitt persettrat, d'un point do vue toadamenal. d'uAalierer no. conamim-
sauces aur Is zone d1in~jection at, d~un point do vue appliqu6. do settre au point on outil do dtvolop-
posent des propulsturs & *rgols liquides A petite dcbellt at done bon sareh6. La pricision insuff taint.
des amoros *1tectukemAltao lea propuliours 4 injection radial* **agas permit do compare Its couplaes-
pression et couplage-vitesse et done do progreser our I. premier point, Par Contra. Its rdsultats
obtenus eeoc los propulseurs A injection axisle peovent 6tro vctrontd mascoeportmeaot du propolsour
vial yis-i-vis des instebilitks de combustion. Cott* confrontation ddmoatrer ou intirmera Ia vAllitd do
Is conception du mntage ezp~riaostal on co qui cancer&* 1s douxidme point.
MPLICAUI00 DI SOMS~Ii!~j~.I~Ii
LA premiere facon aimple dappllquar lea rdioltits obteaus A Paldet do montage i Petite tchell* au
propulteor riel eat de comparer les isdications dt stabllitt doandes par les Assures d'asortlusement mete
le coeportemout stable ou instable, du propulseutr del. ?eAs trovaux dderiti en (6)ont Persils, pour Una
ftrquenco denude do 6500 It,Iroquence is premier made tingatiel do meteor rdel. do Clatter lea Wit -
rest** comfigurationo possibles do foactioeaomont io ce propulatur to fenetioa do liartissemeat do
premier sode loagitudicil do petit propollsour. Cott* classification seat rappldA dam s1 tableau M.,
Ile*indique quo lea coafigurations avoc l'lajecteur A doublets, Aelta WIscomaes combustible At A bass@
proseins coat plut stables qua lea coafiguratiosa Aeoc Ilinjoctour A quintuplets, avelO UW o'I t i hauto
presulen. or la propolsoor rist mest r6v0l6 stable eleoIs MIIcowe combustible, at instable &eto
VUDNI, goal quo emit 1. type dnj~eteor. 00 Plus laGuiM~tattoml its risques dliactabilitft elec
l,4l4vation do 14 presaou moveans do chiabre eat %vast %a Pudneeli bitocomeas des motaristts. ft go '4ui
concern* Is type diajecteor. 1* aosht. trap Mdutt dVesseis de satoilit* to prepoleour viol Alta
linjecteur & doublets we persot pea do coamaltre Ilintluesce do ae Weatstro A Arbolle 1.
Le prepulesor 09.1 a t04 oaussinstable out iii secood. ecige seo troisome act teqasslel. Corn
feits oat MotiV4 Ia assure, sor Is petit propolsmo. do 114velutina do l'osortisaaiomt as teoaine do 1a
Iriqutne.
Kai$ cotte tots at Ua# coafroetatioa diecte 'its aasures deaortionseoat obtitues 44r Is petit
propolsour emer le roeprteeoet satble Ou masteble do Westeo 14el atat Pat possible. Be eliot Ia
sedilleatiem do Is loe1oour da hasobbe its preovlseous at to ebsegemoit do Isfrdquetro its gOcillatloats
teat quo Ie* petite poopuotaurs seoseat Plot 4toevalosts to petit do Votaeorostiqve rowe dcat 1$ea49
prdcideat. Ite traaspeeitioe Wo msteeos daaertlacamet 14 ea" da proapolso rist adoecatto a4w do
seatfroackir do rotto diffdretce eusttque".

Poor ivmloer Cerrectmom t Cott* ripweo, it faut poovoir estleer Mow~tsooot 14 Part #at 4
Veroulttqoo do Is ckambe do coeboattee am pe6tite uopolseors does I&eoseoc 916obeAto d eao ttis-
uteest * Cotta pait set priacipsleoeat Cosotitude per Its pertes eroostique. do topro gut P"cost At*e
Calcuitts eeo "Iebome pooisioc dAsa I* CRedetmds M mrooc"tiqooa loopltudisa". Cloot deillous Pot
dos atastfase do *metals.
Deus sitba"Soat #el s0titimas Owe eastoe Is Purt daw.ertioseoot its eetillatteas dot a
4 leroqIAaýtiqoe do 16 rhembre to tombuttioe. La rotnadr mithode oct &%It do bites seroactque divoowepe
pe Wilth(3 to) La4mopd. eat cells do Ia5120olattee coelique direct. do. pboeedeee draaetiwe dee.

I
ORtpooeour. Poor It mitbod. do bIAlsaebts qoo e I##dmtteare
o, do toyd1"oe rlo 68ae&Ilaido
at 40 CI4
doa PrOPASSo mettet 00 sOots Is Maotta do Crer at StripeAS. (9). ItepeelrOMe do 51molAttee
cuedrique, 1" poor t applttatise ca" prWilmse A plegorgo solids., #4004d Its Aotwits
Owp
Ab~~fler deate oNo deactitptoe b~dtaeeocimileloaar tmtrifi* et saseog"14qa do Idrnlomect dies doe
ONeWleoMC tomoles%. &pro "ai Aalvattes toesoed doe poriueeareo lmtatissIoem i dsoto viefaman do
Caetool do tatt ge ls 1#' omeo ewo . pOowIs. Rod"t toeitstadi meo eat feotoawt meoedioo-
sitoetes eIPat oMollie e
rd temow do CAlICS e dii Idroetees affidatioee ds ptet. preelceoe eW d06
Is tam te aveasts. pa atatGee Ame14 4todbe ohuledo set I**to o odiaeeal a rMtoA do Il'tat
twee
* ~~~StatiSMaJto
is I'daoolsfeet daes ItVgWS efisoo. M teds esgtudleal Wa sao aedO-
oseatttits id opree
ltatto siassiedalo do dbit as toest cast sw twet Vditedoo taitea do 116ol6110e de t'dreotooco
9oo04at 1e MOto & A~ AI0cc StotcMa.. 1,1161 1iar 949461 Voobce1OMIAtlo do 16Va I -ige~to tastatift-
oairo do Isprossto. A 1ootrdo do toeasorgo 146tsdtoo dea daeoobd ose esodo Is sitetattee. camt
titostA eptr& satrotetrem ete ospdriseowtma" pod
a t me
as 61 at (1). Poor Ito doom mitedee.
Is ~04limi*
I llwtisew do atit*&lit iI ' e A tiveotate do ktoso a laewd It$). 1k
edied.aw s RW"dt Miss. Peawtiameast woatist"o copsioeb seas It feoes dasbe sean to
testors"ee

*
at44#*
me a~ e. L
5-4

Pi asortisseenot do i is conv~etion Wenotes, CA w rtissenant 44 A Is radiation des

4.A
ondes pa lo, convergent do IS talhrs, -(,, asortisasseat dO a is couch* limits. Avec IS sisuletion
nuadrique qui does* globaelsant Ilaaortiasssomt dO I& iconvection at A IS radiation das ondes. l'sso~r-
tissameat acoustique ao riduit A Is acmse de dean termso

Cos dean uitbodes oat 6t0 utilisesa do fagon A IS fois coapidasotairs at concurrent&. to sue~t. en
cherchant 4 retrouver lts friquesces. assurdes axptrimntalossnt, Is Simulation nuadrique a patosiune
6valuatioa corrects d. I& valour 4e IS c&lhrit& dii son ndetsesire pour IS ShtOW* duibilan acoustiqu*. at
IS coaparaison des rdauitsts des 45mm uhthades a doon is possibilind do Jager 4* lour validitk. sachant
qus I**calcdls d1admittamces do tuytre oat dhJA 6th cont inads Surt 1. plan sapdriaant&l (113.
Cos calculs ont done40ct sf1 ectuda pour IS$ostits propulsouts i injection axial.. WeS siamiations
akuShriqMea oat dabord Persia deostiser I& C&l6ritlý motion duison dams las propulsours .do 'ordre do
1070 eta pour Ie*conf igurations Avac 11injecteur A douNiets et 1100 ea/ avec i'injacteur i quintuplets.
Le tableau IV Vhcapituio lea rdaultats pour I#$ prwpilsemra Utiliede dams IS presitre 6tudo. (43. On
constats qus Its valours dsmnortiaseeent acoustigue soot tues prockee pour iot does cootigurations do
propialseur avec lintelatser i doublets ou A quintuplets. COla MiefItsi fait quo, bie qua Jos chwsres
do combustion Sisal des gdoettrits di! fdreates pour &it* adaptts. sun iujecteura. .115w oat Ath Coaques
d 4. We couStiquement #4MiW41#Ot6S-
4ao
St WaIS. 1ea dean WWIIoe. Mian aa3UstiqU@ tt simulAtion
nuatriquke. dotaset des risultatm concordants & gulselues pour-cent POXs. Does ce eam cola domse up
evantago cortais i IS aithad# 4u, bliss acoustigue. hosaucoup plus rpid. St. mons coateuse, quo Ies
ai"Ultiom s aumdiques.
W~ tableau V ricapitule Iea shines celculs ett*4ctuhm pour Its proemuseura maua do li njecttur a
quintuplets pale avec des Chaska$s do Combustion dt I*"%u*"* dii ftltstes. Cos ckambr*S. bien a~t. no
soot Pas acoiaatigioaeet 6quivalmtasa 414 Ilitthrit Ceetimor Aeec pricisioq lamoartissesitat S'origante
dean mhtwoes. bitan acouatigue, at simalatiom hushriquo. doswent des
acoustigue.
Mdauttei gui Cott*
divergent us peuleesotamoeat pou lea losguasur do, cbaaby Is1. plus extrists, Dee simia-
tots-Ci
latacas bidiaossioeasllem etttctuas; potr des cLogbree do losqusrs 52 et 89 PA sembleet indiquot gus Is
Calcul sooodtessstpanal soue-aeise I aaortisse"Aat par rapport em Catosal bidisemsiowal. "s C#gui
coaeurno IS cheabre do 52 w., Ia siamailtiow bidimesatqeselle domse us asottissesent iatwmdsaaret *Otte
It rtsultat dt Caicul mosiachsesoes~l ot dui bWis acoostigus. Peas I. cas prhsaat. attn do Wrs
exploiter I#$ aoll"64 mPorimeales1* obtseat ourts leelpeite pfs1oguissa Ii Soet"* judicitout iPeondro-
pour I asortissoaeat ocostigia Is aclesne dee osleus iceatas par Itso"45m stkodos. Dan* m-A too
pledral. lattitodo 4 suivre 549054 de Ia pehciuiga d4sirhe. SOftes"n do co4t doe SMIStistis bidisso-
sosleIs Vdttods do Malsa scautigus oet 4*eactlsent qualiI6.

ta C* guti - asetae. US. rgis rialtsde pour amueley It proatkr sos tangoastol. a 054Mft, IN
"prolstur 1ha0, It Cisansost dUSti 1d4twto etc hlatgetiosa as Iactioe to Utkssiassosot %I",a
tablsuo It. 9%so toeetos do IS #6poes to 1a go"e diajectios, t1il06%#1, 0IaChsep$s P4144 poeqasN
ptogulsoura 144t ecosetigOeet ssatsbto. 1% Is le0tvt 4%4"bl0#4 Vt. ta coastal fto Vesisblo de"
pihomoiSca daejee@t#oe 41 do "eUsthe gott us Cktot M ISoocttsiS#Us I# CjS Ace geatw eI # 0e
thatigonati" Coa t tookt oetributaoe1 Araeeortimeoo#I" "Iba ativ. Pat "8str, *Wac tee,_fl
eaft
Wutto positive. ate get us sMet Seplimouto Sate to ?at hoe Ifols "Msiestftio"i sumso~to. Ite Socaido
"calwiaataoe 0101$ 01#6t MV4,164o "14101100401, 0tes o wo sIe promwo Nab taaeatWt
(a ui e maete te "tWe 1auguteSat 4# luoeyeus Witthevte it poas iso. aneas 0411"1h 4
t* joew u# Coastal comae p deiesosat %io tea PbdA64ode S'jecthoo c hot#cuabto.te @Mt4ss acttif
Wes iotsbtableattic* a It stuofphdres %*,A 10 tssegdoeW , takise, tit. haf esotte si I'",
#"4AWah 1144MIRIJ0 4Mlaotet.. do IS 10toegc So &baffikff doW A# to 644"oCo. A) &#"1t* go. MWs

Ut colts toadepa"m ceoohimo P"s Io" tgdqueo/e I*# ph$a 6160#B. de f, 1 11 ws *#maca to
pl ietqON asPtIlts #tsIepgl ria 1# sass 001"id 841611106lsesl taihil ii Iitlit Ada rota. O oteats
cipifiec quO Ia edgoes lA" gbdoososw d'tmleettas ot So tuboatia "t ceseleato Awsesa "Isisee
"MUosto Sctveqeee test quo 104"o toos Cirseclhtsal *'Aeds Stowot ibsp
lahte aws It tthgoo*c is ed
acusags ta (ta Vto#a. potot to V"e do ISsubtabitot It #"wi ph*e fsink doppsto~tea lea
"sdiftestiosa 04d~oheeage dee aceoco. do tsocost~at dee "4sos dietes asic AvA~ odet 411joetkcio
414"ettitao "e g s peoglsow deJa dduetegp lit do p"""t 16 aatoil#t d"ipootor vpest64t 144d*
tow
M616941tMo doshuo# 01tO Wbos66 ""460e. pest _160 *6atto *MsIN ##441244i 4'asie btioiet 44 sik
phbakosaes d'aelcttions -o is cbmatoua set tweces do 0 r9 % seetpiecse
toet Uo tomwe It us, #teb

SAtoe Soatoatesas to 16 tcpeag do Iotosu" 6*jeitis Mfwwa post to eitwoc ieetttilwis

hoc petit. "sag1isoe pwwas htif Awli qwsl tea aide 06"ta vs se #6 peftuee Idol, dagi st Vt*
d4"is 21"kiltSsft eat ltiteItoo iSoeeatios osbosele I
- ecslheo it, "iet " rihleobhetheist I'twockteo .4mloe destilisat. to tewo~wti*
do aso doA
telts lothes et"is astosu 6 beso esas
dsotifseasbt, to tceotsilob~ 5*5 okt"eaec aota steceeet slo W t Is ttS4ooees. it
"MVt1. 11"t to (Mb SUY410 11)I VUeto Ae~sli
qstgco 401d
hl#sk~oeese to twe w to
0t st Ates110 """1ss "61obuaoaaoeo dowbeagos peso I"e "I".s toesas s.
tobbosaul doPa
 L* fo4t490- dicrit on rtftiznce E61,a Persia do &*surer laSOrtiaaSONtrt du pruior nod* longitu-
dinal *'un Petit propulsour dAs did firents configurations. APria ovoir soastrait J etamasures Is
do combustion utilisies. 14 riponso global* do ],i Zone
contribution aduepu 6tte
d'injaction diterminia do$
A laoo*Uatiqu. pourchaubros
cotte excitation longitudinal*. Cos rdsultata soot actuelieezat
4 qualitativ.atot cobirents avoc I* coaporteaent stable OU instable du propulsour V6.1. Pour Its appliquer
do *a;on quantitative A ce propulsour, 11 set n*CtSS~iTO do risoudre dsbord plusiturs problis.;. Tout
S ~~d'abord. pour un sodo transverse. l'instabilit dU coobustiom pout ftre coosidW*i come. Is coepomition
do donitCOUPlaIoS. prosaic. at Vit*bse aCOUStique. cave I& IOU* 4116j~etion. Or il n'a 0ti obteoodo
donates eosprimentelas exploitablts qU1ane lea propulsoura concoriAs prlneipalemont par I* couplago
prossion. Bo plus. sin. disposast do domhis pour It couplago vit~sso, Is aitbode do 1. transposition do
ccs donntes do couplage au tatd~un modetransvera* d'un propwlsour A icitlle I rest* A diterainor. logi
l'approebo *xpiriventale rislisit avcC 1t tiontavo ONVA set lintirsr at il faut s'intorrogov our zoo
doamane do walidlt4 uit-A-Wis do pbinooinos rapidemort nMm linitairs A icholl* 1.
D'un point do vuo fondasntatl. lta travaux ospiristataux continuorefit gat 14 reprise des easaiS
avoc lts injoctours radiauxs ala awo. des cbaabroa do coabustion miens adaptios du point do vue do
Vaeonatique. Cs eassais aurout done pour but dtediterminer loxlstane* ou non Cumn Oett do coarplage
vitesao Ct dons V~atlirnativo do It scauror. Insuit*. il *at onvsaagi 4'litiliser It programss do alcul
do 1. ritirenee 131.da~ant part dana It css des Petits propulsouns atm d'asiliarer I& eospribounawn des
ptrinosones qui 8'r dironlont pendant lenr tonetlountaoat instationnaire. d'autre part. an cas du
propulseur r6#1 pour iutuder uno aithoda, do transposition des aseurts Watimea A iebell* ridoite 4 1 Aido
dut mode scoustique longitudinal. Wnis. 14 tondrontation oatro Its moanres oasortisaoaoat cur 1s
"motage ONtO et los sianlatioms ausiriquos povmottra do construire et do valjdqr des Nodisatimns
instationnairem do, la vapouaation at do 1s e"nstion daleas inpOpulsmura biliquides.
a' point do soc industrial. entreason do Is clbironce dot. assuros d'asortlsaement obteonts sur
pOtata propulseura avoc I@ cooprlesiont inatationnoart A Acholoe 1. It montage Scre otiliad powr oftuc'
t"To no tri dino~eteaaa en factiou 40 lout %onaib1liti amoutiqe..

(1) tAPIJ
0-.T. ot F'Ok IIAION. Li" tipngelast cabot COSWAtIO4 ivstability.

11 0. L~0MM #t 0. KNI??. to mae " icaotrs .6 iit'44e toeadaw"etal

Cmu 4ccA
iaskAtbLWi 0
tn4aousisa 4,4 40#41C biliqciio.
Amks AStensCtoA. lot. 10, e*0 11 11041., f 14141b.
. OMMUNA,.A
0f 0. OMI at IF.MI. I ccoociossiv solsatoe cnsasatiob stamitict stuwis 4"11"
to IU Wans& viists"Oil#.
Alm - 11
Ziti A eesc felocee eS~ting. "M3 MuA) M4,O
tit) f. KVINUR at Ak MIvUAW 0hitfucetsa o *4*1iOttole do It odgeet A'" pa .541 §04ito *e

ca Mctawb Ait~
P. amitt u" f t ~ Iceeti
" a&ittbepls McwiO
It ao..4 44
Jmat1PI*4A014k W4 "W, s,4' 00 4e,

to wiftecelos it*#*Ole Itstoi-a..

1. 04ot"ec. hkitoiS ltale 60 0414
; KOWS
jI *. fit. UISAW. U mof
itse ~t?ettWiti 0# litt #f*"4p'gt~iwx wetit *AW*et,

iMU ftwkpP 4'i. si.

. i...

COWbii6ua AUaSSA30 1i IM',

till . AM. *0 tt.U. 11 g *tietc tU" It. itAeablltSi 6 t*i4 0".vwkia wli t

w" afi-kU i ta. WTI.

 5-6

Chembre do
Capteurs cobski Roue -Rotation

do presslon
d'InjectIon
- ~Dents do _

module-l-onf
Inlecteur
"~ I Capteurs Propulseur
de pression

rig. I - Schwis de fonctionnement du montage

Param~tres commun- 1 fo3 :as essais:

- Iniecteur A qu,. a -;)lots
- combustible MMH
-combur-;.O

S[120 102 87 77 69 163 5 2

VSEkZI 7 8 9 10 ~112
1iýIF.I F[F15 218
6

1525T2I

Tableau I - Ricaptulation 4.s p~rasitrve d,2l'tud.

de ItsansWW1i6 acoustiquo des iinjstours on foaction
do 14 f.1riqutact

F Lat sk 05-_Is1 ,-

52
(" N xIAl 18.11 18is jtz ~ i''II t

If-

603 2.- ~ IM 20 M

11 48
620 6 is 01 to 30 1*0 so
610
102885 2 1900 81*O 10

Tableau 11 Osulta~a des d6pouilleIeautstafrt4uowe

6t t azortioseaant des eugias, do Vialvateut qnualeplte
j~~Ao IIIc 41a4"brox to d~iff4tatea X"Oegta~
 5-7

MONTAGE 11"'1
We1 -3060
DM27 -2000
oule *1990
0M101 - 1650
DU26 -1350
0M23 -1110
QUI5 -740
OU20 Inatobljj
0 injeoleur Adoublets Tableau-III Classament des coriUiuratioas
Q : kJecteur AquintuplIets test~es en foaction de a(
M: combuatbo~ MMI pout 105siuotjoflurs axtaux
U: comlbutitibIO UDMH
16p~reson chaanbre en atm

0,1 p
-0_1

286 5i3 769 Index

~~*it'l 11-,11~)

Wt -is0 'us N
I m45 -MU '1430
ot* 10)? 1130 OPe -M
f~, t V4
1410

"is 1
*t*0 300
M 14? is"ul 1#00
1W1#30 No@ Md?5 - NO
WIS -0 #S* O 1MW MouI WoW

0 .btal
40101"
dd6*6M mm
4'dI1,I

a aAt~.4
No~ oft*itsast 44 a.aiI b*f
 5-8

0
| IN aAT al1 m Psk Ch0 a ,tLal1 asl'rl. Aa
l uI 1 10 1l I 8. tl
IS'"I Ist nl is "t 1 8 "1in' .A. l 1a ,

52 -2265 -1395 -3120 15 -115 -3235 -3775 -15,4

25 -90 .3210 -3750 -15,5
57 - 19:5 1020 - 2730 15 -110 -2840 - 3126 -9,0
25 -85 -2815 -3100 -8,6
63 - 1745 -740 -2330 15 - 105 -2435 *2590 -8,2
25 -80 -2410 -2565 -6,2
69 -1550 -550 -2065 15 - 100 -2165 -2200 -1,6
25 -75 -2140 -2175 •1,6
77 -1350 -400 -1775 15 -95 - 1870 - 1845 1,3
25 -70 -1845 - 1820 1,3
87 -1165 -290 -1520 15 -85 - i605 - 1540 4,1
A 25 - 7V -1590 -1525 4,2
102 -965 -200 -1265 15 -80 -1 346 -1245 7,7
25 -60 -1325 -1225 7,8
120 -800 1-140 -1060 15 -75 -1125 -1015 10,3
I 25 -60 -1110 1 1000 10,4

D: Injecteur A quintuplets W. combustible A MMH

Tableau V - Ittimatiol 4-' lAsortissetent G'origfie ocoustique

le8 petits propulseur doe lovupeur Giffireute. par leI
8as.
aitho4es du bilan aeoustique et de la sisulation uuairique

CONMUIATION a a
UuttlN41 18
eu1im tot f11144
iJellt
16
1XPUIMENTALE iv-Il iI'll itll
M116 - 1606 -3000 - 1655
M27 - 1480 -o090 -010
Oull - 1086 -1990 -485
OM1S - 1645 - 1450 - 106
o0T1eau v? - aAUAtion doeIa riponase de la zoae
Dlle " 1480 - 1350 130 4d'itmtio dabs ItsPetits propulseur8
OM23I • 112f - 1110 415 tela qUe ItL 6 110 It
OulJs -190 N740 805
Outo • 1526 mllae.

IS'
11,i II'II Il'11

.•. IsuW tII 111 f1111 li 21113

ma
n2 -$Sl -3440 -

03 -0# -.146 0 .

•:" 'tableas Vii - tnihfatio.

- •4'i&_1if~l• Gas.
dll 9ileagtttm l.
Is f" psIoplaauell
Is 6
77Y - 1808 'Sam
- 1835 1,080 *J• P'"400 " *0°0 435 •i
C * due
lOep et1 ited•r8 ulo I?07 - 11580 - -110 48 430
do 1011wars dif102 I IM '1178 -1130 .78010 410* nnM

120 -107 '1056 - 1010 .010 8 ".1

 6-1

LOW FREQUENCY AND HIGH FREQUENCY COMBUSTION OSCILLATION

PHENOMENA INSIDE A ROCKET COMBUSTION CHAMBER FED BY LIQUID
OR GASEOUS PROPELLANTS
by
D. Preclik and P. Spagna
MESSERSCHMITT-BOELKOW-BLOHM GMBH
Kommunikationssysteme und Antriebe

Postfach 8011 69
8000 MOnchen 80

ABSTRACT
The article presents an investigation of combustion instability phenomena inside a rocket combustion chamber fed by
liquid or gaseous propellants.

The Interpretation relies, among others, on the combustion time lag theory and the use of linear transfer functions for the
different elements building the closed loop transfer function of the system.

1. INTRODUCTION
Rocket chamber fed by gaseous or/and liquid propellant types ate normally designed to exhibit a stable operational
working mode, as well during transition (start, shutdown) as at main stage. However, under some circumstances, organ-
Ized pressure oscillations, at low respectively high frequency, appear inside the combustion chamber with undesirable
consequences and side effects which may result, in the burn-out or mechanical damage of the hardware under test.
Therefore, It Isessential to understand the causes of those phenomena in order to provide against them and dispose of a
sufficient operational margin with respect to the instability domain.

This paper presents an Investigation of the above mentioned phenomena using, among others, the combustion time lag
theory as an analysing tool, After giving some comments related to the forms, observation and effects of combustion
Instability. itsummarizes the theoretical background necessary t, the understanding of the described phenomena. Subse-
quently, the LF-respectively HF-behavlour of an oxygen-hydrogen combuator Is analysed, finally some remarks about the
measures to be taken Inorder of preventing Instability oscillations are made.

2. FORMS, OBSERVATION AND EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION INSTADIUTY

* Inside a rocket combustion chamber in the transient chases or In steady state at main stage, the pressure at a given
point of the chamber is always the sum between a mean value and a fluctuation, the mean pressure being approximately
uniform throughout the chamber:
P,(x~t) , + (x) (1)
where x - p. 8, z are the cylindrical coordinates.
* The fluctuation isgenerally random and displays an almost "continuous' power density spectrurn d(x)f/dw V.8, the
frequency. The level of fluctuation is usually deflned by means of the fluctuation rate:

~ (2)

0 Under spec• condi••ons th oscillation ose to be random and take an organized character, I.e. the power density
spectrum displaye large di•crete lines of a definite bradth (a deinite ergy is contaned under the excited mode) and ft
value of the fluctuation rate, for the same combustor, Inreases (for teo dftren conbuWors however, it canot be
excluded that the fluctuation rate of the one combuutor under random ocllatlon mode Isnot lager than the fluctuation rate
of the ohr combusior under organized ocillmat mode, i.e. combuston roughne dos rn automacy me com-
sOn Iratablfty
6-2

* There principally are two cases of organized oscillations, which can pratically be encountered, namely the low fre.
quency case (LF) and the high frequency case (HF). Intermediate frequencies (IF) are mentioned in the literature (Ref. 2)
but have only rarely been observed.

* In the LF-case, the frequencies observed lie in a range up to a few hundred Hertz. This means the wavelength of the
oscillation is generally large compared to the geometrical size (length, radius) of the chamber. Consequently, the fluctu-
ation will sensibly be the same throughout the chamber/i.e. not position related: •0 (t)I.

* In the HF-case, on the other hand, the frequencies observed usually closely match the acoustic modes of the chamber
(common range: 2-20 KHz), which include purely transversal/tangential (standing, spinning), radial/and longitudinal
modes, as well as their different combinations (tangential : radial, tangential : longitudinal, etc....), the transversal ones,
particularly the 1st and 2nd tangentials being generally more crucial than the other modes (the longitudinal modes are
normally well damped by the convergent part of the nozzle). In the HF-case, the wavelength of the oscillation is no more
large compared to the geometrical size of the chamber and the pressure fluctuation will be position dependent: 0, (x, t).

* LF-osclllation phenomena can usually adequately be observed by means of the pressure pick-ups foreseen for the
measurement of the mean combustion pressure, provided the corresponding signals are FM-recorded or the sampling rate
is high enough.

• For the HF-case, on the other hand, the correct observation of the pressure fluctuation (mode shape) requires the
availability of flush- or nearly flush-mounted pressure transducers, which, because of the chamber cooling channels,
cannot always be Installed on the hardware under Investigation (exception: uncooled chamber or better water-cooled
chamber enabling the adjunction of a so-called instrumentation ring between body of the watercooled chamber and
Injector plate).

An alternative consists In using acceleration pick-ups adequately mounted on the Injector head or possibly on the chamber
body Itself. Since the expected frequencies are high, the acceleration levels will be Important (order of magnitude of the
instantaneous acceleration signals: without organized HF-oscllation around 100 g; under the presence of HF instability
around 1000 g). The accelerometers will generally permit to recognize the main excited mode(s) by means of the mea-
sured frequencies. An accelerometer signal will however be "polluted" by oscillations which are proper to the structure of
the chamber and of the Injector themselves and the higher the frequency, the more difficult it will be to separate what
belongs to the combustion and what stems from the structure alone.

* Since during the HF-oscillation phenomenon the burnt gases are swept to and fro around the droplets, the mixing rate
of the propellants will be modified and the efficiency of combustion affected.

Ifthe combustion efficiency is relatively low (storable propellants), the HF-oscliallons will exhibit a tendency to increase it,
If,on the other hand, the combustion efficiency is very high (cryogenc propellants), HF-oscllations will ocusion a sensible
degradation (decrease of Pfl ).

Through the destruction of the boundary layer along the chamber wall and the abscence of a well positioned burnfront,
which enables the flame to leap to the Injector plate, the heat transfer to the structure will significantly be Increased with the
risk of an immediate bum-out of the chamber and/or injector. (This last possbility Is specialty critical for Storable propel-
lants, Iees severe, however, for cryogenic propellants), Moreover, mechanical resonance phenomena can be Indued.
which can lead to the rupture of parts either on the chamber itself or its interface environment, includn the faclty. This
last remark is also true for LF-oculiatlons.

3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
0 Combustion time lag
An element of propellant Injected Into the combustion chamber only bums alter a c•rern amount of time, referred to a the
total time lag, has elapsed, Durng this amount of time, the elemnt of propellant undergoeseveal trany" omationa, which
typIcally wre the folowing: propellant injection, atmczation, heatin, vaporization, mIxng, chemical reaction. Each of thoee
transformatio can schematically be represented by an lndlvndal time leg ad in a Wimlifed manner, the tol time iW
can be contmplat s belnO the um of thos Individual timse ls.
YJ+-TA+TH
+ TV
+ TV + +A (3)

The inetion time lego acountsfor the delay elaped between the
Onat the
g ropeln levee the inokcor plate and th
moment itI trsormed into iquid seets (Ild ljt break-up tim), The atlorlaao time lig ibis the timeneco w tAl
ohe to rea-upt
litd it droples (spra formation),
w .

the other hand, the heating and vapor~zi pheomenaz w enietothe

•Ue proces er•mnmeN
 6-3

if we consider an element of propellant being presently vaporized under fixed environmental conditions (i.e. vaporized
flowrate in steady state) and that we suddenly (i.e. with a step variation) modify those conditions, the time required by the
vaporized flowrate to reach the new steady state value can be interpreted as the sum of the heating and vaporization time
lags.

The time lag occasioned by the chemical reaction is usually negligible compared to the other time lags. The vapor mixing,
which is controlled by turbulent processes, is also normally small compared to the vaporization time lag. Thus following
Crocco (Ref. 1), we can split the total time lag into two parts, one Insensitive and the other one sensitive to the environ-
mental process conditions:

TT = TI + Tb (4)
rj + TA
= TJ (4-1)
Tb= "H+ Tv + TM + TB}
ýTH + TV

"rt is the Insensitive time lag, Tb(where the index b stands for "burning") Is the sensitive or "burning" time lag (Ref. 6). In

this sense, t'r can be interpreted as the "pre-buming" time lag.

If gaseous propellants are injected into the combustion chamber, the expression for the total time lag reduces to:

TT = TH + TM,- ,rR (6)

due to the absence of atomization and vaporization phenomena.

In case of an impinging Injector type, Tj can, according to J. Fang (Ref. 6), be interpreted as the so-called unlike Impinge-,
ment time lag, which is generally larger than the remaining tme lags and consequnntly controls the gaseous propellant
combustion instability,

In case of a coaxial Injector type. our opinion is that Tj Is negligible, so that the sum of the remaining heating and mixing
time lags in this case controls the instability process (see paragraph 4).

0 Mass conservation

An element of propellant which burns between the instant t and the instant I + dt has been introduced into the chamber,
according to what has been sald about the tol t•me lag. between t - x and (t +dl) - (il + d ). i.e. during the interval
dlr-dVT.,

This enables to write (Crocco Ret. 1, Reardon Rel, 2) the relationship between burning and inecooni alus as:

NhQtt) dt tm r)d(t = 'y())

Taking the Instantaneous rate rhas the sum between a mean value A a a peturbion A, •Vo • a th repect
to the mean value, yV by negleetn the cond order tormw

-dI (7)
(where• R.

or by replacing dTvid by the equivalent "qanty dt~dtA an writin I - InTeadm of f - t (which onlyr wirodumo hoghe
ordeir term)
dt

ReatiodNsp (S)can be adW ipdto Owe

case of ablmprOpaw (W F,owydator) chamber (Pang Ref. 6)such ax~
0 -rit tt?d(t
. .. - (I - t")d(• = vff)

or ae replac t by equvln quana

- aW Motilk of ftfeme mWAn re .. .. 4 a. anwr

t lO
6-4

The above expesslon can be related to the corresponding pressure perturbation Inthe chamber, !"g Crocco's relation-
ship (Ref. 1):

dt =. • ... (1

Where n is the so-called pressure Interaction Index. This approximately yields (considering only the transversal modesj.

i(t) = k (t -:oT) + k(t--TO + no -- ( +-h (12)

Where two Interaction Indices N and nF have been Introduced.

0 Unear analysis
The combustion Instability phenomenon can be Investigated by men of a linear analysis. According to this technique,
any dependent variable Isrepresented, as tacitly supposed above, by the sum of a mean value and a small perturbation. In
ord•r to obtain damped or growIn osclltions, the lime dependence of the perturbatio has to be exponentlil:

u(t) 0 + i(t) (13-1)

U(t) - u'eIxp(st) (13-2)

Wheres - A+ IwIsthe complex frequency,

ApplIyi thi technique to equation (12) one otAans:

-A:. exp(+-expa(-To)]
p(

deneIV.tunclon pip, ) (RA2,

•R ot3) or 4p)(Re4) The i• oduct•ko of thm o•e• maI necoaa when the
pOFF@M
tng of the bwnlng droplets Vwitha ahwobw crosMU460M is U&taknw account (Equolions (10) and (12) we

Ytd$)- -4LY1111oep(1-11s) 4A ir1 -#nl

o (-g))(1.5
beeshdulato
Which•cm ta

A -nil oep(-YA (14.4)

 6-5

corresponding to the transition condition of tho following equivalent control loops:

0 4~(s): chamber impedance
-A'Y~~)~(- Yj)(s): Injection admittance
0 G(s): intrinsic comb. gain

..... 0(sll1a~p(- ~s)I0 N,.~, (ar~e)] amplif. coeff. Pnjectln)

P. 0~ FT: total time lag (mean val.)
F~ ~ zz ~ )~ b: ,sensitivel time lag (mean val.)

IN 0 eh'(s) $"crate perturbation (comnplex

~ +A'..ZYn value)
1A1.A(YA1)1* P'(s), pressure perturbation (comnplex
~ I ____value)

0 Transition to Instability for GA(SO).(s 1

C- 4(s) (i~e. Increase Y,(s)]
reduceG(s)
* Stabiityts - reduce
'- moduc Y1(s)
Fig. 1 IF &HF-stabillty control loop.sI - detun 01 (s)from Z,(s)

Inthose loops, G(s) =Aý,,. n... isthe combustion &~nand Z,(s) = 1/Ye(s) Isthe impedance of the chamber.
Improving the stability conditions Implies:
-Minimization o1the chamber Impedance (i.e. increase o1 the corresponding admittance).
- Minimization of the injection admittance Yi(s),

(For Yi(s) -0, the loop reduces to Crocco's Intrinsic case (Ref. 'l, Ref, 2)). On the other hand, for
I + AýZA(s), Y(s), exp (- Tys) 0.O the chamber pressure IsInstable, Independently of the value taken by the burning
transfer function G(s) 11-~exp(- Ybs)] N#,-, where G(s) W, can be Interpreted as the burning admittance. V,(s) 00 signi-
fies a degradation of the Intrinsic stability conditions.
- Minimization of the combustion gain (the higher 4.* n... , the easier Instability will take place).
T
- Detuning combustion and chamber Impedance through the shifting of th.e sensitive time lag b with respect to
T,/2 (fm VdT, being the chamber acoustic frequency of the corresponding nm-mode) or vice versa, Inorder no reson-
ance phenomenon between comnbustioin process and combustion chamber can occur.

* Comrbustion gain
The spay produced by an Injector Isgenerally not homogeneous end acertain stratification of the mixture ratio exists In
fthvapour surroundling the droples. Ifa transverse acoustic field Issuperposed onto the spay, the vapor will oscillate with
respect to fthdroplets causing mixture ratio oscillations around each droplet and accordingly affecting the burning rate,
Ithe oscillation of which can be expressedl by means ofta radial respectively a tangential velocity Index 1,and 6 (Ref. 2).
When fthkojction density disribuion function pa(p,0) istaken Into account, additonall amplification coefficients %, and
0:, similr to AL aea Intrduced (Rat. 3). so tha for the transition case (hA-0,with s - +IQrthe combustion gain can
bo oressed by.

Accordingto af.3,Am w4 G.are realmnbets and Cý,(CL. I C" x (C Lo) This ylells-
scople

-)
n A: +CICLmm
GOW (15.2)

nand the velo*it Indlices I4and I5are genrwally unknown.

The poesw* Inteaction kWde
ItI xee Wd ff olclyW s smchW o orp o ~f wI h wa ns
6-6

* Chamber impedance

The chamber impedance Z0(s) = p,(s)/r%(s) (or in dimensionless form [p.(s)/rhn(s)] [rh/'j) can be established by solving
the conservation equations for a diphaslc flow (combustion gas and propellant droplets) within the combustion chamber,
the latter providing the necessary boundary conditions).

If the frequency range of interest is low, with respect to the acoustic frequencies of the chamber, the oscillations (as
already mentioned under paragraph 2) are not position-dependent and the chamber impedance is primarily function of the
gas residence time within the chamber. Increasing the residence time augments the chamber admittance and will improve
the stability behaviour.

If the frequency range of interest covers the acoustic frequencies of the chamber, the wave propagation velocity a, has to
be taken Into account. The axial boundary conditions are provided downstream by the convergent part of the nozzle
(irrotational nozzle admittance Ref. 5), upstream by the injection admittance at the Injector plate, the chamber wall deter-
mining the radial boundary conditions. Acoustic cavities and baffles Ifany, will modify the chamber geometry and conse-
quently alter the chamber impedance (generally, they will Increase the damping and occasion a frequency shift of a few
percent with respect to the pure acoustic frequency of the chamber). Thus, in a first approximation, the impedance of the
chamber will mainly depend on the geometrical shape of the chamber and on the combustion gas properties [ao (1,, r-),y]
(see Ref. 1, Ref. 2, Ref. 4 for the case the admittance at the injection plate Is neglected).

In the control loops represented on Fig. 1, instability will occur for those frequencies yielding impedance values of the
combustion chamber, which, together with the corresponding values of the injection admittance and the (n, Tb)-combustion
pair, enable an open loop gain equal to or larger than unity. Normally these frequencies sensibly match the acoustic
frequencies of the chamber at which the absolute impedance value usually peaks.

Equations 14 and Fig. 1 neither take Into account the contribution to the unsteady burning rate provided by the oscillation
of the mixture ratio of the Injected propellants (secondary effect) nor that occasioned by the perturbation of the injection
velocities, the impact of which is difficult to ascertain with precision in a real case (see Reardon's simplified treatment in
Ref, 2).

* Injection admittance

For high frequency oscillations (range of the chamber acoustic modes), the Injection admittance is generally governed by
the resistance 21F•fii respectively the inertance I/N iK(IK/AK)j of the injector elements, considered In parallel, together
with the capacitance v/e? of the distribution manifold. Further upstream, the HF-oscillations are usually damped out I.e.
feedline and combustion chamber are uncoupled).

For low frequency oscillations, on the other hand, the wave propagation upstream Into the feed-system has to be taken into
account, usually up to a clear boundary condition provided either by a propellant pump or a cavitating venturl, and,
depending on the value of the Injector resistance, a coupling between feed-system and combustion chamber Is existing
(main cause of the "chugging" phenomenon) or not,

In both cases (HF and LF), increasing the Injector resistance (i.e. for a given ril value, Increasing the pressure drop across
the Injector plate) will improve the stability behaviour of the chamber.

4, HP- AND LF-.OSILLATION PHENOMENA INA GASEOUS HYDROGEN, LIQUID OXYGEN (GH,:LOX)
COMIUSTION CHAMBER

To Illustrate the theory summarized under paragraph 3, we describe and interpret in this section the HF-respectively
LF.stabllty behaviour of the GHg:LOX HM-combustion chamber developed at MBB-Ottobrunn for the 3rd-stage propul-
sion system (Ref. 8) of the Arlene launcher,

* Chamber configuration and feedaystem

Fig, 2 shows an axal croas section through the combustion chamber and the injector head.

The liquid oxygen (LOX) is fed to the combustion chamber by means of the LOX-dome, which enables a uniform distribu.
bton of propellant through the injector head.

The dcamber assembly Is regeneratlvely cooled by liquid hydrogen (LH,),

At the outlet of the cooling channels, the hydrogen, having been heated up by means of the heat transferred from the
chambe, is gsou and feeds the hydrogen outlet manifold reopectively d tor, which similarly to the LOX-dome,
enablesa uniform propelliant inection to the chanber through the injector,
 6-7

OH2-purge PRC-messurenient TAPRrad

Fig. 2 Lli2 + LOX thrust chamber configuration

Both LOX- and LH2 feedsystems Include control valves and cavitating venturis, as represented on Fig, 3, so that the
combustion chamber and the feed-systems upstream of the venturis are uncoupled.

LOsXte
Woofn ase

LOX shu deLOX

Pis OXX&L~~edsetm

~ANconfgurtio to highto
ThH~trutchmbr
Re.8)uss oaia tpeIjeto eemn, tpia v rsintohichimersne nFg

* (~~Iroth
rconfiguration
vratsaedsrbd ndti nRt )

Inthe concentric tube element Injector typ, the oxydize (liquid oxygen) IsInjctd Inthe central tube, whereas the fuel
(gasecue hydroge) is *Mijced at the perphery. While entering the oombustion chamber, the low velocity liquid (LOX) jet is
thus surrounded by a high velocity gas annulus and the atomization process takes place by means of a shearing mech-
anlam between the two jets (as a result of the momentum exchange between fuel and oxider, PAOui sheets are seaated
from the central Wt and break Intio Iligaments, fthligaments breaking themeeolvee Into droples).
Additionally, fthe atmWtin ivocess can be enhanced by the inclusionof a ribbon swirler Inthe oxidize cenraltube
* (PIgA4).
6-8

rwmC
Fig. 4 Typical injector eloment configuration

As far as the propellants are concerned, the atomization efficiency primarily depends on density, surface tension and
dynamic viscosity of the liquid repectively on density of the gas and differential velocity between the two jets. Moreover, it is
in the design largely influenced by the value of the LOX-post recess c with respect to the hydrogen sleeve (Fig. 4) and the
presence of cylindrical or tapered LOX-post elements (Ref. 9) and their diameter.

The pressure drop across the InjeCtor Is mainly provided by restrictors disposed at the element's Inlet but a fraction of it is
also distributed along the element Itself.

* Start-respectively shutdown sequence

Fig. 5 represents the start-respectively shut-down sequence used during the developement tests of the thrust chamber.

mo- oxygen flow rate

A m ahydrogen flow rate
rN MN- (Oan)noge flow fate (purging)

Fig. 5 StuWeootvely ahu~t-ewn sequen

For safety reasons (mixture ratio value, cooling problems), the chamber is starled with an hydrogen lead (time duration
Atp) Ignited by means of an electrical torch ignite' with a very high mixture ratio (Ref. 8). At the moment of ignition, the
hydrogen flowrte injected into the chamber has reached its nominal value. As soom as ignition has been detected, the
oxygen-shutdown valve Is opened and oxygen Is ted into the chambe. During the start-seuenoe, a gassous nitrogen
purge (flowat. N on Fig, 8) Is activated to prevent a bacitfi•ow over the injector Into the oxidiztr leedaystem. At the end of
the test, the oxygenshut-cdown valve Is closed whereas the hyd~ro tgnwats has ill its nominal valu (hyogen l)
and the nitrogen p•u I similarly activated as during sta•t.
0 Obeenred oscillation phenomena of the chamber pregwe
- LFoscllation phenomeno

Hls been practically, observed in each h*otru during the sat end the shut-down phases as hon ig 6. It has been
estal"h. dur the devolopment test cnpalg, that the LF-oecillation rmereeponding to the Star pha& reets from
the cwuplnkg betewn the combuslion c•w•
n r the oxygen
tb•Wo anoedlne,
the pressure drop Soes tho oxygen iet
gM through a minimium value. This minImum vale is o oned by the aoden iqefaclion of the.#inecte oxy
I PC
Start Phase Main Stage Shut-down
6-9

4 Fig. 6 Chugging phenomenon

propellant (during the precoollng phase of the oxygen feedilne, the shut-down valve - Fig. 3 - remains closed and the
feedline section between valve and thrust chamber isnot cooled down. At time t =0.just alter Ignition, the valve opens and
the heat stored Inthe hardware Ishigh enough to vaporize the oxygen propellant, which, as a consequence, isInjected
under gaseous form for nearly 0,5 sec.). The coupling of the combustion chamber and the hydrogen feedsystem remains
uncritical, as far as the LFoscillatlon phenomenon Isconcerned (as the "chugging" oscillation istriggered, the pressure
drop across the hydrogen Injector Ishigh enough due first, to the nominal llowrste of hydrogen, second, to the "high%-
temperature at the outlet of the cooling channels occasioned by the combustion phenomenon itself. Furthermore, the
pressure drop alon the cooling channels themselves additionally enhances the uncoupling between combustion chamber
and hydrogen feedaystem).
The LF-oscillation during the shut-down sequence, also results from the same coupling between chamber and oxygen
feedsystemn as during the start phase. However, the preponderant r6le played by the nitrogen purging subsystem has been
clearly demonstrated, whereas this influence was negligible during the start phas.

-HF-oscillallon phenomenon
Has only been observed during the chamber starl sequence litthe hydrogen injection temperature at the Instant of ignition
(more exactly at the opening of the oxygen "shut-down* valve - Fig. 3-. ILe. for t 0)lay underneath a critical value
T,% T, h function of the INjecor configuration.
Action on the value of T,, (11-
0) was provided by varying fthlime duration Alt of the hydrogen lead (Fig, 5). iL&the
precooling phase of the chamber assebl.

ORenge

~~ - inAb. Now (OX. Oft)inboth

(n
AMP fl~n

*- ~4 hum eleWhw

AP-I)l
o
~e)~T..~A~ttol
* lg74fP~eeA i~w~s*AMPeeumee
6-10

The critical temperature condition for hydrogen Injection being fufilled, the HF-phenomenon was always triggered for a
value of the ratio chamber pressure to hydrogen Injection pressure sensibly equal to 0.46, i.e. exactly matching the ratio
value (P/Pi) - I at which the gaseous hydrogen in the Injector switched over from the choked condition to
'V+-
the subsonic flow. Because the transition between the two flow types, in the hydrogen injector. always took pae before
t
the appearance of the chugging" phenomenon In the chamber, the oxygen injected at that moment Into the chamber was
also gaseous, the transition between choked and subsonic flows Inthe oxygen Injector sensibly ocuring at the same time
asfor hydrogen.

Since, as far as oxygen is concerned, the start sequence was repeatable from test to test, and. alone considered, had no
action on the genesis of the HF-oscillation phenomenon, we can conclude that G(feedsystem coupling with the
combustion chamber was necessary to tVrig the Instability phenomenon.

According to the type of Injector employed. the 2nd acoustic respectively Ist acoustic tangential mode of the chamnir has
been observed. The diagrams (Fig. 7) explain, for a given hanrware coniguiatin, the 3 encountered

mulwn"e *w(tV o)- Twin

P•) - 0) Margin hisut
AT,(t-i

.6tortk'flmmlw.Malm

/0 t4Z
* ttf flt WmrP donwl*
(T-m

1
.1
WS AYCWt -o)mur-ar

WW%
Wo 0 of44sTo M

rem - toATO
") o M A14
meO 1141*1110-

a01
A pesiy to me S Wuipe iei 06 "" l (lto.a 011 con 0Ie 6enlhguf if a
 6-11
JT reducd oxdlzor prawsur drop. aclassical stabiy deiagrm dispftlaynlor low freq oscialon (Ref. 2). We have two
case lo conside: first, seeseve devellopome teb secoid, altiude simuation tefb. With respect to the oxdlzer
feedsystem. fte two test configumlions di1Weas far astfor fte aWltue simulation case fthcavtdatin ventuI (FRg. 3) has
been deported upstream from around one mete so as to be situatedl outide di the vacum coN. o
Inorder ofckalclain the frequeny o the pressue oscillations, we conider an homx~ogeneous efnWanfw
one side by the cavitain venturi ard on the othe one by fthth"w chab and we solve the waeve propagatio equation

fo zr= 0 (c&atvlttn ventur):

Ai(Z 0.1) 0 (16.2)
(sta tingte caviatNg venturi ha3 an Int Winie
pedvnc).
tor z l-I&Wtchmrer):
* ~~~(az~)=J)
- L" (16-3)

(s"ain fthpressue fluctuatin In fthfed~lin Wo

za Iis the sum ol the corepenruidg Ubluttonalorm WW th o~imie
Winect an4 inth camber)
Where O(atto- C,164

**8l

ka US INS la

poll
S MID64)
nu

prviedA~l ngiilysiaIm
(i~~t~ v'Waie

heC
W vai"5 ~ ) eetieyL
OWN ivetna.Ctecabrcpaiac i ~fv
 6-1.2

Fig. 8-1 shows the chamber pressure fluctuations during the start phase, respectively the calculated oscillation frequency
v.s. the temperature of the LOX-propellant inside the feed-line. It can be seen the first feed-line mode Is excited, the
correspondence between meastrpd and calculated frequencies being satisfactory. (Note the strong influence of the pro.
pellant temperature - over the velocity of sound - on frequency.)

tAPiF •

P 0,9 --- r- - I
0,8 ..... -
(0.2 wC)
0,7 A_46-• . . .

0,A
(50.3 m)
0,3 -. 1 , •.,
o064-02 P,0164-e2

0,2
0,1 (Soe
&2K

j -

._

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 APjo

* ta PC
* stabl. ,ynA
Wo~w
l ' 2isl

(Transition for -'•o - 0,26)

Fig, 8-2 Stability diagram of the combustion chamber during the facility sei-eve* testing.

Fig, 8.2 displays tWe stability diagram of the combustion chamber for the facility sea-level conflguration, Tranmsone•t•owe
instability and stability occurs for:

(A') , 0.26; 0.02

As noticed before, (PF.PP) in the range 0.4 to 0.7 has little Influence on transition.

At the nominal wcrklng point, ( P) n 0,35, which provides eiough ,i.ugln for a smooth opeatiaonal use of the
chamber,

- Results of the altitude simulation testing

. Fig. 9-1 shows the chamber pgesaure osillatlons during the sltat phas as well as the cocalcul oe
frequencies. It is apparent that the frequency of the feed1i modes Is lowee v th m" to the wwel low*
configuration, due to the Increased length of the line.

On the other hand, this time the second feed4-lin mode Is excited which cnse•ends to a highot oeillalon ftscr•uey ha
In the sea-level case.

Calculated and measured frueroles are in sauisactlor condordance(eria, nes the WM liepeaw eWan go
frequency value of the eed~Iino modes),

..,i
 6.13

0.t 02 0.3 0.4 .0. 0.7

-125 120.8 114 108

Ft (Hz) 123.2 128.3 138.2 145.0

(10wav) I
F2 = (Hz) 26*0.7 276.3 299.2 3.27.0 excited
(2"wa"-I I I I Made

Fig- 9.1 C*tUtMe frequenc and obseved PreUSMxe oo WIanlo the chamber during atar ph-in

Fýg. 9-2 Ilustrates the Instabtity jespwctlvey the StAbtty domain of fthcom sbuion chaff~er for the altitude simulation
tW"n onhlufatlion of the tacility.
Transition t*etwe fntabuity aIM bMau~ty kkenslby occunL lot

whclpreaenaadsged1loo o1 abwiou
12 per centwbt rseapc to the sealeweI tgstln wootguation of the facitity.

0,5 - -

0,4
0,3 -

0 0.1 0.2 0,3 0,4 0.5 0,6 __

fo 0,2)
F~~~~g.~~~~
Uh evdi.t.ub-ubt.qt~e*u~h dls
 6-14

As in the previous case, (APF/Po) (between 0.3 and 0.6) has no noticeable effect on the transition line. At the nominal
w;ýrklng point,

which provides enough margin for a smooth operational use of the chamber.

- For both facility configurations (sea-level and altitude simulation) In the starting transient phase, the gaseous oxygen
-injected into the chamber generally switches over from the choked condition to the subsonic flow in the injector less than
0.2 sec after ignition.
As of now, although the injected flowrate Is !ow, the corresponding pressure drop across the Injector N is relatively high,
due to the low value of the gas density, and the ratio (L-dJ-) has an order of magnitude around 0.5:0.6, the combustion
chamber being stable.
When the injected, oxygen liquefies, the pressure drop across the Injector collapses (due to the higher fluid density), the
ratio (Z5"t/P'r) taking typical values of 0.1 :0.2 and the chamber is Instable.

Since the Injected flowrate keeps increasing, the pressure drop across the injector increasing faster than the chamber
prsýsure, the oscillation disappears (transition value of ( IP"J")
from 0.26 to 0.29). Above the transition value of (•F-ip-,
the chamber is stable.

- When the mean pressure drop W across the injector Is negligible, whereas (dPIdrho) is large (the mean mixture
ratio being very low), we can interpret the LF-oscillatlon as a resonance phenomenon between the oxygen-feedsystem
and the thrust chamber (assimilated then to the pair LOX-injector Inertance and chamber capacitance, presenting the
undamped natural frequency 0). Among the modes which can be excited In the feedsystem (equations 16-), the thrust
chamber picks-up the next neighbour WK of Its natural frequency Q. The nearer w) lies from 0, the stronger is the
resonance phenomenon involved.

This simplified reasoning neglects the total time lag and one needs, as "power" source, an increase of the flowrate v~s.
time at the cavitating ventud, a condition which Indeed Is fulfilled during the start phase of the chamber (Fig. 5), In order an
oscillation be triggered In the chamber (open loop system).
However, we actually have to deal with a closed loop system exhibiting moreover a dead time (the total time lag).
Consequently, an oscillation can be triggered without necessitating an Increase of the flowrate v.s. time at the cavitatIng
ventud, the transition to instability sensibly taking place for I + Z,(s)(1 + scYj,(s) exp (-YoTs) - 0, which Is a varlante of
equation (14-3), where Z4(s) primarty depends on the residence time of the combustion gas within the chamber, respectl-
vely v (F,c% 1508r) represents the contribution of the mixture ratio oscillation of the propellants at the Injection, and, the
Intrinsic panlha been neglected.

0 Interpretation of the HF-oscillation phenomenon

- HF-us,•cIatkm genesis (gaseous propellants)

We have seen above, that a "GH0-feedsystem coupling" with the chamber was necessary to trigger the HF-oscillation
enomnon (Stat of hnonon for (PAP),-) 01as both propellants Injected Into the chamber were
gasous, The question which now arises Is to know wether this coupling Is sufficient or, In other words, wether a certain
contribution of OeMintile loop (Fig. 1)I Indispensable (the ftr being of course, that the combustion gain of the latter
Isunknown).
In odm to invlveigat• this question, we fi suppose the ctbution of the feedaystm coupling akdne Is sufficlont to start
and sustain instabft. Doing th, we o•ta a ctcal value of the toMal time lag which, Inft case, practically reduces to
the sum of the heating and mixing eliemenar fle laeg, It we suppose. a) the time lag corresponding to the chemical
reaction Isnegligibly sinall, b)ad6i fthWnection timo e
tg(eqation (6)) has no real signiicance for a coaxial ineco* tp
fed by geous Propoellnts.ecn, having obtained ft critical value of fthcresponding talktie W lag and remarking
"tbungtimeWagW and t1oal te ag" are for o•t cam pradicalily Ow we wiN compare th c•ti value with th period
duatio ofth covaponding HIP-oclilatimn
Nwe supose the main t Of te cobustion gain (equation (15-2)) is a real nuber, then ft odr of magniude •t
Of
necesomry biang tme Wa"should ueWs*l be equivalent to To^~2. whtre Tm Is the oscilation Wpiodo k *4nd
n
rm~node,

Consequentl it0,6w has en order of magonitude simMar to or lage VwaTA,,2 we will conclue tha a contrbuton of
Oh ine
,.Is low is inoNvd In fte Vti ol Ow H owme -Oerwtha
. 0 on ft olth hand, (Ty fa. sn
%t..2 wewill conkcld, wltiftdebcpefciltrhypofthe ano cnbibubmolloI Vilnlrinsloioopisnrooeeaaoytoaartfte
""F-h n. • .,
 6-15

Considering the equation I +Aý,nZo(s) Y1(S) exp(-TTs) = 0, we can express the amplification coefficient k of the complex
frequency s as well as the shift aoiof the angular frequency with respect to the value oi the pure acoustic m, de w, as
follows:
1+
2- •o L,,•AyM.{ - +
+r sin.d-I-- o9ot++-I+}--F co -1-o - "mY (17-1)

respectively

2- AmK
yM..+sinTwO+ - D+KD (17.2)
where

03 = w,, + w, = angular frequency

I = cylindrical length of the chamber
as =velocity of sound in the chamber
y (V,)=.,
M, Mach number at the inlet of the convergent
a or + io = Irrotational admittance of the convergent part of the nozzle

DK •"rW 1 (K = or F)
T~wo+ •MK (Y~m)n

TK = time constant of the corresponding injector

KK

TK time constant of the pair Injector-dome (k = 0) or injector distributor (k = F)

=
TK = mean pressure drop across the corresponding Injector
rfK = mean injected mass flow in the corresponding Injector
(Y1.)KFL- imaginary part of the feedsystem admittance seen from dome or distributor.
? = mean mixture ratio in the chamber
f = (VQ•K'
Am = amplification coefficient (nm-mode) related to the feedaystem coupling, Introduced oy the injection
distribution density function.
Using equations (17) for the Instant at which the hydrogen flow In the Injector switches from the choked condition to the
subsonic flow, we find, for the Injector configuration leading to the excitation of the 2nd tangential mode (A2i - 2,510 for a
uniform Injection distribution density), a critical value of the total time lag (YT)€,j - 20 usec, whereas w = . 50369
sec~l corresponds to (T21I2) 62.4 usec.
For the Injector configuration leading to the excitation of the 1et tangential chamber mode (A!, 1,980 for a uniform
Injection), we find, under the same conditions (TT)," - 50 usec, whereas w = w, M31532 sec 1 l corresponds to
(TI1 /2) - 99.6 usSc.
In both cases, we see (lT),f.m is smaller than (T,.42), however, ItIs not small enough In order (1 - cosYbw) be completely
negligible, which means the intilnsio Icoop, depending on the combustion gain G(w), could contribute to the genesis of the
HF.phenomenon. when both Injected propellants are gaseous.

Ko WWII *W r e.Complx freuM a - X,+ Ito

IO >
&0- Xui donooeff.

sl- .- +(,,
KO. - 64-072 (I.T)

80.0 11141W t-(f 0M-(VIMg

o.0, tIo+ 400 10,0 tO A'JOsOO ip(-
a 7

00
0. Ilo
I iil
*. I I
l40i0 li II&0 70.0 &00
,

1144. 10 Congimtoin Ile"" v-wfrt)~ *for duluien tt reults with guaseu propuluts -
 6-16

On Fig. 10, we have tentatively tried to correlate several test results by drawing the diagram (T-T),Q
, TTW
Inthis diagram, if ff)rm < (YTT)if. the chamber isstable. If (!r).W -ý('TT)cftw~the chamber is instable.
Remarking that in the relationship TT= TN+ Tmthe two different operations of propellant heating and propellant mixing
(corresponding to the two elementary time lags) are probably more overlapped than separated, we have
as a function of the ratio between the energy which is necessary to heat the Injected cold hydrogen up toexpressed
the ignition('TT)Md
level
and the heat contained inthe combustion chamber at the same time:

( - t
=TM (%0 (18)

where the constant Toand the exponent a have been chosen in order the total time lag (T-T),u, of the Injector configuration
leading to the excitation of the I1st chamber tangential mode be situated lightly beyond the instability border inthe instable
sector. The correlation, although relatively simple, works surprisingly good and enables a correct interpretation of the test
results (Fig. 10), which shows the contribution of the intrinsic loop seems to be marginal and consequently in the expres-
sion yMeG(w))11 - cosrbw] (which should be added to the RHS of equation 17-1 in order to take Into account the contribu-
tion of the intrinsic loop) the gain G(w) should be small enough to be neglected.

- HF-oscillation during the liquefaction of the Injected oxidizer

Fig. 11 presents the case of an Injector configuration resulting Inthe excitation of the 2nd tangential mode of the chamber
(see also Fig. 7-1). The figure shows the acceleration of the chamber assembly at the Instant where both HF-oscillation
and LF-osciliation are fully developed In the combustion chamber. On this picture, It Isapparent that the HF-oscillation is
amplitude modulated by the LF-signai. This signifies, that at this time, the contribution of the Intrinsic loop to the HF-
oscillation phenomenon can still be neglected, whereas the Influence of the hydrogen feedaystem decreases due to the

F119.11 Structure acceleration and "ohuggling".phenomienn during iqueflactlon of the W*NMat

oxIdizer and simultaneous 14F-nstablllty (Teso 64-69)
increasing pressure drop P7, acroe the hydrogen Injector, occasioned by the Increasing Injection temperature, the main
cause ot the HF-InstabilIty being new provided by the coupling with the oxye feedtaystenvequatlort (14.2) practically
reduces to I +A"4,Z(s) Vi,(&) txp(- tTys) ao where Yl,(&) -119ffi) - (FWS2 t F benfe h H-iwpit
modulated by the LF-fluotuation &rahD)of the Injected tlowate: APO - (1Japi
A')+29^
This similarly modulates the gain K,- (PJ2W,)(Ylt +1)on which fthamplification oeffiien of fthcomplex high
frequency s- X+lodepwnds.
Note that the observed predlominance of the LOX-feedayslem cotiplIN, Intho section of the chamber start phase, Is
probably enhanced by fthinfluence of fthInjction velocity perwbatlon on the tota tme lag (Reaaon Rel. 2).
-HF-oacllior after the clswqpearanc of fthecugnpeoeo (Fig. 7-1)
After the disappearance of the *chtqftng-harnomen the mom presaw. drop gmms ft LOX**w.ec 7W, has
practically reahe Its nmina valu, whereas Mr#, tOe mom~ prusa. dro alon fthhy~oe injtor issenibl
highe than Its nmina value, due to the kncresed heat trnsfe to the cooin channe ocasone by fth NP
the HIP-oSCWSIo. If t perslists Issolel c*ontod by the Ilirlnslo loop Where ncin~ow phewnmena hit do.empude of
Ufuthe
NoILA
Ow~~~~~~~
e~otb~y q~nt4 edcso~e-(~~R4f~d-i(
1)taso s + "1
 6-17

Where I (Ref. 4), because of the uniform Injection densilty, and the contribtioni of hydrogen has been omitted, due
to the low value of T~b with respect to Yb.
* I At main stage and under the assumption the HF-phenomenon. Ifany, Initiated during the start phase of the chamber has
* ceased, the chamber Isalways stable for all injector configurations. This means the Intrinsic loop alone, to the contrary of
what Isknown for the storable propellants (Ref. 2,Ref. 4), IsInsufficient to trigger instability. Inother words. the combustion
gain, mainly affected here by the pressure interaction Index, isalways too low.

5. POSSIBLE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN INORDER OF INFLUENCING COMBUSTION INSTABILITY

0 LF-case
-Action on the injection admittance
As mentioned under paragraph 3.the Injection admittance has to be minimized inorder of improving the stability behav-
iour.
Since (frjfi) Y,(s) -~(EJ20Py), this Implies Increasing: a)the pressure drop across the Injector by reducing the cross-
sectional area of the Injector orfices, b)the pressure drop Inthe feedsystem by Inserting restrictors Inthe feedlines (inboth
cases, the limitation factor being the maximum Injection pressure drop tolerated by the turbopumps or equivalent teed.
systems), c) Ifpossible, for a given pressure drop Wt decreasing the combustion pressure (difficulti to realize since
chamber pressure Isgenerally dictated by other considerations). Moreover we have see avariation (incease or reduction)
of the length of the leedcline tubing also affects the stability limit.
- Action on the chamber Impedance
As seen under paragraph 3, the chamber Impedance has to be minimized. Since (1/4~(s)) - Y0(s)-(I1+ 0A)IV(Pdfli.
where 8, Isthe combustion gas residence time. increasing this relaxaltion time. by Increasing the combustion chamrber
volume, will Improve the stability behaviou.
- Action on fthtotal time lag
Inorder of Improving the stability behaviour, the total time lag /eQuation (3y has to be held as small as possible, TN. can
be achieved Ina given case eithe by modifying tOw propellant propertiea tuna of amore volatil propellant, ad~diton of
catalytic substances etc. (Ref. 10)) or more lkel, by means of geometrical trimmin of fthinecwto inview of red"in the
iinsensitivet time lag/eoquation (4-1 y and Improving the mixing pvr oesIr examp. in fte case of a coaia W4%cto wim fth
GH; LOX propellant combiation action on fthvallue of the recess parmee o (Fig. 4)*&wl afc atomizatlion and mixing

Arecirculaftion of the combuston gaes Will &Aike enhance heaigiaorlln and mixin mechanisams aw4 so doing.
affects the sensiiv tim lag/esquatIon (4-2Y. Itmust be remarkted tht Ote elfects of fthe
ijcorntrimmng
M hawe in lage
manner to be upe~lmentaldesrntined Moreove 0"w will geer*l Winuece 0* didier"cof combuston

9 HF-cas
AN tht has been sai aloove, wit respect to fthWelctlan admifnce., remain flue AdIAllonally, kmcrsan tho kinsance
of the Inecoele menaw alecf enhnc s1160bilt0
As tar a fthctrber intpedec isconeeme d.ft mfaln action inorder at inp~owlg toe NF0elbby beavo ur, wol
cosw 1In ketnin the combustaio woe of fth hamber dampin dev~ce such as acoustic cav~i- and belles

regenratvel cooled combuetin charnber, a rAMoPle"tio c' Othahpe of fte pert

PoMeetofthe ac ta lon on
Qb()), red pa of li Ilmolaloalb
nozzle admiltance ineqation (171) gnarey noll be peobi.s" n
9i *4dtps is

Amonikutlion lfte jetrprmes cio areati, pioeetm;

vetlyocities INecton Soves"Nany, sc.- _.)oi elec
~~
3w~ ~mnddaiwecomeieaeces
~ ~ ~ orkamn*
~~~~~~V attb

I ONOLUUOW
inhsreepelpW erweh~aetliedteee ~n
to
WW ey bhaill vow
lsowPiln cha
b-ok logsygassouehqi

amoeoies,
tagtherya
teeoabutiontim
as iwetigaig o-j
 6-18

To Illustrate the theory, the concrete example of a hydrogen/oxygen thrust chamber was consldei ,d. It was shown the
theory enables a satisfactory Interpretation of the experimentally observed instability processes.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the direction of MBB's propulsion department for permission to publvi this paper although the
views expressed are only their own.

8. LITERATURE

1. Croecco & Cheng: "Theory of Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors'.
Agardograph N- 8 Butterworths scientific publications 1956.

2. Harris D. T. & F. H. Reardon: 1Liquid Propellant Rocket

Combustion Instability".
NASA SP-194.1972.

3. F.H. Readon, J. M. kbqde & A. J. Smith JR.

"Effect of Injection Distribution on Combustion Stability".
AIAA-Jounal March 1966. Vol. 4. N 3.

4. D.SchmItt, 0. Loenme
'A Model of Instability of Liquid Propellant Engine with Radial Injection"
32nd International Aeronautical Congress
lAF-Paiper N 81-382.

5. L C,oc n&W.A.Slrlgnaor
"Behaviour of Supertrilical Nozzles uw Three Dunensiorml Osaotiry Condition.".
Agardog&ph NW
117.

6, J. Fang
"Ap•lIcat•on of Conoustion TimeLag Theory to Combustion 'Aaaty Analys o Liquid and Gaseous PrWoeU
Rocke Engines-.
AIAA22ir4om~Meetho.
wop
A1AA414-5¶O.
*7.L Crocco
*Th Rolevac of aTCharofte•
l Ti-m inComston knstalMy",
2nd ComNo Conemmnc,
CIP.APrM cateoin
W"IC&May IBM

*TootoukaII with a Regeneauv" 'oohed LOVAh4IThtus Chanwr tar the Atww 3id Stage Pfopulio Syvitem"
AIAA44peW 7109.
MI AOADJSA 11th PtaWoeun Conternc. AViahwo Caltwra& Sapt 29"-Oct 1.1975.

a.HDdqa&llm
*Aomaaleat LKp~t•,Smwwt,
Tclv4qu bwCotrwitrl Two~ EkA'e1 op~wwaton, U*I"~ fthpawo DymicpHeod Rawj- r.
AM 1 S"Va M14 W*r*.Aha Weeoy -16 1 11B4

14 IL'1AW
"19. 1~umts .: oc S et . • ,1
•ý
.01- i pp %, Sel- 191 --
 EFFETS DES INSTABILMTS DE BASSE FREQUENCE
SUR LE FONCICIONNEMENT DES PRISES D'AIR DE STATOREACTEUR

par

C.Sans
Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Mrospatiales;
Boite Postal No.72,92322 Chitillon CEDEX
France

U-
Limpropulsion par statoriscoeur est un moysa idiai pour certains types do missiles do acymunea.t longue
portie. Ce type do sot~ur fasit apparaitre, sous cortainem conditions, dos instahilitds ginirdos par Is
chambre do combustion. Pour cartaines gosintries. des hoaxses Sriquences sout asie~s.

ITeproblime pos* consiste done & savoir si callwelc veuveat modifier les performancem des prises d'air.
Des easset rialisis i Mach 2,0 mar urn. prime d'air circulair. permettent grice 4 uA systime micauique de
rialiser des fluctuations do pressiou isportautem i Ides Sriquenoim variant entre 0 at 200 liz.

Les principsau risaltats do catto 4tude tontreat qj. 1.. instihilitix engendries as diclenchent pas It
poepage do Isprime d'air. mauf pour des rjig~sise Seonctionnement trim suboritiques. ILePidge i couch*
limit., intern* attsune trks nottoeset les fluctuations do peasion.

U-M
aamjot pr"soalioa has Vzoves to be very elf eiciet at least for some types of missile and especially for
intemmedifta or boag tests missiles. Uguever instatbilities can be #enrated in t.~e combustion chamber
Vane partitullT MOigM teat coaiitioas. Depending on the geometry, low frequency instabilities can occur.

It ts mesoeAry to bem the 1sf bmesee of these law0frequency isstabilittes omthe islet performance.
is order to iswestivate, this nroblee. tests have, beet carried out ae 4%aysylymetric inlet equipped with a
"Cubchaial device providig late*e pressure fluctuations between 0 and 200 Is.

The tests geue perfemmd 4t a "aChRubher of 2.

The "aslysis of the reskilts shows that the tastihilities do Not lead to the bums
of the inlet fot usual
ogersua comdtiees. IMe isteemal homaidary layer bled redwas drastically the pressure fluctuatioas.

Le preptelsi amps
Waetateriactew eat towa If pear certaita types do missiled own et 10amp.
scc

5Ce type do letter Post laisee apparaittma me certaima "aaitleas 4amtastabilitts do bbsme I requence
giadida pow Ia thaMo do 00a
euhtiee.

hesapdeieee scU41444 Mneatra pe #Wetal. co asie fmtqueaces sant ve"ises do 100 4 300 It, p~elles
emifeteat gtibeipilememt a has mebr de Itchgetp.
W n eidiet PGAuwet aeiis di&Wpit"de
pnoasedo 30 4, tems I*emotto Its 4Wgrasaes do figure 1.

ftreS peturhattims bset ispertsamta, empnt

" aMie~r qP1ees peWeat mewifter It oempwtowet des prieso
Waeit disiftbat Is gememet se Eke. dim *srtaea ei 1. dieMeag et IW$am#a.
WMa4 towue
 8-2

L'ONUA a d6voiopp6 des uoyens doccsais lea risultats pr6sent6s sent coux obtanus lore des esosis do coo
dorniires annAes.

3 - %=IIhPRILAIUUAWS - P1181 MIRI DIDIIMSIOUUILL

Un. presikro 6tude a 6t6 off octu~e aovc Une coquette de prise d'air bidimencionneli. oxistanto. plache
dans un 6coulement i un nombro do Mach relativoenet 6iev6, voisin do 3 ot on incidence.

Catte moquette 6tait inkstaildo our is paroi lat6rale do Is voine do mecuro figure 2.
LWcouenont capt6 par i& price, d'4ir oct divi# vers un caisson extdrieur A i& vein. decissi qui Be
ternine par un obturatour persottant do modif ior le r6gime do foactionnocont do is prise d'air ot 6gale-
sent do msourer 1e d6bit.

Ce caisson Oct pourvu d'un haut-poriour pneunatique qui a 6t6 eboisi comacaoayn d'excitation do 116cou-
lomont. Colui-ci, coeIn. to ntre I& figure 3 pr6xento une plag. d'6nergie maxinalo antre 300 at 1000 Hz
qui correspond A environ 120 db A i& prossiou atmocph6rique.

Co noyon d'occoi, bion quo s6duisant, prt6,ontait toutefois quoiquos inconv6nienits

- on promier iieu, It d6bit d'alr n~cossairo au fonotionnocont du baut-pariour dovait 6tre souctroit,
apr~c nosuro, du d6bit global.
- I&preccion du caisson 6tant rolativosont faiblo, Itsperformances du haut-pariour 6taient diminu6es
dooutant
- Is gia.mdo fr~quence correspondent A I'6norgio naximaie 6tait trop 6lo'io.

Hoigr4 coonincony6nients, do nombroucee mosures ont pu Atre of foetutos pour diff~rents pointc do fonction-
nocont do I&prieso d'air, du rigice suporcritiquo ao r6gimo subcritiquo.

Dais Aucun des cis, Its tluctuations do preccion engondrtes A l'oval, done Io caisson, n'ont provoqut on
pompage do to prize d'air.
A titro doexosple, on a roproduit sour I& figure 4, loasiogosox obteaus pour diff6rents captours situ6s
entre It point d16sissian 0t 1. plan d'sntr*o do Is prize doir. L0 zono sombre ropr6sento i& di-ff6ronce
entre loa configurations avec et sens instabilit~s.
on rebonque Vatttnua~ion progressive do t4 perturbation &vW',loroque Van so diplace yore 1'otont. Sur
Its captsurs n* I *t A02, ont
observe *tsppsnition A des fr~quencos plus faibles dlune neuvolis pertur-
bation qui correspond A 1s proxisitk du oboe do recompression ot-au pibge A couch.s limit* deans
lquel on
jet asses turbulent exists.

Coo risultaoatsn persettant pas do conciure difinitivecent sur I*bion-fond do probl~wo, coci on partio
A cause do syst~so Vintreteor d'instabiit4s qui conduit A doesbp trap foibles, A ao friquence d'utili-
satins trap *lovio, 4insi quAt cause do l14quipocent trap restreint do I& pries Veit, Una nouvelle W~it,
Vessels a 606 dicld4o.

3 - IDPRIAI DNS 118111 - Pk1151 DAIRXCIRCULAISS

Pour simplifier 1t problias *8 pour aso

mttre dons let conditions los plus favorables, il a 684 d~cid6 do
reprondr* coo essios avec one prime d4air ciroulaire. Colles-ai bent, an 046nrol, ptisenties cease
nettosent, plus instableao.

De at&e, pour rooter done 1s doaxs*io ncrimin6, I* nabre do Mach 4. 2,0 a 606 ehoisi.

Wa figure I prisAtsais
c nouveau montage, gui va 4tre ditai116 insuite.
ho prinoipo Ao base rest* Is same quo pr4oddeooent t 10ooolseont capti par I&pris. d1air pesos, spris
os couds do liaison, tans %an
caisson sectrisur A I&veins de"sso. Celul-ol as termite par on obtrorater
 8-3

- In variation dui
rdgiae de fonctionnement 4. 1a print 4'air.
- Ia *esure duiddbit apr4s un tarage duical.

La partit arri4re do Ia maquette, au nivetau

dui
covde a 6t6 asinag6e pour y iustaller un nouveau gQn-
rateur d'instabilitii d* type xdeanique.
La maquette propresent dite eat pr6sent~e ant I& figure 6.

k l'amant, so trouve la prise Weir circulaire A pointe couiquo qui pent prendre deux configurations
g~oa~triques distinctes avoc ouniano pi4g. i couch* limitp interne. Mie oat suivie d~un., mnchette inter-
changeable qui parent d'offectuer, an chain, des meixtres stationnaires on unstationnaires.

A laval, on trouve 1. conde, saanag6 pour qu'une partie do l'Acoulement passe par un cal sonique auxi-
liair..

Ce diapositif eat d~fini our Lafigure 7 qui montre lea divers 6liaents constitutif a du syatime.
Celni-ci comprend, apr~s I& dhrivation:
- In col soniqn. auxiliaire interchangeable en fotme do luula,

un moteur 6lectrique.
lui~rsi~ dontdo Ia rotation eat assnrie par
Cette rotation
diaque
in perford par dciii
d~termine lea trignonces fluctuation d. d~bit coapriacs entro quelqnes hertz et 200 Hz
-
maxisna.

La forine do La lunnie assure des fluctuations de type sinusoidal, as taille autoriac des ~pplus on mouns
import anti.

3.2.Movens ýLeseigre

Los naeture&
sont principahemant regroupdis dans dcix zones bian distinctes
I&hpresi~re correspond & In priac dlair, figure S. Los acenres do 1a preasion pari~talG Sent tffectu6Qa
snt he prof il interne de la carine et ant he corps central. Commie
nous Ie verons ult6riouresent, cat
6quipoment annez coaplet Dorset deastimer ha position du cocointerne ponr chaque point do fonction-
nement et do connaitre Ies diplacements do cc choc en prisence des instabilit~a do preasion engendrdoa
i Ilaval ;
Isldeuxiime ione sat aitui* done Is plan app*li "fin d. 41ff nacur" dana lequel on caractiriac 1.
fonctionnement de Ia print d1air. Ceast doneatcplan quo sent calcui~o lea coefficients ded4bit et
snrtout leofficociti de 1a prine dait. La figure 9 illustre, lox mayean utihlisis, tant atationnairea
gn'instationnaires.

Lora de cox ciacai, on Vsat d~abord attachA i catact~rimer La prise d~air dane tout son dosaine do
tonationnement pour let dcix configurations, avec at t~anpitge interne.

Lea r~tuntata obtenn asot pr~sensant ou Lamfgure 10. Lea couthes caractiriatiqnea montrent bitn linti-
t4t de Ia configuration &veo Piige A couch* limite intern. qui perset 4 augmenter senaibloemnt 1 edi-
cacit4 an prix, 1 seat yrai, dune parts do d~bit , mali colle-ci puut-itre compesie,par un. l1600e
augmentation ON Lasection Ventrie.

L'utiliaatioa do Is coaposenti continue dos aseures inatatioanaire aactateotic aut Is corps central at
I& carine Derset idobtenir, pout chaque point do faontionnement repirO sur La caraottriatique, La ripar-
titioa 4*8 preasione interne$ correspoadatea, figure 11.

Ceostracia, outre Ia coaprdena~iOa de 14COnlement interne renseighont, avie.

plus on Misns do pricision
Woen Les caa, ant La position dU cobo do recompression.

Ccci non. amine & Iafigure 12 gui prdlacte, pour Les configurations asic et sawnP016 interne, I*$
courboo reolatiwes am dipLacemeat du oboe at doane llelficacit acrorrspeasto.
8-4

On pout romarquor
-quo I& limnits our If Odne A l'amont
do pompage eat obtonue pour It Mat0 position longitudinalei du coboe
do l& Carina, quell* quo moit l&configuration.
Coci eat logique, si Von admet qu'uno dais causes connuem du diclonchement duipompago oct l1ingestion
par Ia price deir do Is ligne do glissesent foraie par l& rencontre dui*hoe droit at duichoc conique
issu do IaPointe.
-quo dan8 la phase do fonctionueseunt critique, Its dibattements longitudinaux sout plus foibles dens Ia
configuration even pMgt allVon observe une. augmentation sensible do l'officaciti loraque 1. choc so
trouve situi~au iiveau duipu~g intern*..

-quo lea positions duicobosent 6quivaloates, stmie

officaciti, dons tout 10 dobaino superoritique.

3.4. Risultats instationnaires

Le0fonictionnesont de 1& prige dair, sarisinstabilitts forciom itaut saintenant bion counni,noug allons
dons cette deuxiiime partie aborder Is phase instationnaire does
Coslasis, at tout d'abord caractiriser Ji
son tour 1s systimo ginirateur d'instabilitis.

Sur Ia figure 13, on a reportt lea points do fonictionnements obtenus avec lea doux hurbls (Col auxi-
liair*) pour dos positions do cloms-ci soit grondii ouvqrte, moit feraic at coci pour diffirentos posi-
tious fixe* do l'obturateur principal.

Los points do fonctionnzemont choisix, doencot exaople, au nombre do 3, ont Wt ditorsinis pour obtonir
trois zones : 'un. en suporcritique i partir dui point n'l, 1'autrt procho duipoint critique et Io
troisitse pour douner on position fermi. do h& lunulo, in point do fonctiosnterent he plus procho possible
du pompago. L'amplitude obtonue eat bien *Ordipondante do la taihlo do la hunuho utilisie.

Leassections dos lunults reprisentont 14 Ct 17,5 % do lo section d'entrie Al, ce qui eutraine dos dibat-
taeont& moxisaux do l'ordre do 30 % do l'officacitii.

Les courbos do h& figure 14 sont un example dos sionauu tomporels obtenus aum oyon des captoura installis
sur los parois duicorps central ot do ha carina..

A l'cval, d'autrea capteurs persettont 10 *scure do 1& promuiou statique, at do Is preasion d'arrit aoytuno
en fin do diffustur at digabocenitd'obtenir une rifirenc* proohe dii ginirateur d'instabilitts (pv).

Sur los tracis, los niveaux des prisos 1 et I montrsnt quo 1'icoultoaot au droit do cot prig*& Oct encore
muporsoniquo et,It tract trim plot, quo les fluctuatious eaganqlrieis & Ilavol $oAt bloqutes par It hobo.
on pout nettecoct voir passer colui-ci our Its Priest 03, n*4 et n45, les prossions correspondent
altornativosont sait i un icoulosent suporsoniquo soit A uu 6couhofont mubsonique.

Les niveaux do pressiou des pricst na6. 12Iindiquent par contra quo cellos-cl sout toujours situes;
doans un 6coulmosot subsoniqiie.

Loreque Va'n superpose lea flhuctuatious 10lcur lec riportitions loagitudifiales des presmiocs sooesnios,
pour un point do fonctioazoeant at ne frilquenco donate, on obitiest les courbas do I&figure is.

Pour loexamplo aboisi, on roasaque quo

-on subcritique (mooe A do ha caurbo caroctiristique), lea fluctuations maxsimolescmast obtenuos sur Its
preai~res primes, luato A proxiuit* 4u choc do recompression. Ua prige a0 l bion guo toujour, 4c suiper-
sasique oct I& plus icteraetloasi.. LUuca ~oeog cost 4"06l.
on cupercritique (&ane I do Istourbsocaraotiristique), Itmanimu oct dioclil ot situt our leg prices
D0& at 409. ad metrouvov 1t oboe ttrainol Pour am point 40 f"Otimaomaot, 1,e taus do 31(8baisc repi-
s.Correspondent 4 usnAI"ooet super-
defeat A lasoot dii ohat. Log fluctuations obsetvdies, dueImloaf
saalquo, isdiquoct quo Ueohme provaque Urdicohhomoct to I& MGM
oh IWO
t 4" o"tt dhwlobpoo our 1.
carps Central.

Coedpous &Mike I& comparaiscia its teaw do 3115poor lea dew: ooafiuratlao"a awe omalso pigo fakoroo.
VAocemplo act P0is000 figuro 14 pour de8 hoaetioaaosots 4iqaivloats It prmeks$ do rifise Oritique.
Le tout de, fluctuatiag, daom 1a oeatifuratioa gaca plit# oAt sottoemet pls 6lo#0 at *us"*g it OWo is
recompremiouat0 plusl1aiblo ile4val to cahlm-ei.
 ILepibg* qui stabilise Is choc joue done 6galosect ian rdleonC dmisuomut It Vic de, US ot an 6talant 1.,
processus.

j Loruqu* coo admots velours 4e RUS seut troacos, figure 17, *n function do Is,Srqueocot des insatshlitdo, -on
obse*rve Is. ad. d6cslag *utro, Its deux conS IOrtio ", avo "I' use
0*uas ficato i hneu pour
une friquence, proch. do 100 R:. Colle-ci correspond i inocoupisgo artc I& frdquenct twndamontalo dua
conduit. C*hul-ei n's, jamal, ddcIonoh6 I* pompage, oasloj 4#%. bion 6vjdent quo Iloo 4 intdrdt k *vitor
cotto diff icult* 51 lou counait Ma nillours letSrdquences West.psr Is combustion. 11 pourrait done
6tre judicieaax sait do modifier Is riglikgo dui**otur (to ddplaqont par eoocpl* Ios injoctours) salt do

longuour do munch. i air 41ff droutes pour #vltor tout coupisgo, intospostif.
pridvoir inut
4 - IMMIS8 DU "~U

,Los courbos t atclimas des figures 18 at 19 prdsootonkt Is systbts* do coo risultats pour Wo d0,4 conf i-
gurations dtudi**x.

Wlas rogroupont Its indicaitior.; do poiitiounesoot du choc Ottonuos ao statiounuiro, avoc 1'offiracatt
correspondent*.
Elo** indiquout, pour un col, auxillairo donut. let 6carts rialisds on statiquo.

311., dounntoutanfl pour diffdrentes trdquencos, los ddbattements du eboc et I** koartso tIttfcacitt

Qiipout notor qua let velours d'efficaait somblent toujours plus Isiblas quo cellos obttauss oaastati-
quo ;aon,felt Its *carts observds no tout Wa udcecssiremont siguificatifo.

Les pricisious obtonues tout our It.petition dos chaos quo aur 1t readosont pouwont Mr. I& cause do
coull-ci.
Dasg I& cautiourstio eonts. p14g* intestus. tiguro 18, an pout rtomrquor quo
ddpiocomonto dui
Itls choc (quells qua suit Us friquonct comprise santro 10 ot 100 ka) tout coins, 6teAdus
ton stationosiro ot Asttoigunot jessiels lichitos staticanaire..

11 fout 4goloemet tire quo vi an statiounsirs. an abriota des fluctuations do presolon do I ardro do
20 %, collog-ci toebeut rapideoacut 4 ian bivocu beoucciap plus f14bl% ta iaotatieeuoirs. principelmoet A
*cause du coefctienot do Striation duacol ftuailiairo. 11 Oct done unseal 4quo 1*9 ..sut*o do Votflcscit*
gaboat 414aloMot 905Prioo dons It i-OuhOttO StWOtlacil. 111os toot tautotelo &Ascot comrablog oam
r4oulteto quo 1'OR Wuait d4uttS do 1. V*W4olui Statioeaois dMQClo, %1to, tmdioo-ptdo. *tits~t~ pedod
* ~doomoat cur 1U pvtociouo.
Znuporritique, It ddbattomest W otv
C otr ut Us %oatsetatioenaro.
Be subavitiqo. pot coatr.to os ddbattomoAte di Choc soat Ponoockle toI positioe Iopls
;*S Oaea.
pour to Cooivirantioa awoe pidgo biters. tigue It I*,
lustchomroouqoo ldwatslo powtost itto tcilts.
mais doe dttiroeooe asensiblos cabistE t
- *a sbtatooasair. Ustittoso to dPlaiolamt do Oboe
so suit pas meso at costlatie,
- at logtatiooAia.be pOo It 1611" subeitito, Its ddbotteoeo~tg d @~o , Pour taotee I" tr4tg ao~
plso teftbieosr.
416eAs se,ustoot dome 1. ase toot do I&aI

uw ar
ti 11 isea sinu
do stin smasordao s,"

leO00000Wocit do leffttetdopoot
Wo..Clbe aoe.d
eftuastoor seiuukgel motlismect toeo!
peet rtlemdo poort atteoge.

dev sAn
ode ccW
ticcetl hilksohm
"t 6 vtedo
i. 1Moot u

cam to Gain hs ilgem Sam.

C" piisE. 10 tegrnsovedest ~
ftatot4 oe h011661oe do Is poies
Asaemt Psaint ac evd, ft MOs..
8-6

Co devaier so dicoapoas an trois pVaS$ I

- dam uw prftier tamps, i partly dlame positioa stable do choc A l'maoat dos1 varmnne, dens us toactiou-
assent trle subcritlque, on emisto k us aaoraqsg trA2 rapid*, us* irdiusnos do 200 Is apparalt aloft
ifigure 20b). La witeasei do dlplacesest du @ck"ask micrsat
do.7 U/s
- saailto, psadmat quolques fractioma dewo
aeds, 11lcoulumast oat trim *table alas dueassm partlo

- SAMl, Oa assist* 4 Umdisawasorq nat dos sigsaa 4*a ovmm plus portarble. IQ choc se d6laomat
&lots A0,1 rn/8 pour rtpreadr* ma poaltiom prwmtivt.

Pondant ce cycle. IS cboe pass* dose do I liaoot do la prise 01l our I. c~a* I& Vmrimes
*a$ ima It
lii fuasor.
Us soon. laI zoo* A 2000 It Prsast figure U1is sour IS pomitiou du cboc.

ft cosoluslos. il imut remarguor qo 1* 46421400 meetings %tilts*pour eliler its is"tabilitisaet IS

technique dessami soot aiess adaptls mu but recbherhl quaox isfrlqmoucem dexacitatxibos 'resepommiest
bis& muproblimast pool, maimt par coatre. biss qis Los difi remtes do piosoics ", tomeausae statlaumoirs
acisat trim Ilalevi (etmirca 20 Wt, lIe fluctuaticas 4. tresuica r441144411. teot to statitue peas prem-
aloe d'arnlt on fix 0e dittumaur vemtsat rslativemest foibles. al"e p,=a dog tediqsueme tile basses.

LqS Roabrqu seavegletrmeasut Wefftubm oat perail, d'approlosdir ISetoactionosmat doa pIse
OnnVfr pour
do"s eooiguraitioma gcAitriqoes iaterase : Asks is Jesoe dos tcequalmos rnlmtuio. 1. Room* is Is
prime deir am immale #t# d4loisurb pour We points is *stlossqseat bebitueim. IS Atoe ovast slavs
isudasco 4 so dplpicor estro Ies borses 4s. 7rigmo setotiooeirso aStu macaos maslificattoo.

1*esoul point sensible,.1

0A s #ufpeatetios d axioms 4*s fluctuations a 4t0 eetreuaa corroeo"6d 4 A&
1rd~tste profwo 44 comwdit.
LiepilgOWetsri quti lielte d'oe ft" *sportwote 19. 44viscommat da that. to Tecoeprematos et luas
UtM0tl wideste Uase IS OtAbIit as lluaaueast.t
X1fast towtotels ge nadier SlIt rloultote obutsua met rotte pviae del s mect gs8 e tabieet
titseotaseet tteePooe"leI" & 6,401# primse lair als si C0142-ci met tiloelairem. it feart earV14ee0i#
osmestrer q** Iee 6laoousts istmtss mSet eempeabito ; setlA-dire lseke *bto 0, Notts decit 1# tele
limit. 191 do met)a6M1140 jetm at&iits
few"ru4%d"rpa
olso again",e Ui os.et itio measmet pas
reeeitee Iee rlaultat. P,4,lleth mas Sast *I"aabo
414se
ink*togr *d"*dee

*0*9" htti*UA
 [ CCI.fliCK !Aus)
O-N7

I twtT0 oft

Io tatknd MatUa P antua wlqe

I ____________
8-8

VERSDEOSITIVITRE

SATEIONI D'ISA5fl
MGENGR

MESURE AUIUARET INSTAT1NNAIRE

ISAON

I*~

del'ipnste
8-aiEqiet gndflte
Fi.6pise idS

ME$URUSIATIWN IEBR

U COL UXILIANIAYOINAWNT

-- i dd~itt
- wWe
9 RIg
 8-9

AVECPIEGEINTERNE

Fig. 10. Pnsed'aircirculaire.

011%

r_7F- - -__ ý. REei-nder

pout difdtow pwounde tknewt6oM~m0

11-Pwi odi1iw
 COLSONIaUE
AUXILIAIRF.
INTERCHANGEABLE

Fig. 13 -Amplitude stationnaire des perturbations.

I pig

0.0

Fig. 14, Mesum imtotioflfltivs.

ho.. IS - M0ndn. dWp tewo1

 RMS P6 0

(DI

IQ01 AVECPIG65INTERNE
~ iFig. 16 - Fluctuations de pressiofl,
SAN P401

SANS IECEfonctionnemeflt proche du point critique

X-"
_______
L.-.Xmm

020 P1001
SANS

AMIPIIIEGINTP.RNE

esfutatosd
Fig,1. Efe de.-.lafdunc.*

-U t

I---

FS1- IS-P sto sduc o anen

et efic d c rep n

it.~ Poiton choc inte

Poiuon duo
et tffkcadt# torrsponanh

(1014.tio (cnhgeo sin pug)

V tVW
8412

fe 0.6H. f am00NZ

0. 0.

0 4 0.09 4112 0.178 0.724 -0.772 0.370

Fig, 20 - Mesures pendant laphase de pompage.

I . =1J lit

Fig. 21 - Mours pesndantlaph&* d* pompe.

 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IM NA14JET PRESSURE OSCILLATION TECHNOLOGY
by
P. A. Chun, J. A. Loundagin, J. A. Nabity, S. 9. Ayler
Airbreathing Propulsion Branch
Naval Weapons Center
China Lake, California, 93555-6001
USA

SUIMMARY

Dynamio matching of a supersonic inlet and ocmbustor is a major consideration in

ramjet propulsion development. The inlet shock System present under supersonic speeds
must be kept stable under all engine operating conditions. An unstable shook system
could result In Inlet unstart and/or buzz and undesirable pressure oscillations in the
ramjet engine. To date, there is no technique for determining If a particular ramjet
engine configuration will have combustion-induced pressure oscillations.
This paper summarizes current experimental and theoretical techniques applied to
*the characterization of liquid fuel ramjet coabustors. Comparisons betwiten steady-
state and dynamic data are provided to show how both types of Information are Used to
interpret engine behavior.
*LIST OF SYMBOLS

APTF Airbreathing Propulsion Test Facility

A3 Combustor chamber flow area
A5 Exit nozzle flow area
F/A Fuel-to-air
FM Frequency modulation
ON2 0aseous nitrogen
1810 Inter-Range Instrumentation Group
LVDT Linear voltage displacement transducer
NWC Naval Weacons Center
PF1 Fuel control valve Inlet static pressure
P1.gl4 Inlet static pressure at location 1.54, Pat&
P1.72 Diffuser static Pressure at location 1.72, pasi
F4.i4 Combustor static pressure at location 4.4, plal
pIIs Root mean square
Nl Flowseter
INTOODDJOTION
Depending upon the trequency and amplitude, an unstable Inlet shook system could
not only affect the Inlet performance and margin, but also could have a detrimental
effect on the combustor thermal protection system and the guidance ani control
components. Although no technique Is currently Available to determine it a particular'
ramjet configuration will be susceptible to combustion-Induced pressure sacilaticoas*
work summarlaed An Ileference I has shown that oscillations depend. on & number of
factors, Including F.Arto emeaue pressures. and geometries. I&~ inlA t
that the amplitude of the aosillations increases as the fueli-to-sir ratio Increases uip
to the atoichiometria value. Some correlation has been @een between higher atplitude
oscillations and lower Inlet temperatures and pressures. The, trequencies of the
oscillations increase with both FIA ratio and Inlet temperature. Daal, however, are
still Incomplete sines fuel managements fuel lajeetloai system, and flsaholder
responses. have not been established.
This Ppaper discusses techniques and results of both steady-skate ea
A dyabie:
measurements tor ohareoterlinsi the stabiliti of a ramiet combustora.

these results Vere Obtained dueing three "frits of espartmnta~linetaiosf

small-diameter tappe'eaiuately 8 Inches) ceater-dump. combustor. Testing was.
end the£ibreathial
accowplished it NUC using lhe T*1ang. high-pressure Ali%facility'o
Tropulaion Tost' faellity (Alft?). Based "~ previous t~sts of .similar engine
coniguatins lo-frquscylmngitudinal mode- pre~ssu wellsatoo,were 44tlitpAtad

Approved for publie releaset diAstrbutoea to umlisited.

9-2

in this combustor. These did not ocour. However, the combustor exhibited pressure
Oscillations tentatively identified as tangential or "screech" mode combustion
instabilities. These instabilities, at a frequency of approximately 2000 hertz, did
not degrade the overall combustor performance. However, there was concern that the
vibrations due to the combustion instabilities could have a detrimental effect an the
guidance and control components Of & missile. The three series of technology
investigation tests and experiments provided a follow-on to the original combustor
baseline development; they were designed to characterize the combustor flow, identify
Instability, and evaluate methods for suppressing the instabilities. During
these Of
Modes tests and evaluations it Was apparent that great care had to be taken in
obtaining and evaluating high-frequency response pressure data.
TEST CONFIGURATIONS AND PROCEDURES
The baseline combustor configuration shown in Figures I and 2 Was tested In a
direct-connect, or connected pipe, mode. Figure 1 is the horizontal configuration
tested at the NWC T-Range facility, and Figure 2 is the vertical configuration tested
NEC APTF. The thick walled combustor case allowed a "heat sink" mode of testing
withthetypical
at combustion run times of approximately one minute. The configuration used
one two-dimensional inlet, which transitions to a circular cross section, that dumps
into the combustor. During the testing, heated air simulating the desired flight Mach
number and altitude conditions entered a plenum chamber prior to being supplied to the
engine through a direct-connect inlet.

-51.5 -21.5 -0

Y1~
s
SCALE, INCRES

tV-FASS AIR SLOT

VITIATED_-

A~~SATO LOCATIONSOC~iO
AMlL sOrlTOu LOCATION FOR TIOLCAOS

Vlgos
. scleaal Cooflgowatle for' Dircet Coboot,
or Casaseta Pipe Coobutor loat setio.

As stlfdard test proendfre4 the foaelIity ac was heated to a propane burerms during
M in a "Pdogtan-ftUd burner durifg the AMl tenti. Otygmn was
the I-PAnge testeasd
then added to eutablish the ap"Prpiate oupen Imass feaetien to %me sir. Ithe ramIJss
fiel ll r aG te "aS nstt Set to @j1#& the r"Ueourd aquivaefta e ratio, And the Mistrsw was
I1gnited With an" WNIO' tofth. 40ter 14ittLl, the totl trl~ "as "opt 4#0P Use desire
"t'glot ruel-to-air ratios..

"ahtaomnatied piot Inlet ssetiw ineieed the bypass '4r slo0t, as iwsan ink figgres
#an 2. 1Me asset of air katua~ly fam!"g. U0rou the byaaa slot was fost a~sued
directly. lnsteado the airflow enterings tho eosbueter was etiattLed usling ak
wrrelatio oat 111let% statio feasureimv ia t station .1.15 (P1.5W). Mhebypass aierlow
"S as oUtad as the diffrence between t" tota" U10140w *#taitage pe#Joao and tho
airflou e*Wrterg the esabssor,
I

58.00

8.00 EJECTOR

.(1032)
COMBUSTOR

78.08

DIFFUSiR

BYPASS DUCT

PLENUM CHAMBER

INLET AIR SUPPLY

rljare 2. Vertiaol Configuration for

reot.-conneot or Connected-Pipe
Combustor Test Setup.

Fuel system

Figure 3 is a moheastlc or the fuel system hardware used in the oombuator testa at
the T-tie 144-4 ?%-
erýokldo bc deivtypd to the engine tron either of two
fuel supply vessels. On* vesel wasathe atandard facility fuel tank presaurized by
compressed nitrogen, and the other was a 2-ft3 expulsion cylinder presaurlied by fuel
from the facility fuel tank. This dual supply system was used to Investigate the
eatect* of dissolved nitrogen in the fuel on engine performance. NJ-I fuel pressvrited
directly by nitrogen can contain gas in solutios-up to 15% by volume-measured At the
conditions of the solution. It was theorized that, when fuel preasure %as decreased
downstream of the fuel control valve, large volumes of gas would evolve from the
eaturated fuel end cause uneven fuel flow through the fuel injectors. Fu*l supplied by
the expulelon cylinder was driven by a free-floating piston and was devoid of dissolved
fnitrogen. Preliminary analysis of engine performance using the two tuel supply vessels
has sho"wno.ditffreene in operation between nitrogen-rich and nitrogen-free fuel.

From the supply veasei the fuel was directed through a flightuolght type N0iel
control valve, which metered the fuel flow rate. The valve was an electromechanteal,
eavitating venturl type, designed and fabricated by .'he farquardt Company ( t
IttC.
iee operated either mnuelly or autonatically from a dig'ital electronic fuel
controller. In the manual mode, the valve pintle position was controlled direatly via
a potentiometer on the fuel controller, with fuel flew rate through the VFI tlow~ter
visually monitored for feedback. In the automatic mode, pressure transducer outputs
from riM in the inlet diffuser and Pri at the ruel control valve inlet, %ln#with a
desired VIA ratio comand signal froe a potentiometer, were input to the fuel
cotrolle 4 dig1tal computer. Ihe comute. used eagle and valve calibrations to

- . ..., '

- j- "i.-•
9-4

P AREESSUREOW FLW F
VALE NVE MEER LO

Fiue3 -ageFe ytmHrdaeShmtc

calculate
the valve p~~~~~~~~~~Intepsto o h eie / ai. A nl4febc
servo ~~~ ~ ~ ~ systemL ~ ~ thndoeAhLavepnVEt
~h ~~FE
oaddpoiin
Fuel~ON frFtevleUn~e h n Ectrmnfl.L a isrbtdt i ls
arappe
wall~~~~ vaial neoo oze orfe mztio notecmutr
The~suppl ~ ~ ~ E Fue PULIO
EytmuedaXh
issoniT shmtciMFgr . I
consistedAN
ofaCg-rsuefe xuso akwt aeu irgnpesrzto
~~
system, ~ a ulpesr
euaoantoko ~ PP
orprle oiAtinrgltr
vetiso usra
varios
rmotel
aieswth
opeatedAnn air-peraed o/offvalvSTloARTe
fe reiue insrs
~~N with
either and
each
numerous
venturi,~~~~VALVEsfles ny te rsueadfo aesnos
or byi he afour as cnrlew Ichdrce
ofthe
discrete~
flowAIN
andventuris,
~ ~fuelN ~i
~~ aFou ~A
egn
u
Annin valves, wtruhtevnui
flw~rtGote
16-posit~~~~ioAI
The~~ rotTUry
ar d bom ielLe.
~ ~ ANI a i nFUELlrl
. 03tcin
W thAnnIn
t c m an e lo r FLtOth ThE R f u v l e w re c
a. e t t is t ol d b a
tests~~LO weecnutdbrsuiFn2h uleplintakadstigtefe o
pressureALV
reuaoMoaEedtrie au. ThERiiilfe lw aew a slce f 1
by opninghe deiredcombiationof
Anin vlvesand ten oEnigTheminfe at te deie
h nie MEhERwr tbLzd
vawe,4
values,
fuel flnwthFifo to~~~~~~~F odtos trog
the PUM,.toswsititdb oen gth sar vle. Dig
the~~~~~~~~AVU
th / atowsvaidb
test trigte oayswtht cag h
combination~~~~~~~~~~
ofvORi rm~ nth ulmtrr ytm

Figure
5 Figure 3. "howathe avalalSseminst wruentto
Sc oumtic. n h t

hardwaryse, tepentdroin thes figures arne

to he
st maticd siur
pre iond.h"oo oain
auel
trotehvalveqen respone pressurectormansfued.loctie
waNosrbtealdo the higluh
wrealcy paribesureapoppet iowere nozes~ for fuese atesizts.n inefolown hihefrebuenoy
presue loctiosupl sysremusedthrug thes two iserishowni scematiclnum bypass e.it,
cK~onsiand of a.3hihprsue wfureol expulsionen tanihangsdouces wetroenmanufacurezatby
tois
systPem, anc reuaoantrk
(fdeuel21
presr h obe inu pahlel onavi byassn vextit, of
with ac etr,
and n5usemteruValvesenn,
filers,-anfdprestube teanide
flwrthe remandors
Th"e waelflo
m rutetothe engine r.ur ws cnrledb h ue euaorusra
 A9.5

S~VALVE CHECK

MAIN
VALVE

"•1PRESSUkE
V,REGULATOR

S .TANK

SN2 S S .4
STORAGE PRESUR4.

i REGULATOR
SFILL P UMP FIT R o

FLOWMETERS START
VALVE
INJECTOR

NETOS COMBUSTOR

DIFFUSER

-------- ~r-- -- -- - -- 1
Figure 41. APTF Fuel Syetem Hardware Schematic.

STA 3,0 STA 4.2

sTi 3--, STA-',11 STA--43 STA 4.5

YW 3.31 TW 3.11 TW 4.1 TW 4.21

TIN&33 TIN 3,13 TW k12 YINU3

rigure S. Locations o Coembuetor Vall ?hereoeouple&.

The no•resonaAt, semi-infinite tube technique has been ised to measure high-
frequency pressure oscillations in turbojet engines (Referenaes. 2 and 3). In this
technique, a long tube Is used as a waveguide for the fluetuations, The tube Is Ion#
enough that the fluctuations diesipate before reaching the end. The technique ensures
that there will be no reflections and thus no resonance. This meane that the acoustie
Impedance* which Is the product of the gee density and the velocity of sound divided by
the cross-seotional area, must approach a constant. This is accomplished by niniiasing
erose-eeotional area changes, especially at tWe pressure transducer Inleat port, and
avoiding major ohanges in the gas properties.
9-6

STAI 1.0 $TA1.21 STA1$D S4A1131K

.TA

P S14111I A I.I
ST&iTTil.
T1.05
21.215
242ST
. 211
.. 42
8TA !
M 5"11
21422 (IM
) S14 It. $TA
.
It
. .,• ' - T
--
-
-
.
U
-- -
.

113
TA [ 121 [STA

a. Inlet. b. Combustor.

Figure 6. Locations of Static Pressure Transducers.

S:TA 1.76

P1.0
tl STAtU
STA STAI
S 1.2 SA 1.6 TAL

pK 1.1 112
PK4~

........

.... ...... . . .
f Ligr e b. U Loetaeio of CoTbvatesp
MIgh-Vrequvnoy-malp~e..
pceaaw Treaftmeu .
• ~
.. ~ ~ . ... . . .. .

.. : . • +
 I
I
9-7

Figure 8 is a schematic of the installation and location of the high-frequenoy

total pressure probes. The probe at location 1.75 consisted of a 1/4-inCh-diameter

pitot tube with a right angle turn that faced upstream into the airflow and was located
3/8 inch into the airflow from the diffuser wall. This stainless steel tube was
attached to a drilled block of stainless steel (1 inch by 1 inch by 3 inches). To
accomplish this installation, a 0.187-inah hole was drilled through 3 inches of the
block. This hole was then drilled and tapped to accept a 1/4|ainoh flare fitting. The
0.25-inch stainless steel probe was then silver soldered into the flare fitting.
Throughout this internal flow path, there could be no cross-seetional area differing
from the interior of the stainless steel tubel that is, theWya were to be no projected
- reas. At the other end of the drilled 0.187-inoh-diamete--Iile, a 50-foot line of
stainless steel tubing was attached with the end plugged to provide a nonresonating
chamber.

Swi-uuORn
HNI-MS4MINT TU

114-L

PRtin ecu 114 Q&AM momSI

IL
W ,..5,1-Ut

U4,.-..

cIU
WINNN

Figure . lataflation a&M Loeation at Mlgh-4c -Ieay-maea

Tota Pea
w oVbe.

The water-amold high-fraquaticy tratwduaor ~tMauf

citod by '.ipping a 0.50-11tf-
diameter by 2O-thread-por-Ineh halo ftto the lide. f the sitalless steel blit t at
all* or 90 degrees to the 0.18Mh-4 a I el ter le. O.mtOiro* hole wI o Wood to
Goeadl~t %M 0.147-l"Gh-alimew fl row "~lth to the trafhsakier wttt. tlhi h~ish-Ttof y , ,,
prompoe signals ahd 1114 "roretie time were roo~ro on a V14IN-trao% 4,4416 tapa
P~leat-4er. Artalysta of the r'vsultiog"% Was
o"t i mpishAd udiPt a .fast Fouier . -
traaatwe 4l1l1,4 sig,
l anlatcr.

The effect o1 sliw'attoo leteivi oft thet -rqmo o~f~ttp 1

ektatsiviely atdlied Woawe two wiot faolitites •ere od uakt eW6Use tfti• i0404tor
sitand Was ageid tro. Nwciteatul to Vertical.. To eafetively '•aurte #4I1088v
oueillatton ti t a enljt 0"Weittoc, ittet an
A leewi duilag eCIOettI6o, tii. eht .@'a
VjM "aut VA isolated fro t"l ivibr~ado Ie~peate of the. b.4h fftqutfy promwei*
tranedur 14w eb;-lnfftfilte
I" nonreolnant toue teoMiltu tIa irtkwix to ~eO
With*ut Itaiit iQol0i0 criteria tiwt% ali mtet'Ali to %tse. itaif"tt dliatano. let*"
.aimutetss etc.) topr doeai lng the "00"n ra t i tra 'tide to 0 tOI , Teitio. l . ..
W.I to IdUtilVY thIee NlItilii 4nd to Migt* t14 *iViAtit6 Mit"OAS to im ie~Optl-
Sslevel or to Idiotit 1*. vithiet level iittIaiii. Tm details ot thiia toi'eoetiltli
"ee edt*i1ie4 is Gereftet . 1" reultu wore tmt the e lo tO. moncom.a...
Sube .t0litai "# *tot@@tlvy to too "dla ibttlrAtIo I*P8 of. Ibo
 948

transducer and producing a clean acoustic signal. Oscillation auplit~udcs Of less than
55 of the total pressure *an be resolved as acoustic In origin.
Figure 9 shows the results of two high-frequency pressUr'e transducers directly
mounted such that one Was Measuring in the actual airflow with acoustic and vibration
input and the ether was plugged, resp--nding odly to the vibration spectrum. This was
for a system With an acceleration of several thousand gs at high frequency. Note that
the ordinate scales are different on the two plots, This graphicalily illustrates the
contribut~ion to the data of the vibration component, The vibration component can be
significantly reduced with proper Implementation ot the semi-infinite. nonresonant tube
technique. The vibration levels have to be established to provide understanding of the
aCOUstift levels3 and to interpret highi-frequency presSUre Measurements correctly.
Vibration data must not be superimposed on the Pressure data. Otherwise. the result
would be overstatefmnt Of the actual dynamic Pr63S~UeO flWOtuat ions.

41

445 I

fUT IWJI.TS
Theo tn ~tcM~ a r~t ~i~t ~.II~~ 0t44Tee ui
*to-air ratia eWeop4 "t.q t-M~jttSO 4t m4~ ;IoNt tes hwof#41, at "it AWr
.th fn
d4141 w~ kjaVy.1- jtftoW;. _IW4fr4a with loego r~ioeo at ~I It"I.
Vlitai. 10 *OieKv 4 oala ft~ ~ia~ tIhoAI so~ain a
WoatWa iM? A,4itfga t of UfA fratlo, *00 oi be-tnAvio 41ilaie aro
At*., f i#*-
the stat-Ai @C"suie at t#Ai4 , .4As 0" hsjt! itta 49taroaSPt in 1A~io At
1h~~
A~i oi ~an~~.i~ esso s ee tuht tt 44y an ootat i# lweatfoo -it
tim -~qee katfidau~vr at IoMWAo 1.4 4A "' t 4a# twe *"C o rl-ftiatt
theIf
*ree
A t t# v* tt . All aad oa, cAmrv -#all tiv ".0tting. the wiltw
to b# dritwa by a "i~liaginc tus*t tho Net. dis iftrlkot ov~eam0 owe prifry
5Sitoxsun t #ON*% t#604ally 4td spatially. Ilt* Lplhtutia at t" vvin 40"S
ali w e6@NI#
raploy. bWit tASeadtet 41"""n tr*ae toW CV"Ut"W 4"0~ "ti "' I

5la't4 OWNs ffq00155. f~tur* W su"I 01 t we~trmif,1%* I loll*AI t AwotaIOw 1..T2 O4I
in f,% i@t.&top At 41"ati M). r" tow b&eit# 44tuitiott a-t. s Am. roS
4*wlt.
a* s &Mobar~edat 4Ata#attp
sheali
 got9

is is -A uuiAm

a.ocaio 10. Cosalo 7 rabn 3-6500 21 INS)

YMvyaig
ge-1141 rOsat* Qallto
at .' Locai"
AtIon AM1.? 11ti' W~

U*Fim
t ffd taWtr tl.ui 4 a11 UM fSAw IUSiflt W

a. Location
efM4.I."& ofLitoo al rtlmmt
). k'014W -1

'A1V The . e #1
*nflo w a id*~ate aid wrtoul 0.4 "it ~toI" (imt'd i guflS) tuif *eoer
Okethe taismtW 1ofasI*t o d aote taskh~ wn he 4 ai itt l."aigre at
40thib* 1.1apaciotiOse that 1S dnicist o'rtiobphla li # fl Fwito¾1W4 paflf ~t Sil
[ ~ ~ t" 64enn ou. ot Mgae te so"eaIseo theuut t4- thej ihee
u'# wIs t rnu%*fwove

cieecata trtS rastystl &ht*S

is w tlnedp
4 to se t"t t o*ld1*utIOi fig
pt"trt" @ InO nf rn@#
I I $.t t he at littlurtig t thcisintaone a ?-. thtas**)
tti6%sg0ati ti ewfot side te side
wwan row"t oaf Oew e4w tat"4tusand
tas thee t*
t" lI tcu
lsat Iwetnd
Ar~e t s aeletebttistIO sft"**fe 'nt S 0tfwer
noinAt
4
i~-t ot beaviesifto
l t t"s s 64ate
wis . 00 -iut
tic ttteEr te poSwatis
owl s ito
This wiw 64m ft~siiity
nt No
hai00 ' 50tstUb*Saft*p a tt~~reqsv p~nprs
 9-10

: ?75 PK1.76 A/ ^.

P66

55

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.0

TIME.MS(C

Figure 12. Pressure Amplitude Versus Time

Distribution for Dynamic Total Pressure
Probe Measurements PKI.7SA and PKI.75B.

50

400

96

4S-

-- t.OM PK

0. 0.2 al 1.0Q-

.. _.i. _, _.8-8• - - L -- , - -

TIMI.MSOE

Figure 13. Comparison ot High-Frequency

Pressure Amplitudes at 1.75 and
eoratuons
1.72 with Plenum Total Pressure and Averae
Total PMessure at Location 1.75 (Without
Aerodynamic. Grid).

|65 One diagnostic technique that would be very desirable when engine performance is
being Investigated is the oapability to determine tao maxoimum combustion efi'oieno¥ of
any given oumbustor' configuration. indopondunt of the fuel injector oonfigurstion,
This diagnostic technique would provide design goals fOr optimisation st fuel injector
configuratiuns and other mixing devicous. investigation,
For this technology PLENUMl
technique :•as used that consisted of injooting fuel into tote plenum instead oft hrough
the fuel injectors. The fuel injectors wers removed, and the purt• wer.e pluggA•. The
fuel was injected through two swirl orifice injeotors. 160 degrees apart, into the
plenum. Ample residence time was provided for the fuel and air to be premised prior to
entering the combustor. There appeared to be a flamehulding sane residing upstream of
the combustor in the plenum. A pressure wave traveled upstream, ignitin$ the fuel in
the plenum. Figure liishows the ignition spike characteristic observed during this
typ.. of tust in the combu¢tor and in the plenum. Comparisos oft he two shows the time
delay between the two locations 6 and it is noted that the levels after ignition are

i9
 quieter in the combustor than in the plenum while burning and flameholding are
exclusively in the plenum. Further refinements to this technique will inclide instream
and oontrastream fuel injection in the inlet/ditfuser through orifices and use of swirl
devices to premix the fuel and air better.

Testing was conducted in which the diffuser was instrumented with high-frequency
pressure instrumentation. This was done to determine whether the osc0llations observed
in the duct were also present upstream. Figure 15 shows the spectrum in the diffuser
at the bypass. There is no l:idioation of an instability at the bypass.

IO5 LHO

ul 40, 40
~30-0
,.°I
20 20

10

TIMr MC TIME. MISEC

a. Ignition Spike In Combustor. b. Ignition Spike in Plenum.
Figure 14. Pressure Amplitude Versus Time While Fuel Was Being Injected into the
Plenum.

ILO

II

U
1A IN U 4 U U
rUUU X i' Ik
rUip 1S. 30etr.l DiatrLbution at th 8y1ae Slot.
9-12

CONCLUSIONS

This paper sunmarizes the dynamic and steady-state experimental techniques used in
the technology investigations of a small-diameter liquid fuel ramjet combustor. The
results of these investigations give insight into the complicated nature of the actual
flowfields and provide techniques for characterizing them.

The techniques for measuring high-frequenoy pressure oscillations in ramjet engines

are being studied and refined. The nonresonant, semi-infinite tube technique described
in the test has provided a method of eliminating enhancement of the pressure
oscillation measurement magnitude due to reflections and resonance in the
instrumentation lines.

If the test hardware has mechanical vibration, the acoustic response must be
isolated from the vibration response of the high-frequency pressure transducern during
measurement of pressure oscillations. The nonresonant, semi-infinite tube technique is
difficult to Implement without having specific criteria (such as materials to use,
standoff distances, tube diameters, etc.) for decreasing the response of the transducer
to vibration. If the test hardware is characterized well, the nonresonant, semi-
infinite tube technique will provide valuable and accurate information,

Dynamic measurements are imperative when studying flowfield phenomena; steady-state

instrumentation alone cannot provide complete characterization. However, the
techniques of utilizing dynamic instrumentation must be thoroughly understood.

REFEREXCES

1. F. E. C. Culik, "Report of the JANNAF Workshop on Pressure Oscillations in

Ramjets." 7-8 September 1980, Monterey, California.

2. W. H. Shaffernocker. "Current State-of-the Art for Airbreathing Combustor

Measurements." Presented at the Symposium in In4trumentation for Airbreathing
Propulsion, September 1972, and published in Instrunentation for Airbreathing
Propulsion. Vol, 34. 1974, MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

3,D. R. Englvnd and W. B. Richards. "The Infinite Line Pressure Probe." 3Oth
International Instrumentation Symposium, May 1984, Vol. 21, pp. 115-124.

4, James Nabity And James LoundAgin. Naval Weapon3 Center. China Lake. California.
11!12 t.10fiiate N 3 ~nat TUb Ptb f H lsh Frauno
dnareMen. November M98Y. (NWC TH 6126.)

S. Stephen J. Kline. "On the Nature of Stall.* Journal of 84ai iflono@r1fx.

September 1959. pp. 105-320.

ACEKNULMOUO TS

The authora wivh to grAtefull ackpowteodgo vork dne by J. 0. deudot, R. R. Dunlop. and
T. 0. Pieroy of The Marquardt rompany And by W. H. Cldrk, J. K. Atson. W. K. Jaul, And
K. D. Colemoa or tho Naval WVapona Centr. 8esults of their wori provided toolhosal
data. lnformation. direetig, and ifsglhtto the teohnoleog inoatlona.
 9-13

DISCUSSION
LeBlond, Fr. 5

1. What was the position of the injectors in the test facilities?

2. Did you change their position?
3. What is then the influence on the instabilities?

Authors Reply:

The fuel injector positions were varied, axially and radially.

There were also varying combinations of flush-wall, contra-stream
and in-stream mounted fuel injectors. Those configurations which
promoted a more uniform fuel/air mixture decreased the amplitude
of the pressure oscillation.

H. B. Weyer, Ge,

You have been using 50ft long lines to measure the

steady-state pressures. Have you been aware of the fact that those
techniques read mean pressures at considerable error depending
on fluctuating amplitude and pressure wave shape?

Author's Reply:

The semi-infinite, noaresonant tube technique does introduce errors

in attenuation, distortion and time delay, but these errors are less
than those errors which are introduced by similar-sized transducers
which do not use the semi-infinite, nonresonant tube technique.
In our frequency range of interest (0 to 3000 Hiz),we find ;here is
about a 3-4Z distortion.

$." •
 10"1

REHEAT BUSZ - AN ACOUSTICALLY COUPLED COMBUSTION INSTABILITY

A.P. Dowling
Reader
University Engineering Department
Trumpington Street
Cambridge
CB2 iPZ
United Kingdom

SUMMARY
Reheat buzz is a low frequency instability of afterburners. -It is caused by the
interaction of combustion and acoustic waves within the reheat duct. The acoustic waves
perturb the combustion, while the unsteady combustion generates yet more sound leading to
the possibility of instability. A simple theory has been developed and tested by comparison
with results obtained on a premixed rig. The theory is able to predict the frequency of the
instability and the mode shape, accurately reproducing the effect of changes in flow rate,
inlet temperature, duct length and fuel-air ratio.

1. INTRODUCTION
Reheat buzz is a combustion instability involving the propagation of longitudinal
pressure waves in a duct. A similar instability has been observed when a premixed flame
burns in the wake of a bluff body in a duct. There schlieren photographs (i) show that
oncoming acoustic waves perturb the flame, causing it to move and change in surface area,
thereby altering the instantaneous heat release rate. Rayleigh's criterion (2) states that
if heat is added unsteadily in phase with the high pressure part of a sound wave, the wave
will grow in magnitude. Therefore, provided the phase relationship between the pressure
disturbances and the unsteady combustion is suitable, the pressure waves in the duct gain
energy. Disturbances grow in time if their energy gain from the comoustion is greater than
the energy radiated from the ends of the duct.
A linear stability analysis for a flame burning in a duct has been developed by
Bloxaidge, Dowling 4 Langhorne (3) and compared satisfactorily with the experimental
resalt4 of Langhorne (4). The work presented here simplifies the theory of Bloxsidge et al,
while retaining all its essential features.
The equations of motion for linear disturbances of frequency w , in a duct with heat
release and mean flow are derived in section 2. These equations can be readily solved once
the boundary conditionv end the heat rels,'se rate are specified. It Is found that only
certain discrete values of ca
tg exist as free modes of the flameaduct orringelmnt. If the
imaginary part of w is naeative the disturbance grow3 in time and the system is unstable,
Real 4 gives the frequency of this unstable mode. The relationship between the perturba-
tion in la release rate and the flow must be Peified. Rayleigh emphasited the import-
ence ef this relation hip. It not only determines the stability but also affects the (re-
qu•n•. of the oscillation (2). Models describing the dependence of the rate of heat rclease
on.flow perturbations are well developed for gas and oli burner ports (5-7) and for rocket
systces (8). filoax:dge at al (3) dotermiovd A flame model for the afterburner g•omatr IH
which there is on approelable man flow and the combustion Is distributed. We use their
model in this work.
In Atctip" 3 the theory to tent@d by cigmparison with @xperIMentA1 resultm on a premixud
ri~j.the efftets of some di forvnves botweenf the rig and an afterburner 4re dieccused in
beat Ion~ 4.

2.* aTfAM n0W .,U.CT

It.A WI. HEAT NMLCN.

Consider i to A fl. In A dut of unifror. A.ra A. S1inc

our initarest As rimarily. In the onse~t of Iinstability, whien the applitude oifthe @@Q1llationo
is igmail, only o the *@.In flow will be eansaidored. 'Mon @eah Pearler
tierdsubne
eltmeea pay be analysed sayrately and Itjigsauffittlat just to eonoider 4tesurba~nt'-o with
time dependoen a lt. The frequenvVy of the buss owde to low and its vielerwgsh io 1004 to
4oMperison wtth the duet diamoter, Therof~or only plane avouotie, wvesd torky ofnerqy and we
treat ste~ flew Us ft-aeajnl*Man
vAluds will be 4enoted by an V~tbar sWthat ithe
eAsel weleety 045,t), tar ""aPlot eat be eaprassod lit

-where die fluctuating component .t) Notao t). The Pr.ssure V# 4 ineity 0 and
tM*erature f Oay be.psa-.d i. a simile way.

Imperisetacl resulto on ia laboratory t10 t.) rhow that burt%1#4 persists throughout the
r~agla dowstream of the Clap*-holdato a Wtngth whieth eat be an appreciable tracti"n iat sh
ee4Mleg~tht We therefore oausider distriboutd boat release. lhe aguesseas at m"ats
 10-2

momentum and energy conservation for the mean flow are respectively:
d-

+ ;)-U 0 (2.2)

and
d
R(c -c
•T 1-2
2u) . a!x)2 . (2.3)
puA

cp is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure and (x) is the rate of heat
release per unit axial length of duct. in addition to these equations we have the perfect
gas law
S- R;T.(24

When j(x) is specified as a function of x. and the flow is given at one axial position,
x - 0 say, equations (2.1) - (2.3) can be integrated with respect to x in a straight-
forward way to determine the mean flow at all positions downstream.
We will now go on to consider perturbations from this mean cqnjition. For a mean
flow satisfying (2.1) and a linear disturbance proportional to elt•, the one-dimensional
equation of mass conservation reduces to
d 6

Similarly the momentum equation simplifies to

W+ ~~
tv - iwd& + ;a) (2.6)
while the energy equation becomes

d 1 u)
y(o .uc~ + uuS iucw (a ~ j4tv~(CC"v, (2.7)
ql(xat), Re(4(x)eiwt), is the perturbation in the rate of heat release per unit axial
length. ov is the specific heat capacity at constant volume, For a linear disturbance
the perfect gas law gives

When the mean flow, the frequency v and the relationship between 4(x) and the flow are
specified and the flow perturbations are given at one axial position, these equations can
be Integrated numerically with respect to x to determine the flow perturbations at all
positions downstrean.
We mso then that If, %. the flow is known at one position in the duct
for a given
and we have a flame model to determine qbt•t), both the sean and fluetuating flow can
be calculated at all other mist positions by Integrating equations (.1) - 023)1and
12.51 - .12.7) nupmrically. in the next section we will deonstrate how this can be used
to determine the bus; frequency i a praielod laboratory rig.

3. CotPARISO a it"91tt W (PD flfr FOR A PWUOtIl Ric

the geometry of the ewambridge Reheat anitonig has been d~stkabe~d-in detail by
Laghotne M4)and ti illuttrated In Figure 1. Th@ working setion Is A duat of circular
t-flwasfti- won,
hose leoth L can be varied. Air Is supplied at constant pressure to A
choked twisle at the up-strea end of the working section. In a siilar way, the ful
"(ethyletnel i Injected at constaft teomeiatur@.and pressure thtrugh Choked holes. the
"fuel and air mix effectively In the •1o2l, thus supplying a preilkwd gas of uniform
fuel-air ratio and cOnfstAnt ass flow rate to the working section. the flam1n itabllie"
ti the vake of a bluff body Consisting of a eonical gutter supported M a at**, and all, the
burnilg length is visible through quatts dacei4o.
We choose a coordinate system in which the origin, a e 0, is at the ilet of the
working sectilo and k inrteases towiads the hot dusn oxit. A running coditito to
defined b*v speiftytin the inlet Kauh nuber and stvanation tem rature and the mxefn hoat
release rate. -he eVit Prtesur i to i . The anll distribution of the men hbeat
*release rate can be determined from the measremets. 5.losi;. at a. Ii) showdthat, at
least for ths tisi, it is a Ioo alla"r titL to tke the -intanta4nweo hoat trleiase rate
to be pltotoionsi to theI light emission by Ca radicals. the ultimate alitof the work .at
Cmride tito develop a prediction scheme for bun ont ser t fe•qtecies In afterburtlers,
tot whinh thter aro existii y Codes to calculate the axial distribution 4f the mesa heat
release rat,. -ao, raUte Uli" dewelop a theory to clculate -4m) fo" the rig eometry,

. • ..
 ++' 10-3

. fuel amnmf Id

X.X x=L

- -e-pr esix e f uel and a ir RS

me a flame holder

(et~!t~e)

figure 1 The geometry ot the rig

Bloxaidge et al simply approximated it by three straight lines choosing the break-points

and slopes to fit the light emission data. However, at some running conditions, the fit
was poor. when the mean heat release distribution was refined to give better agreement
with experiment the predicted frequency changed considerably. In order to eliminate this
arbitrariness, we choose to use the measured light emission to describe the mean heat
release rate precisely. we fit a spline to the distributed light emission data, and take
the local mean heat release rate to be proportional to the local mean light emission. A
measurement of the stagnation temperature rise across the burning region enables the
constant of proportionality to be determined.
Once the axial distribution of the mean heat release rate has been specified, the
mean flow can he calculated. The mean flow satisfies mixed point boundary conditionst
the inlet Mach number and temperature are known and the exit pressure is atmospheric.
The scheme adopted is to guens the upstream pressure, integrate down the duct and then
iterate in the value of the guess for the mean upstream pressure until the moan exit
pressure is atmospheric. We now turn our attention to the unsteady flow.
The notlie at the upstream end of the duct is choked. This means that acustict
perturbations within the working section will not Alter the mass flow rate at Inlet
which therefore remains constat and we have

Moreover, care was taken tf# ensure that the flow was only lust choked, so that any shocks
ore weak and there is neolilble entropy production. The flo• to therefore lsontrapia
nsa, with I d•noting the ratio of spoeitfi host. eapnties,

Since the the* Iis inear, it 01txeo'tt Satisfies the homoereous equations of motion,
AM
weWIi 41x0l #4tfcr anty coeplet constant s.Cenaequentiy we say chaoos without
loss t •#*merality, that

Ashe - (3.13 ar
I ta.)) e blned With tsh perfet 'as eqatio#n they Vaoletely sptciy the
casseady Inlet flew..
the downstream eod of the workin section. is open and has an aptreliable *ean flow
'With a temperature higher than ambien throuh it. Ca- ill it) has shows that f• .such a
4e-)etry tme approprate boundary condition is
"" " j Lt)-o - (3.4)
this arises perely as a Conesquec of applicaionm of the uttsa condition at the duet eitt
wse "m boundary condition was deduced ntutiltively by bacebrt (10).
It* d.elop•emt of the ulnsteady tlow alon the duet depend crecially On the Unsteady
heat release. slousidge at at11) invstsiqAt4d this isportant parameter experimeNtatly.
Thy ran their rig at a low f•ua-alt ratie for whith the butr •m•ed was stable and thttr
was no disaterible martrw-baMT peak in the pressure spetstrm. Acoustic waves were the•
thoato ththe rig by a movable centreo-body, and the response ot she flame investifated.
'hat*d Ihost releasetate aon the duct
•o•u• was to be related to the pertutbatiton
in .toe het release rate at the fl1um-holder at an •liter ti•. IonasiAdge ut ai gave ans
espluit tow for ski sam deay, sW Onc th Peewbatlos La sh beat. relea. rate

LtI
 I0-4

at the flame-holder are known, the time delay can be used to determine the unsteady
combustion throughout the duct.
Near the flame-holder the heat release rate responds to changes in particle velocity,
pressure and temperature. But when the Mach number of the mean flow is low, the fractional
change in velocity is much larger than the fractional change in pressure and temperature
near the flame-holder. This was evident in Langhorne's experimental results. (4), where the
flame was observed to move intermittently upstream of the flame-holder (indicating velocity
perturbations of the order of the mean velocity), while fractional changes in pressure were
less than 10 1. Since the fractional changes in velocity are so much larger than the other
fractional changes in the flow, Bloxvidge at al assumed the unsteady combustion to be
determined principally by velocity fluctuations near the flame-holder. This supposition
was confirmed by their data collapsing into a universal form when expressed in this way.
By exciting the flame at a range of frequencies Bloxeidge at al found the relationship
between the heat release rate at their flame-holder and local velocity perturbations to be
a function of Strouhal number and gave an explicit form for that relationship (see
reference (3) equation (3.8). We will use Bloxsidge at al't flame model and write

1+ - wS-t e (3.5)

St is the Strouhal number w2urG/.G, where the suffix G denotes conditions at the
gutter lip. rG is the radius of the guttev.
Two distinct forms for the time delay t (x) were observed. At low fuel-air ratios
t(x) - (x - xG)/QG . (3.6)

Bloxsidge at al (3) and Langhorne (4) termed this 'weak butt'. For higher fuel-air ratios
at which the natural oscillations have a larger amplitude, the time delay was only found to
have the form shown in (3.6) for positions near the flame-holder. Further downstream the
phase of the heat release rate was nearly uniform. In the earlier work this was called
'established buWas and following bloxaidge at al we will describe it by
•) xo xx• S dx , 3-7.7
0
dx

where i(x) is the loca* speed of sound and x is the axial position at which 4(x)
first lags i(x).

With thl •nsteadr inlet floy determined by *attabo.ndar) - (cdi) andahe

eitas
model In Ms.S (.7), aquatlm (2.5) - J2.7) car be Integrated alo et the duct.
(-
fo a•speadint flacndetion (3.4) is not satisfied. re thereot t
iterate In • at eah stop calouatinq the f nt oi,the duct, ntil we determine the
c lex value of
a for which tbe e*it poensure ipltiy bathon vanishes. Only di-turbances
generalton
ofss
with thbue partiaulir u fdtemxinbunar
etie e astieny all th* aourdbary conitoflu ans.d can msinan at en0g
freoe dseh o th dfttla
f e arrangment. eTdas d shape hot also been determined.
ep erfaidge at adetr n teqi
e d the •e•e-disteratal he at•onl delln
of 0 ntu im and noth y
dnaet•)•n
c w ne the tlar wny. Their thbory wase n mpyicaoedsh by neideiftfon oe ethe uatnr
, abl ket
nd lah
n uaeto o rt
a d
spreading fowe tio .
these Vxte*tAein had little Offe~t. Their treatmentIt ofis then#
avifcnt from Involved
however, ivei result.d
g the intra-
that
duwtaio of Aditioale ,onstants
astrp vars"
h4e leuth and a flame $speading ratemong
Awt
othoer). out also
tU008# but saie to ere
avoidhs been
the l bt a on ofetoeextra
introductio t he
simple theory
arbitrary of Unnecessary
contants. t moinq0eleqe
by on -
p redimmtain Tetla
y eserr n beat retelen rat@e the
u only oaaumiq required i) the

pr dt dt4),
Thedpred,,what
ictions of thie .in
the chg ispla
the.ebut* y hvee acked
thdoif-roomem bee
4 adtoMa
e by ta fr
shope risrLanghoLrme'
withtwat%ltiove
different rnea-

• wmaritsd i# Table |,v ichi~ ;too compares the calculated f~r~quncy arA growth rats, with
-those of 816maidto at &I. fn allt but o a ea s the st"1e theory loprovo tto treq-wy
S. 1*4idftitm, IM largest error betweat, theoy and expotrmeat to 4.6 Me (t1). 1Me
Pff~dle•4i trea $MP" are disay"~t I# P14afrs 1- 6 MW •oQW rd Vith L~qbn~h st*.e W -
meatal data t4).
I
.I"
 10-5

Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Configuration 2 Configuration 3 Configuration 4

(lower fuel-air ratio) (higher fuel-air ratio)

Equivalence ratio 0.70 0.65 o.66 0.65 0.71

""Inlet
Mash nuer 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 J.15
XA(a) 1.18 0.74 0.74 1.19 1.18

L (a) 1.92 1,48 1.48 2.18 1.92

XAf (a) 0.75 0.19 0.49 0.75 0.75

EUperisental frequency (Ha) 77 81 103 77 lo9

Calculated frequency (Hs) 81.6 78.3 102.8 81.2 110.1

Calculated growth rate (9-1) -1.9 -3.5 -5.0 -1.0 91.2

Frequenoy calculated by 81.7 75.5 88.3 80.1 113.1

Bloxsidge at aI. (Us) (108 with reproved
mean beat release rate)
Growth rate calcuuated y 1.1 -4.4 68.1 33.1 86.6
Eloxaidge at al. (a-i) ( 79 with improved
amae hbit release rate)

The Inlet statio teaperature is 288K, the duct radius 35sm and the gutter radius, r., i7am for all nonfigurations.

Results for Configuration I are illustrated in Figure 2. The spline fit to the
measured mean heat release rate is shown in Figure 2c, while the comparison between the
flwae model in equations (3.5) and (3.7) and the measured unsteady heat release rate Il
displayed in Figures 2a and b. The flame model clearly describes the phase of the unstead!
combustion accurately, but overestimates its amplitude iii the downstream portion of the
duct. Hofwever. the satisfactory agreement bett-ven the predicted frequency of 81.6 Hz and
the measured value of 77 Ht suggests that t~his inaccuracy is not important. The calculated
and measured pressure mode shapes at the buzz frequency are illustrated In Figures 2d and o.
Figure 3 shows comparison between theory and experiment for Configuration 2 at the
lower fuel-air ratio. At this fuel-air ratio 'weak but:' occurs. Figure 3b demonstrates
that the flame model in equations (5M) and (3.6) describes the phase of the unsteady heat
release rate well. The agreement between the theoretical and measured bunz frequencies
(78.3 and 81 HIs respectively) is good and the pressure mode shape is accurately reproduced.
At a higher fuel-air ratio established buzs occurs. This case is illustrated in Figure 4.
Now the established flame model in equations (3.5) and (3.7) is required. The theoroetcal
frequency of 102.6 Ha is in excellent agreement with the measured value of 103 Hi.
Configuration 3 has a longer length of working section downstream of the flame-holder.
The results for this geoametry are shown in Figure 5. We see that once again the theory
predicts the unsteady heat release rate and pres#ure maode shares accurately, and the
theoretical frequency, 61.2 HM, is reasonably close to the experimental value of 77 HA.
Results for Confiquration 4 are shown In Figure 6. Here the geometry Is the same as
that in Configuration I but the inlet Mach number has been Increased to 0.15, This has an
appreciable effect an the experimental frequency which increases from 77 itg for an inlet
Mach nuxber of 0.08 to 109 Hi at this running condition. this increase is accurately
reproduced by the theoretical frequency which rises from 81.6 to 110.1 tiH. A ct*pritor. of
the pressure sode shapes in Figures 2d and 4d is interestin 0 . PFiure Id shows that at law
Math numbers the pressue perturbation appeors to have a node near tho flae-holder. This
has been used by Helter, Taylor a Whitelaw 11lw to obtain the trequn~cy of conbustieO
oscillatiens in their riq. We see from Figure Qd that at tlgherflow rates the minimum ih
the pressure applitude occurs further upstream.
Meequisten (private cowunication) has recently obtained new results on thig rig at
higher inlet tomperatures. He produce these inlet tepratures by burning in a prehoa@t
upetroa of the working "etien. The aftorburner fuel-air ratio is etantified by a pnii-
otter 0# which Is th• afterburner fu.l-•oxygen rAtIo divided by the valuoefr atoiehio tnc
burning. 0 Includes the effeOts at oxygen coon*uption in the preheater and the mail
damunt of un•hurat preheat fuel antering the workil sevction. Matqoistn'es eauretd heat
relvete rates gand pressure god shapes are illustrated n Frje for an inlet stsnatl n
temeraturei of 620 X Arth 0 * 0.71 anid the s*a inlet Mch nbr an geometry as
Confti"ration 4. It is reassurli how well the flame "oel, which wse doped froý
observatitos for an Inlet veloeity of 2S m*s,ý is able to deserib Unsteady eombustion in ahn
oncoming strem over t timl. taaster, an indirect contfimation of the Strouhal nomier
seall in equation 3.1) . At this running condition the areement between the m*"aued
frequency t156 We and the predicted freqtuency" (114. 110e) s excIellet.
Piqure I shows a eaqr-isn botwon theory and Mai sen'e epelrisetal results for a
range oa Afterburner fuel-air ratiros and three Inlet tempratures. At low afterburner fuel-
air ratios*, near bWas onset, when a batrrw-bhand peak is first diseernilsle in the preas..rb
spectrut, this aqre@ent between theory and exriment Is good. As the aterburiter tfue
flow rate it inreoasd, the amplitde ot the eailarous grows, with ta. particular.

ll~'4
10-6

40 S

(WmI/N) 30-

20-
10 )
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

phase (•x\
P(rf
180
90 7:00 e

0.001i1.0 1.5
0-
0
-90

500000-
i(x) 400000-

Who 300000
2000008
180000

0.8 0.5 1.0 1.5

2.51 .

2.0.

Ile Ls,

41
I I

. ,..l

• .•6N
,, ,iM• i?4 U b.n
-~t
va,,* i

.Nsim.A.it
 10-7

7
70x)
~(red 68

30
28

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 8.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

-90

-188
0.0 0.? 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

4008800
j() 350800
380008 -

2"0008

80. 0.2 0.4 8.b a.'$ -1.0 1.2 1.4

1A.
S1.0

0:0

0.0 0.2 0,4 *.b-0.8 11 11 I.4

8. *b
c.A oa Jo I ,I2 14A
4@" wm~.Nt.* U ~tw . w fvmt

att wt4tft*o
 25 S
1 (Wa/N) 15 6

wamis-

900

0.0 8.2 0.4 8.6 8.8 1.8 1.2 1.4

Wkfo

10 S.,4\

Iso
a t*1"twkntqW 0**wta 644U*da tU0btftx
im 6u wA.tfu 0oi
 30--

25
20 1ri\
is-

18

-98'

-180

*6 a

4.5 1.0lit

sa w4w
I

I In

Phu05 {'
aaK
lea)
0.S* C1.
1.0 1.

3.8 ~0.515
18I

Z's'

SA43

I,

1 :
 60 -
•(x) 50 -
p(xr) 40-

(•I/N) 30 /
20 -•
10a)
b.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

180

phase P(Xref)]) 90 1

02

1
-980
-90 b) _______________________]

00 0.5 1.0 i.5

500000
4 W) 400000

Wim) 300000

200000
100000
0 c) .1
0.0 0.5. 1.0 1.5

2.5
•)x) 2.0
r ef )
P(X 1.
1.5
1.00
0.5
d)
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

phase -- 1
0

-90
a)
-180
0.0 0.5 1.0 10
axial coordinate, x (m)

Figure 7 The heat release rate/unit length and presaure variation along the duct at the buzmfrequency
for en inlet stagnation temperature of 620K, 1mO.75 and the same geometry and 1ilet Mach number as
Config'iration 4.
- theory
0 Macquisten's experimental data
 10-12

nonlinear fluctuations in the heat release rate. The linear theory then underestimates
the frequency.
We have simplified the theory developed by Bloxsidge et al without degrading the
agreement between theory and Langhorne's experimental results. This simple theory has
also been able to predict correctly the significant rise in frequency measured by
Macquisten as the temperature at inlet to the working section is increased.

Frequency 200 I .

Hz
180 To=470K

160
140

160 -
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82

200 -. I

180
160
.. . .
..................
..........
40-. T =540K
120 .

0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82

200 ,. . .

180- ~1
160 - .................................. . ..

140 To=630Y

120........... . .
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82

Figure Comparison between theocry and experiment for various afterburner fuel-air
ratios and bhree values of the inlet stagnation temperature, To.

SMaequiatelle experimental results

*t theory

4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RIG AND AN ENGINE AFTERBURNER

In this section we investigate the effects on the buzz frequency and mode shape of
two differences between the rig and an aeroengine afterburner. Our aim here is not to
include a realistic engine afterburner geometry (although it can be incorporated into a
similar calculation as shown by Bloxsidge (12)). Instead we aim to highlight the effects
of two simple changes when the rest of the geometry and mean flow is unchanged.
Firstly an engine afterburner is terminated by a choked nozzle rather than the open
end on the rig. The boundary condition at a choked nozzle is that of constant non-
dimensional mass flow, which Marble & Candel (13) have shown reduces to

R
p - 2A
u -P- o (4.1)
for linear perturbations. We have replaced the exit boundary condition (3.4) by (4.1)
and repeated the calculations for Configuration 1, The flame model retains the form in
(3.5) - (3.7). This use of the same flame model emphasixes an advantage of the procedure
 10-13

developed by Bloxsidge et al (3). Poinsot, Le Chatelier, Candel & Esposito (14) also
excited a flame in a duct for a range of frequencies. They used their data to determine
a reflection coefficient. But as they point out, this reflection coefficient depends not
only on the flame but also on the downstream geometry. In determining the relationship
between fluctuations in heat release rate and particle velocity Bloxsidge et al have
determined a more general flame model which can be applied to different geometries and
mean flows.
The frequency of combustion oscillations with the choked-nozzle end condition (4.1)
is found to be much lower than that for an open end. The two lowest roots are now 40.9 Hz
and 63.0 Hz with growth rates of 37.1 s-1 and -7.8 s-1 respectively. These results are
consistent with the observations of Sivasegaram & Whitelaw (15) who found that their rig
was susceptible to a lower frequency instability when they installed an exit nozzle. The
pressure mode shape at the lowest eigenfreauency is shown in Figure 9. WE see that the
pressure fluctuations at this low frequency are in phase throughout the du...

D(x) ), 1.2
81.0
ref 0.8-

0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.'5 1.0 I .'S

phaset p(x). 180-

8
7p(_Xre• go-
0-
-90

-180 ...-
0.0 8.5 1.0 1.5
axial onordinste, x,,-
(5)

Figure 9. The pressure variation along the duct at the buzz frequency of 40.9 HZ
for Configuration I with a choked nozzle at exit.

Another difference between the rig and an aeroengine afterburner is that, while the
rig uses gaseous fuel, the engine is liouId-fuelled. The liquid is injected at a constant
flow rate into a high temperature air stream in the afterburner. The liquid can be expec-
ted to evaporate quickly at these temperatures, but as the combustion oscillations modify
the local air flow rate past the fuel injectors variations in fuel-air ratio will occur.
In contrast the rig is premixed with a uniform fuel-air ratio.
For the premixed ria, we used a flame modol in which changes in heat release rate
near the flame-holder were described by
• G
' f(St) -- , (4,2)

where f is a function of the Strouhal number w2,r G/4G.

The explicit form of f in given in (3.5)t
/ ill~st/2\
f(St). (4.)

Part of this fluctuation occurs because, for the premixed gas, the fuel flow arriving at
the flAme.-holder in unit time modulates with the changing air flow.
10-14

Let Cx) denote the unsteady heat release rate per unit length when fuel is
injected at the flame-bolder. Then

LG _G _G S. +, qG
.-- . . . (4.4)
6 G a

After making the usual approximation that for a low Mach number flow G/;G is small in
comparison with 4 equations (4.3) and (4.4) can be combined to give a fuel-injection
flame model
-- 2
. (f(St) - 1)-. (4.5)
OG UG

For simplicity we will again use the time delays in equations (3.6) and (3.7) to describe
the combustion downstream of the flame-holder
When this flame model is used, the frequency of the combustion oscillation is found to
be shifted slightly from that predicted for a premixed flame, and the growth rate is
increased. For example, for the weak buzz at the low fuel-air ratio in Configuration 2
the frequency becomes 74.0 Hz with a growth rate of 20.3 sad. The effect of injecting
fuel directly into the working section is predicted to be destabilizing, but only to lead
to a modest change in frequency.

CONCLUSIONS

The linear stability analysis of a flame burning in a duct developed by Bloxsidge et

a! has been simplified, while retaining all its essential features. The theory is able to
predict the frequency of the instability and the mode 3hape. It accurately describes the
effects of changes in flow rate, inlet temperature, duct length and fuel-air ratio.

REFERENCES
(1) Smar', AE, Jones, B & Jewell, NT 19?6 Measurements of unsteady parameters in a
rig designed to study reheat combustion instabilities, AIAA-76-141
Q2) Rayleigh, JWS 1945 Thu Theory of Sound: Vol. II, 224-227, Dover nublications
(3) Bloxaidge, GJ, Dowling, AP & Langhorne, PJ 1988 Reheat buzzi an acoustically
coupled combustion instability. Part 2. Theory. J. Fluid Mach. 193, 445-473
(4) Langhorne, P3 1988 Reheat buzzt an acoustically coupled combustion instability.
Part I. Exporiment. J. Fluid Mach. 193, 417-443
(5) Mark, Ili 1956 Analysis of heat-drivon oscillations. Appl. Sol. Roe. A?, 175-191
(6) Hadvig, S 1971 Combustion instability: system analysis. J. Inst. Fuel, 44,
550-558
(7) Mugridge, BO 1980 Combustion driven oscillations. J. Sound Vib. 70, 437-452
(8) Crocco, L 1965 Theoretical studios on liquid-propellant rocket instability.
10th Symposium (IntornationalV on Combustion, 1101-1128
(9) Cargill, AM 1982 Low-froquency sound radiation and generation due to the
ivtoraction of unsteady flow with a jet pipe. J. Fluid Moch. 121, 59-105
(10) Bechert, DW 1980 Sound absorption caused by vorticity shedding, demonstrated
with a jot flow. J, Sound Vib. 70, 389-405
(11) Heitor, MV, Taylor, AMKP & Whitelaw, ill 1984 Influenz-e of confinement on
combustion instabilities o)fpremixed flames stabilized on axisymmatric baffles.
Combust. Flame 57, 109-121
(12) Bloxaidge, GJ 1987 Reheat buzz - an acoustically driven combustion instability.
Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge
(13) Marble, FM & Candel, SM 1977 Acoustic disturbance from gae non-uniformities
convected through a nozzle. J. Sound Vib. 52, 235-243
(14) Poinsot, T, Le Ch•,telier* C, Candel, SM & Esposito, E 1986 Experimental determina-
tion of the reflection coefficient of a premixed flame in a duct. J. Sound Vib. 107,
265-278
(15) Sivasegaram, S & Whitelaw, JH 1987 Combustion oscillations of relevanoe to
augmentors. AIAA-87-2107
 to-is

ACXN1OWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Dr M4.A. Macquisten for allowing me to use his as yet unpublished

data in Figulres 7 and 8. Trhis work has been carried out with the support of Rolls-Royce
plc and the Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence.

DISCUSSION
S. Candel, Fr
1. What are the main d~ifferences between weak and strong buzz?

2. What is the meaning of x in the time lag expressinn. Does

x vary with the equivalence ratio or with the other upstream
conditijona?

Author's Reply-

1. The main difference between weak and established buzz is in the

form of the time delay between unateady heat release along the
duct and that at the flame-holder (aa described by equations 3.6
and 3.7).

2. xi is the axial position at which the heat release ratelcoit length

first lags the pressure perturbation, Physieally it seems to
represent the axial extent of effective flame-holding. Both
our flow visualization and the photomultiplier measurements of C
emission show that combustion is intermittently extinguished during
the buzz cycle at all positions downstream of x.
The position of x is a function of upstream conditions and in
particular it moves downstream as the Hlachnumber is increased
(Longhorne (4)).

G. Winterfeld, Or

Donyou think thatyour heat relese model applies equally well to

satorate~d hydrocarbon fuels (e.g. keresese) as it dues to ethylene
which has rather different ignition and combustion characteristicd?

Author's Roply;

W~ehave not usse aaturaited hydrocarbon fuels in our rig. Ilowover.

it is c0rsr that it is the response of thle ethylene flame to
polturbationq in tile oncoming flow veloc ity that leads to unatoajinv~a
to the heat release rate, and that the details of the chediatry are
not relevant, If tlat wese still true for a saturated hsydrocarbon
flame. we wCoUld
expect to be able0to use the ease mo04el.

C. M, Cotat, UK
Your aarillating flame, model a~ssumes the sane, correlation between
C, chomllusvinPescen~v and heat release for the oneillating flane as
for tire stationary flame, Can you justify this assumptiton and does
it Makceany dilferotwe to your predictions?

Author'st Replyt

In fact we do not assume the same correlation between light

emission by Cj radicals and heat release rate for each running
conditionn, The details aire Riven in Illozeidge et al (3), where thev
constant of proportionality between liihth emission and hreat release
rats is determined for each running condition from the meastured
stagnation, tvmperaturo rise.

lAn 4dditional comment was made by Dr. P, J. Langhornedj

P. Langhorne, New Zvolqnd

We do not expect to be able to change the fuel to air ratio

stubazantially and still use the same constant of pr'oportionallsy
between the liaht emission from 02 radicrls sod the heat release rate.
 10-16

Author's Reply:
Work is currently in progress at extending the results to higher
Mach numbers. However we think that, because our flame model describes
the relationship between the flow and the perturbation in heat release
rate, it is in fact a description of the dynamics of the flame. But,
like you, we believe that it is worth testing the model at higher
Mach numbers.

S. Sivasegaram, UK

1. If the bulk mode frequency associated with the instability is to

be calculated, can the same assumption as for the longitudinal
froquency be made about the heat release distribution?
2. Is it not possible that the mechanisms of instability are different
for the bulk mode and longitudinal modes?

Author's Reply:

Both these questions can he answered in the same way. Bloxsidge

Pt al (3) developed the flame model in equation (3.5) by investigating
tie response of the flame to excitation at a wide range of
frequencies (15-9511w). We can therefore have confidence that this
flame model does describe the unsteady heat release even for the low
frequency of the bulk mode shown in Figure 9.

K. Kailassnath, US

I noticed that you had varied the inflow Much number at least up to
0.15. Have you looked at the effects of increasing the Mach number
furtrher? Our results (presented at this meeting, paper No, 16)
Ahow that for higher Mach numbors, the natural dynamics of the shear
layer might play s greater role than at lower Hack numbers. Would
you coment on the validity of your Analysis for such a flow field.

j,
 ATTENUATION OF REHEAT BUZZ BY ACTIVE CONTROL

P.J. Langhorne
Department of Physics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.

and
N. Hooper

Whittle Laboratory, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Madingley Rd., Cambridge

CB3 ODY, England.

SUMMARY
Reheat buzz is a low frequency longitudinal -pressure fluctuatic which can be excited by
flame/sound field interaction in the afterburner of a jet aeroengine operat ng at high fuel
to air ratios. Active control techniques have already been applied to control a similar
combustion instability on a rig. In this previous case the controller modified the
upstream boundary condition by unsteadily altering the mass flow of premixed gas. This
method is not readily applicable to an engine. Zn this paper io demonstrate that similar
achievements are possible with the suitably-phased addition of extra fuel. The mechanical
power requirements of this controller are modest and the system is easy to implement.

INTRODUCTION
When combustion takes place within an acoustic resonator, the interaction between acoustic
waves and unsteady combustion may lead to oscillations of damaging intensity. Such a
combustion instability can occur in the afterburners of jet aeroongines, whouL i has a low
frequency and is termed 'reheat buW. The existence of this particular instdoility does
not depend on any property peculiar to liquid fuels. such as 4tomifation. Indeed similar
osci~intions have been observed on premixed laboratory rigs with gaseous fuel. There the
flame burns in the wake of a bluff body in a duct and Schlieron photographs (see for example
Smart ot al.') show that the flame is perturbed by velocity fltctuations at the flamo holder,
which alter the inotantaneoua heat release rate. It this unsteady heat reolaso rate is in
phase with local pressure perturbations. Rayleigh's criterionW states that the disturbances
will grow. Longitudlnal pressure waves propagating in the duot can then become
detructively large in magnitude, Since pasive dampers are uneffoctive at these low
frequencies, the traditional solution has been to modify the aorodynamics of the burner to
reduce the coupling between the heat-release rate and the unsteady flow, However, there
are frequently constraints on burner/iflamo-otabiller design and thQ only 4a."rnative is to
limit the heat release in the duct. In afterburners this means that a limit is placed on
the available thrust.

A low frequercy combustlon instability in a duct ilnds Itself to the techniquas of active
control. In this, a feedback signal taken from the unstable system is suitably proessed
and used to drive an actuator so an to reduce the instability. This may be done oithor by
changing the boundary conditions so thot more energy is loot at the boundaries or by
altering the unsteady heat release rate so that the energy gain is reduced,

There have now been a number of demonstrations of the success of aetlve control techniqgue
in suppressing combustion inst4bilities on laboratory-scale apparatun, One of the
simplest of these is the Rijke tube' , This la a vertical pipe, open at Doth ends, which
contains a heated gaure or a flame. Such a pipe has a natural, half-wave reaonance, The
perturbatlons associated with this resonance induce fluctuations in the heat release rate
that lag the unsteady velocity. Thus when the hpat source is in the lower half of the
pipe, the unsteady pressure and heat release rate art in phase and, according to Rayleighla
criterion, any linear perturbations will grow. The pressure fluctuations are sinusoidal
with little cycle-to-cycle variation and it is possible to use active control to reduce the
oscillations tn negligible levels, This has been cirried out in two different ways.
Collyer and Ayres', Heekl and Screenivasan et al4 introduced a second controlling heat nource
into the upper half of the tube. The unsteady heating associated with this second heat
source is out of phase with the pressure perturhations and dampens any oscillations.
Alternatively, OmnoW altered the energetics of linear perturbations by actively modifying
the boundary condition at the end of the tube using a loudspeaker. The feedback signal
here was the light emission from CH radicals in the flame, which has been shown to be a
measure of heat release rat*'% Heckli has achieved noise reduction in essentially the same
way as Dines, but using pressure fluctuations as the feedbaok signal to the loudspeoaer.
 ~ appicaton ofacti e control te le oiqe
In addition to the work on the ijike tube, combustion instabilities have beencotledo
other small scale apparatus. Kidin et a19 have used a novel technique for generating the
controlling pressure fluctuations, the expansion from a DlCdischarge. More conventional
10
methods, very similar to lHe-kl's were used on a 1 kW laminar premixed burner by Lang et a1 .

Consequently Poinsot et all' progressed to a more realistic and practical burner. The
apparatus is a diffusion turbulent combustor with an air flow rate of 0.024 kgs -1 and a
fuel-to-air ratio which is 40% of the stoichiometric value for propane. Pressure
oscillations were sensed by a microphone, suitably filtered, delayed and amplified and fed
into a pair of loudspeakers. At the frequency of the combustion oscillation, the
uncontrolled peak of 125dB was reduced by 24dD by the application of their control system.
Active control techniques have also been used successfully on a laboratory rig designed to
model some of the essential features of the reheat system of a jet aeroenginel2. Q The rig
4
is illustrated in figure I and has been described in detail in Langhorne' . Air end
ethylene are introduced at constant mass flow rates upstream of a choked nozzle. The gases
mix as they enter the working section siothere is a uniform fuel-to-eir ratio across the
duct, The experiments of Bloxeidge and others were performed with a premixed mass flow of
0.135 kgs-1 (i.e. about 27 me"' upstream of the flame holder) and a fuel-to-dir ratio of 66%
of the stoichiometric ratio. The premilxae flame is stabilised in the wake of a conical
gutter and undergoes an acoustically coupled combustion instability called 'buzz'. Control
was applied by actively changing the boundary condition at the upstream end of the working
isection. in those experiments the fixed nozzle was replaced by a moveable one. The sass
flow rate of t~romixed gas entering the working section could then be changed by altering the
Caxial position of this nozzle, thereby modifying the upstream boundary condition. The
nozzle was9driven by a suitably processed pressure signal from the rig, once implemented,
the 162da peak in the pressure spectrum due to the buzz was reduced by 20dB. In addit ion,
the acoustic energy in the bandwidth 0-800 Hazwas diminished to 10% of its value without
cjfntrol. Furthermore the modified 'buzz' frequency and modal pressure distribution with
control were successfully prekticted using the calculations uescribeod inlBlalxidge et 4115.

Although this method of control was successful on a 1/4 MR turoulunt prmixell burner with
significant cycle-to-cyele variations, the method of Implemntation is noata practical
proposition for full-scale aftetbulners, Mass flow fluctostiono of the order of 34 of the
mean me3s flow are required in order to produce stabil!.ty Aerodynamically. Likewise it Ad
impractical to consider the use of loudspeakers to preoduce significant praossor flctiatiwta
In environments where meass flows of many kilogratwres per second are to be handled, In this
paper we describe the roaults of a serie* of exeerimenits to investigate- a more praicticail
means of implementing the feedback. The basic rig is identlical to that usned by Illoxbidqo
at al'Ml~ (and illustrated in Figvre 1). but control is achieved by the unateady addii.on of
fuel near the flame-holder. We exploit the fact that unsteady combustion is very effective
at producing high intensity sound level#. in this ease a pressure perturbation measured by
a transducer upstream of the flame to a suitable !nput to the epintrsl circuit, This ghoice
is noatunique and successful control has been Accomplished with other signals from the rig.
The Ides of the ventral is to use fast-reoponse solenoid valves to pulse fuel into the rig
in response to this input. This produces an additional unsteady rate of heot release
which, if the control circuit issuitably designed, stabilisaee the flaime,

2. A PRACTICAL CONITROL SYSTEM

The use of unsteady addition of fuel as a moons of controlling combustion ifutabilitleg has
been tested on the rig illustrated in tiguro A. In the bauic configuration the fuel
(gaseous ethylene) and air are introduced at constant mass flow ratos upgtream of a ntoxgle,
This nozsle is choked to iinauurthat the supplies of fuel and sir are, Acoustically isolated
from the working section, The ethylene and air mix Well in the Con~striction and enter the
working section as a premixed gas. The wor'~inq section Is just a straight duct In which a
flame is stabilised in the wake of A conical gutter. The experimenta we.re yerformed with a
premixed mass flow rate of 0.13S kqas' and tiquivalence ratios (defined as the ratio of sass
of fuel to mass of air as a fraction of the ratio required for atoelhioeatric burning) in
the range 0.63 to 0,7?0.

The pressure perturbation, p~amt), idmeasured at various axial distancos X downtitream Qt the
choked nozzle. In addition# the light emission from short-lived C~jradieasl In the flame
is monitorud, The optical arrangement is straightforward. A screen blanks off All but a
75mm length of flamse. An image of this portion Is focussed throuqhj a filter onto the
photocathode of a photomultiplier. Two nominally Identical systems ar4 available. The
filters arm centred on 516.7 and S18.Onm with bandwidths of 3.2 and 3.6na respectively, to
 11-3

fuel manifold quarz tube

olr-•..-. "•(air and ehylene)I

ied nozzle flame Stabilised in the

dt
a Inlet woke of the gutter

fuel

Figure 1. The reheat buzz rig.

pass the light emitted in the main C2 transition. 1(4.0 denotes the output from the
photomultiplier for the window centred on x. Hurle et all have shown that under certain
conditions, the heat release rate is proportional to this light emission. Previous workIt4,I
has shown that this Is a valid assumption for this apparatus under limited conditions,
although the constant of proportionality is not independent of latge changes in fuel to air
ratio. However a measurement of the stagnation temperature rise across the duct length
enables the photomultiplier output in volts to be converted into heat release rate. We
denote the heat release rate In the window centred on x by O(x.), which may be decomposed
into its mean and fluctuating components, W) and QUAx~t) respectively.

The combuation oscillations on this rig have sigqnficant cycle-to-Qycle variatioGs and if
they are to be succesafully controlled by feedbacx, the time delay in tha feedback system
must be kept as short as possible. In earlier work, BDaouidge And others noted that An
additional time delay of one cyqle (about 13 ma) led to a 1dO de graditlon in the
performance of the controller, We aim to use the fluctuations in heat rolease rate due to
impos§d voriations in fuel-Air ratio as our control. These non-iniformities will convect
with the fluid from the solenoid valves to the flame. The primary fuel manifold is so far
upstream of the flame in our premised rig that the time delay beotwee the prloary injoction
of fuel And its combustion Is prohibitively large. Consequently when imple-menting the
control the primary supplies of fuel Andi air are kept steady and a secondary unste.ady supply
of fuel is introduced close to the flame holder.

We chose to uge automotive fuel injectors to pulse this aeocondary tŽl. These
dlreet-i4ýting solenoid valves are che)ap, robust and readily #avatlblo. They have the
advantage oftbeing electricallIy 4oprated with a responsge tire of lessk than I "es kýugotn
calculations sho".d that four InJectors we~re required to provIdo sufficient fueqlflewV
rate
to control the Instability. The operation Cf a fuel Injector is corittolld by A prfe"t
threshold voltage, Whenever tne Input voltA9g is higher than thia threshold th-eIfntecto
open. The dellivered mass flow of fuel de~pends both on the pressure in the supply fee~dinA
the Injuctors and oAthtrh lenth of tix* tkheare open, and is rela4ted to the, Input velt4age
Ina Aoen-linear wtay. Since the pressurea Inthe supply eannat be changed rapidly, the
cylel-to-cycle variationo in the delivery of secondary fuel is purely a funcilon of the
length of time the lnleerors are ropen. "therare two diavntqeto theý
injectors, The
first is that they only have two owo@d of ope@rtient they %to either fully apes or Close4.
Second, Nlandait has shown that noMinally identical Injectors require different puilse witdhe
inorder to deliver the same.volume flow rate Mf fuel. These differences can We of the
order of 0.5 ma. Thi meanso that there would be radial variations in fuel to %irratio if
the Injectors disehargod direutly into the rig,

The addition of a secondary supply of neat tuel in a premised gat at a lwotiont clooe to the
flame Will Create local rich 1pots and de&tabili@ the flame, We Must therefore enOsre
that the secondary fuel is well mixed with air before it is Incident on the flam., This
also ensures that the effects of radial Ofference# in volume flow rates frot the Injectors
are reduced by mixing. Consequently air is added to the se@onday fuel in i Lhambor ptiot
to Ifjection into the rig (oee figure a). itpIC ae.d coumlete mixing is required in this
chamber. Air flows soteadily into the chaober through a ehoked orifice which OsOlates the
air supply. The fel.i enutrs unsteaily through the choked lnnectors. The two steams moet
in perpendicular directions to eaximise mixing. If the control Is to be effective the
mixing chamber must be flushed in s traction ot a cycle. This time is estimated to be
about I as. The chaber was designed so that this time dolay and the opAing tima of the
11-4

hsohgutomotive

Ffue and air

SoRomerholder
%24holes ~ 1.4m

Figure 2. Detall at mixing device far the secondary fuel and air.

injectors are small in c•oparison with the time taken for the secondary fuel to convect
Along the working section to the t•lame holder. This is of the order oa 7 ma. or half a
cycle At a typical frequency of the combustion Instability. The delay repre•snt4 a
reanonabJe compromise botwoon the conflicting requiromutst of minimising the time delay
while ensuring that the jots of s•iondary gas enter the working 3oction uufficiently far
upstream of the combustion zoro to prevoet the flame ftrom tabilising in their wakom. It is
difficult to avoid the production of such an aettv0anmic disturb•anc since it Is important
that there is a pressure drop betweon the mining c.hamber and the rig. This means that the
s~ecndary gas supply Is insQnSitive to pre#sure 2luCtuaft;on in th4 rig.

it Isworth noting that the rtzquirenentt of A secondary fuel and air supply for control is
"pecliVto a premi-ed rig and would not apply to an afterburner, There the primary fuel
toinnjected sufficiently close to the combustion region for modulations in this fuel flow
rate to bA used for control.
An unsteady signal is takn free t•e rig and used as input to the control circutl , The
control ignal isn
moin criterion for the chgice tof that It should haov a large
siqai-o-niaeratio At the buds irequency 'The unsteady light esiaslon from Cý radicals
close to the exIt of the duct And a prtessure upatream of the region of cohbustion have bth
been sufeearifuly used as control sig~nals. nohePC00fosoent isreo fe rPVVd
o 'thin unstlady
signal. It isthen amplified Andi a.sluitabile tlse delay Is imposed WUe figure 1). A
varilabl e
offct is then apflled to this
o ignal so that It cyan be Adjusted reolativeto the
fuel injector's threshold voltage, the offset voltage is set as closea to, the threshold
voltage As Is practically possible wince@ the- dIfference between them till limit the
effoctIveness of the controal, When the signal exceea this threshold voltage the gate of
a p••er transistor controlltilng e current to tie Injectors Is opee•d
1 t hus the iarger the
mdlitude of the cvtherol shgnal, t"e longer 0it)injectors remaln opoe the
secondaty air
intern the rig at Aly and coneinvtousy so that the fuel-to-sir ratitof secondary gas is
varied, Once the Limeo "lay anti offset voltage have been chosen to give optimai control,
they are fixed during as exportlfnt.
In the experiwentsa to be described Inthis paper the primary mass flwv of premisexd gas, "it
"ad primary equIvAlentce ratlo, #I, ate see to produce a flae of
ate re
mquired stabilIty,
Secondary str flows stetadily into the rig with a msas flow rate, f%2# which lisunchanged
throughout al.' the experiments, The mass flow of secondary fuel, fMt2 not wily depends in
the proportion of a Oycle over whichl the Injtetors are Wopn, but also0 on the pressure tn a
feedring joining the Inlets of the tour Injectors denoted by 016j, 'Ib skin response of the
pressure regulator controllinig DWIrseno that It daereases whenever the injectors aret open
and rises againt as they shut, We will denote the OAn and fluctuating componenStsOfN by
 "1-5

Pirnj and ptnj respectively. The secondary mass flow, M2, and its equivalence ratio +:~
+2" can be altered in the following four ways.

M±) the injectors are closed and there is no secondary fuel flow, m2,ao that +2 a 0.0.

(ii) the injectors are held open so that Mn2 is steady and +2 -f2 with no unsteady component

+2'

(iii) the injectors are driven by the signal from a function generator at a range of
frequencies so that in 2 and +2 - Ca +2- have a mean component and unsteady component of
constant amplitude.

Uiv) the injectors at4 driven from a feedback signal from the rig so that +2 S * •j' where
the magnitude of both the mean and unsteady components depends on the effectiveness of the
control.

Under ni1 four types of condition, the premixed gas downstreao of the secoadary supply will
have a total mean equivalence ratio +1 assoziated with it, where

*m
(mat (42

can herfor
he ncrase hyan lnero44v tn either 41 of ~
Tho "vie fIow roteo of t". abe~toýry ptemixod 94P to eiati of the ZAas4 fIow nit'
of the.- Pkim~4ry, !t WaI tfourk th4t. when tP1 -6tritf hiwd ta4ken effezt thne Vef-6
for, p oimetaty tn~e fitrh Lit the time.
tat TWAs the0 04Niftrf V4140 WU'4widlttakif kl
ropp"iirtely I'3. iinoe tfk t"h fanee 0.61 txý (1-1 theq r~a tei iy

Pul- I*ov~

andci~ afug _Ytt~s

 11-6

3. PERFORW4CE OF THE CONTR~OL SYSTEM

The time delays throughout the system without feedback are shown in figure 4 in which the
Iresponse to a pulse in 11(t), the input voltage to the fue~. injectors, is recorded. In the
example the primary fuel-air ratio is low, C - 0.64, and the combustion is stable. This
* can be seen in figure 4(c) -,o (e) where linear disturbances decay after the pulse of fuel.
The injectors begin to open when 6V is exceeded in figure 4(a). Figure 4(b) shows that
* ~there is a delay of 1.3 m3 b'efore Pjn. the pressure behind the injectors, begins to drop
indicating a flow through the injectors. It takes between 9 and 10 ma before the unsteady
pressure 0.725 metres downstream of the choked nozzle,
* , registers a deviation from the previous pattern of low intensity
9to.725,t) in figure 4(ic)
oscillations. Figure 4(d) shows the response of light emission from C, radicals from a 75 mm
length in the flame located 225 mm downstream of the flame stabiliser. The rapid rise in
the liqht emission. and hence in heat release rate, at this location occurs almost
instantaneously with the rise in pressure. At a downstream location. x - 1,71m, the rise
in heat release rate occurs I to 2 milliseconds later as shown in Figure 4(e). Htowever
these delay times are not determined very accurately.

The control system can b~edescribed as simply imposing a jain and time delay on the control
4. transducer output to produce the fuel injector input, More complete 4nd Accurate
information on the required control system car. bo obtained b~y driving~ the injectors at.
* single frequencies as in (iii) to obtain the transfer function between v(0, the input
voltage to the iajectors5, and the contcol signal. which is qhose~n in what fol lowsý As the
prvsuqro perturbation Ut I- 0.725m and will1 be denoted by 94tt The transfer funcztion
between W104,11and,t tth* Fourier transformu of Wtt) dand kt~,C) rospecktively) 6:4f hecrte
irv*L this; iofiotutotiot. Staaddrd control theory 'ZAf thes be u"t4 to e~luiqate the yequirod
charaiceviaticN of tho eontral cici~ The q~to in this analysis is rlated, rather
loooraly, to the valico of the mean Waekroassre, D..

Volt%1
The same optimization can be performed experimentally and this is the approach in this
paper. Langhorn*, Dowling and Hooper'* describe the comparison of experimental, results with
the predictions of control theory. The effect of the time delay across the feedback circuit
on the measured pressure band level PBL in the range 0-400 Hz at xa 0.725m is shown in
figure 5. The experimentally determined optimum delay is near 3.5m and values in the
range 3.4 to 3.6.5 have been used in the remaining experiments. We can see from figure 5
that the time delay need not be set with great precision in order to obtain a reduction tn
sound level.

The optimum value of the gain is also determined experimentally. The data of figure 5 are
for two values of the mean backpressure to the injectors. pin,; that is for two V~lues of the
gain of the control system. At the higher value oR p.mn)a significant rýduction in pSL
occurs over a wider range of delay times. When &I is reduced the data become more
scattered and the range of delays over which a reduction in sound is os"ible ia smaller.
Thus, for this experiment the flame can be stabU.isod with 4 range of possible values of
control system gain. This latitude in Vie choice ot contro~l systkem rim-g delay aindgain is-
ceasauring in the application to practital devices where it may not he possible to maintain
constant conditloion.

165S a Uontroi off

0
PBL

tO-40RCcI
0 ~~~thq
feto tho tine, delay ra
the fitezW-4ek eiscui otitrte
a measure pressu4re tl4fndl1vel on tthe
tOGA 0 0 toe400, ff71t Vhin vq
C4gt ofa
th# ?4t4 without intpni t§
§tmy ttw dot•
ts4 Iline•

e a4Df
t
*IVA.;f~kk

ploltheeltees 44a itt 414 01 S tetlI444 9"IE

in-tv t
tteýn,

of uitulylAuul
foeiatl~n h t~k 41tsfl¶k44S.rt-A ftI4tEd
',ýýsit tivJýý i' ts

tstrs~* to~tats

#tto
eifA tV Salt-4Oeiet 4f 011

ftf t I f -Ot- vif

LV4**4T% ta
 CONTROL ON

E Figure 7.
0,0- The effect of swaitching off the
control on thi C2 emission at
CONTRLOF ~ Note the change of scale
65 ~~COT~
~ ~
OFbreen control on and control off.
Running conditions in Table 1,

0 MILLUSEC 0

.re'
*..*u the a4ppieation of coatrol chmigoe% t"a 4AtaI kiistrbutton at mean Wiat
tho~~at
veloeae ratQ. as well 4k4 ivevaala Ira ovrAUl 14ve1 due to the itneveene In W
vthOutt 4
co- the Me411 heat rtle~a~e rate has a mhxtum elose tLo the q~titr II) 4ad theft daerease4.
414 4 qdrctet-Itie of a hihlyprut
Cha14a )-o'df~ate"4 . The v~q-k~ at c~fo
.td~ne
jpth in~tW r~~evte renha tkir rwhQh
etea* t ydea of a Soce

0 -A j

V- 4ý-- 4-.*.tý-Olt-

10

i- itk'e, *#et w r~tA iO iNit~i*t C"hi not

af~x
pt.*afi a1 V4§ k"- csteam.im *t~ 0, 0S h S*t
C gd4iiq -wt~ kA 4
 Pressure 1 buzz sj289 kPo Buzmd-7H

He'
aO
025 modified lOG
dO I0 ;.iO *tied

.2080

IM Obuzznk a20 oife uzm d 81 Z

[¶ectck .moditied 0

A~ upcwtmLhiw

110. 0 I

*600

bkk
Ja OjM It fJA MWthflC&4,At pwituoSPAe
atoath of the unteasy
oft~o~eu
t" ~
m pemtoaiw apnkftt tabetvk" qine tea
640 #IV" &tw Una t*nqeeev nikh tence-4A W1
vt mte thee,. Oflt iuttO
4r IfaWWOi W10h$% ant (M te entitled WIeNtiwwjqe~ "A 11 the
tAfttri4 oli *41A etasees atee the elton t4 f"*4t lfatifty W1,01
goiege) i. P.wu'&aj
@W"ltloAb Pv table 1
?raatn I nctwi-mb bewoni the prv",Akn at M4141 alomt the duck "M the.
Aittun

I~~4/t,011 th). beiveilfit titkouteAdv heat tolvato gt*t WnIS*^ tan cWnteen gconeoa on Aaend

at the w.0hain of thw tatiniero IWfien41, jbtM*,n1 ut nmand that *4U) ite tnt of
p1110~ut Asinogtetiv nfpitvof any dletqtbanett, Ve ttnelfOn Lttht
psvle
* th. aadous
nt hai ofthet tceneotn wtoieNs. tepaeo h tase aclni
th n totare ttlttI"oatriiny ihoth Oatseand hi %t4ftrti1ta)etim is
tO44tt~tow Owt *Wfe ttite Wilt tteiqiaens ant the testhanl ttepewjv vith itonnel.ý tot
bath t04 Witt MdodieyAwu centol ad~i the umnthtaWd bt&coda vlfl WAebse4 the phaset theO
panaveuv samfheAt 11elean raite lIe wAitn SO rat tach Ofcher tct nti.ta to th* eo' of 10W
* 'ten VIceetetinthe ann of uti -IO&l .dbec methe "alt 4#tinituiat iof t"t ph
ut*of the
tj eatauio it htjleauve of the co"nvecion ea 'hot *#a Iwith a upse of SUppAcAletety
31"a. "thi is the velocity of taw fluid at the gutter lip, this Is. sialar to the
behrflocr at Uoe inteasity batt ' Obassat a tie basic Coatiguoatic Ot this rig.
 11-10

when the controller is on, the modulus of the transfer function, ~x.4))/p1Xrefoe)I,
d has larger
values for the modified buzz and feedback modes than its value in the buzz inode with the
controller off. This is illustrated in figure 11(a). Thua our controller exhibits similar
properties to the controllers of references 3 to S. when I6(X,0)Ir(Xret)I is multiplied by the
square root of the power spectral density, '/ýS(( we obtain a measure of the unsteady heat
release rate from each 75mm window in the flame. This quantity ia plotted for the three
pertinent frequencies in figure 11 (b). At a position just downstream of the gutter lip
Nx: 1.3m), the unsteady heat release rate at the buzz frequency without control exceeds that
at the modified buzz and feedback peaks with control. This results in a significant
reduction in the unsteady heat release rate towards the end of the duct when the control is
applied.
20- 0b ff 0 Umd
x A na~dbjlwd
I=M A ff*Mdb= NO

a Ax
10. d

tj A
:
t. 1.6 1.6 2.0 1. .4 to Is 2.0
YWP0sitin's qMq Pos111n. M
Figuce IUb) . Rodulus of transfar function
Fgure 11(a). Modulus Of the transfor function between tVie wunatesdy aeat release rate and the
betweeno the u113toady Mo~t r"leaao rate and the referencif prubsure, multiplied by the square root of
vateýneao wrtaur". Iuknning Q01di~tlOas given in the power spectre.' donnity of the reference pesso3ue.
Table 1. This is a,vasure of %;nbteady heat relea3ý rate.
R~unning condtionsft given in Table L.
The origin of the two low frequency p-iakd in the %)trollcto spectrum -,an be further
11igtrate-1 by exami~ning the lSayleigh aoi'rc, term at theve frequencies. This 3zource tr-is
has been written down by Chv-4 and is

7
JIdX(2)

woeXig the rot to of rPooa' iv hoeaezi&tioa

L is the duct length
to UwiAelova1 M@an donsity'
toi the 12cjal meain uorind gpeed
4'ý@ he fl~jeitating coipontn of heat re1oase tate por uinit length
0' to the fl etustifig ecapenent. of pue-douro.

Thew ~iorbar donate* a ahart tip@ avorAgo over ono porict! of the ooWilltien. If Otto
integalto1 Lu ne4tie It indieat@4 that, on averaq4. the daimtl diattor~neos ar@ dos"onad
* by the useyebm onand the aystook is aablo. When It injbositiva, howvor,
01tti&,rbane qaltiitketapto tse" the etbustion, Itthin energy 94in In qreater than~ that
'"t 1a -s la~i at the boeavrft ad, lineat perturbatlone will be 1n0ai.

TU1RAYIelqh source tofu ean be calaulat-od fr~a two gets of transfer functions, At,040~~6)
'MWO(~ ikuoýtvI)# tat ech ot the, Ir*qeeftAoa of intokest. The ptoeuet (91jp ony
'@n"ft~a by aboust 3W along this duct ktw this varlatias will be Ignored.

J fclS
*j~~i~
the *4"%tja~
com 0(0a)(3
has5 been caicolatod ltr 049h wViTdow 6t the boat t I quency without e~fttal and at the
trqvionetes of both the ftebaak *oa" ahd the owitiod buti made with tontee. 7Tk'e Ieuts
at eValuating OquAtiton 01ate
i pitte4 in riguto 12. A44iii SON) deoates the Power sectral
iklisity of tho refeorence pr*1uto, while As Ls the phatie dMVerene4 between Atm)ad fktm)
Stits.4 wowteseal part. Of the, 0#040-00"et SPeotrel dsnai-y Of P(M) .nt O(sU). When it Is
 •t a 3011-11

----- Control off.

.----- Control onfeedback mode. /
•. -- o-- ~buzz
Controlmode./
on,modified \

S• .
//iI.p. 20

6 / Figure 12.
N The cross-power spectral density of
o p(x,t) and Q(X,t) plotted as a function
I 1010 positionandfor the buzz mode
of axial control
without for the
oI \ modified buzz and feedback modes
with control for the running
""-I 2
\.
J ,'
!
,Ieconditions in Table 1.

" -O -- \ II

i .60 x.meters
/
-2 i. I/

-10

multiplied by (Of-)/W2, it gives the contribution to the Rayleigh source term in equation
(2) from disturbances of frequency w in the window centred on x, Hence when data for each

frequency in Figure 12 are summed along the duct, they indicate the net energy gained from
the combustion by acoustic diaturbancea,

It is apparent from Figure 12 that without control the Rayleigh uource term is large and
positive at the buzz frequency. This source term is clearly reduced in amplitudte when the
controller is switched on (note the change of scale) . However, it is undoubtedly still
positive at the higher of the two frequencies indicating acme driving from the combustion.
This is the disturbance we have identified as the modified burz mode. At the lower
frequency there io little net deatabiliving contribution along the duct, This mode is at
such a frequency that it is augmented by the addition of fuel with the time delay required
to cancel the buzz frequency. We have therefore called this the feedback mode.

Figure 9 illustrated that the application of control has significantly reduced the sharp
peak in the uncontrolledjpressure spectrum. Table I summarises the performance of the
controller for the cade Ptnj - 333kPa. With the total air flow rate and the primaty
equivalence ratio constant, the addition of 3% more fuel has reduced the PBL within .ud)of
the peak at the buzz frequency by at least 12dD. In the rango 0-40011& the controlled
acoustic power is reduced to 15% of its uncontrolled value, In the previous experiments on
this r117where the instability was controlled purely by aerodynamie fluctuation@, the
unsteady mass flow required was at least 3% of the total sass flow, 1his is well over 20
Usema the aount of fluid which now must be fluxed unsteadily. As well as Iho reductions
in sound level there is an Increase of 10% in the gauge preiaure, Ap, upstream of the flaom.
This indicates that more comustion occurs within the duct when controller it on.

In Table I we have only considered the effect of applyingaetive control on the broadband
saoud power at the reference position, The PIL over the bandwidth 0-4009a along the entire
wor6ing section ia shown In figure 13. the application of active control reduces tho POI
at all locations in the duet, despite the changes in frequency and sods shape.

Ue saw in table I that, Apt, the gauge pressure just upstream of the flm incre•a•d by 10%
when the at€i&roller was switched on. this means that more heat is roleased within the duct
"andthe thrusat is inreoued. figure 14 expli&ni why this occurs. It shows Ap to he
gou~hly proportional to the overall equivalence. ratio, W~
n that a simlat LizVOWeme In
31
 11-12

Table of typical running conditions. Where it is significant to

the number of decimal places quotede the variability between
experiments is given.

Control on Con-r1 off Chanlge

Yeedback Modified busz

Frequency 65±1 81+2 74±1

AP, kPa 6.95±0.05 6.28±0.10 .10%

1
Mi, kgsa 0.135 0.135
+1 0.68 0.68

MI. kg$"% 10.0x40" 10.0xl0-

0.28•0.01
M
T, kga8" 0.145 0.145
0.65
0T 0.63 +34

PAIn) kC 33314

t, mase 3. 6± I

mf 2 /fIN 3%

bL(-3d5).ds )$151.UO.6 152.M.3 164.11:0.4 -12.5 -12.1

at a-0.50

POL(O-400HO), 157.2±0.5 164.6*0.4 -71.4

dD at x-0.7Sma

,UaIl mint:lw

(0-400ma)
thrust can be made by the steady addition of fuel at the Injecton* that is case t(I) in our
Classi.fication. This is not to say that steady addition of oecondary fuel is a* effective
as fuel addition with feedback since the resultant level of the inst.blhity must also be
considered.

So far the comparison has been made with an unntrolled case In which the@ gondory fuel Is
switched off, m12a O an example of (D) in our classifIcation. When the Control 19 0n,
secondary fuel is added unsteadily, while Mi. +1•ad Ma are held at. the Sam Conjsdnt values
4s in the no control caset. This results In an Increase in +T and 104ds to the quostion Of

PBL

dB

01O-.H S I bn O~to 400

S8 S

0 0 we Pottedwith
position as aoftwotiol
and Vithout of oNmteol
Axial
0o00 * fo tho ttC InqII 004wdito# let

So Cont,,ol. of
3•:. . .O of ...
0> u . -..
V +I !
 11-13
0
I 7.5
SAp.

AA

7.0 AA

Figure 14.
A A A The effect Of total fuel to air
ratio on Ap, the gauge pressure
A upstream of the flame, for various
methods of fuel addition.
a" "

S 5 h)* Con tr olOIt. no

A (ii & Control UltaStQdy im,

0 Contra' on. unstsod'ym

(IV)

042 0.
06. 9-

how the eontrolie-4 cage gWnren with Aternative' fuel1i4n achfamoa Onr thq od@@vrl
tqovalen*ge ratio, The a*" valtio of t 4@
uId W achioved by addinq inove prima~ry fucl or b
ady ijconof
athe eec@ndary tNol 4 14%ft)l,

Pl 1S show# data "IIMntd hy it entinq the- §edairy paaa Mw 4o log3§ it. it

"aid
(IV)ObWv, and plotting bull ftevqueny natnalt k4,nnoi~ated flop equatio (1). An tra

100 h)oconto off. Nawounoardc fu~el

rail A COMMI all. Steady 64CWWWy fuel

tekadkikd bull mod*

he~* oaUna~ead* tondaq tue.

Oa
4fto~
o'@odetfq~t.

I:. ""
0 h: " I
,o -e lt.
( e•' t, § t ~
:• " " - • a.O "
lt• "
1 ( ee l • , •to
i•

"
• ;.• C
" '!': •0 - e c GU
-.

*nC

"". , * •,
",..
 11-44

have seen in fioure 9 for case (iv) when the control is on, there are two frequencies at
each value of T. Clearly the data for the modified buzz frequency, along with that for
cases (i) and (ii)show that the buzz frequency is determined primarily by the total
equivalonce ratio rather than the location at which fuel is added. As we might expect, the
feedback frequency is anomalous on this figure.

In contrast to the frequency, Figure 16 shows that the stability of the flame/duct
configuration with steady fuelling is influenced by the proportions of primary and secondary
170

160 02i10.7100 0A490-67

AcO 0

Figure 16.
The effect of the total fuel
At.
A to air ratio on the pressure
0.60 0.62 0.64 0,66 b band level within 3dB of the
($4 peek and on the pressure band
level over 0 to 400 Ut,
('BL 6 ~ Dotted e~urves are drawn
throgh data at constakt.
(-0a co)A, $. Fuelto added to the system
"160 o by vaziuo aethods.

&a

" "A
0C *
4CAGno No

4# With +f,,t1*14 tlo~f@40 Y till %%0* dth it I" Of•|1JQAf •=•

ft j t #*appie, 11
•Vamo
I• I Of MlLlid
mm~t
r"I" .iftheAirm
Sliwhet* tot•
+th*V*IU#'§ of0.61
4t ti Wo
ko i•.tith at@ Ct +
U.ro llOAS• &§V+mt+.
tahl ic U thaftPtk#utthaOm
th'it
aim ali + incit, 'Peloay t o. it theit wo*e eiolyld to th@ ratt that Wi t
tomoattoo toot plow. III the sUN, than thke qa~tute vxesoutv pat*o.t- 4t she(ass fhl al"o
be reat~nlInseutiveto the#4attu n of f4t nt!ta m -ý styifjtAr. fqu
thia"thI I &A t
coIt eat
i n 4ft
As is e s ts"jo
ostett f I atioe
oflt N dOiti ii it1i4
liely tt Wthe
I4•tl t t of th@ at its htfill.llr is

•, U tont.A ". . -,
taolve* th eojtoas tdilusa ofitatar tho
+l toa
I* e tie* sas vale @"tft soea" n'A
i~~h~~tfm4%Fo
taml. th* site o
01 eflasoto wdI
: oQ#V' tiIttt

ha
Is he .vfnt tvenOfi the1twaI to-it oos* benate tathe efesate be~taut iM
panAetpoint C, It is appteast (tte ritute is thut then tuo Sitt(trimt topaetsoas
Po 44*0
;eA tso IM%fi
sheteusid fa 0-#.oft
iifflo
APOt"4 e0t4twaeg:?'e
Wi0*t.
dppasolal Wswees. esolter. 4t ."tlld
.~j
 11-15

Ultimetaly the question we must ask is whether increased thrust can be obtained while
maintaining reasonable noise levels. Figure 17 compares thrust with pressure spectrum level
over the 0 to 400Hz range for various methods of fuel addition. An ideal controller would
place points in the top left hand quadrant of this diagram. In spite of its simplicity, our
controller produces the greatest thrust for a given value of pressure band level. The main
advantage of the controller is also illustrated in this figure. It enables a flame to burn
in the rig at a higher total fuel-air ratio than is possible without control. This results
in an increase in the maximum available thrust.

8"
(4 0 CiMMI Off.
nomIn
AP, (Mi eayfm3.1,M
f 0
kft- 2 (pv)o cww•m wdweadym 2

7) Figure 17.
£
SAApressure Scatter diagram of the
band level over 0 to
ft 4400 Hz compared with the
A * ** thrust for various methods of
6' £ * fuel addition.

&
A

5
1IS16
I40 170
PBL (0.4o ). d
4. C.LU S.-
V.tion oiationa in a lt4 W ,uer
can be nabiliaed by th. ko~dy 4doition of
Oxt-rofuet. A tal-hedaddition of 1%;mare Not reduces thq l 6 p4O~akin the
pr@Koure oroetrum dkue to the ca-m-ut~on oillat iong by 4baurt lUt1 TMe oa"Uieu onervy In
the 0-4001$z b~ndvidth 14 r tuced to 10 of A#s uncoerrolled value, The eotrC414er enoabloe
th@e rig to run at high fue*l-,Air ratiou at which It I@is
l kaaible to atibili,4@ Ia~
without .gosrei. This lod* to tho ifts avallsbk thruvt. ?in

The eafltrel gymtes epletslt the- gh-eftiC 41fg in~014te uol to alter the oeus
4gqnr@149Y
Wtotnuv In the dute, Seadtvoly little2 Wshialt4 "oWar Lia n§oeded to preme ýthe riawuled
Uu ad.yfuol :o-ao4 "QiCV this *stw:W of h4% P.tociti. tot

Il-ae~ao tes. rgvAot

2. Mysiqb.m wTmth" of "mi

A*@§ 1"ls 4§4mm 4i vokw 41 a k~tkW""toh~~

sewia ioft an fluid dV"*Wsei gynteo. AMAA090140. INS

M.~wea,
.t.,
•. i'.J.
L.. .. Mt#tiwittol~
. •. tof t1&W twit*.
& l',ee #sueat MD..
. teesia. twwnootoy
- at cbtiop.
"n.
•.o .areo"r I*M).

7.~
Mt,~ ~ak
.. .. ftiam"Pro&. JfO. SW., A,Th . 104. O1.soif05e4
r4004' gbaO

6. !Witt*, M.A.-n e at OWnodis

Asleaotseof tt* a RI)ke tuwb. MI~AX sypoiea 06 set o4"

91411%# 61M.,V. L tovisho N. *d44W J. ik~tts &.0. w~aIliosta. Aft tioif,n

otmlqw. tot eonuolli#e cthstd sy.atw wtasalllue. W"%*Wn 6A 946 f lam
StOetOMMO OWeooalbro. 1W#.&
11-16

10. Lang, W., T. Poinsot 4S. Candel. Active control of combustion instability. Combustion
and Flame, UQ. 1987. 281-289.

11. Poinsot, T., F. Bourienne, E. Esposito, S. Candel & W. Lang. Suppression of combustion
instabilities by active control. AZAA-87-1876, 1987.

12. Bloxaidge, G.J., A.?. Dowling, N. Hooper & P.J. Langhorne. Active control of an
acoustically driven combustion instability. j. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,
supplement to .6.1987. 161-175.

13. Bloxsidget, G.J., A.P. Dowling, N. Hlooper 4 ?.J. Langhorne. Act.ive control of reh~eat
buzz. AIMA J. 1988.ti press)

14. La.aghorne, P.3. Reheat buzz - an acoustically coupled combustion instability. Part 1,
Experiment, J. Fluid Mech. 1988. (in press)

15. Bloxsidge, G.J.. A.P. Doweling & P.3. Langhorne. Reheat Buzz - all.ACOUSt~iC41Y Coupled
combustion instability. P'art 2, Theory, J. Fluid M*Oh. 1988. (it,press)

16. Norbye, J.P4.Automotive Fuel lojection System# - A Technical Guide. Ilaynea Pub.,
England. 1M8.

17. Htands, T. The control of sak-injoction engine.-% using~ in-cylinder inisatioAI sensors.
P~h.D. thei3, University of C~ambridge.181

IC. L~aqhern~e,*. A.P. Dowling 4 N. Hopper. A practical active centrol ays3tem for
nembu~ltlan Oaeillatiena. (Sumitted to AMA .t. Pvpttsion 404 Poweri

09. Ch~u.B.T. Qo the @enr~y trwwfe- to s=a11 disturbances In fluid flow Wiart 1U. Aeý'Za
Wehdfaniea. 1,. 1.164. 215-234.

thlA Pro0et. lAA tNfted@ bY MAWi-Rdyg'tc r,19, It wA§ tOutdt th@ Whittlo§ WLosary,
triertd
CmsbIW4@ Univeraity O~r~n KM-)in ~ while PJL vag thei Sols4'e I4Atch
ro~llevtoI 94lnfeertii Ot 4@ftenlea
eile The auither5 04M Wt A. gothergn 4mi Ov
Levig @f their stiPAaiftj~ Wgce~ut to thta
faeets Ot~. P. Palme @f tUk-d
he-lpd with eletro n. Veamtv epecially 4fit~ul to Df. A. U@Vil
ic 11@4het
ebusissilo lwoe @4 the reeat WA4 Pts
 11-17

DISCUSSION
N. L. Begs Ge

Is it possible, to apply the preseuted method of instability

attenuation to higher frequencies - perhaps with a modifiad equipment.
Thie could be of interest for applications, when passive dampers
cannot be used. e.S. due %o cooling problems.

Author's Reply:

There is no reason, in principle, why this method could not be applied

to attenuate higher frequencies. However, the time delay between the
input signal to the actuator and the response of the combustion system
should be small with respect to the period of the oscillation. Of
course, the higher the frequency the shorter this period.

Le0lo0d, Fr

Did you make any experimantation to control by an active mean the

first tangential made? (higher scale ZO0-3000 Hz). Do you know
if this kind of experimentat ion baa been done before?

4 Author's Reply:
os, we have not atttmpted to control anything other thar the
leegItudinal mode. I an sorry but I do not kaw of any such
eaper iaets.

C. Cats, M -".

VIith tho particular method of control you ave using yo-4age a4diaa
both heat and 01ass at the Positino of the statkillser at a Particular
Point to the CYCle0 - Cott "ou bo %trethat it it the heat cad not the
VAaSadditiO# that is #Uppreecie the oscillaikki?

hea
Ithere is the doubt that it i@the additi~k.of WVM
V@Itk ther than
tOf a44iltl f at0* at the fl~whaldee whigh it atalhiliz-iog the flPMe.
In prewou esperW0#t4 0-4 this- li i whith tme iftcbility waso
kuontrolle prefly by deomiyoamic flu~otuatf#n, #1oasi4tAe @t at 05i)
found it Ugra@esy toý unateadhY smAglate ever 10 t~tes thq 400-40t
at fluid 114uta(lowed to tkese eseue Ts o iwake abeolWte
hav ea5 tyerf&rm 4 a tuat Vkhyoln1?4ai r V@1wP4e
metaio, W-we a the
rtchka it Waem effec W t"e necarared Preonere epet"u.
satV4e
I

SH~UMERICAL SIXULATION OF PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS •

• IN A RAMJET COMBUSTOR

Stn-Huoi
Jou, Vice President/Senior Research Scientist
Suresh Menon, Research Scientist
Flow Research, Inc.
21414 - 64th Avenue South
Kent, Washington 98032
U.S.A.

Large-eddy simulations of compressible cold flow in a rasiet combustor configuration

were performed. The objectives were to investigate the secbanisms for vortex-acoustic
interaction in such a device and to develop a simulation method that can be extended to
cases with combustion heat release to study combustion instability. From the
simulations, it was found that the separated shea layer rolls up into concentrated
vortices that serge to form lg coherent structures. These vortices interact with the
choked nozzle downstream to produce en axial acoustic dipole. The spectrum of the
pressure fluctuation at the bae of the backward-facing stop shows that thee are two
tye of oscillaetions an acoustic resonant node and a vortx.,eco.usti coupled soft.
Based an tho flow physics observed in the simulations, a esiple Ons-ien4Msionl model for
th vortox-acoustic coupled sods, vas proposd. Tho of.•w#4,ue problem based an this

fmodel s solved to obtain the frequenc of the couplead ci..

ABSTRACT

A numerical simulation technique has been developed for invesetigting the os•illa-
tory cold flow in a remjet combustor configuration. Simletion vewortconductad, and the
results are presented ad analyzed here. the main objective of the simulations we. to
investigate the interaction between the vorticity coaponent end the cmastic component of
the flov flold when the reduced frequency of the flow bus on the speed of. sound ts o
the order of unity. Io constructAng the nuasetcel model, it ws found that the interior
of the combustor mst be Ieolated from the eterl region by a. ýokad tousle. The
resulting umerical etumlations ar able to exclude the effects of. the .rtificlally
imposed boundary conditions at the outflow boundary.
vlow wiaxal14isat i as"nfrequency spectra of the veoctloity end Pressure tluotutisfon
Woe '.em e'lyted to uanderstand the flow field, it *p#poor that the pressure u
tion at the bese of the baokvetd-facing ctap, a signal taken As acoustic In nature, con-
tat" only low-f rquefty 4omp ts. Thit it in coantat 'to thefrqec s4%otfm eOf
the VOatlitty fluetuatic ink the free shear laytr near the separation point, wiuI WoA-.
tains both hiq*-frnWe and low-ftequwey coepeonas. I•Te eteity luctuation at the
locatiotnm e the Gaea later
t 11#10es on the mwsait •Vall slas f h-taine only lUw-
frequeny coeamonts. th u"Aeatay 5low tldts "or the sheaf layer e~atao ion point sa
in the morale segien have else been inestigated, tapaetatasbu.ts layet
tImedtately upattem ef the apration "pintit petUebed by thel . - qse pr .r
fkeott~atin at the base of the itep. Ihe perttasbtioe is then amplified dowastream -by
the shar klter Instahblity. into W tl
mo eII* n, the .a*
wahe in the Aeubele
-regio n tiaste at & high amltud Wte a vertical st ture I•i•ge th nesl. -
Hwoeer, the K*Wash
merift tawe w~eup ee o rogia dmeant"aa t" thethot sauna sta-

Moh5 tie*t quaftialea aid higher ameets west cmomuted by s0e"e#04 the ruftiti time
to evlattlte contribution of the "Weet stwa-ar" am then tranfpot of "aetu.-
Th- WIe
u , *Ae tem•ped he avalla e i Um•te a t•efr a twl.aw.ie.si-al
beehuc-wrt'aom flap cent rattaft. shw geeifd agrme ower t"r majority at the flew
r~efito the Itweal** e sttcuctu res
ax Wthttiy simlatedA 'admk the. ai" coaribtor
to wtirhe
aebprt of seenb.
LWAattempt was cede to attract acfoutic imesatia~on from the. reals of th Macvi
ke
- t"ae .ueA pt. tia, flw. e. * osmoti. .4.ar
tiatren. It tom cot that the
fieold diletause ostates twisty the ehfaretafet lee -of the s6"d settee. :"ka adbft-
cat
•w.
pole.aiuaiu
eatre St. by
the us
00ea isi theieetaeu
emotem4 ilttu fied.hik
eme each largcvoctle voes*ton is a s sow to•.drieis
flow field
cleairly as~tsa'ea. "Mkowmla" distrbute dilatation fiold tatA o 10016i0te t
peite ofl the shea laer ao the seateo iftlis
tosmuidmd as a compat acustic saute
a5itsewed y altipelse em aiska of the istributed field 4 wotoesbuts Sows
etften aSia eafet" itS si At the aes1k1. lb dpee f01
iodaste Is I dipseeah
12-2

phase with the impinging vorticity fluctuations. This result can be applied an the
impedance for the vorticity-acoustio fluctuation at the nozzle. However, the propaga-
tion aspects of the sound field cannot easily be visualized in a near field. The spectra
of the pressure and vorticity fluctuations at selective points were analyzed to reveal
the existence of two types of fluctuations. One is the resonant acoustic sode, in vhi.h
the vortical disturbances excite the acoustic free modes. The other is the coupled mode,
in which the acoustic disturbances and the vortical disturbances are coupled through the
dipole radiation at the nozzle and the acoustic susceptibility of the separating shear
layer at the dump plano. A simple nodal for the coupled mode ip proposed to explain the
latter smchanism and to provide an approximate method for estimating its frequency.

1. fl4TRODUCTON
A substantial research effort has been initiated to increase our understsandinq of
the mechanism for instability In ramjet combustor flow fields. This effort could lead to
the development of methods for suppressing the Instability and, heonc, to improvements in
the performa=c of ronjet egines. Typically, the instability manifates itself In the
form of large-amplitude pressure osillatims in the lou-frequecy reage of a lew hundred
hertz. Thiu pressure oscillations can cause structural daage or result in system
failure acause by the expulslon of the inlet shock. The exact mechanism of thee self-
excited oscillations Is not entirely clear. According to the linear cwnonical docoepoei-
tion of the governing equations for small disturbances In an infinite compressible
medium, three typee " Waves can be sustained in a moving mdium. • These are the two
families of acoustic waves. the vorticity wave. nd the entropy.wave. In a free sce.
thes Infinitesimal wave motions ar linearly independent. Nowever. in nonlinear cases
and in a closed domain such as & ramjet comutor. these disturbances may interact
through resonant phenomena nd/or through boundary effocts. Therefore, there is a funda-
mental question of how the"e wave phenomena wmy couple together in a finite bound domain
to form eleqnmode oscillati.on- with a discrete frequency spectrum. fhese ilqeamodes are
poteatial candidates for high-amplitmoe escitat los when comibustion *CCUrs
9iqonsod e oillations invol~ving only One wae" compaonet hAve. been explored exten-
aively. Lxamples including only acoustic wavea are the wil-Inown acoustle duct modes.
These osaillatkomt may be excited by distributed sourme in a closed domain an. at'e
Called 0cmonsnt, oscillatokona In the present paper.. Ex4Vaspins irwluding only verticity
waves em be. found in th& so-called 06" tone Oscillations, Which have been studied
outopsiei 4.. -Rxkvmli and 1kudssc)•Md have recentliy been. simulated numerically
by .Qiog. I who Co-•siderd the Ine*peSible fluid. 1Mh
itsiteosain between en loping-
leg vortex and Wthestin4g edge Of a Plote produces disturbances that provide the -poftut'-
b.tion at the let exit Upettees for tb* Initiation of e-now #ortq*, hti "atreai f.id-
"backsec•tnisi in th e oll prossibie flw Is throughsiot vsrt Inawt im ITMfeo.c.
i0 IVA, FAne. , Ab th& speed Of Oi*tia tr•essiclp ist tbe inSmle
Infinite.
Siot-oavart inawtl"o it dynamwally meaniftful only in the leOuMPNOAsibl liit
* . .sate r**Add treque oa"ase us* do@e at. m&A a oa"e .em i.e.#
Wt)
where toi the frequenCy, I is the chareaterlatit lwqth of tawAmadein intereta. which
is CasIdeol 0# oooequttrt of iVoiengtb for ueeiaste waves, MA LP
' toi t M 0ie atio
T titet" cetainly t.hot- be sat to" the Witt|e Spoe t• o tri• smet
11"
ti.stUa.Am is eenelde-si. •sr eample, Of PCeN t "tWt Iti w.do A *at
kakunday la1ys. WEIS twwederd by 1Viowns Witlliam."V S hOMwd that the 10Vft quA4y
" 1
it"ct*ea ty the pt~au** atwatwowee *Am theavex ceAliIovis PwA
"eatinissi, Use treaeaiseien speud of nlow 111ferea upoaoes~m -is* Ite by the iped of
"embed e&M a pbM4I ditferenc bettweots the s~ilnal ait tOe sesic 1edatos OWd at the Volft
of y exit. there,-t &""tit +'t00" 8t .. 44"0id6rod as
be wart the 0
t. ." e r.. .. e • l ist may com. t _ beh e" et
ceepsat."tI#*type of eowlhttiwa ts efetsted to "o a 0"010eA amde 5 eelllstiest is
At ooprlet POWe. to a typlusi awom ster. the redudud tfreqens in ot Mt edr oo at
I"e laboofteo sods. Is thes m upth e.
.alty.

eowift M~asotl wsedee eited by twetteos 0bo~attm saw. b eels Nte am

"eebas tot s
fee
miuetility.
Uim~ai blsetefeemyof the kaswoed sertilis-
tisee, ii maoy taebb,
ditfats tree t"e (iefeusyof
UMe GOAee0t6 *st. sadee. hotw
661014 $&ysloe Itwesvial isAewa e wow. * 1K64.4 fttte" 0 Voti tiftity WAY"@ my be UsM
do" ite t"A devitiem, tishop "W/OtIS "W~x001" e de pAw" ted my pbemuwi
t 4U. so a mmmbeaium tor 0216otiemIst11ilittv. U0~rfthe
eo of wertee miiedifto
V" N*0 t 906614"i. 'to doemrae I* the ow"e my abseh 00001 a). aw.eqr~
**to"io
pito ae
the IIVU4 (atihche
VOCU 466etee
u Is@ "26 L 09-t-i-9 ehwfe ft
 vorticity fluctuations may interact with the Acoustio wave directly and say also affect
combustion through their effects on sass and heat transport. The unsteady combustion
"related to vortex shedding say generate acoustic disturbances. Vortex shedding and the
vortex-noAXle interaction wore suggested as parts of the system important to combustion
instability. This possible coupling between acoustic waves and vortical disturbanes
prompted Crocco and Sirignano9 to study theoretically the acoustic reflection coefficient
of a choked nozzle subject to impiag•e•nt by a vortical disturbance. The study of
vortex-acoustic interactions in a noatle under a cold-flow configuration, such as the
theoretical work of Crocco and Sirignano, is an essential first. stoep to untangling the
intricate Interactions -so all wave coamnep t leading to combustion instability.
The Objectiva of the present investigation is to understand the interaction between
the vortex dynamics and acoustic waves in a gnoric combustor geometry. Since at present
combustion has not been considered In this investigation. direct intternce from the
result* of this Investigation to combustion iststbilities is inappropriate. However, the
basic understa4ning of the cold flow as well as the methodology developed in the present.
investigation my provide a sound basis for extending the analysis to. combustion flow
field.

Because of the complexity of the problem, an analytical solutior. to the qoverniaq

equations with complex boAudry conditions is not possible. In particular. complex
•
vortex-metqing proceesse ra the resulting acoustic disturbances are. di"icalt to analyze
unless drastic aplximations are used. KMuserical *inkulations if perfortdi properly.
may ptovide important intomation for urnerstanding the ploice. i o.his paper. w
report the results of oue attempt to devtlup a numerical rethodflogy and methods of
extreating the physics from the numerical simulations. Wa also present a detailed
aralysis of the simulation resmlts to extract Infonmation on the vortell-custiO iAtwwS-
Uacs.

f~ ~ ~ '4 Sov
oervain e"dtic"a a0 the unsweay. CONWpttaible Morint-Stakoe equaional

were flov vtrt~bls %we 41vt(I by air wvailpm AMd it tho itItity
414#,7t the Shear otmetm,# tea"" Itt,'isho
4 'hwe t mlu 4ute,J9 to fte&tutniee 04.
.nd 1 1i t"W ot Osiba
: l. t eVat i t aid toe to", two 4*ewi oale-

1"and#A re " Aeirieera

o. eie" VfttIO"
It thet*uit"at*
.01'0 UO""0 UA*-%WtlA "S ttp tit SWWUOt16W ...
'of "n e c 06.64
d- 6*4eerli t likely t wely :kt *YftOn
"toboe "it
*A

06%WAtwe owtean
diosintrat'sa pasrwllaiw the hd "A large
#~*er
" . .. .* S.~Wti ton
•lihoky
GOerb pe A an
•atain
arefsti * ala.
uaaly eeeoltrj t ameamoer~.
A ee1et ihe it •larg wti•s er
enoatd&t IegioaWa
on ki a6 ..

1M AAtitVW11q U 0 theU-" atiionsi l#itt" """I" * tilyein

• o tkis t•,r- "
Unk* 1404014t M Iaffiralky
OWMpoaden;6t 0*4
th wws r
$laiokt
t iW b volto av e-d

* . l4 ,au•at
u••fn n s •1. aisth
"laia ,"the-3 ~elr
.. .. fiiaman.,m* a -li . .. a.el et,• . .e -.

t-- setm iosytw 1*

i as a aq-I seIto I ue bo tsaa
12-4

These equations are solved in the domain shown in Figure is. On all solid-wall
boundaries, no-slip and adiabatic boundary conditions are applied, i.e.,
V
0on Solid Surfaces(1)
il 0 on Solid Surfaces ~l
At the entrance of the inlet pipe, the flow is assumed to be parallel with the prescribed
uniform stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature. We are aware that the notion of
"stagnation prebsure" is not well defined in an unsteady flow. The application of these
upstream conditions implies certain "impedance" conditions. 11In practice, the impedance
condition depends on the flow field upstream of the computational domain. it is impor-
tant that this boundary condition does not artificially excite flow oscillations inside
the computational domain. The characteristics of the impedance condition as applied here
were examined 11 using a linearized analysis, and the condition was proven to be of the
damping type. Hence, the simulAtted flow field is only a particular class of solutions
under the assumed upstream impedance condition. Because of the damping boundary condi-
tion, the computed sustained oscillation in the computational domain is self-generated.
It is conceivable that, in aifractical device, inlet diffuser oscillations such as those
reported by Bogar and saiben may participate in the flow oscillations in the combustion
chamber. Specific upstream, impedance conditions can be derived if this kind of flow
field is completely understood. we have not investigated the effects of upstream
impedance on the vortex-acoustic interaction problem and have not experimented with other
possible boundary conditions. Since the downstream boundary is at supersonic conditions,
no boundary conditions are required there. However, during the transient period and
before the'supersonic flow is established there, an exit pressuri is specified. in fact,
the specification of this intermediate exit pressure determinesi the MCach number in the
combustor. The initial condition is a stationary flow with stagnation conditions every-
where in the flow field. The exit pressure is then impulsively lowered to a prescribed
value to start the flow. Meanwhile, a complex orchestration involving variation of the
throat area and the exit pressure establishes the supersonic flow downstream of the
throat. 13

INLET
SUCTD DUMP COMBUSTOR I NZL
r > I
PLAflA
DUMflP

a. Dimensions of ramjet combustor

b. 256x64 computational grid

FigUr* I. Configuration of Ramjet Combustor

FacCorsack' q explicit unsplit scohme1 4 is used for the integration of the censerva-
tion equations in time. The scheme is second aordr in tim, and in space. its properties
Are well-known and are described elehr. We used the finite voluse towr of the
*d'4%ams on a boundary-conforming gri~d. Aside from the well-known "built-in* artificial
diasipation of the scheme, no explicit artificial dissipation has been added. Numerical
s'eability of the time integration can be maintained with a Coutant-Frederich-LAwY number

A typical grid used in the simulations is shown In tigure lb. Grid Limee ran
clustered in the critical rtions, such as the boundary layer In the inlet duct# the
shear layer separation point, i.e., vhe corner of the baohvard-taeing step, and the nica-
ale. These are the flow regions where the length NMale of the flew feaoture to expeeted
to be small. The clustering of grid ILiA" enables Us to reisIVe the 44eettAt large-
 12-5

scale features without an excessively large computational zesh. Large-scale structures

with length scale* on the order of the boundary layer thiukness or larger can be
resolved. These are the large-scale vortical sturtctures of interest to the present '
investigation.
Details of the simulrtion technique have been described previously.13 Important
features of the numerical model are summarized here. An~ important issue of numerical
simulations of compressible flows is how tho boundary conditions affect the solution

I inside the computational domain. If the outflow boundary is subsonic, boundary condi-
tions are required there. if the local 'ielocizy vector is pointing outward, the vorti-
city and the entropy are convected outward. Among two families of acoustic waves, one
family is outgoing and carries the appropriate characteristic variable from the interior,
and the other is propagating inward from the downstream representing the reflected wave
anthe boundary. Therefore, one boundary condition must be supplied. This boundary con-
dition represents~, again, some limpedance* condition as was discussed previously for the
inflow boundary. Unfortunately, unlik~e a fairl~y uniformt inflow, the outflow is highly
nonuniform arid unsteady. The flowv field in the combustion chamber is then critically
dependent on the arbitrary 'impeidance" condition for subsonic flows. Even worse is the
subsonic outflow in which a vortex may exit at low speed causing locally reversed flow.
The vorticity and the trtropy are convected from downstream into the computational domain
in this case. Three bound-,ry conditions are required there. These boundary conditions
are difficult to specify and the resulting simulations not reliable. In the present
simulation model, the downstream boundary is at supersonic state. The flow inside the
combustor is independent of the boundary conditions at the outflow boundary.

Two questions need to be answer ld before the simulation model can be applied. The
first is the question of grid resolution. We performed simulations of the flow under tU.0
seat* conditions using computational grids of 129x42, 192x64 and 2560f.4. The spectra of
the pressure fluctuations at the bse of the stop an vell as the spectra of vorticity at
in the flow field are choszon as the basis for comparison. It was found that a
pain -7-.)
a129x4~. adequjate in produtir4g the same spectra as those uaing a 23a604 grid. :low-
ever, ",4e :ontour plots of the flow variables using the 125023 grid lack the detail end
smoothness of the higher-resolution simulations. All results Presented heria art besed on
simulattons using either 152in54 or 256x64 grids. The second question is how sensitive
are the observed spectra on the dissipation. Two simulations wore performed, out vith a
Reynolds number of 10,000 and the other with a Reynolds nuaber of 33,000. The pressure
spectre and the vorticity spactra were compared. Again, the results are insensitive to
the variation ot dissipation in that range.
In the process of simulation, flow quantities are monitored at various locations to
determine whether the flew has reached a stationery oeoillation. The data In the tran-
sient period were discarded so that the data could be analyzed In terms of frequency
spectra.
The numerical model construacted aboe" Is c~pable of capturing the essential large-
scale unsteady phenomena of inteet sand can be Applied to study the vtortem-acoustia
interaction.

IaMO4ALRUTUM FWW STRUCWRUM

LU3.h

I
"ahvortiolty dynamics at the flow. Inside the combustor Is given by a time #Sequaen*
oft verticity contour plote In Piqure 2. Use boundary layer separates from the surfaco at
~ centrated
~the
corer of the backwaro-facing atep. The reulting free sheAV layer tails up into con-
vortices. Iubsequntly, these Vertices mere severl times to eventually form
large structurts that lapinge on the saesle wall. As each vortek ispinges on the wall, a
secondary vortea of opposite sign io generated, taftiag ekvarteA pair that subsequently
lifts itself away from the melý those observations are Consistent with the emprisental
3srein
.hmiddto Ow"a d They4also indicated that strong acoustic radiation say
risult frem the viecess of genaretlm tie secondary vartinM
Ihe frequency spectrum Of the vOMMliGty fluctuation at the entrance ot the nuastl
(point 'a' ilk Fipret 1) eamr the werter igpingemeM point is Shown in Figure )&. -(use
original fftrier sPecVra in this artiole have bee filtered by using a asawimau entropy
setINA.0 so the relative intesmity of the spectrl peaks lay Not be accurate.) Rear the
hostle, the vertices *e&,VW intolarge structures at a reduced freqAuen or S70 Mi. this
frequency, itfoonverteto " 5treubal *Abu asedI" the jet disaeter (I.e. I st a DUl),
lu aprV4imV.lY 0.2, Which i. in the reported raoo of *Jet preforme mode valmee of
*~0 0%:a.?0. to a cOnfined jet configuration sunk.as the venjet, cOfbuter, t"e jet P"o.
*I ~~~forre els may be mire couplax than that for a free-set cooalyuretion becus e USth
alditional l601gth s#Mle, i-e., the length of the cambesr involve. ase %:eection of the
oe rgmmy mth posibl rag a Ipa
prferd n h k alfleph ci.
12-6

. TI"
A1tt "q~6~ of vatioLy clmto&Am i us fta
 12-7

370 647 Ii,

1180

~.16
2., . 1. .4 i ".%
(Hz)
FREQUENJCY FRQUNC 02)
a. Vrticty
pectum a enranc b.Pressure spectrum at base of step
of nosale
Fijure 3. Vorticity and Pressure Spectra (1.92X64 qcid)

..utuark and H*17 investigated in detail the preferred sod* frequency of a jet. They
found that the frequenczy is strongly facility dependent. Tho fact that the first rollup
frequency is not 2" of the frequency of telarge structure indicates that the verging
of vortices _.sore complex than a sqecofsialple pairings of vortices. The process
nay 'nvelve the coll'tctiv* interaction asdincussed by Ho and ituerre. 14 Since there in
no external perturbation imposed on the nysten and the computation is deterministic, this
low-frequency, larg- .ortical strurture nay be the result of a self-sustained mechanism.
Several roar',rcher" 71 1 9 have f~und that the acouatic disturbance generatc3l during vortex
saij. inq may serve as a ftudback mechaniss for perturbing the shear layer at the jet exit.
Later in this paper (section 7), we nuggest that the feedback mechanism say c.jan auous-
tic disturk!n.;* taiat Is qeneratia I by a vortex-choked-nostle interaction.
It I* informative to *mania*e the spectrusk of the pressure fluctuation behind the
uackward-fac$ nq stop. The vort! nity fluctuation at the base of the step is low. There-
fore, the pressure fluctuetiun there is considered an acoustic fluctuation, i.e.. that
corresponding to the unsteady lootential flow. '10,2 The spectrum is shocwn in figure 3b.
It &aztar that the ,,o' Ap and merging of the vertices in the interior of the chtamber do
not contributse to the acoustic fluctuatl-n directly. In the pressure spectruz,, a high
pusk at the frequency of 647 Me domS .to*, and two low-frequency components at 371? 1(3 and
182 Hitalso appear. it will be shown later that these peaks are possibly the result.j of a
resonant amso~ticocacillatisin and the L.Alpled oaoillations, respectively,
The interaetion of the Ampinging vortex and the choked throat can be visualized by
the time sequence of vortioity conrour plote and the on-responding Mach aueber contour
pla~te shown In Ftguto 4.* can be seen, the Mach nLaber cantaurs in the subsonic por-
tion of the noalse fluctuate Pt aarge amplitude during the period of vorte%-noaal*
interaction, H(owever, the Mach number tontours remain, ralatively stationary in the
supersonic region

4. NW I Mb?
in a large-eody sic' latiua, the dynamics of the coherent etructur.., In a 'turbulent
flow Is capture4 by the Unsteady coaputation. if sufficiently long time-accurate data
afe aw~lable, the tlue-overaging process prcviLd a means to evaluate the .7"tributions
of these large structures to the. transpovt ot sass and momentum. Thorefora, the mean
flow variables and the higher mornets are copted by carrying out a &%inning time aver-
age. It experimental date ore &%&Liaeble# tbs sean f low quantities and MiOWe Momnta
computed can bea covpared to the dtat to **sea" whether t,, main characteristics of the
flow are faithfully coweuted. Uecarse ot the leck of Aoeprehonsive experimental data for
a circular jet; in a sudden exglrnalon tbackward-ta8 Ing stop), the experimental results for
flows In a two-diaaneiemI backuad-aezg4mssusd te o coaliaien with the cor_
ASP waelsedfo
.4eica
12-8

o SONIC

a. Ti* seqlenGe of vort:aity b. Tie sequence of Koch nuMber

contours in the noutle contours in the noszle
(contour intiervall is 3000 too') (contour interval in0.1).

FiLg•q 4. Time Sequence of Vortiv•ity and RichIuaber

contours Sear the Choked Roaxle

tigure $a shows the man asial velocity profiles i/U A8 fu ction of the Atial
locations */U in a ccmbustors only the region betveen the duep plane (a/If * 0) WAthe
entramc to the nonslo (2/m f 8) is shown. The £patiUtatally Obtained prfile' are
also shown in this figure. The agregeent between the oemptationel 1remits &M the
enperlsente for s/N S 4 is good. For s/If ý 5, the spM"ia rate of the @Mear layer
in the ex1etimma•o earn to be uib Castor than In the oeifito.
omputed Ibs are
several tfacto thst i WrOibutae to this difference between the evewatal. sueits
And the oompateitional reeits. Piret, the th•e-dimeasioele bsAOm ef tha vortical
GtractUge# Which cannot bek Modeled by An ehisymottl OceUptat~ims, MY become 1216tant
 12-9

* B
* Pitz and Dafty22

H 0
;. A .

a. Streamwise mean velocity profiles ý/U in the combustor

o2

b. Normaliaed stream function in the combustor

Figure 5. Axial Variation of Mean Flow

at the downstream location. Also, the difference between an axisyssetric configuration

and a planar configuration may become prominent at the downstream location where the
coherent ring vortices are stretched due to the radial motion. The maximum reversed
axial velocity in the recirculation region is approximately 0.21 U. This value is Within
the experimentally observed range of 0.2 U to 0.25 U.
The asna stream function 0 c•a be obtained by solving the following equationst

ovr
subjeot to the appropriate boundary conditionst
0 - 0 at the centerline (r-0) 03)
0 -1 on the solid walllA)

where 0a is normalized by the mass flux across the upstream inflow boundary. Figure Sb
shows the streamline pattern. Within the elongated reoirculation tune, a closed stream-
line domain with a free-standing stagnation point near the natal* is indicated. A secon-
dary recirculation tone near the step, with a circulation in the opposite direction of
the primary recirculation sone, is also oberm.Ve. The secondary recirculation gone has
been reporteod in many previous experiments. a Although the averaged streamline pat-
tern contains several regiona of cloaed streamlines, it is not clear how these affeet the
mass and heat transport. As will be seen later, the ssentuss transport by the caohernt
structures is very strong in the nozzle region where the shear layer reattaches. It is
expected that the mass transport Is equally strong there. The rate of am exhange in
and out of the closed streamline region is axpected to be very large.
To coqaje quantitatively the shear layer spreading rate to that obtained in the
eperiments, 2 the VoQtiit thickness is estimated by

where AU in thn difference in axial velocity across the shear layer. figure 4 shows the
computed results compared to the experimntol results. The agreement is reaswnbly good.
The shear layer spreading rate, k/dt, in the region &/M < 3 is anruxivately 0.24.
Experimental values of 0.24 to 0.29 weredepotted by Pits and DalyV,' whereas a lover
rate was reported by Eaton and Johnston.6 The values reported for the backtard-faoing
step configuration are esutantially higher than the spreading rate of 0.125 to 0.2
reported by Outmark and no" for a free let. Beyond s/H > S, the mIse Of the coherent
strutures is cospatable to the stop height, and. the spreadig@ofthe sar layer is
inhibited by the vail.

LL "
 12-10

•.

.1

.1

x/N

Figure 6. Axial Variation of Vortici~ty Thi)cn,ass

in the Co-bustor

The Reynolds stress tensors • were also evaluated by a truningp•e average.

Figure is presents the profiles of the stroawise "turbulence 0 intensity
2 2
%/ L-I/for the
Re - 10,000 simulation. The experimnental data of Pitz and Daily are also shon for
comparison. A similar cocparison for the transverse velocity component is also shown in
Figure 7b. A f obervations
ig are important. The fluctuation of the longitudinal velo-
city is quite intense along the axis Cof the oobustor, while the an velocity profiles
in Figure
7a shev no decay of the mean axial velocity. Along the axi, the fluctuation
in axial velocity is the result of the induced floa by the passage of the cohoernt vortex
ring. It does olat contrisute to the montum transport across the cross seotiona.

Hence, there is a strong velocity fluctuation oven in the potential core in the axisym-
metric case. In contrast to the present case, the experimental results by Pit and
Daily2 2 for the two-dimensional mixing layer do not show this phenomenon.

3, 1 ~~x Re -5.0O00)peoi
I ~.~ R ~ WO00 Study

I 4 ( ~ 0 E~ato and
DeItcy t
I
i r ,Ptti OI
J
u
9EWto and Tropearta
C
oAdtmaek at @L
I)8fe JfltlOO

imOitBl a* (ftQ4 Joe"

a. VtU profiles (N , 0.32, Re - 10,000)

SPill an Day" o L L40 • m

,• 1,.•ro • re t•o, g.o _T Is € Peak intomstty at streamwise
--- • ~~velocitty flucuamtion, ('.d•
S__- b. , ro•lu
ti/ (it 0.32, Re. Beo0o00)
foV
l'I~re1.
nte~t'y • lluouatngVelocit•y field
 12-11

Figure 70 shows the variation of peak intensity (u-- ax/U 2 as a function of axial
location. The results for the three different Reynolds number cases are shown. Because
ý4- the simulations with different Reynolds numbers were essentially performed to generate a
shear layer with different initial thicknesses, the comparison between the different Rey-
nolds number cases is discussed in that context. The peak value of the streanwise flue-
tuations in the shear layer is in the range of 0.04 to 0.06. This is in agreement with
the reported experimental value of 0.04. A global maximum occurs near the dump wall at
z/H s 8, which is about one step height upstream of the reattachment point. This
appears to agree with the results of Eaton and Johnston, 26 who also reported a maximum
turbulence intensity at one step height upstream of the reattachment point. The stream-
wise turbulence intensity continues to decrease beyond .he reattachment joint
26 and through
the nozale throat, as is consistent with experimental observations. • 2
Figures 8a through 8c show, respectively, the shear stress profiles -U'V-/U2 in the
combustor for the three simulations with different Reynolds numbers. The maximum in the
shear stress profiles occurs in the shear layer in the initial region of its development.
Further downstream, another maximum occurs in the recirculation region. in general, the
transverse p:'ofiles ei the shear stress are similar in all three simulations. The varia-
tion of the peak shear stress, -(&uo)uax,/U2, as a function of axial location is shown in
Figure ad. The maximum value of the shear stress increases to a global peak at the loca-
tion z - 2.5H for the Re - 5000 simulation. With increase in Reynolds number, this peak
value increases, and the location shifts closer to the dump plane. This peak shear
stress occurs in the region where, in an average sense, the primary vortices undergo
pairing. Since the increase in Reynolds number results in a thinner initial shear layer,
the rollup and pairing also occur closer to the dump plans, resulting in the shift of the
peak shear stress closer to the dump plane. For comparison, some experimental
data 2 5 ,26,29 are shown in this figure. Beyond x - 2H, the peak value of the shear
stress begins to decrease, reaching a local minimum at z s SH, after which it starts to
increase again to reach another maximum in the impingement region. A maximum value of
0.022 at x s 211 is observed. The peak near the reattachment point is in approximately
the same range.

a. Re - 5000

jUL~~ b. Re -10,000

.IS

cc. Re - 33,000 d. Axial variation of peak Reynolds

stress in the oombustort
9-s Aria and RouseBO
a-c. Reynolds stress -'/UI profiles * Durst and Tropeam:
in the combustor 9-q Best estimate curvetm .

fig•Lre S. Distribution of Rsynoldv Stress

As can bo seen in Figures ft through se, the Reynolds shear stress profiles change
their sign in the transverse direction. figure 9 shows the transverse profiles for tho
ondi•ewsmal mean velocity gradient RA/Br superimposed on the profils for the shear
12-12

.00 1.0
;CALE
AEGT
-
01N

2.00
'.L=/

{l)•l~
3
3.60
1

4.60
..
5.60 8.60 7.60
..
00o
(u/U)/a(r/H)z

.02

Figure 9. Comparison of Slope Profiles of the Streamwise Mean

Velocity ail/ar and the Reynolds Stress -uv/Y1 2
in the Coabustor
2
stress -- -h/U
7 . comparison of these two sets of profiles shows that the shear stress
and the slope of the mean profile have opposite signs in the recirculation zone, thus
indicating a region of counter-gradient diffusion of armontum. counter-gradient diffu-
sion is also observed in the region around x $ 7H across almost the entire cross
section. Thus, the gradient hypothesis of the Reynolds stress closure, i.e.,
-) vt,/r, where P, is the eddy viscosity, is clearly not generally applicable in
the combustor. Counter-gradient diffusion has been experimentally observed and is a
direct consequence of the presence of large-scale coherent structures (e.g., xussain 30 .
Counter-gradient diffusion has been shown to occur during pairing processes. Further-
more, the local orientation of the traveling, generally noncircular vortices relative to
the mean velocity profile determines whether co-gradient or counter-gradient diffusion of
momentum will dominate (e.g., No and Huerrelat Hussain3 4 . For example, if the major
axis of a vortex with an elliptic shape is oriented opposite to the slope of the mean
velocity profile, co-gradient diffusion dominates and energy is extracted from the mean
field by the fluctuating field. When the structure is aligned with the mean velocity
slope, counter-gradient diffusion dominates and a transfer of energy from tee fluctua-
tions back to the seen flow occurs. it has also been shown that the Reynolds stress
increases to a peak during pairing and decreases thereafter. 18,30
This experimentally observed relationship between large-scale structures and shear
stress variation is also seen in the present numerical simulations. For example, in Fig-
ure 6d there is a peek in Reynolds stress at z/H ts 2, which is around the region where
the first pairing occurs. In this region, co-gradient production of kinetic energy dom-
inates with only mall local regions of counter-gradient production. Further downstream,
the maximum in the shear stress distribution decreases in the shear layer as the pairing
is completed and more regions of counter-gradient diffusion appear, as can be seen in
Figures $a through to. The peak sheer stress increases again as the second serging pro-
cess occurs, which results in the large structure observed in the region z/H s 7. in
the region near the reattachment point, counter-gradient production dominates due to the
relative orientation of the large structures. The characteristic noncircular shape and
orientation of the large structure in the combustor Pan be visualised from the time
sequence shown in Figure 2. A point to note is that for counter-gradient production to
dominate in an average sense during unsteady motion, the large-scale structures Rust have
the same orientation near the same location during the course of a lonq simulation. The
time-averaged results obtained here indicate that this occurs near the nozzle entrance,
Near the dump wall, there is a small region where counter-gradient diffusion always
appears to dominate.
The failure of the gradient hypothesis in the recirculation son* and near the
impingement region is consistent with past observations. A similar analysis was also
carried out to determine the relation between -#'u and r/pl& and also between -p and
4/0r. The results, which are not shown here, also clearly indicate that the gradient
approximation for scalar diffusion is not valid in the reciroulation region nor near the
impingement region.

5. EXTRACTING ACOUSTIC INFORMATION

The major difference between the present simulations and the direct numeriol simu-
lations of incompressible turbulent flows extensively investigated in the past'v" is the
existence of acoustic diaturbtnoes in th4 computational domain when the reduced frequncy
 12-13

of the system based on the speed of sound is of the order of unity. Nov methods must be
developed to extract acoustic information from the results of numerical simulations so
that physical phenomena associated with the compressibility effects can be uncovered.
Our attempt in that direction is discussed in this section.
Since an acoustic disturbance is identified with the unsteady potential flow in a
linearized system, it is natural to attempt to define the acoustic disturbance by working
2
with the velocity field. It is vell-known (e.g., Ooldstein ) that a vector field V can
be decomposed into a solenoidal field V and a potential component V# as

The solenoidal field 0 satisfies the incompressible condition

VV = 0 (17)
and the vorticity of the vector field V is included by V so that the following relation
is satisfied%

From the above equation, the vortioity if can be identified as the source term in deter-
mining the vortical component cf the velocity field 7. In particular, a stream function
0 can be defined for the solenoidal field V in two-dimensional or axisymmetric flow so
that
v2 . - U
• S)
where the vorticity is the source term for determining the vortical stream function ,.
While the solenoidal field contains all of the vertical field of the given vector
field, the potential field 0 includes all of the dilatation field of V. Therefore,
V2 0 = V,- = 910)

where A is the dilatation field, This decomposition is arbitrary up to a solenoidal-

potential field. In other words, the classification of an irrotationsl-incompressible
flow field into one of the two components is arbitrary. This decomposition of the velo-
city field is kinematic in nature and is valid for both the linear and nonlinear oases.
The definition of acoustic disturbance is given as the unsteady portion of the velo-
20 2
city potential. •3 Goldstain l further constrained this decomposition by defining the
vortical velocity as that governed by a pure convective equation. The pressure variation
is attributed to the "acoustic* velocity field. This constraint attaches dynamic signi-
ficance to the original kinematic decomposition and therefore removes Mte arbitrariness.
By subtracting the time-averaged part from Eq. (20), the equation for the acoustic
potential 0' can be given as

where the instantaneous fluctuating dilatation field 4' sets as a source.

In analysing the results of simulations, we used vorticity contours as a representa-
tive quantity for visualization of the vertical disturbance in the flew field. Irma the
parallel between tqs. (19) and (a1). it appears that the unsteady part of the dilatation
field may serve as a repre•entative quantity for visualising the acoustic disturbanee.
in out numerical simulations, the dilatation field is recorded. Using the" data, a
running time average of the field is parformed. The mean field is then subtracted from
the instantaneous field to give the instantaneous fluctuating component. The instantans-
ous dilatation field in the coMbustor it shown in Figure 10. The two regions of high
instantaneous dilatation field Shown in this figure are identified and analysed itdetail
below.
The first region to the shear layer near the dum plane where the rollup occurs. A
careful examination of the closeups of the dilatation and vorticity fields there reveals
that the dilatation field around each concentrated vortax is a quadrupole figures lie

Figure 10. lntantneus Dilatation field in the Cetkuttor

 12-14

and lib, respectively, show closeups of a vorticity field and the corresponding dilata-
tion field near the dump plane. The quadrupole nature of the dilatation field around a
rolled-up vortex is clearly shown. This visual pattern of the dilatation field travels
with the vorticity pattern. an observation in contradiction to the general notion of en
acoustic disturbance.

a. Vorticity contour*

b. DiAlatation contours

4 Tigume 11. comparison of Verticity and tDllatatiO4a iiolds Roear tho

DuAVp lane

consider Liqhthill's acoustic analogy3 2 :

The source term 8 of this equation. involves. the fluctuation of "5eNoamll i enthalpyO. 10#3 1
In the present case, where coebustion Is absent, this source tare mainly consists of the
vorticel disturbances. In1 the near field, these sources are not negligible. The length
and time swatts of the sources dominate this region so that the acouticl equation (21)
must be scaled accordingly. it follows immediately' that the first ters of the acoustic
equation is of O(Aft), as compared to the other terms,# and to negligible At4 low subsonic
flows. Use acoustic potential is governed by a Poisso's, equations with vortiolty dim-
turbnanoc acting as a source term. The propagation aspects af the acoustic wave afe lost
under this scaling, and the acoustic potential fields whicb is dominated by the Sources.
in the near field, travel# with the charecterietic voctofavertical field instead
of the speed of sound. this to usually called a peeu~oeound" and to not tn acoustic
wave in the conventional smane. The quadrupole behavior of the dilatation field arounda
concentrated vortex essentially reflects the source behavior discussed by Lgefl
It As worthwhile to mention that the quedrwpolo sources ate weak radiators of so&Ad# and
perhaps the resulting acoustic waves interact only weekly with the vertical notion.
The visualilation of the dilatation fisld probably can be used to detect a propagat-
Inig short acoustic vave such as a shack wave. In general, the long wave In a subsoic
flow is difficult to Visualize by thim SMeto. If the short-wavelength poeudosound dis-
turAnces caused by the vertical field can be filtered from the computed dilatation
field, the long acoustic -wave may be. revealed. ftis itorbing process re9Lires inteea"
 12-13 ••

tion of the dilatation field over a sampling volume that is small compared to the
wavelength and yet large compared to the scale of the vortical disturbance. In the simu-
lations, a suitable spatial average over a sampling volume is difficult to define, and
the deduction of long acoustic waves from the results of simulations has not been
attempted.

The dilemma of separating acoustic information from the vortical disturbances, as in

20
the case of pseudosound discussed above, is not new. Crow posed the problem of the
formulation of an acoustic equation as follows: given a vorticity field n1, find the
density field and the velocity potential. He considered the subsonic cases in which the
eddy length scale and the length scale of the region of vortical disturbances are such
smaller than the acoustic wavelength. The acoustic analogy of Lighthill-2 is the result
of a matched asymptotic expansion based on the smallness of the characteristic lengths in
comparison to the acoustic wavelength. For a source region with dimensions comparable to
the wavelength, he concluded that the separation of the acoustic disturbance from the
vortical disturbance is dubious. Although it is purely speculative, a multiple-scale
expansion may lead to a better formnlation for the problem where the region of vortical
disturbances is as large as the acoustic wavelength vhile the eddy size remains small.
This is# of course, beyond the scope of the present work.
Since the propagation aspects of acoustic waves are difficult to visualize for a low
subsonic flow, the dilatation field is used to find the characteristics of the sources in
the near field. The detection of an acoustic disturbance in our simulations relies
mainly on the point records of pressure fluctuations at locations where th vortical dis-
turbances are believed to be small.

The second region of high-level dilatation field is near the location where thc
coherent vortical structures impinge on the solid surface. The structure of te dtle -
tion field in that region is also very complex, as shown in figure Ia. If the addV aiae
is small compared to the acoustic wavelength, the source can be considered compact. Ite
2 1
behavior can be represnted by a multipole expansion of the distributed sources. The
lower-order singular sources arte nown to be sore effective sound radiator* than quadru-
poles. The strengths of the first two toerns of the expansion can be given by taking spa-
tial uomento of the distributed dilatation field over a sampling volume. The strength of
the monopole . wAd the dipole aa be computed by the following tmtepalat

4.V 4W

Swhere V is the sampling volume containinr the vortex &pingeent point, The time vans-
4 tion of the strength of the *monole and the axial cooponent of the dspole, together with
the vortieity integrated over tbe sass Voluae, are displayed In Figure 1) to show their
relationship. it appears that ts the large vottical structure repilges on the well, a
strong fluctuating dipole is generated there. the dipole field is 140 da-es. odt of
pha&e With the Vartieity fluctuiation.

"Vetat ¥
va• letty

f
b. ~t .LAU .. . ..

"U. v.tiolti em latatlee #i" #"t the #"*to "

-''
12-16

:1 a

(at

Fi C*1.Tm Vriationesa Vot- uit U. -C.taNftpl

and Acuti ipl i,

Wowsca iures .1a

futiu VrationIntehrs of aorjietyar, tatothis lc tuatipone
.. is

ingl aoswoti ditorbancstronerdipted At the uonstread.massiffuxe eorenpnd owlawspee

tta

montopole. in thes present problem, the Interaction between the impinging Vortices, and the
nottle causes fluctuating forces on the nottle. Acoustically, the fluctuating forces is
equivalent to a dipole, as shown by the above analysis. These resulte ProvIde acme
insight into the nature of mound generation due to vortex impingement oat a nestle. Thin
kntowledge of the scoustic behavior, of the notal*e reult ing from the Interactionc bettsnn
isphwglng vortices and the ntoale can be used to construct a moda for the press&re
oscillations, as will be tisausasd later.
0. MOO Of WOLIAflMS
tat the previous section, we diecuseed Mur Attempt to eatract acoktlaei ififonatiaoi
(roe the results of silmlations enS found that the. behavior of the soundsources. can be
V0isualised and "anlyted. However, the prcpegation aspects of the long acoustic av r
difficult to viauaiiae. ~theeore, Point pessure data say be a better rejwtemtatino
quanitity for the analysis. af lo"g acoutic waves. We hav teclis016 to Uee te power aws-
tUa of various flow quatities Cee6puted at a eat of discret pointe wnthe flow fViel foy
analysis of our siuflation resalts. ft.* flow quantities we have chosen to aitaly-10'arl
the wart lefty aNo: th presure The "int qwatity r veateesc te vaetial croaent of
the flow field, Stille the seco6" quantlc tis-sore igtWeu., Agai, in thes n*ar 0*eW.
both the vartict~al sponet and the acoustic cmonenwt, if suh .4 distinction can still
be mate, 4 contriuteA siSMUltanseusy to the fit"eat0i Of the static preomlaft AS Flown
William poined btnt, the low'-faqusac opoesNta Of the prssur fluctuaktion Sta Ofat-
Uain acoaaticaes "* here afte leeutifs when 0taewoticity is locally at a very lowi
14levelawic the flowA is locally A' potntal flew, the presur tltWaeaotaO ewtasd
there an assumed toe rwepaet acoutic oscillations. sifes the acoutic wvelenth toe
-0"spareslo to the len4th of the *duator.thUs8ot-davat law NAY n0t give the eote0tt
haaelation beatwam the 044f twetaitet* vtat at the Cusp ptam. I"o
siot-awazt law is applcble onlywhe %#mt acoustic 4waelengt tar. she gos ftowbeAw
Is such
A i this the 4tiecene betweon an btoatne a"d tae aeve.
ý~ In te Present
siMAIasonst thie pusera I0f tietWtOn at the base at the tp Saet umhadfai
coskiw
fiotea ie is"All,
t i4tV1ft
cos 4dere ceticd
*n f*ertiAtion.
figeno I"e sows the pci Ora"
pe
atptd sur t t"e bae" of tie step. The Macb
see inthe islWet dact tat thi's sisulatlen is 040, aid the e~e 'ceitiess were iti
cissed earlier twes ato three tistiftt pea" is m*a spectre at mflsima"tsly tfl. MS
ead MSft. Althoug the level et the preemie see4iiiati is Ice, at etly S percet af
t16 statIC Ptiesur, th4 esiet*n0 off 64100 distint ftt*tflni66 deser#e catrefl dass
sidartiesl. mie atteot to clarit toe estAe oft tses spet"a 04us of prestt. cecl-
 12-17

48249

t.Lt"

se Figur
era 14ays tu Spectra atthe JLa ofl)
thoSto
0&

tices ate cnieea or*Independent of acoustic wAves. Their presence userely

Ituina exl*# ~theaosiOisubne.When th pc-iedistribution of the twineos can-
one of tefew* **dindby the eigmnsolutioas of the haosognsous sco'astlc
equation and budycniosaresonant condition to satisfied. The acoustic Cscil-
lationa i h ut4cuuit.& large-espitude oscillation. s&y result. Theftre-
Teeis another mfcheio bywhich vortkcai disturboancs Can cause pressure fiuC-
tuatonein bounded domain ah oadump coebustor. In this "hns.aVrio
oscillation in which the votcldisturbance is part of the eiqonvector SAntthe fre-
queny depends on the niqenvalus of t*he combined vorticol-eacutic Vave opertor and,
therefore, atrottly an the jphee #sped of the vortlical Gisturbance. Thip ac#Ipi4Rq
betwien vorticity SAd 4ouatic waves at the solid boundary vias divas"se LIa itt iitwa'-
lInd atutu by Codsoidat in his qsarrai discussian of the @wn geeate by a I~orw
7his tyjie of ocaillation is doaiwratsd is a coupled-s@4e oooiiiatacn Uhe itet~le
secahanisas of this mboe vill be discased in the Aewt sectio by using a odal
sipi

Its used the follaiown simulation method to clarify the rature of 0as obsorved §pc7-
tral pefa.o "0e freqwncy of a4reecoant escititio@ depends Gon the speed of soud and
* onalyf usaly Ontthe convective spee. A variation In mah *Abe vith "he ease stanation
conditione viii niot. substantially alter the tetqsrtuttke of the chabr. eAM ths It"e tre-
q-teiw of an acoustic tree *wad, If the Mach Nate. Lw kept vtenenbly to*e. owewr. t"e
variation tot the flow' velocity is almost preportianal to tame it' the Nach WAsbot. I"e
* ~~~frequsec Of a .tuAe10-wade eetliaon iii then to shifted substantialily with varis-
tioa sIn'he NMac *AWuaa Toe take u&mava of this preperty, we pertfored two sIWAl-
ti@Mst a%* it-s inlet Math nwaor of 0.1 & ash th ther pt 0.44. mY eobparine the he-
queny pGectra of sho OseltetLen tree thesi tuo *irnaltions1 Woem te ldaty toe
"athspiectr of pregwstae secllauniow at the mAse attwie~stdafrt thes two miselt-
NI*"# are almos laita These* pea" P idet.f
are0.t as autxc
0ied " frebonath esl~uI

tesmstowtvatapear the w ften ataWedt point lot ibisWpertinler moloft eseila-

else, 'thee da sml Pointsthemiia " w te ell tmisinsf Vwervrt"
revise have thepaet
lt"ea leaks
ft weeane LastV4It s fewiee Is posilme a a " is.hefroeme metilace.
tle *&it tist Apearsoto thoseat'" mod&ewpaltott
asee e pait i of
amasecvomleeh
a w
aproeiaWtelG It. 1*ItAAgree v1IIita the at et"00, freeA he ePsOtr MaO athePhet
tie letw
wadesd tatrsaied
the twith~ 0010 66leM0s. ofaha amai sleelewees.
rufo o
apewemeetyS oal ms midh watotale te teddueaeasreie .A e ha~aveftalb

model say sot pin* on aedufreta sotisaft a of thefrqeay eve tar sate lesser fOW 668.
1mw~~~~~
fmtwetal
rett ie" bshe IS er IIVAprovid er

I
si"lt rOiW t
"soestp feor see meitod menetldtoieasts &end Neer 00e ctewm %Ott. ht
iwottiwafe-is requi"tedo Asateftnata this 06isela" a.
 12-18

• o./ ., -.
Z.
" lit AU4'
LO'

wN ?Lv TOU•T

ligure 15. Nall P'-'ssure Amplitude for the 650-Hz Oscillation

Figure 14 alm shows that the frequency peaks in the range of 180 and 370 Hz in
simulations with a Hach number of 0.32 shifted upward with an increase in the Mach number
to the range of 260 and 450 Hz. These are identified as the coupled-mode oscillations.
To further substantiate that these lower-frequency peaks are related to the vortex
motion, we re' "ýde- the time history of vorticity at a location near the entrance of the
nozzle. The r-wer spectra of the vorticity fluctuations for the two Mach numbers show
that, in the neighborhood of the low-frequency ranges of 370 and 450 HS, strong vortical
activitir- re evident.
In addition, we sbhwed in the last seotion that, as a large vortical structure
imp'nges on the wall, the local instantaneous fluctuating dilatation field behaves col-
le- vely as a dipole there. A strong sound radiation may originate from that region.
Th-' .4observation suggests that the low-frequency pressure fluctuations at the base of the
step correlate with the vortiolty impingement at the liownstreat no!.1 a In the following
section, we propose a model to describe the coupled-sode occillations.

7. ()UPLED-MODE OSCILLATION

We demonstrated in the previous section that, at the base of the backward-facing

step, the pressure oscillations appear to contain frequency components that correlate
well with those of the vorticity fluctuations near the impingement point. The frequen-
cies of these components depend on che convective speed oý the large vortices. This
correlation suggests that the vorticity fluctuations may participate directly in the
oscillation mode. Although the details of the interaction process can be quite complex,
the easential mechanism can be described in the eollowinq simple manner. Upon impinging
on the nozzle, a vortex gencates -n acoustic disturbance. This acoustic disturbance
propagates upstream and is locally awplified by the diffraction around the corner of the
backward-facing step. The resulzing large ocefustically induced velocity perturba the
shear layer near the separation point. ThMs perturbation propagates downstream as an
unstable vorticity wave, which rasults in the formation of a large vortical structure.
The process is thus self-sustaining. We call this class of oscillations the coupled
mode.
Coupled-mode oscillations hava been described in many different terr-%fto various
flow conditions. For example, Rockwell and tMudscher* made an extensive VeVx*W of the
self-sustaining edge tone or cavity oscillations. Culi;k and Nagiawala36 discussed the
pressure oscillations in a solid propellant rocket in which tie spauer of the grain sheds
vortices that, upon imp..*:,ng on the downstream space&, generate upstream-prepaoating
acoustic disturbances that initiate new vortices. Mo end essire " Lnvestigated euperl-
mt,;tally a similar feedback mechanism for a jet impinging on a flat plate. Abouseif at
al. 5 studied the generation of acoustic upstream feedback by the Interaction of an
3ntropy wave with # noszle. Mtrtin %t al. 3 identified a similer meebantam as the anurce
o0 wind tunnel pumping observed in an open jet tunnel vith a downstream ditfuser. Tam
and Mlock 3 investigated the origin -af the pressure Oscillations In a cavity with exter-
nal flow. Boger and Salben "used this mechanism to ewiailn the experimentally Observd
ocilletions in a diffuser with a frequency not associated wLth the acoustic modes. Wil-
liamGs pointed out the possibility of combined vcrtieity-acutio eeeOillaties in a
iombustion chamber.

we present here a model that utilizes the information on the characteristics of the
acoustia source resulting from the tnteraeti"n between Imping•i vortices and the noasle
discussed earlier. We also includ the inlet duet 4a Part Of the aOWGUsO SyStm in the
 12-19

coupled-mode oscillations. This model not only clearly demonstrates the physical mechan-
lam of the interaction between the acoustic wave and the vortical disturbance but also
provides a method for evaluating approximately the frequencies of the coupled modes.
sq. (22) is rewritten .n the following form: V

- 2 DO2•

where A; is the distributed di..tat ion field contributed by the source. As discussed
earlier, the contribution of the propagation term to the dilatation field is small com-
pared to the source term in the souoce region. Hence, the dilatation field cosputed from
the simulations ziainly consists of the latter. To investigate the propagation aspects of
the acoustic wave, the above. mqation is filtered to reveal the long-wave behavior. This
reaults in restoration of the propagation term, and the small-scale .!ources are compact
and can be represented by the Dirac delta function or other generalize' functions.
It is perhaps sore illustrative to use acoustic pressure than to use acoustic poten-
tial as the acoustic variable for this simple one-dimoenSional model. Hence, we have
1 02, 8, 9A.

In the above equation, the convection of acoustic 4isturbancea by the mean flow is
neglected for low subsonic flows, and A' is the filtered dilatation field. Previously.
we found that a strong dipole source for dilatation is generated by the impingement of
vortices on the nozzle wall. The dimeasions of the nozzle are asseved to be small role-
tive to the acoustic wavelength. Therefore, the multipole ea.pmnsion of the computed
dilatation field 'ýan be applied by using the entire nozaR region, fro" the entrane, to
the throat, as the sampling volume. The results can be interpreted as the acoustic
response of the complete vortex-n(male-acoustio interaction, since the dildtation field
is computed by solvtng the nonl.near flow equations and by satio.ying the exact boundary
conditions on the nozzle wall. Hence, we have
S•••.•••- :.) •7)

whore a is a transfer c•oficient and z. is the axial location of the nozzle. The sign
in the above expression is determined by the tact that the dipole oource is 180 degrees
out of phase with the vorticity fluctuattons.
For a vortical disturbanne, the f•ijoving convective equation is assume•d:

where v. is the convective velocity for the vorticity. in this one-dimensional nodal,
the detailed dynamice of the vorticity Is lost.. For example, the instability of a vortex
&heet, or a •ther layer, cannot be Included in one-disetoaionaj dynamics. Instaad, en ad
hoe model of a growth rato a for the verticity disturbance is included in the Ifbove
equation to reflWt, the spatial growth of a vertical dist...•rbanoe. Froe Hiehtlke. 41 the
growth rate of the vertical disturbance is related to the thickness of the shear layeri
it is larger for a thinner shear layer and vice voera. The phase speed of 'the vortices
vat .asputed by a two-point correlation of the vorticlty fluctuations. It Vas found
that the convective speed for the vortclity In the dump Is approximately 0.6 of the vale-
city In the islet ducfteM ito etantilly slower at o.5 when approaching the Impinge-
sent point.
The acoustic equation t26) is applied to beti" the dump rogion and th@ Winlt duet
soparstely. The tolutions in two regio" are matched by the cantinuity corditiono at the
"dump plahe. Thu4, i•%p and # are the solutions. in the duct an tM dusp rqian, -"poe-
tively, tho fol.owVUR boundary conditionse are eppliidt

-hets the dump plane It asated at .4 , 0 AMd the disastes o0 she inlet dut am the
duNO xre andij, reapeivtly.
Numerically, we appilied ?t constant stagnatiou prosaure beduAry Vondtion% at the
inlet In our Uslulatlone, ttlis c4;Witioa cann be furouli~ted In terse of a hommeesou

*Where. a' to the acoustic velocity and ~toi the Nm* nimber at the tnlet. In an usteady
calftlation, the as~tapsa "s suft by the- Ssteadytate fore striduy Speak-
&as4Insd
12-20

ing, is not applicable. However, without better implementation of the inflow boundary
condition, this boundary condition can be considered as an ad hoc assumption. It is
important that this condition doee not input energy into the acoustic oscillations in the
interior of the computational domain. It turns out that this boundary condition has a
damping effect on the acoustic waves in the system. The boundary condition does not gen-
erate spurious acoustic waves, which could otherwise be mistaken as self-sustained oscil-
lations.
The nozzle and the supersonic region downstream of the throat are replaced by a
dipole source in the acoustic equation. Since the behavior of the dipole source has been
computed by a direct numerical simulation, the left-running waves resulting from the com-
plex vortex-nozzle-acoustic interaction are included in the radiated waves by the source.
Thus, no additional left-running *free wave" from the homogeneous solution of the acous-
tic equation is required.
The remaining boundary condition is the mechanism of perturbing the shear layer by
an acoustic wave at the dump plane. At the step where the boundary layer separates from
the surface to form a free shear layer, an acoustic disturbance is amplified locally by
the diffraction around the sharp convex corner. In fact, a linear acoustic theory will
predict an infinite acoustic velocity at the corner. Research in the past had been
directed toward the issue of so-called acoustic susceptibility at the separation point.
For example, Orszag and Crow 4 2 addressed the problem in the incompressible limit by exa-
mining the shear layer behind a trailing edge. They found that the infinite flow velo-
city at the trailing edge induced by the instability wave of the vortex sheet must be
compensated by the initiation of a new vortioity disturbance. Crighton and Leppinton 4 3
investigated the acoustic susceptibility of the shear layer behind a trailing edge of a
flat plate. Again, the Kutta condition at the trailing edge determines the vorticity
disturbance that eventually grows into a large-scale coherent structure. This mechanism
can be represented by the folluwing boundary conditiont
al.w. - O, - 0 02)
where u' is the acoustic-induced velocity at the dump plane and is related to the gra-
dient of acoustic pressure by

The vorticity dynamics and the acoustic oscillations are coupled through the dipole
source and the boundary condition at the dump plane. The system of equation with the
boundary conditions is homogeneous. We seek an elgansolution of the form

where I is the frequency, The variables in the remainder of this article are all nondi-
sosicnaliaed by the reference quantities (e.g., the velocity by t, the spatial coordi-
nate by so# time by tJc and use the *ase nomenolature as the dimensional quai&titias.
the vorticity equation (24) can be integrated easily to give

whare a& is an arbitrary integration constant, MO is the Hach numbtr of the vortex con-
weotiwe speed and a stando for the nondimensLonal grovth rateaf vortical distarb-mes.
To alev, the acoustic equat ion (24), we first realize that the Greens function for
the •eq•uaon is given -.a retarded potential 4s

where * is the Dlsm delta fuctimn Thus, the particular solution for thlt forced wave
equation (26) can be given by

• ~~ ~ ~~42'il~~lit l

~~(r'i.Ia a) 07)s

• er the primet snltas W da.iwative with repo e•t to the Argument. Note that there is
a iS,-degree Phase shiftin the acecatl o pre"aius aliOs the 061ils. T, is da to the
. Ie RAte Ot US sor.. er. ,l. 9ret -. I . .M .egiof I. .
 "12-21
By using Eqs. (35) and (38), the general solution of the forced acoustic equation in
Sthe dump region can be given as
p2 = aCif1 + a, e"
+ A,- Is.-... 1 Z<z,

-•z >Z)

A = a0e (40)
its.
F =2 e Ma (41)

where a. and a, are integration constants. It is useful to give the expression of the
derivative of p2 as

P2. =i(a, et 4a,

+ F a-'/I- I)()
There is no phase shift across the nozzle.
The acoustic pressure in the inlet duct is simply given
by
p a•e •1. + a,"18
a, (43)
where 41 and a, are integration constants.

The coefficient a3 can be set to zero to eliminate the left-running "free wave" as
was discussed, The remaining integration constants can be determined by the boundary
conditions, Eqs. (29) through (33). Since these boundary conditions are homogeneous, the
eigenvalue f can be obtained from the condition that the characteristic determinant van-
ishes.
The eigenvalue problem contains four physical parameters: the convective Mach
number U(., the inlet duct leogth I, the areal ratio between the duct and the dump R,
and an overall interaction parameter A, as defined by Eq. (40). This parameter is non-
dimensional and reflects the overall degree of interaction between acoustic oscillations
and vorticity dynamics in the system. For example, an unstable shear layer with a large
growth rate a will interact more strongly with acoustic waves. Strictly speaking, A is
not independent of the frequency . However, the present assumption of a constant
interaction parameter probably does not affect the real part of the eigenvalue J,
The charicteristio condition can be simplified to the following equationt
IM41
. . (2
t 1+A
+. 1) 1I

where 8 is the areal ratio botuaen the rorc aution of the dump and the eraoss secion
of the inlet pipe, and
r = PAe' )
The frequency is a coispl•x numb•kr, and abs•lute instability is possiblo when Is (/I C 0.
It can be shown that there is a stability criterion for the parameter A below which the
system is stable. For large A, it can be shown that the growth rate of the instability
behaves as In A. Figure 16 showe the colep eAignfrequencies for the first two mades
for varioa values of A.
The fr•euencis of the first two modes ceompted from this model problem are 190 and
360 Ne, which eem to reflect what has been observed in the numerical simulations,
although there are dise•repawces in the numerical values, There are quite a number of
uncertainties in the model that are still considered as ad hoc acsumpteons. The convec-
tive rps" of vortices in the dump is taken as 0.5 of the jet velocity at the dump plane.
*e used this reduced value, a opposed to the value of 0.6 observed in a free oet, to
aecount for the deceleration of the vortices s they approach the ispingement point ef
oas discussed previously. The convection of aeoustic waves by the ewan flow has been
neglected. These factors can Certainly affect the computed eiganf•rfeuncies by using the
model. Nevertheles, this simple one-dimansional modal, using the bebavioe, of the acou-
tic sour e eXtracted from the numerical simulations is very helpful is• u•NerstndnL
t: the oe"Pe phy"cal pro""sse involved in vorte -aoutio Interactions.
 12-22

.60

.50

.45

~.2S
.25

.20

. 10

.00
1.00 1.:2 1:50 1.*7 2.00 2:25 2.50 .' n 8.00
FR

Figure 16. Rigenvalues for the Coupled mode

8. COMBUSTZON MODIL AND SIMULATIONS

To include combustion in the model, we first assume that the thickness of the flame
in a large-eddy simulation is only broadened by the subgrid fine-scale turbulence and can
be considered as thin in such a simulation. The burning rate in a large-eddy simulation
is determined by the propagation of the flame into the fuel stream at a subgrid turbulent
flame speed vr, and the contortion of the flame by the large eddies. The subgrid tur-
bulent flame speed needs to be modeled, while the flame contortion by the large eddies
can be directly computed. The model for a subgrd turbulent flame speed can be supplied,
for example, by the recent results of Yakhot, who computed the relation between the
w1
laminar flame speed vj, the turbulent flame speed.r and the turbulent rms velocity %* by a
re-normalisation group technique. Specifically, he derived the following relation.

ur
A progress variable 0, with C w 0 for the fuel mixture end G6 I for the combustion
product, can be defined. The equation governing the progress variable 0 is given by
Nerstein et &l. 45S&
+'V÷VG
'- rIVCIt ()

In this formulation, the turbulent rsu velocity must be supplied by the transport equa-
tion for the subgrid turbulent kinetic energy equation, I.e., k-eqution. This subgrid
turbulent kinetic energy equation needs to be derived and modeled. The chemical energy
release is then locally. related to the flame convolution and the local flae speed. The
effects of chemical heat release can be included in the heat of formation in the *xpree-
*ion for the Internal energy. This model is currently being investigated, and the
resulting numerical simulations can be used to study combustion Instability. The results
of co:mbt1ion simulations will be repotted in the future.

5. 8WARY
AD ISMUSIZQN
We have Investigated pressure oscillations in a rsajet combustor under coldf low
conditions. Te wmin conatribution of this investigation is the evidence that both
resonant oscillations and coupled-mode oscillatiosa e*ist in the combustor. The former
repr•e•t an acoustic free mode excited by vortax activities, and the latter are oailla-
tions in which the vortical disturbances play a primay .role in the formation of elgen-
functios. Kwever, the ampl.tude of thes oscilations Is sall. to undestand ufrth

i ....
 12-23

* the origin of the large-amplitude pressure oscillations observed in an instability mode

in a ramjet combustor, chemical heat release must be included. The interaction among
vortical disturbances, acoustic disturbances, entropy disturbances and soltd surfaces
will be even more complex than in the present case. Both acoustic resonant modes and
convective-wave/acoustic-wave coupled modes are potential candidates for combustion ins-
tability when heat release is included. Application of tha methodology presented in this
investigation to cases with heat release is now being attempted.

It is worthwhile to make a few comments on the present numerical simulations. A

simulation of tho phenomenon of resonant oscillations takes a long computing time for the
flow field to evolve into a quasi-stationary state. Even for the present axisymmetric
simulation, significant computational time is required to obtain enough data for a mean-
ingful statistical analysis. 13 The results presented here are. perhaps the limit of what
one can do with state-of-the-art computing capabilities. As discussed in the Introduc-
tion, our simulations can only be classified as large-eddy simulations. The breakdown of
the axisymetric vortical structures into three-dimensional turbulence cannot be included
here. The transfer of spectral energy to high wave numbers by three-dimensional vortex
stretching is missing. The resulting dissipation of large vortical structures can only
be partially accounted for in the present investigation by the relatively large molecular
viscosity and perhaps by the numerical dissipation near the end of the combustor where
the grid spacing is large. Extension of the simulations to three-dimensional space
requires a computer at least an order of magnitude faster. Even then, a subgrid-scale
turbulence model will be required. Subgrid models for compressible flows have just been
emerging. These models need to be validated for practical applications.

REFERENCES

1. Chu, B.-T., and Kovasanay, L. S. G., "Nonlinear Interactions in a Viscous Heat-

Conducting Compressible Gas," J. Fluid Mech., Vol, 3, 1958, pp. 494-514.
2. Rockwell, D., and Naudascher, E., "Self-Sustnined Oscillations of impinging Free
Shear Layers," Ann. Ret, Fluid Moch., Vol. 11, 1979, pp. 67-94.
3. Ohring, S., "Calculations of Self-Excited Impinging Jot Flows," J. Fluid Moe.,
Vol. 163, 1986, pp. 69-98.
4. Ffowcs Williams, J. 9., "Boundary Layer Pressures and the corcos Model: A Develop-
ment to Incorporate Low Wave Number Constraints," 4. Flv'i Meh., .Vol. 125, 1902,
pp. 9-25.
5. Abouseif, 6. E., Keklak, J. A., and Toong, T. Y., "Mamet Rumblet The Low Frequency
Instability Mechanism in Coaxial Dump Combustors," Combuation Sd. and Teck., Vol. 36,
1984, pp. 83-108.
6. Sohadow, X. C., Gutmark, X., Parr, T. P., Parr, D. N., and Wilson, K. J., "Lane-
Scale Structure as a Driver of Combustion Instability#" AIM Paper No. 87-1336, 1987.
7. sterling, J. D., and Zukoski, B. X., "Longitudinal Node Comb¢tion Instabilities in a
Dump Combus'or," AIAA Paper No. 87-0220, 1987.
I. Crooco, L., and Cheng, S.-!., "Theory of Combustion Znstability in Liquid Propellant
Rocket Motors,* AGARDograph No, 8, Butterwortha Scientific Publication, 1956.
9. Crocco, L., and Sirignano, W. A., "Behavior of Supercritical Nozzles Under Three-
Dimensional Oscillatory Conditions," AGARDograph No. 117, NATO, 1967.
10. Fersiger, J. H., end Leslie, D. C., "Large Eddy Simulaviont A Predictive Approach to
Turbulent Flow Computation," ATM Paper No. 79-1471, U079.
l1. 1on, W.-H., end Xenon, B., NSimulations of Ramjet Couwabor Flow FiAlds Part 11-
Origin of Pressure Oscillations," kAM Paper No, 87-1422# 1987.
12. BOgar, T. 3., and Salben, N., "The Role of Convaetiv* Perturbations in Supeorcitioal
Inle%Oscillations," OPIA Pubdlioe No. 412, Vol. I, 1904, p. 465.
13.Nenoni B., and Jou, V.-H., "Simulations of Ramjet Coubustor Flow Fields: Part I -
Numerical Model, Large-Seal. and Mean Notions,# AIM Paper. No. S67-•4l, 1017.
14. MaoComaok, R. W., "The streot oa Viscosity in wiper-Velocity Itatt C*rataring,* ADA
Papor No. 69-354, 1960.
1S. NMaComak, R. W., RAsei, A. V., and Inouye, N., *Steady Supersonic Flowtields with
Embedded subsonic Regions,"0 Compdahee Md". sad Progam. bi Aeftew"i W
ftl'dd
Duw5u
&ewItt,D., L., at al., ads., Acadisio Press, 1974.
*1. D144mm, m., and No, 0.-N., sUnateady Separation in a Doundary Layer Produced by an
"ImpingingJet,* . &W M". Vol. IGO, 9155, pp. 233-256.

R • o- : • ' ' " . ' . . -. . . ,.. . .. .

 12-24

17. Gutmark, R., and Ho, C.-M., "Preferred Modes and the Spreading Rates of Jets,"+
Phys. Fluids, Vol. 26, 1983, pp. 2932-2938.
18. Ho, C.-M., and Huerre, P., "Perturbed Free Shear Laye:m," Ann. Rev. Fluid Mdch.,
Vol. 16, 1984, pp. 365-424.
19. Lalufer, J., and Monkewitz, P. A., "On TXurbulent Jet Flows; A New Perspective," AIAA
Paper No. 80-0962, 1980.
20. Crow, S. C., "Aerodynamic Sound Emission as a Singular Perturbation Problem," S•'id.
Appl.Math., Vol. 49, 1970, pp. 21-44.
21. Goldstein, M. E., Aeroacoustics, NASA SP-346, 1974.
22. Pitz, R. W., and Daily, a. W., "Combustion in a Turbulent Mixing Layer Formed at a
Rearward-Facing Step," AIAA J., Vol. 21, 1983, pp. 1565-1570.
23. Eaton, J. K., and Johnston, a. P., "A Review of Research on subsonic Turbulent Flow
Reattachment," AMA J., Vol. 19, 1981, pp. 1093-1100.
24. Minh, H. H., and Chassaing, P., "Perturbations of Turbulent Pipe Flow," in Turbulent
Shear Flows -1, Bradbury, L. J. S., etal., ads., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979.
25. Durst, F., and Tropea, C., "Turbulent Backward-Facing Step Plows in Two-Dimensional
Ducts and Channels," Turbulent Shear Flow Conference 3, Davis, CA, 1982.
26. Eaton, J. K., and Johnston, J. P., "An Evaluation of Data for the Backward-Facing
: Step Flow," 1980/81 AFOSR-HTIM-Stanford Conference on Complex Turbulent Flows, 1980.
* 27. Gutmerk, E., Schadow, K. C., Wilson, K. J., and Parr, D. M., "Small Scale Mixing
Enhancement in Acoustically Excited Jets," AIAA Paper No. 86-1885, 1986.
28. Bradehaw, P., and Wong, F. Y. F., "The Reattachment and Relaxation of a Turbulent
Shear Layer," J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 52, 1972, pp. 113-135.
29. Arie, M., and Rouse, H., "Experiments on Two-Dimensional Flow over a Normal Wall,",
J.Fluid Mech., Vol. 1, 1956, pp. 129-141.
30. Hussain, A. K. N. F., "Coherent Structures - Reality and Myth," PAys. Fluids, Vol. 26,
1983, pp. 2816-2850.
31. Yates, J. E., "Application of the Bernoulli Enthalpy Concept to the Study of Vortex
Noise and Jet Impingement Noise," NASA CR 2987, 1977.
32. Lighthill, M. J., "On Sound Generated Aerodynamically - 1. General Theory," Proc. Roy.
Soc. (London), Series A, Vol. 211, 1952, pp. 564-587.
33. Ffowcs Williams, J. B., "Hydrodynamic Noise,"0 Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 1, 1969,
pp. 197-222.
34. Wills, J. A. B., "Measurement of the Wave Number/Phase Velocity Spectrum of Wall
Pressure Beneath a Turbulent Boundary Layer," J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 45, 1970, pp. 65-90.
35. Criqhton, D. G., "The Excess Noise Field of Subsonic Jets," J.Fluid Mcch., Vol. 56,
1972, pp. 683-694.
36. Culick, F. E. C., and Magiawala, K., "Excitation of Acoustic Modes in a Chamber by
Vortex Shedding," J. Sound and Vibration, Vol. 64, 1979, pp. 455-457.
37. Ho, C.-M., and Nosseir, N. S., "Dynamics of Impinging Jets: Part 1. The Feedback
Phenomenon," J. Fluid Mach., Vol. 105, 1981, pp. 119-142.
38. Martin, R. M., Brooks, T. F;, and Moad, D, R., "Reduction of Background Noise Induced
by Wind Tunnel Jet Exit Vanes," AIAA J., Vol. 23, 1985, pp. 1631-32.
39. Tam, C. K., and Block, P. J. W., "On the Tones and Pressure Oscillations Induced by
Flow over Rectangular Cavities,"I J.Fluid Meeh., Vol. 89, Part 2, 1978, pp. 373-399.
40. Williams, F. A., Combustion Theory, Second Edition, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Com-
pany, 1985.
41. Miohalke, A., "The instability of Free Shear Layers, A Survey on the State of the
Art,"*IPo#. in Ar•opaet Stienos, Vol. 12, 1972, pp. 213-239.
42.Orslaq, S. A., and Crow, S. C., "Instability of a Vortex Sheet Leaving a Semi-
infinite Plate,"Mud. Appl. Moath.,
Vol. 49, 1970", pp. 167-181.
43. Crighton, D. 0., and L•ppinton, F. Q., "Radiation Properties of the Semi-infinite
Vortex Sheeat The Initial Value Problem," J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 64, 1974, pp. 393-414.

6F
 12-25 ;~•

44. Yakhot, V., "Propagation Velocity of Premixed Turbulent Flame," submitted to Combustion
Prpa iylA.o.7, oation
45. Kerstein, A. R., anAshurst,
UnsteadyW. Homogeneous
T., and Williams, F. A., Phy.
Flowfield," "Field
Rev. Equation
Ann., Vol. for
37,Interface
No. 7, qý
•iPropagation in
1988, pp. 2728-2731.

$
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The present work is supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No.
N00014-84-C-0359. This research would not have been possible without the support from
NASA Lewis Research Center for generous computing time on the CRAY-XMP computer, and from
the National Aerodynamics Simulator (NAS) at NASA Ames Research Center for high-
resolution computations. During the course of the research, comments by Professor F. E.
C. Culick of Caltech, Professor C.-M. Ho of the University of Southern California, and
Dr. Klaus Schadow of the Naval Weapons Center have been very helpful.

DISCUSSION

A. Laverdant, France

What are your initial conditions, is it zero velocity

. ,everywhere in the cavity or is a simplified one
dimensional description used ?
Author's Reply
The flow field was initially set at the stagnation
conditions. The flow is started by lowering the exit
pressure.
S. Candel, France
Having dfermined the dilation it is possible to
integrate the Poisson equation for the potential
and then to get the acoustic pressure from the
potential. Did you try to follow this path 7
Author's Reply
One can certainly integrate the Poisson's equation
for velocity potential, subject to certain boundary
conditions. This Poisson's equation is a kinematic
relation. To obtain the acoustic pressure, the
unsteady Bernoull's equation is needed. Although
it is an interesting path of research, we have not
done so.

S. Candel, France
Are your power spectral densities obtained with the
maximum entropy method ? This method provides nice
high resolution spectra but it also yields lower
level artificial peaks.
Author's Reply i
The power spectral densities were obtained by maximum
entropy method. The resulting spectral peaks appear
also in the unfiltered spectra as noisy peaks.
Therefore, we believe that they are not artificial.

6
 13-1

D'UN FOYER A ELARGISSEMENT BRUSQUE"

par

FOARNIER, B.LABEGORRE, M.SERRAN02C'eA.LA VERDAI'f

Office Nan onalddEwdesatdeReacbefbsArospatiales
92320 Charillon-sous-Bagaeur(FRANCE)

Les recherches fondamentales peuvent &sre d'une grande uotiltOpour ia maltrise des instabilit~s de combustion haute frequence
des statoracteurs, notamment par l'identificatioit des m~canismes d'entretien et d'amortissement des ins~tabilitts et de leur couplage.
Avec lavfnement des ordinateurs vectoriels et les progrs enregistrs dons les m~thodes numtriques, la simulation de la corn-
bustion instationnaire , biphasique et tridimensionnelle dans Ies foyers de statoreacteurs devient possible.
Dam cette pers~eocive, l'ONERA a entrepris ladaptation d'un programme de calcul , KIVA. precedeminent developpO au Los
Alamos National Laboratory pour litude des moteors diesel ; cette adaptation porte en priorite sur l'introduction de conditions de
conditions aux limites de typ flux entrant et sortant. Lapplication en est faite sur on foyer Ai6largissement brusque ("dump combus-
tor"), a~lmenta par on combustible liquide. Une description d~ttslll~e des phtnomatnes physico-chimiques pris en compte eat donn~eeat
les premiers r~sulAts nomeriques obtenus sont compares avec les informations provenant de calculs comparables.

"NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF UNMSTEADY COMBUSTIONt IN A

DUMP COMB USTOR'

Basic investigations can be of great interest in the control of high frequency combustion instability in ramnjets, in particular by
identification of amplifying and damping mechanism of instabilities and of their coupling.
With the advent of vectorized computors and the progress of numerical methods ,simulation of unsteady ,biphasic and three
dimensional combustion is now possible.
In this perspective, ONERA has undertaken the adaptation of a computer code, KIVA, precedently developed by the Los
Alamos National Laboratory for diesel engines study; this adaptation is essentially concerned with the introduction of inflow and out-
flow . The application Is made on a dump combustor with liquid fuel injection. A detailed description of pbyslco-chemical mechanism
involved is presented and the first numerical results obtained are compared with similar ones.

I-D4TODUCT!O
Le fonctionnement des foyers de statortacteurs est parfols affectt par des instablllt~s de combustion. Ces m~canismes peuvent
avoir des conseiquences catastrphlque3 pour Is vie de l'engin ( I1]. 11sontralnent generalement des vibrations de forte amplitude smt-
ceptibles de desrulre des tqulpements, on transtert thermique accru [(2 1,une trajectoire indeslrable dielengin, on risque de pompage
de lentree d' air. La miss au point des foyers pout Otre prolongee dans le temps et entrainer one augmentation do colat de d6.
voloppement, voire on ajournement do projet. La demarcho employee au coors des sannks cinquante et soixante, en vue de s'affeancrtir
de COSt 4160anlsme, Agenera0flemet COnSlSt6 i proCder i de nombreox essait o0 diverse&solutions reconnojes pour leur efficacite sons
teStOes. 11s'AgI do disposer des aubages longitudinaux It long des paros do lit chambre 13 J.die modifier lea condition'3 d'injection
(4 ], do modifier I'tcoulement Aovolsinage dun accroche-flamme [ 5]1. Au coors des aannfs cinqoante, on contr6le acoustique derive
des techniqueos d'asseryls3ement a C60envlsag6 poor lea fusees a ergols liqoldes par le Pr. Crocco 1 6.7 ]. et plus recemmtnet A
aMnlverslt6 do Cambridge [ 8 j ainsi quA lIllcole Centrale de Paris ( 9 1. Cos diverses approches permettent generalement de
suaffranchlr do probltme des Instabilit~s, malt lIdeal resto cependant a1prfvepsio d~s le stade do Vavant-projet. Cot objectif eat A
l'orlglne do ssombreuses etudes i camtraetr plus fondamental visant VLam6lloration des connisalsances et Is cration tioutls predlctifs
perfortnman
Les eagles modernos presententgfntialement des geome~tties complexes aoce des entrees doltr lattrales, Si cette conf iguration
persaet de t'affranehir do Iapresence daccroche-flamme, oil* eat AIorgi ne doun 6coulement tridmonsotel dontlnlsea
catlull
rmenttdlfticlle. Des vsuaisIslons hydrodynasniques nienosspar librad et sea collaborateorsau CBRT.DBRMES (101 t
pa Stllat al. a IAFWAL (11 ontpp Is de dictire Ia dIspostion dee recireulatlons tt des jets. Cette dinsarcho qul pr~sonte de
5nombreox aspects imterss autstel quo Iapredtict des lImits pauvarest riches d'extlnation, Ia ditermlnatlon des parani~tres per-
mottoe (11am6llorer I. ceeemet do a IS~on at donne. qu put dOndleations so tslea stabllltsa, Ello fooraut toutefols des
lotformations qua~lativ et tisc
peemot pas do pndl 0
oetatirousoanle an pratique,

lEtude finasac~o par I&D.RE.T

2 Diacht par IaDRET tuprts do I'ONZEAA
 13-2

Lat complexite des mnecaiusmes tridimensionnels mis en jeu conduit gentralemsent Aenv sager usie ge~ometrie plus simple, dui
* ~~~type
bidimensiaonnelle ou Asym~trie do revolution, pour lftude des insat.Jifitis de combustoionL 'acochage de famfne pout cre rea-
Ilse Alaide d'un fil cafalytique 112 ], d'une flamnie pilot. ( 13 ]. dun accroche-flamme [114 ], ai de plusiecrs marcches [ 14-21 ]. Ce
dernier type do configuration gestIplus souvosit retono et va etre 1e sent cas examln6 dans Is suite de ce travail.
* Des 6tudes analytiques sur Les instabilit~s de combustion d'un foyer A6largissement brusque ("dump combustor" danm I&littt-
riture anglo-saxonne). ont 06Aenvisagees par Culick et sea Ctudianca au California Institute of Technology [(22-25 ]. Lea techniques de
resolution employees sent bases sur sine m~thode de perturbation: la'vetaging" (26]1. Les rtsultats obtenus no permettent pas une
prediction exacte do la stabillt6, mais Ulsfournissent, des indications int~rossantes sur la nature des couplages mis en jesi entre
lacoustique et l'entropie, It combustion. et I'tcorilement moyen, lea conditions aux limite..
* La majorit6 des etudes rtcentes sur les instabilit~s do combustion des stator~acteurs font largement appel suit mtthodes nu-
* meriques. Poinsot ( 211] utilise un scheme aux differences fidies pour integrer Les equations d'un modtle simplifi6 dana It cadre d'une
hypothese do flamme mince. Los resultats obtenus montsmt quo I&prevision des m~canismes d'instatibilith, des amplitudes et des
phases relatives des diffemet parametres do 1I6coutement sont satiafaisantes.
Devant Is complexit6 des mecanismes mis en jou, it eat parfois possible d'envisager une d~inarche numerique simplifi~e dams
Ie cadre des hypotheses de lnearisatlon. La notion d'Ccoulemont moyen' eat alors envisageable et l'acoustiquo est decrito sous la
forme d'une superposition de plusieurs modes acoustiques. La prevision de des deux aspects dolt Otro abcs-dee ii laido des m~thodes
numeriques. Lucly [ 27-29 ] propose une revue dos methodos numeriques pour Ia prediction d'kcouloments stationnairos dam Les
foyers or 6tudie l'Ocoulement avec une composante tangentielle danm sin statoreacteur [ 30 ]. Une resolution des equations de Navier--
Stokes, pour l'Otude des recirculations, et des equations do Navies--Stokes porabolla~es en avul des recirculations est effectit~es par
Brown et Hale [ 311. Des predictions d'6coulements tridimensionnels rtactifs et biphasiques dana Les foyers do turbomachines ont et
effoctu~s AlMniversit do Sheffield par Boysan et al. [ 32]1. Les resultats obtensis soot impressiornnants et pes-mettent une mise au
point plus facile des foyers. Cependant, Ie temps do calcul requis pour In prediction d'un probltem stationnalre resto generalement sus-
periour Acelsil demand6 par un probl~sno pseudo-instationnaire.
L'tcoulemont moyen pout compocter des instabilitts Abasso frquence. Une ni~hode, dito des "tourbilions al~atolres", pes-met
do predire Los6coulements incompressible sans; lutilisation d'un maillage [ 33,34 ]. Cette m~thode a Otthadopt~e par Giovannini et
Karagiannis 1 35 ] Al'tude do lettudo do lecoulement non rfactif dana un moteur altornatif. Cetto demarche a nessite lintroduction
d'une compressibilft6eot a permis de caract~s-iser les grosses structures tourbillonnairea en aval d'une soupapo. Cette m~thodo pesmet
sine caractes-isation de Ia. turbulence dana des geometries simples. Des travail recetor ont Attmenes au Massachuasets Institute of
Technology par Ghioniemt et sea; collaborateurs pour des cas non r~actifa [ 36-39 ] et reactifs 1 40-41 ]. Les r~sultats obtenus sont
int~s-essants, minis lutilisation do Is.transformation do Schwarz-Christoffel linito, Iapplication do cette technique Ades geometries
6A6enenires.
En resume, It calcul do le6coulemont moyen, susceptible do comportos- des instabilitta hydrodynamniques Abasso frequonce
(quelques Hertz Aquelques dizaines do Hertz), fait appel Ades m~thodes numeriques d~licates AInettre en ceuvre et assoz co~teusos en
temps calcul. L'analyse do It stabilit6 n~cossite encore Iatdetermination des modes acoustiquos do Is cavite. GNnralomont, quand 1e
foyer pr~sente une gtom~trle proche de cello dun cyllndre,il est suppose quo Ilofuenco des perturbatons de geometrlo et do distri-
bution do cklidrt6 du son peuvont Otte negligees. Copendant ,dos calculs do modes propres pot uno m~thodo d'6lements Nilis inontre
jue cetto hypothese dolt Otto remtise en cause [ 42 ]. Si It d~marche qui conslato Aenvisagor do sepaber V~coulement moyen et
.Iacoustique conduit Ades r~sultats iint~tossants, I&precision des r~sultat eat limit~e et Ie coet des calcula ost Clove. Cetto demarche doit
egalomont Otto abanioonnee en ratson do labsonco do prissoen consideration des m~canisames non Uinkasros do It combustion turbulaente
Devant lea limitos evoqu~es prtc~demment, i1a ete envisages- de simuler directemnont, l'6OcIOuemt instationnaire turbulent,
reactif et perfols biphatique. Cotut domarche vise solt I,6tudo d'un 6couleoniet moyont represent Commo It timito asyns otiquo d'un
mbcoAlsnie transitoire, solt Al'ttued des phenomfnos Insttionnalres. Cotte dornitro approche a 6tC envisagte AI'ONE ( 4148 J.a
Is NASA [149]1, et A lMcole Centrslo ( CNRS ) 18-20, 50. 511. La simulaton dirocte do l~couloment; comnponet des structures
tourbllonnalros Agrando cohello, lacosistique et lea reactions chinsiques, na 46*abord6 quo rceemment auiNaval Research Laboratory
par l'tqulpo do Oran et Boris 152]., Los r~svitats obtenus soot improssionnants. Toutefois, I&piseIs on consideration d'un brouillard
resto n~cessaire ot Is combustion turbulente n'est pas prseIs
en consideration.
Los bases delI* modbllsation do I&combustion d'un brouillard omitOtt posees par Williams 153,54]1. Cortte demarclse oat rest~c
limitee pendant plus d'une deceade Aun caractere purement formel. La presence d'ordlnateurs puissants capables do prendre en
compto lea divers na~canismtes d~crits dana I'6quation do Llouvhitl-Boltzmarin a conduit Westbrook (55]1, on 1977, atuine premiere
tentative do resolution, sulvi do Gupta ot Bracco AlMnivorsit6 do Princeton j56]1, pour des motours Acombustion interno. Au debut
des armies 1980, larrivto des super-ordlnatours voctoriols CRAY, atpormis do d'aborder Isresolution do lecoulement turbulent,
reactif, blphasique dens I'hypothest d'une ayna~trl do revolution (58]1, puts en trldimnonsionnel dana un motour Acombustion interne
(59.60 ] , au Los Alamos National Laboratory, Un. application auican d'un foyer AOlargissoment brusque a ettc ffectu~c, par los
conoepteurs do KIVA 1 61]. BlIe donne des Multates tr~s; rallatos, en particulier pour Iaform.e du brouillard, comnparable Acello
rMove* oxp~rimentaloenAet par Yule et Bolado (62]1 sur une experence rlmilaire.
SouslUglde des services offlclels ( DRET ). cc programme a etc implantA sur les orilinateurs CRAY IS, puts CRAY XMP- 18
do l'Offic*. Des tests oat Mtoffectutsaren vie do vtrifier los eapaciths do KlVA aslmuler des m~canisios acoustiquos non lintaires
(tube Achoc). Ensult., des traissicarnations oat Mceffectuies danm Is programme en vie do permelttr I&simulation d'ecoulomeAts
avec des flux etrwants et socatma superaoalques et subsoniques. Les premiers r~sultats. obtonus dama I*cia d'un ecoulaemnt r~actif,
turbulent, biphasique it insltatonnaire aon pr~setis dana cot Woile.
La mod~llsamoA otlea equations do baue des divers micanismes physleo-chlmlquos ntis ont iou sont prtscntta au paragraph. 2.
* Lea aspects easontilel des methodes nunseiqluos soot easulte dcerits au paarapho 3, Cett. pr~sentattiott abordo stparimeat lea
phisnominas do champs et lta conditions iau limite Les rtsultats obtenus scat irie au paragraph, 4et disatuls au paragraph. S.

2-EOUATIONS DR BAM
La combustion d'un broulilard on regime lnslatioanaire set d~erlte par les equations do bilan powr Isphase gazeuse(
gph A), et par uae equationt de IUouville-Boltznsann qul permit d~valuor lea tierms sources renconetes dana Ita equations doabran
( ragphe B). Lea expressions decalliecs societ du cadre du presen articlo, ccequl, conaduit AIt limter aA Miniamum porMetantla
coprhensondcl oIs doinarheh suivie
 13-3

A- Fgluafions de bilan pour ]a phase gazeuse

Daow tout ce qui suit, il va etre suppoaC que It brouillard reste sutfisainment dilve et quo le volume deplace por lea gouttes reste
n~gligeable. L'esptce indic~e A['unitei est le combustible. Les equations de bila pour Is phase gazeuse sont ceiles de I&densitt de
lesp~ce m, Is densit globale, I&quantit6 de mouvement, l'tengie interne, lenergie cinetique turbulente et ['equation d'"a
(59,60,63
apm (
at '.

LPP.,(2)+ .( P
at
a-(pu)+V.(Puu)--Vp +V.O+F, '(3)

a at

a2
!(pq)+V.(pqu).! -PqV.u+O:Vu+V,(gVq)- bpL3-lq/2+W*. (5
at 3
P.sR Ty (6)

Dons lo systeme ci-desaus. Pm eat It densite de l'espkce m; P P. Is densite globale; a, le vecteur vitesse: D, Ito

ccefficient de diffusion suppos6 constant pour toutes lea espces: p., le taint de production do pmdO aux r~actions chiainques: l;, eat It
variation de It densit do l'esptce m- 1do a l'evaporatioa ou AlJ& condensssaton;8l: nd~signe It symbole de Kronecker(6 m i am-1:

sinon. 0si m ;-1) .p etp, vont tre exprimts dans ce qui suit. Dam I'tquatioa (3 ), poest lapression: a= [ Vg+ ( Vu)T I + (V.w I
eat It tenseur des contraintes visqueuses ot Xet Xawnt les premiers et douxltmes coafficients do viscwaitt: ()T egI detsignent
respectivemenw un tenseur transposA et to tensour unite: Ps est It qu&aWtt do mouvement par unite do volume et do temps tmasssbt* par le
brouillard au fluid*. Dows ( 4 ). I eat 1'6nergie interne du fluide: 1(I') - pIP 1,(r) (sans Iapport d'eergie do aux

roactions cksimlquea) ;J K V T -p DE himV (~mP,I loIflux do Clherz: QIs chalour flattrO par Its rtactiou eblmiquec:Qest Uf

terme source =06oc6 A[Inlteraction entre It fluido et I* broulillard. tandis que Qeat associt AIt turbulence. Daow ( 5 ), q dOsigne
lkantrglo cinktique titibulente. Les ternies diusecond membre traduisent roapectivement Is creation do turbulence par compression,
cisaglloment, diffusion do I&turbulence, dissipation viaqueuac et par le travail des tourbillons sur Its gowteltetls, Dama ( 6) ost I&
manse molaire do leapece m.
Dana le systoem precedent, plusicurs teomes sources do I&phase tutazo dolVent We explicitts , 4 in"l quo
&*
loexpresslon delI&vascositt dyusamique ýt.Pour un systome do rtactlons otmimqves

*4 X. reprtefle une mole do lospAco cisimique, m: ihmet bw am Isooccofficionta sttaehlamttriques ealus pour Is r~ taictlon
chumique, 11viont:

Dan(s8) et 9) W,ot 0),disigneat respectivemont les taux do production de I& do cinetique chimique et do is
ek*atoai
Omooastlo d'oqul~lbre: ot ot q sowt let clialcurs do reaction nMgatives au ifto abtalu. Lt taux do Production tab,#a"dtau coat" VAgl

kf, et ktq soot les cooafteoleta dircts et ittvme dotIs rtawton r ci les oxpoggaga a, elb apeolfinat Iordre dolis atactia (pow
uno r~iation Almemtaire am- #, ct b 1 o b10 kfr tt br soot eqlmeah IOUs It foamI d'u4 itl eAratisla gtabilisit

In".
 13-4

00 Eet Eý scm les tempertures d'activaujon (en Kelvins. Le taux de propession a 'Aquilibre 0),edan
dneper I coaditioeu

2
K:.(T )- exp( A$InTA+! + C,+ DOT~+ET (3

oo KCS ta salsoted'Auilibrv, ea enfOncuonkdelacaofnteaion poutlas' evtce etTA=T/ 1000.

Densl~4quuwn (4 ), 0,qui dbrial, Istermosavirce d'eeroie dO& aIwtubulenceprend a.fame suaveme

QT-AoA(DpL qA-O:Vu) (14)

cCA* = 0. dans le ons ob lecoulement em lemineue et A - 1.pout un eccuiement oubuleat. Le crafficient do aiscosmz
dy.

otvoestunediiiu s~o ntur

ule tsu ienmteuAs
ZZ'22:$~2tilt.:Ze4i0 nueseficnsade alo dZthrandIet g

cotrespoad AlaviscositAnusbulente; A - 0(0,05), L. 2 A pour un naiallge r~gulier 00 Aest Itattile dune cellute dens Ie models Sub
Cxid Scale (S.G.S) 164,65 1. Uest iuutftsnot de Aoter que ce modtel do turbulence est procbe do celui de Prendti-Kolinottrov.
Cetts transformatiocn poteut Otsfraiske
en ch aneaw t valcurs des constantes et t'eupreasion do Is Icngueo L.
Dans Is sysme des equations do bilan, it rewe Asapamet eIca teme sources assucies AlI& phase Uquide, qui soak presentes
dams Ic parogpaphe suivioL

I -BFastoU
= Isshmliguide:
eserilet doIsdynentique do to pbase liqulde et son interaction avoc I& PUaN geneus scot prast en compto a
Leseleent

Cott* fonction donno Is nonibro rbal do gcutteleUes per unite ale%voumeau~ point a ct so temp3 t, avw des %nmsts
C.0mrdlse Care v et v + dv. un raywon ppanenant Aintervalle r. T*ut 1.dcs twrposaturts comprises tnuv T4etT 4 *dl'r. ales
fluctuations do %itesse lixtulsusc dans lntewvelte Ia'. a' * do' 1. Cette composantsc do ies tubt atssJoutte A Is vitews
mqvnoyn du got dans Iocalscul do Is trainte tdeIs goutteletto tt du taux uI'vsporation. Uos~elnet
qam u
Fppoo qauo chAuW coeponanu
Výowi A &*"*aubulo
do gaunts" awe vec n vaianc 213q UeA suppose que

os P'emOttme" For tottgrdoon ItsaeavlWCU

tout" do a
a La vu~iauu do Iern obtw taaee
risolvallVot
I adaau
do,Uoule-Hokaun.

*V, (fV) * V,,,(f ). ý-fR) -- T~ -V% )-.I)

GoIts quaMald Wf. id, wdre4 rue leaia ICAeiutwstaont enato

wimprlle. vx u vow
geI ecIt. iaulev. do anVOWe,
tn
rayon, asteopftlw* ci I&flutuateiontvrbliebe de viwum du gsa.
Lacwortioa d4#
I outielcite P im dowe~ par to fcodeta do to force duia de a ftau %WI&#&At@ paraift
cu#in cte
do vviado. diatt prIs massde Ist #"Wuseftt

V4 1 1,19

CI)%O, 424 a,,

Rep4 00
14 amwadoaanUsduroydolagcuunltItatndopeelc*Nagctua doIaa41

* ~It

~'P 4. INatrI * ~ y.0 Ot

I Vtt1 fANM* oOOM os
 Dam( 21). 0WsiIs racton mtc eespftn xc"po I&pemftmi; p,(T,)designeI ptersion de Y-f
omoyaw- deoouis "I

nAla tempbemwambiuamT* Eifin.(ppD),k ( T )

WAVU 2 D oo [h e&D2sct:des coftVAnto

Souttcelett es dotammin por i bumaadtnape:

Le wtx do vmiaioa do I& empftmaw do 1&

Q4. (22)
oQCl et I&chaleu ipocifique duiliquide: L (Td). to cbaleur lateale de vapoeleatica: Qd., Is conduction themtuque AI& vjdace
de la puome pu unitt d'sio. Ptysiquememl. la relation (22 ) middua on 6quillbre ewne I&cI'heu appouee Ais joiatz qui smn uA N
cuidageououfoaxm #Aerse pou pis oepaitc Qd ca dana pyIslos de Ranz-Mani 1(67):

QKS4L(-T) T -T4) N
'9 (2,3)

*%vcN,=(2,0 + UR,'/plv 3)(Ia ( I' -3))' B,(aombredL-Num~elt ).PIL,#-9w(T)C,('T) tK*(T).

RI cst 49semeaz sppose que Imiternem

tai duihlqae 11at dticad quo de IaIsmpoarw,. ~emlalpjc d., lquido, prsenw
~11(Ta)+ pippa
La Umunustia de vitcmtusibulecio duin tstci~acu do Wonagkatacir vsm~AauvA disusbuttea piauucano (17 ) me foa

L&teme iwoce I',. repesc It uam do vvisnauca, Idft sms colliio Uapw 0 cprto:

tap.

2i24
a*f it,
06tw
1 'o d f

iufa ie U i d i~.q oP d rw tI @4 f~~ op i ipIVAeatd ac o d M w n u

~~~~~~~~~~~t
t'~ ~ ts lo.oa~eteoist,.j=d~I
*11dtsJyas,%~i~ar ~ O I~OQ
au~ u Is pplMILUouQ~p-doeeliuapueltaeesecioeL
patieMtopploi. It*elkoi ciu;
 13-6

at' 3 3 3 b-b,
- t2t-b (28)

11tS naai~tazca possible dcxpnMcr Its tunes s0Uo p.FQ

ves

ief
IF 4 R-XPtV.3Prv) vdrddTddU- ft~p43t 2R
dwdedTedS' (29)

4
i$ 42r1R2
I(T) +-(_W-1*X3C~ .(V -)ddd~o

p .
f 1C 3p ) d
pýu fT

fpudr~Vdvdeds
. - f P 43t t d

( d
f
d T ,,d
vdt um (3 ))

Le systnv doi eqwsUga do bHn oilI pbai gnnse ai its temns dQCOUaplap ftitoas
PU qutdi %aen utaaes a talli
uif at& upothotautiW
=Iu peas t Wt.Aaosc doe)t pCU~g~le MWUC"UuSOWdUOe"u date 44 AA
CID

I ~~IA tcdqw vist cit.A

du ky' Wow mt La plupm M gme.i
pntarbytinqn Ums .ivvacuu .wti 1'sp *'s
41 gi
t~ ~~~~aAOAWA flgcut4intic Insnnwe destcsafoeftmreato
pnvee to fwaipsna Is toevectioc so

11 %Poqw tsWWAW ¶VC fowi00

FWA SUROOU SdohuM p*dIW A0IC ). 00CS" a la MtIMm So tUmISU Wiutn

*~O qwwtms 4# mmcwmo wee eqirnca Skln t Fijech ElkW*n avesat

alesl &sies w l It rats4 jAkKk
* - us~din VVajtaW fsci tna d'nfts itetfdital @Mft #AMaquI dej fAe tn*dit vClely uIjef t Lo; WitiMan to
Pvqeeum m. fuacswiws ve detoo" ime 1w we *to*e onowieuVs A "l*cilIwte ote tIt

Lesapeti OdeKisit ot votaesVes uffnms isme

citlus CWeltdon patrmIwt@
I"qtos
mis- wa-la owes

WV~.
dA.ItIIk Ao

afltia*l"Ad
L* WSV"ltina Sat
1 4 flvmve k*kt V Wtftt WV twto
cdwlb -JqtA de ii "toQaaAQWs0

emiL ..cev" latwn tkale frbNVAf AlaWWik%"

""0 tlM Siueef 10040W00' 111
%WW &Otet 4~M
Aado
Lom taUoUsaet.)w ds+4toOM~gmal
*$4Attsaw*e d~htsdtVtttis boo eto

M"-tea.i Mg

**I
U041, t~'4
ýwjjt %4Ait aa1
 13-7

3-1 Technique de descr. -tiondes particyles:

La techrji ~ede rtsoiution est baste sur In m~thode de Monte-Carlo. La fonction continue f eat approcitee par une distribution
?~de
In fa~on, suivante:
N,

Chaque particule p est composke de Np gouttelettes, posstdant lea menses positions;x, vitease v,, rayon r., temperature T4P
et sounisae i une fluctuation de vitease turbulente VP Les particules 6cbangent delas masse, do It quasaite de mouvcmen et do I'tnergie
avec: le gaz dana Incetlule de calcul o1belles se situent (Appendice Adana [ 59 D.
L'Acbantilloonage Alisojection. ent altatoirc. Suppoions que Ia djiqtrbution f corresponde AIa variable al~atoire x (xj&x g 2.
Le fonction de distribution ent d~fiasie par dN = f (x) dx. Dtfiniasons Is,variable allaitoie y f
f (X)dx ( dN = dy ). Ainsi, le nombre de
gouttelettes eat unifortntment diatribu6 par rapport Ay.
Dana le cas oO a', suit une distribution gaussienne, G ( a')
ed( )=2fG (is d (38)

il faut proc~der APinversion de I&fonction cercour.

It a Wt,mentionnAO prtcbdenment que Ia metbode d'issttgration nt.Assrique coespofte trois phases A. B, C. Les principales
operationseffectu~es wacours de chacune d'entre d'elles soot decrites danA Ce qui Suit.

3-2 Phase A
At, court de Iaphase A, les variables dtpendantes soot mises Ajouir en calculant tea temensautre que Ia pression et Ia
Ccnvettion,
Des masses partielles et totale de olsaque cellule soast introduites au cours de IAphase A-

M.4k dV=
fp ( M.)qk~

nit pmest auppost constante dana in cellule (i~j~k).

Le calcul de Ia masse volumique de l'esp~ce m eat effectuC en dOut tevaps. Dans unt premiere Otape, un "pr~dicteur" P,
est tvaluO par un sc~,Aza explicite pour lea faces right (r), left (1),top (t). bottom (b)et une technique itsplicite pour les facts front (1)
et derritre (d). Ce choix eat d:!;tO par IntWS petite dimension des cellides suiv*At Isdiscctioas uzimutale dens urn chanitre cyltnriue.
Un schoma explicite aurait conduit a usapas do temaps trfta faible. Dana umn premi~ere, eatodoan& Par:
P

(40)

Cette Oquation eat litialre suivant P., et l'ASPOCt iMplicitt. Oea p*UIen q11C
(1011un dwieaaca C941 Pernee datl~ie U"
technique disecte nott Ocralive poor Ovoluea 1), [59

Les masss partlellea do Iacetlule (Ij~k) soua easulte dongmc por.

A -.-

A -. -- -,- -
-..-.------ (P,)OV48 (411~

Leteme ý. ou M~ini dam ( ItW 4 Jel 4 baa o*ws -0a w le #tvd .pUA W W t3d ii
comaesource eaP.ear S
LAha saase totale de I&collule (sau le brouillaral), ap1*4 Ispbws AXet doanfc rw
A AM)=~

11ent malaxnmu possble do doitnlr hadetastk tW obaUe cipft tt ta daaatt 110,01C

A_

Cos domtatst no sWapas PMcteaeaM lagragieua eff #00 NOfeatr*W. fau Wrals dta~t~a~
WW p1'jise aC~a
pr~ckdenlas Let coerecloas nAkhIhmS weM dafe wto&. com dotIs *m8
a
13-S

Lenurgie specifique interne Fov acuss! evalute en suppcsamqise cecie gmander ax u=doa* dana Is cellule:
E =Lk'kPldV=p.I*qV,=Mjpl, (44)
LAvalewr pnise par F. au cows de I&phase A owt "ospar:

(45)

Les innmo de dissipation visqueuse Cv soot Evaluts par un culcul oU chaque anus-cycle ajcuee Iacoorifbution pour VAs pax de
temps &wv=AtI Nve. ot N. as le numbre do sons-cycles. Le pas de temps est choisi ent we de vitifier urncrit~e do sth~tt base
sir 1approximation explicite des termes do coosraines visqueuses dans l 6quaztion de quasiwth de Mouvemlont.
Les tormos do flux do chalu= sot galemens deanis d'une manike explicite svuuIvmts lefaces!1. r, t. b et imaplicitos suivmit let
d:

K0 (V TO),A (Pn yuhb (Tu)IVI Iu

(asld

L&Wfvlur do &tdsiwpou o obtfwone rtsovmaiqEuatua sox dlltncos itplIAOe:

VA

*~ S(K49t)

(3 0s idau IappondceA dot 59joa~ sdftnadmnakchUlm v L veou

* to4.daacWapbaaA, et Ump~m*M
do""e e

A (48)
Asi

La pvsloa Powacst M "ovo.

eWAt
u&.Ww
14Cll tIft waou aLWa" -W*, gbpwCriA4 M0 *I

OA%5~e, C£ 0 ¶A(0

Mta)A~eo. aw l oaS
v #A w,
 13-9

A
Audk~utdusos(oUSCCOq*'qp. LtteMoOScOV(QT)Ipde(45)e4Va10hPtr:
f A ~L ~ 4~ ~ /.iVvvjj(52)
(QT)W 9 = A0 DL PL,- (
Finalemenc, 1'energie cinitiquIe twurbleoze pour Is phase A est obtenue par.

MiA~A ~ i
(ws~qk(53)

Les valeurs des composantes dts vitesses dans Is phase A soo donates par:

(MA.SA AR ,2a ."V " A*.

Ilk Ot1:.0 a V,(54)
V-1 a
porte sur les faces des cellutes de quazszit6 de mouvemont; Z. to I&mmale Aces faces orieaneeVonvt
oil la sommation siir CO
L'xeritdur cV ost I&valeur do teaseur des comzainxes dams I&cluehoi srouIlve la face Otde I&cohoule de quasoiC do mouvement
3e
Levaluazion du temsur do qoansile de snouvemene eas bast sw une vuleur intern~iutire de I&vitems my ( "~dice F ( 59 )
La valour inzeem~diasir do I* jitesse eto donane par:

A 51LesquastitesimmediaioesSltet ilk soot aasocitcs au couplage implieite du gas et do Iaeiteassodes particults ( Appeadict
La position des goimelettes dans hii phase Aest d4fittie par
Z;- At T,; (56)
Dass 103 phmass
B et C. les VOleurs do at. r'.aVet Td, VAsoo pas atodififts. Ceci QAsinAn:

MRa- A Id rA

(I A
.wý T -. T A

3T3
P~hanIt
Dlus to tnmiqo du saus-4cyce hagruagin, it eto Sppos~qotiet
W&mmets so d*$acotu lesiparaimmentt atImi vtesse loce du
fluide, Cc calcul visa to watunnhtei
des Oados acootiques. oM, AdinIt gtehmdo
SMo~ pftssoo dams I'tquuiin do quainito do mouvement.
lei term"o do Oflautica dam1'eqoadoa do coWtlolt etdol'aevgie. Les fmors do tralato aortosgooutelettes seat ogaememt inclose
dam Cole Phase.
Le P"s 00 tempo du wol-Cycle 8t ou on Notmoltiple eoivhek
dU. 5tU 61 /NvA - L'inifiev du souscycle madesipo par v ( v e-
ItNO&Lj Dams to tahool lapat~men.ot hoCumaiqu do typv tccasCmAs
e eto ottuatle Plot~t quo tr taroadutre U4 ayztmes A ceame deo facts.
" Nuaac rant deto face do I&celtwohoamwa
04 Lamur pcol WU G0 1.
Po hqetwo, I&vMWabO OWWOe o@u
(58)
Au ikb#A do emaju eaua-yolt. (uA) ot Io
wAW~O Pw

A
egala aI&=yaw daa mama do dews CtoIAMI
6djacata. D#It &AM 1164ft weqwamh S. ro w eeomp
a Itceoelaeoeti
S( A
.A A

Lea ame do to amcA, wo~amum I~d s I~~oa

%M deb do Ispbas U.
avhsso

0 ploaawido&Up
LieC ),ea eoa
w stsi tepu ra
oe poMwa ea tomu
Iat o* Ataoaweed aiaooaae

W44011 10%e
tamssdoaafwuWai OW4 w £.le
mWatIs
m upuwseAowj LakqwmaM de mutmowm
a A)

A Ai
 13-10

La valeur de N~ pour une face q commune ftdeux cellules r~gutlftro est Is moyenne de I&pression eutre deuy cellules adjacentes.
Les variations de volume d'une cohlule, au cours do sous-cycle som. evaluftes comme, suit:
(V+I). MI v1
v V0P +&L( uA),0 ~l (62)

Ceci parietdo calculorla pression, l'engie inteon 01nogiecinfttique

le tusbulente:

w P~if .I (63)

I-- (65).(Y
k1 (0 64
q~ ~- *(L JfL 5

4ie (3) P op- po) /Nsh. eprftsente losefotasde vwiation de m3e et d'*norgie interne smwenus au cours do Is
phase A rappoltfts iv chaque sous-scycle. 1A phase B 6tant lagantgienne. lea masses Jos ce~iulos etdeo sommets on changent pas:
~ (66)
tt. par con6uemt:
B A B 1 A S
(4-(M 4 w;p W= MOgI . (67)
L~iniciallsazon du anus-cycle oat Italiske eA posan:

10). A t0). A (0). (b

AprO4 It culcul (Nsous-cycle. lei vitesses finales des goutteloies Y, sont 4valukes on utilisant les vitesses dam s( phase A.
Dies Ie emsoa Isgrille est fixo ( pas de para) mobile ). ('liocrkment de volume 8 VC, atcessare au calcul des flux des quanxitos
pdwe Aucceare des CColUlosext siniplemest egal ft

N.,'

La phase Ctaorsposid nfmu oaillleg ("rawuu phase dyes I&huftature uglo-saxoome) mucows doquetol w.tans"u coriveti!
ussoelft aux d taonets des somniots peadant I*pu b fit ca)cult, Ce uruespoit curupnd au antaommat du flulde Par rqpmt as
apftcs mtoM doaen* pat
La va~i ttnask de Is dooaido 1'e

(70

*a la asam-loo poft bw Its tame duea ulviguliftro La musse filade until do I&ccilol oat parcoaaequ#A OaSe f

audla quo to snaa Weai

de as
we Am ~ ois deavA6 do Ieip~cma c
t e ohans par ( 34)0 ta mulauan pabtdhvatte

a.IV# I~ a. ea (
DttoMlefacI"vm 4a"
ndo Iasgiust mmt t'qt.p vpftovwitme lets Iegonthquew twea wes
ftut

I. Il (74)

M4'416 X Pq):VVIA75

Ow MUM-toldawa C a)diaaAW" 11 19 APA 4'fW

ftH MW
aueeteaetido
1 qaatq)~slt4
eta
easha
(AfeedeeN
LildncuII 591 a4,smedivtadeq
LA*vkw6"do ais pk~w wekta ftiavaugtm T ( I (T1
* Mw/ M)4R .cdpermocdedhduire Is prssionipartirdel'6quationd'ttat:

~ ~~
Letransport~ ~ ~ rvrInfcsdI
~ ~~~~~~e~l
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ dIsqattdemueetetclueCcoedicietdmu
elu de quantite de

(77)

ot Its indices "o" et "i" disignent los faces des cellules ftulitres situfts deebsque cbt6 de Is face acdoIt cellule de quantit6 de
mouveniet. La face indice "i" (interns) est colle qui coupe It cellule de quantice de mouvernen , tandis que I&face "o"ne Is coupe pas.
U est commode d'associer SM. avec Isface et I* cellule de quantite de miouvement en question. Quand Ia face acest vue depuis une autre
collule de quanutit de mouvement qui Iui est commune. "o" et '1 sent permutes et le signo de SM, oCA inverse,
Le Aluxdo quantitt do mouvement peut mauunntw fto ealcult par:
MO ks-M04YSM.U. (78)

b valeum deuIN:sont calcultes ipartir dunscheinadu type" partial donor cell. (Appendice H.59])
oIn
3-S Descriggon des conditiogs um
limitesi
Dens Is version initiate deKIVA. Is cxvi%6 ean fertae. Des modifications oAt Wtapportees * plusioun' sous-pwogamnses oCA
*vito d'inposer Ios vitesses; 00 In flux des differences variables, Cncoordoandos euleriennos et lagrangioann.
La d6MarChe g6nhoaleMCon adepote Pour Ien 6couloments non reactift et monophasique consiste Aimposer a-I grandoucs on
entrko( I exrpolke) etunenCAsoutie ( a- essapolees ).
am mployees pour l'extrapolation. La m~ttodo descaracteristiques, qul att is plus P'gourouse.
Plusieurs techniques peuvenotr
est considftft comme Is plus precise 170,75 ). Des descriptions Plus siMsIpo Sent$&egele~et U0i3603os 3Iagit do conditions do non
rotvioxie ou. d'Impetlanco [19,21.72,76,77). des extrapolation do (pence aulle) cit d'ordre un 178411. Win., it est poifos envisagt.
powr un toulemont subsonaque d'imposertoutos lesitrandeurs fit COMSCA entf c cbeo do toutes l0s WMOxtraoe
ensortie 78.82)1. CQne
dtmarheo, bios quo ino~alunooInexacte. permet parfols de spprisner des oscilations parastes,
Darn tot cs*ooulements tridlsseslennls blphasiqus at ftactift, l'utlllsetlon do Is technique des
caracteslstiques West plus
toviusft onraison do secompoulitk. Loxtrapelation ott effetut par Mntcvbnlqu do penesuitcel qul donne do boss rosultats ( Cane
as Arppwebto des conclusions do Chit et Seorvy 183 J).
remarquoes
Dens to plan dosntfto, Is vitesse.Is doasitt do chaque npkc., to direction do Iteceulemos, l'nourlo olnetique tuotiulcnto suns
impostos. La tass volumiqito est ealeuutee comate Is somme des des~ites. La preolob as exttliolte. La tompercttlltouott auto 0
paitr do taquacloo dotar. COWl, Itesqi. Sptelliqeinto=las ot calculet.
vipoe at exrpolfto Ls matse vaiumiquo est casuito
Dan sopirn do sortie.Itoprenal iesemisp"t. La cleasit do hveaqo
L teptetito m ssul. veute* aid doltuwe d,a LUS
ouluthoe..owI.
landmurt cotapo"aoo dolet vitem, do
~if
l~sterge r qtwbultasoitIdoqit spilelique Instow Owa"Up tuflaE. leg aluo quA" meleI#plas do settloe so
plua -rion toempte (wia two"e Iowa MwepsueN Itsuaw t

to poraqrsph 4-1 Las cooditteas do fonclosleasom

LlcAalledon coolidt*e #a deordsw soot doullu 1w parapaho 442
M".s In 0011Mw OWMeu SM V60"ati dms Is paiqapea44,

Vinsmalton em compoeta dsas etfte d'* et demo* ehwWOe cylokladriqu s w~N ast use upoWe do rWvoRuo Leatme
d'sk a us dimato deo Ito ttejot loqearOftkeu a 10 ca La ohebmbmp*teoow audasamocr do 30 to at w se lneudo
W 40 CoxON
evil do lostetod'al, Ieto eoekmuat oat brueqe List sea eat Wefasato a wal dolevtate d'aite t WWeado IMle par altle
ici do to
Muckch ( Riwt 4 1,La chel do ce deomla plm
Oki MM ette tovoa tm wv" boo fuaceleMMema dil *Oaew kwlfeots tA to
Wado IsmWAro, Ot pa comsiqeest. ON ostbeMl eMs MWOefdo umme 101 t. II LO Ustili.eat*a "golla 44 temPes do

NomI'ornto dale 101 COadkkMa 04m101sM We IW

s VAmWOsLa pas*4tie t Is tompjMW# Ngtqe. o ik NMk a
veuportleomum gsl .96 bMrIt SU5 K. LA denaitA fteb#. Oaeit kw10
COMhM COMPOs #oaflha etate, emdtO4K141
1A VWWss do VAir Wdo 40 a Iseee Ctol oeetWa A ft d~kt al do 3,&13fitkir Le ceehemlblo sgeoa* a do lojwoeta
His) d"aIt
CA dtpatwv "die" Itc dSMONasO
.00" ,sat"Af~ktw tkia WORatd293 & 1A
1khmtosl le.41i ' Mlat *uCoeeai 6C to de 9,4Q gPesdo So Mst L"e e t at
ma
%wdNOW

s o ado
dasqi
*s ulaeseamreeieelat am"
t*r p *OWa* Mg W t j N ob* tIS

CA N&eti t0.K0 o
 13-12

2CglisS+250 2 4 16C0 2 +18H 2 0

0 2 +2N 2 = 2N+ 2N0
202 + N2 ;: 20 + 2N0
N 2 +2 OH;- 2H +2N0 P

Les reactions svuivnes soot considisees comsne etant AiVquilibre POW Usetemp&"aMr sup~rieue 1 1500 Kj60, 84]
H2 ;:i2H
02;-. 20
N2 ;F*2N
0 2 +H 2 •;: 20OH
02 + 2H 2 0;;:t 4 OH
02 + 20CO;! 2 C02
Li6vaporation et I& collision des particules sont prises en compte.
4-3 Description des resultats
Les t~sultats sont pr~sences suivant l'ordre cltroztologique.
Aprts 250 cycles, &t-- 2,08724 mns,le bzouillard sitend sur quelques centimhtres dans l'entr~e d'air et la cltambre (Figure
5& ) L'tcoulement est mis envitesse dns lentree dasir ( Figure 5b ) et une onde acoustique bidimensionnelle est mise eA Evidence
pr~s du plan de sortie do I& chambre ( Figure Sc ). Enfin, un. perturbation d'fnergie cinetique turbulente est observoe ausomnset de la
marccie ( Figure 5d).
Au cycle 500. At= 4,58724 ms ( allumage ternsln a 4 ms ). les particules inject~es au bas doela marcite sont transporttes par In
turbulence, tandis quoecellos *rmises dans letntrte d'air ont dkpass6 le sommet delI& marccie ( Figure 6&.). Le chtamp d~evitesse montre
d'une part des petturbations assocites Alinjection en aval de I&marccie et d'autre pant It pr~sence d'une onde riflicitie plus en aval
dam Is chambre ( Figure 6b). Ls presence du point citaud en bas deIa msarche, associt i l'allumage, eat constatte sur Is Figure 6c.
Ltnergie cinttique turbulente, presentee sur Ia.Figure 6d, met en evidence deux zones de tortes amplitudes: ; . sommet et It bas d~e Is
maccit. Enfn 19 concentraion d11sc-octane mOMur lealte~Ce d'un jet cyHindique eAn sortie delenwtre d'air qui s'incurve vera I. baa
delI& matccit singi qu'uA jet plus diffus en awal
dt celle" ( Figure 6e.).

Le cycle 750, At- 7,08724 mns.montre que Itojet de pacticules tmis depuls Jentrk dasir eincurve fortement dana it
IsFigure 7b, moosre Isprisence dune structure tourbilllonnalre orgaols~ee La position de S&
frontifte CMcOAcrsd bien Acello du jet de

I&Figure 71,mowt*equo Iocombustible, est entralni par to twbblIo.

Au eclec 1000. at'. 9.58706 mi.sleaparticules i.'auts do lentree d'alr sonw entraitikes per It tourbillon prec~demment. Les
particulet injmftts torment dabord un jet cylindrique doe quelques centiaxm~t qul diffluse ensuite fortement ( FigureSo.), Le champ de
vitess menure losluonce d'une structure tourbillonnaire coavectO et d'un petit tourbillon contra-rotatit damt It coin Inftritur do If
mawcchoe Dols, .uno mlcro~explcalon ( "pop coneffect' t 601) est bcserv petrsdu sommet do I&match*e( FigureAb ). surlIsFigure
iS,des modes seoustlques transersoux soot mis CAEvidence dama l'ent'ie dasir et dana Iocitambre ( fin partlouller It long de Is
oarcht). texamwen du chtamp do temptsature moittr quo to point eltaud en a" doe IsmwAte continue doe stendro, tandis quo lei jets
de purticules. plus (Mod. emourent cette zone ( Figure 4d ). Lnergis cinatique turbulente met enEvIdence, dune put une wnezone de
twite amplitude denm Itosillage doeI&marccs et dautre pactune 'zoer potentlelle assoitt mujet ( Figure Be ) La concentration d'lso
octane ( Figwo Ut), met en Eviene tune pat une scne prosenant des valews #lavMc It long delI&m&Acce ot daoutre pact U40 zone en
tomes do champigaca pow Itocombutibls ias# de Veta~e t'air, L'oaygne, dont Is.concentration eto prtsaeto su Is Figure Sg
steqoulfr Alas frontitte do towsebllloic
Au cycle 1200. Ata 11.575 ms. lei panicultv issues do 1'entr~ fair somot ntralntes plus en oawl par ta structure
cusbillo"anai mc quo IsJot tinjetotS cuIs ruot do asmarccb* aOtend sot qutlquin cenitomtres ( Figure 9&a). Le chtamp do vitesse,
prtwatensAur It Figure %. moi netoe structuto trs diftr~ent do cellos rencas~ew pewrodmumee. Le sills1, do If mache comporte
unamno e lea Wvotu
ctew itoass preatone uftorme en V. U~ pbtinomtne d1popp Coro' WesPat p @bum*, Dana Ioreatant docis
ciMWt Its strutsures Ats oot Olus observfrs, Dospertueacons dopectsiua teome amplitude sct obsmrvts au mime eadruit
(Fgue echm Getom store e~arsun point cMtad qui s'Wt~rdo plus en PIUSen MIalII sit entoort per des zonees plut
asolde,
t a*roumlllard VC Laoe igrwion ft ebamp, tag Ic it tintqu turbulet. eato vollme do cello observE, am
qdo
totdos,
10. I taupatm elkOtnpu wers Viva ( Agw oý sexamen des thamps do concensuotans t isootn

F W§K u sto 140,in( .SSWfa.WeapstlelattM esL do PeneWs

i'ft form amnobsesO prcyllirmeaslfead
s plu
uene
s GaasI
log
.4e"cetoluie oeuntdoeschambe.aio Lejtajcat tomIt mmarc
dola .ueoes u twos
to'imlmd otitodtsu" ldu
p~~~n~~~ie.~~U
pedebsate
L'aae c4am GeCUdj
oltam W~ur
14k)CisemuwAmses COW desprA"ow

I~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~A eyena100 It,Aai $ unlo
tvir13s
wwwwgmVoteLranergle e Aillqu
elello
ree
isaW isole
Itmr
Wiru eot
( fkjt(Fitoo10. ~Le mama
armaavmaee (FiuweI
piseats ek tWNdo
it eoiamp
isehr
a ýu J~etapd loei quowdIa
coal"asr
laeeiovn at cme sw
itvmua
Figue 1. as
do vieioaa po Ilee-mece (ww M &'gb(wV
moo
Figue a
os

asalir ew
dujI IsOWN kfwAdo br# des O espar a inw toeo do "ned tmpketwe mow*re
paww IV*Iasyiaf
 13-13

Au cycle 1500, 1 t-- 14,05i36 ins, Ie brourilard issli de l'entrie d'air a iine configuration comparable A celle des cycles
pr~c~dents. LextrWOit duitourbillon est pres duiplan de sortie. Le brouiliard inject6 It long de I&inarche p~natre sur quelques
centimetres ( Figure IIs). L'exainen duichainp de vitesse inontre qu'iine structure 0*t Anouvean prliftOenana " de Is inatthe. La
* ' couche cisaillee pr~sente un profl sinueux. Leffet" pop core' est observ6 an plusieurs endroits ( Figure Il~b). Des ondes acoustiqucs
* transversales sont inises en evidence danm le jet et vets le plan de sortie ( Figure Ic ). Le chbntp de temperature prftente une zone
clsaude qui setend jusqu'i quciques centimetres duiplan de sortie ( Figure Id ). L'*neq- ' cinittique turbulente presente Une
configuration comparable &celles pr~cedemment trouv~cs ( Figure Ile ). L'examen~par supeirosition des courbes dieconcentration
fd'iso-octane ( Figure I f ) et d'oxygene ( Figure 1Ig ) confirme Ies rensarques effectutes pour Ies cycles prtc~dent.
Aurcycle 1750. t-- 15,3036 ins. Ia jet de particules issu de l'entr~e d'air atteint Ie plan de sortie de Is chambre (les; particules
trackes sur cehui-ci nie sont plus prises en compte darts le calcul). Le jet inject6 dans Iatred- !Watonmaesure toujours I&meine longucur
( Figure 12a ). Lexamen duichamp des vitesses montre qu'une structure toutsilloninaire eat - nouveau en formation pr~s duisoinnet de
lit marche ( Figure 12b ). Des ondes de pression acoustique remontent dans l'entr~e dair ( figure 12c ). La zone de temperature Alevte
s'Ltend inaintenaont jusqu'au plan de sortie. Elie est toujours encadrte par des zones froid'!s associees tux particules ( figure 12d ). Le
trac6 de lentergie cinetique turbulente montre l'existence d'une couche cisaillee et du cOne potential du jet issu de l'ents'Ae dair ( Figure
l2e ). L'examen des courbes de concentration d'isc-octane ( figure 12f ) et d'oxygene ( Figure 12g ' niontre, li encore, des r~siiltats
int~ressants. Le "chapeau" duichainpignon est s~par6 dui"pied" de ce dermier. Une .one consportant'de l'iso-octane melange a de
I-oxygtne est observ~e au fond avant, Le jet d'iso-octane 6mis depuis l'entree d'air s'Ond jusqu'2u plan diesortie at rejoint l'axe de la
chambre. Enfin. met poche de combustible, separee par leoxygene. duijet 6mis depuls I'entr.ý d'air, subsiste pres de la "paroi"
inf~ricure del Is archa.
Au cycle 2000, At--16.5471 ins, la configuration duibroulillard est identique Acelle trouv~e au cycle 1750 ( Figure 13a)
L'examen duichamp de vitesse est rendu difficile par les valeurs 6lev~es ren~ontrtes vers Ie plan diesortie ( Figure 13b ). Dans
l'ensemble des cas, lea, jet axial est irrotitionnel aradi3 que 1l6coulementdans la.iclt monre une inructure tourbillonnaire. Une
perturbation de pressien trnanversale 6lev~e est observee pres dii plan de sortie ( Figure 13c ). Le camp de tempkanure a ume
configuration identique Acelia precedernment observte ( figure 13d). La presence de fortes perturbations dentergie cinetique turbulente
pres du plan de sortie ne penner pas riunterpretar lea r~sultats obtenus pour ceute variable ( figure 13e ). Wnin, les configurations
trouvtes pour l'iso-octane ( Figure 13f ) ct loxygene ( figure 13g ) sont com~parbles Aceiles duicycle 1750. Les positions des zones
isolees sent pratiquement comparables Acelles duicycle 1750. Les positions des zones 1solees sent pratiquement identiquses. H1ct de
combustible acependant une surface plus faible.
5- DISCUSSION DES RESULTATS

La misc en vitesse de I'tcoulement ainsi que laihlumage enagndrent des ondes acoustiques non lineaires dont Ia configuration
est complexe., La diffraction d'une onde accustique Auseminet dietoemarche prodult une structure tourbillonnaire [ 14 85 87 ].
Le brouilliard Injecte sur Itc tt de Is marcha eat preindloge aver; Poxygene. It permet une stabilisationt delIs flamine (reacteur
homogene ). Cccl cxptllue que Ie jet disparaisse apres quelques centimetres. Lea particules issues die lentree dair bniilent au contact
fd'un Hot dloxygtne. h1-sagir d'une famine diediffusion analogue Acelle d~crite anahytiqueinent par Karagozian et Minds. ( 88 )et
nuimtriqueinant par Laveroint at Candel J89.91 ]. Des configWeUtions analogues Acalles- ci ont Wtobserves Amalintes reprises ( par
eaxemple 15,12,14-17,21,37,41,46 ]),expansion des produits Je combusuon dilate I&petite d'oxygene, situic entre le pied ct le
chsapeau dii cbuminpgnn, ct engendre une poche d'iso-octan%, rntre I&paroi.
La zone potentlaule dii jet, inise en evidence pour lfnergie clittique turbulente, a ume longucur confornie i cehle citte dams I&
litreature (4 AS nsyons do Ventr~e d'am[ 92]1).
Schensatqiseient, l'Acomleineat peut Wte decoinpost en damK Zones. hItSagit d'une part duijet lssu diel'entref d'air, qul ent
irrotatlonnel ( zoise potollelle), ct dWawr part, dclIs rocirculation toucbllonnahr. Linterface ent constitue par una couche doem~lage
qul presenle des lnisablIltt*3 hydrodynarnlques.
Le phtsnomtne dii " pop corn" eat consldtr. par lts conceniteurs dieKIVA comme etant d'origine nuin~rique [ 60]1. Parini les
moyeiAs d'61llinnation de ct phenomena. Ioiaffinainent doe mailltage est to plus facilement. applicable. Les techniques qul consistent A
6pasisir anifclellement Iazone doa flamnia par us. aecroissamant des ccofflclentst de diffusion ct Une diminution des taux de production
chlmiques (93] al&1" quo Iareniaillage qul suit Ia zone do flfifntw? sent respectivainent; mat adapre Al'coulensent ( snals txes efficace en
lamlnalre )ct dfi~clie Amaitre en oeuvre.

Laidaptaiont duiprorammo KIVA, Wntialament conqu pour let moteurs Acombustion Interne, a perinis de simuler It dibut dui
fonetionnment dun foyer do Swalre 'ter A larglssciuetatt~usque,
Lea mod'inations pour italter lea flux eatrant it sortant, Inlitloateent absent& dui programmte, donnAnSt des r~sultits
physmument raI'srac. L'utllusalon d'ws techniqucte pe.lOrA
nubl, lift aux dufflultks quo prisenteeai I&MISen (euwe do I&mithoda
di$caaaeieluquci pow un ftoultemn rildlMensionnel. blphasique it riactif ,donna do bowa rtsultats.
Mcljs'ioa duibrouilard in avil delIS nateabe conduit Aims*combuasdoa primilangte dais Iorecirculation. Co fonctionniinertt
duye~ho 41permit usacombustion ons soufflagedoflamnieLe combuatible Injeti danalenten.dale eveloppl
powdau11
Ata &VCtin flamats *ediftuion. La structureoea duitype ahaxpmin Smogvn elite wI
d*ta marabo iatbr~l We

I'.-t Instabillits dacigin t~m k;"Aw 114, Alas foible difinitlon doiMalllag* dana Isamsn do flames, oat 60Amecoatenei

Lesawcmm vduo&byd myan~ydo ftcouiomw w iot

s tatmr
flirme Lo lt i do I'enkfo d'ir w kmo11onl

eagsytrax ul~itaweevowt peata sw 11nlvew do I&dUifnltOa du mialgle, Linfluemc des -ai dolt 6gbotn ito lien
it .
=oultkile Loa matdkis do combusia twulubet dolvewt ft twit. La peteus do WuMuce Mril~lonaalrn ito eISbuaton
dam dstea tavlllon c*Wdut Aeiileo
uviq ma odo do tubultmn du typ Sab Odd4 Sale (&O.S) 49to.mwotl do (Aanie cObetea
d"*W WMubWuat Sooduell, 19.9496).
 13-14

I I BARRERE. M., WILLIAMS, F.A. -*Comparison of Combustion Instabilities Found in Various Types of Combustion Chaem-
bers', 12 thSy-ap. ( It- ) onCombustion, pp. 169. o81Lag-9o6u8on.mbs

uion ScienceanddTechnology, Vol.9. pp.49,53, 1974.

3]CROCCO, L. -"Theoretical Studies on Liquid- Propellant oce n IthEm.(ss)o obimn p10,18

1965.
(4 ]BEN]~OT. .1.-Communication au cours de Isartunon MWDDEA sue les instahiltfts des stator~acteurs du 29111/82 au 3112/82.
[5] MARBLE,F.E. ,ROGERS, D.E. -"A Mechanism for High Frequency.Oscillation in Ramnjet Combustor and Afterburners", ARS
Journ., June 1956, pp.456. 462.
(6] CROCCO, L., CHENG. S.L. -"Theory of Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors', AGARDograph n18, 1956.

[7] TSIEN. H.S. -"Servostabilization of Combustion in Rocket Motors', Journ. Amer.Rocket Soc., 22, 1952.
8] HECKL, M.A. -"'Active Control of the Noise in a Rijke Tube". Symp. MUAM,.1985, Lyon, Springer Verlag.
(9] LANG, W., POINSOT, T. CANDEL, S.M. -"Active Control of Combustion Instability'. Combustion and Flame, Vol.70,n*3,
'1 Dec. 1987.
(101] HEBRARD, P., LAVERGNE, G., TOULOUSE, G. -Etude et Mod~lisation de l'Ecouleinent dams un foyer de Statoreacceur ft
Deux Entrkes par Ic Fond, R.T.S final CERT-DERMES n!1/21 16. Fey. 1981.
I[I1] STULL. FD. DCRAIG, R.R STREBY, G.D., VANKA, S.P.-"Investigation of Dual Inlet side Dump Conmbustor Using Liquid
Fuel Injection", ALAA Paper n!83- 0420. 1983.
¶ (12]) ESCUDIE, D., CHARNAY, G. "Experimental Study of Interaction Between a Premixed Laminar Flame and Coherent Struc-
tures", Turbulent Shear Flows Symp. 5th Springer Verlag, Cornell University, New York. 1985'

[ 13 ] MOREAU P,- "Experimental Determination of Probability Density Functions Within a Turbulent High Velocity Premixed.
Flame", Mt Symp. (Int.) on Comb, pp.993, 1000,1981.
[ 14 ] BARKER, C.L. -"Experiment Concerning the Occuring and Mechanism of High Frequency Combustion Instability", Ph. D.
Thesis. California Inst. of Technology. 1958.
[(15]J MOREAU, P., LABBE. J., DUPOIRIBUX. F., BOROHI, R.-" Experimental and Numerical Study of a Turbulent Recircula-
tion Zone with Combustion", Turbulent Shear Flows Symp. Sth, Springer Verlag, Cornell University, New York, 1985'

(16 ] SMITH, D.A., ZUKOSKI, E.E,- " Combustion Insability Sustained by Unsteady vortex Combustion", AIAAJ SAE / ASEE
211a Joint Propulsion Cof.., Monterey, California. 1985.
17' ] KELLER, JO0., VANEVELD, L., KORSHELT,D,, OHONIEM, A.F.,DAILY, J.W., OPPENHEIM, A.K. "Mechanums of
Instabilities in Turbulent Combustion Leading to Flashback", ALhA Jour.20, pp.254, 262. 1982.
(18 ] GROUSET, D.- Mod6fllsaion de l'Ecoulement dans un Foyer de Pr~n6lauge Th~se de Docteur Ingenleur, Ecole Centrale de
Paris, 1980.
[19 1DARABIHA. N.-Un Modhle de Flamine Coherence pour la Combustion Prtm *laugfe- Analyse d'un Foyer Turbulent A6alsgis-
sement, Brusque ,Thbse Docteur Inghnleur de l'Ecole Centrale de Paris, 1985.

20 'HSEN KeM,- rls des Zones de Recirculation dana un Foyer Turbulent Prtnitlangt, Th~se de Docteur Inghnleur.

(21] POINSOT, T.-Analyse des Instabilit~s de Combustion de Foyers Turbulents Pr~snhlangfs, Th~se d'Etat de l~niversit6 de Paris
Sud, Orsay, 1987
(22]1 YANG, V., CULICK, F. E.C. "Linear Theory of Pressure Oscillations In Liquid-Fueled Ramjet Engines" AIAA Paper a' 83-
0574- 1983.
(241 HUMPHREY, J,W,, CULICK, F.E. C. "Pressure Oscillations and Acoustic Entropy Interactions in Ramnjet Combustion cham-
bers", AIAA Paper n'97- 1872,
(25 1YANG, V., KIM, S.1., CULICK, F.E.C -"Thutd-Order Nonlinear Acoustic Waves and Triggering of Pressure Oscillations; in
Combustion Chambers", Part I- Longitudinal Oscillations AIAA Paper a! 87- 1873, 1987.
(26]1 NAYFEH, A.H. 'Perturbationi Methods", J.Wlley and Sons, New Yoek, 1973.
[27] LILLEY, DAO'Flowfield MLoduling 14 Practical Cosabuzs .rA Review' , Jourmt of Energy, Vol.3, se'4, pp. 193 ,2 10, July-
Aug. 1979,
(28] ULLLEY, D,. "ComputerModeling inRamjet Combustors", AIAA Journ,, Vol.19, n112, pp.1562,1563, 1980.
(29] LILLEY, D.O. "Prospea for Computer Modeling InRAsetComibustors" AIM Papern!0-II&9-.I 980.
 13-15

[30] LILLEY, D.G. ,RHODE. D.L.. SAMPLE, L.W. -"Prediction of Swirling Reacting Flow in Ramjet Combustors", AIAA Pipet
n*81- 1485. 1981.
* 31] BROWN, E.F., HALE.A.A "Calculation of the flow in a Dump Combustor". AIAA Paper n*85-1309, 1985.
[32] BOYSAN, F., AYERS, W.H.. SWITHENBANK, J., PAN, Z. "Three Dimensional Model of spray Combustion in Gas Tur-
bine Combustors ", Journ. of Energy, Vol.6.n*6, pp.368, 375. Nov.-Dec. 1982.
[33 ]OPPENHEIM. A.K. -"Dynamic Features of Combustion". Phil. Trans. Roy.Soc. London, A. 315, pp. 471, 508, 1985.
[34] GIOVANNIh1I, A., OPPENHEIM. A.K. Analyse de Difftrents Types
77 1
d'Ecoulements Internes par la M[6thode des Vortex Al6a-
toires. Journ.de M[6canique Tlhorique et Appliqute, Vol.6. A*6,pp' . 787, 1987.
35 ] GIOVAN.NINI, A.. KARAGIANNIS, F.- Caracterisation des Grosses Structures Rotationnelles tdelEcoulemnent dams le Cy-
lindre du Moteur Alternatif par la Mfthode des Vortex Al6atoires, Entropie. n,139, 1988.
[361] GHONIEM, .AF., GAGNON, Y. "Numerical Investigations of Recirculating Flow at Moderate Reynolds Numbers" AIA.A Pa-
per n*1986- 0370.
[37 ] GHONIEM, A.F.. NG, K.K " Numerical Study of the Dynamics of a Forced Shear Layer". Phys. of Fluids, 30,(3), pp. 706.
72 1. March. 1987.
[38 ] SETH-IAN. JA., GHONIEM, .AF." Validation Study of Vortex Methods", Journ. of Computational Physics. 74, pp' 283. 317.
1988.
39 ] NAJM. HXN.GHONIEM. A.F. "Numerical Simulation of the Convective Instability in a Dump ",AIAA Paper, n87-1874,
1987.
[40]) HONIEM, A.F. HEIDARINEJAD. G., KRISHINAN, A. "Numerical Simulation of a Reacting Shear Layer Using the Trans-
port Element Method ", ALAA Paper n*87-1718. 1987.
[411] GHONIEM, A.F. "Effect of Large Structures on Turbulent Flame Propagation". Combustion and Flame, 64. pp'3 2 1. 336.
1986.
[42 ] LAVERDANT, A.. POINSOT, T., CANDEL, S.M. "Influence of the Mean Temperature Field on the Acoustic Mode Structure
in a Dump Combustor", Journ. of Prop. and Power. Vol.2, n'4, pp' 3 1 1. 316. 1985.
[43 ] HIRSINGER, F. -Modtfisation en Afrothermodynantique Instationnair", La Recherche Adrospatiale. N' 1979.5, pp. 307, 323.
[44] HIRSINGER. F. , TICH-TINSKY, H. "Mod6fisation des Zones diecombustion en Rdgime instationnaire". 54th Propulsion and
Energetics Panel. AGARD. Cologne. 3rd&5th October. 1979.
[45 ]MAGRE. P. "Semi-Implicit Calculation of the Flow Field in a Duct with the Flame Stabilized by a Step". 6th Int. Symp. on Air
Breathing Propulsion. June 6-10. 1983, Paris.
[46] DUPOIRIEUX. F., SCH-ERRER. D. Methodes Numeriques * Convergence Rapide Utilistes pour le Calcul d'Ecoulements R6-
actifs. La Recherche Adrospatllle. 1985-5. pp.301. 310,
[47] DUPOIRIEUX. F.- CalculI Numerique d'Ecoulements Turbulent:s Rtactifs et Consparaison avec des R6sultats Experimentaux. La
Recherche A~rospatlale, 1986-6. pp. 443, 453.
48 ] DUPOIRIEUX. F.. DUTOYA. D.- Modele Numerique pour lea Ecoulements Roactifs Axlsynsdtriques aver Vitesse
Tangentlelle. La Recherche A~tosatiale, 1987, 6. pp. 15. 22.
[49] DRUMMOND, J.P. "Numerical Study of a Ramjet Dump Combustor Flow Field". AIMA Paper n`83- 0421.

[50] GROUSET, D,, ESPOSITO, E.. CANDEL. S.M.- "Model of the Recirculating Flow in a Premixed Combustor", 7th ICOGER,
Gotti'agen, Aug.3 6020-24. 1979. et Progress In Astronautics and Aeronautics, Combustion in Reactive Systems. Vol. 76, AIAA.
New York, pp, . 380. 198 1.
[(I] CANDEL, S.M., DARABIHA, N., ESPOSITO,11. -"Models for a Turbulent Premixed Dump Conmbustor", AIMA Paper n*82-
1261., 1982.
[52 ]KAILASANATH, K..J., QARDNERA,J BORIS. J.P.,ORAN, B. ."Interactions between Acoustics and Vortex Structures in a
Central Dump Combustor, AIMA Paper n'86-1609, 1986.
[53 1WILLIAMdS, P.A. -'Progress inSpray -Combustion Analysis " 81h Symp. (lat. ) on Comb, pp. 50,62, 1962.
[541 WILLIAMS, P.A. ."Combuution Theory %The Fundamnenual The"r chemically Reacting Plow Systesns".2nLd Edition, BenJA.
ni umigsPb.Cmp,195
$55 KUO, XX -' Principles of Combustion,%Wiley Interaclence Publication, J,WILEY and Sons New York, 1986.
1561 WESTBROOK, CXK. -" Three- Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Liquid Fuel Sprays". 161 Symp. (Ins) on Comb., 1977.
(5?] GUPTA, B.C., BRACCO, LWV. -"Numerical ApplcatioiAs otTwo-Dlmessioisal Uns~tedy Sprays er Applicatons to Engine',
AIAA Journ., Vol.16, n!10, Oct.1978, pp, 1053, 1061.
[56 CLOUTMIAN, L.D.,,DUKOWICZ. JKX., RAMSHAW, J.D,, AMSDm4, A.A. -"CONCHA$- SPRAY::ACompuweCode for
* Reactive Flows with Fuel Sprays', Los Alamos National Laboratory Rapt, LA.9294. May 1982,
 13-16

159]1 AMSDEN, A.A;, RAMSHAW, J.D., O'ROURKE, P.J., DUKOWICZ, J.K. 2KIVA: A Computer Program for Two and
Three Dimensional Fluid Flows with Chemical Reactions and Fuel Sprays". Los Alamos National Laboratory kept., LA- 10245
MS, Feb. 1985.
(60 ] AMSDEN, A.A., RAMSHAW, J.D., CLOUTMAN, L.D., O-ROURKE. P.J. -" Improvements and Extensions to the KIVA
Computer Program", Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-10534, MS, Oct. 1985.
(61] OROURKE, P.J. -" The KIVA Computer Program for Muttidimensional Chemically Reactive Fluid Flows with Fuel Sprays".
Numerical Simulation of Combustion Phenomena Proceeding, Sophia - Antipolis. France, 1985.
(62])YULE, A.J., BOLADO, R. -" Fuel Spray Burning Regime and Initial Conditions", Combustion and Flame, 55, pp. 1, 12. 1984.
(63 ] KUENTZMANN. P. Atrothermuchimie des Suspensions, Memoire de Sciences Physiques, Gauthier-Villard, 1973, Paris.
(64] MATH-IEU, J., JEANDEL, D., LAUNDER. B.E., REYNOLDS, W.C., RODI, W. - "La Simulation des Mod~les de
Turbulence et leurs Applications Vol. I et 2 CEA-1NR1A-EDF Ecole d'EtL cdaayeNmrueEole dPis, 1984.
[65 1FERZIGER, J.H. -'Large Eddy Simulation: its Role in Turbulence Research " dams Theoretical Approches to Turbulence.
AppI.Math. Sci., 58. Dwoyer, D.C., Hussaini, M.Y.. Voigt, R.G. 6d., Springer Verlag, 1985.
(66 ] SIVOUKIIINE, D. Cours de Physique Ghn~rale Tome 2- Thermodynamique et Physique Molftulaire , Edition de Moscou,
1982.
(671 FAETH, G.M. "Evaporation, and Combustion of Fuel Sprays". Progress in Energy and combustion Science, Vol.9. pp."1 76,
1983.
(68 ] O'ROURKE, PA32"Collective Drop Effects in Vaporizing Liquid Sprays". Ph.D. Thesis. Princeton University cc Los Alamos
National Laboratory Rapt., L.A. - 9069-T- Nov. 1981.
[69] BORIS.J.P.- "Veccorized Tridiagonal Solvers". Naval Research Laboratory Memo. kept. 3048, Nov. 1976.

(70 1MORETTI, G.- " A Physical Approach to the Numerical Treatment of Boundaries in Gas Dynamics", NASA conference
Publication 2201 NASA Ames Research Center. Moffet Field ,Ca., Oct. 19.20, 1981.
(71])VEUIILOT. J.P., VIVIAND, H.- Methodes Pseudo- Instatlonnaires pour le Calcul d'Ecoulements Transsoniques. Publication
ONERA n' 1978.4.
(72 1CLfINE, M.C.. WILMOTH, R.G. -"` Computation of the Schuttle Solid booster Nozzle Starn - Up Transient Flow". Journ. of
Propulsion and Power, Vol.11, nt5. Sept-Oct 198M.
73 1 CAMBIER, L., ESCANDE, B., VEUILLOT. J.P. -Calcul d'Ecoulements Internes A Grand Nombre de Reynolds par
Rtsolution Numerique des Equations de Navier- Stokes , La Recherche Aerospatiele, 1986, n*6, pp.415,432.

(74 ] YEE, H.C..ýBEAM, R. M.., WARMING, R. F.,- Boundl Approximations for Implicit Schemes for One Dimensional
Inviscid Equations of Clasdlynamics", AIMA Journ. vol.20, n' , Sept. 1982, pp,.1203, 1211.
[ 75]1 WALKINOTON, N.J., EVERSMA}J, W. - " ANumerical Model of Acoustic Chocking, Put I: Shock Free Solutions", Jourts.
of Sound and Vibrations, 1983, 90 (4), pp.509,526.
( 76] BAYLISS, A., TURKEL, E.- " Outflow Boundary Conditions for Fluid Dynamics", SIAM Joumn. Sdi. Stat. Comput.. Vol. 3,
n'2, June 1982, pp.250, 259.
[77 1HEDSTROM, W,.- 2 22 "Non Reflecting Boundary Conditions for Nonlinear Hyperbolic Systems", Journ. of Comput. Phys.,
Vol.30, 1979. pp' . 237.
[ 78] RAMSHAW, J.D., DUKOWICZ, J.K. -" APACHE i A Generalized- Mesh Euilerlan Computer Code for Multicomponent
Chemically Reactive Fluid Plow", Los Alamos National Laboratory Rept., ntLA-7427, Jan. 1979.
(7V IAMSDEN, A.A., RUPPEL, H.M. - " SALE 3D):A Simplified ALE! Computer Program for Calculating Three. Dimensional
luid Flow", Los Alamos National Laboratory Rept., LA-8905, Jan. 1982.
(80] SCOTT', J.N., HANKEY, W,.L. -"Numerical simulation of Exited Jet Mixing Layers", AIM Paper n' 87,0016, AIMA 25 th
Aerospace Sciences Meetin, Jan. 12- 15 th- 1987,Reno, Nov,
(81] BORIS, J.P,, ORAN, MS5., FRITTS, M.J., OSWALD, C. -" Time Dependant, Compressible Simulations of Shear Plows:
Tests of Outflow Boundary Conditions", N.R.L. Memorandum-Rept. 5249, Dec. 12th, 1983.
(82 ) RUDY, D.H., STRIUWERDA, J,C. - " Boundary conditions for subsonic Compressible Naviet-Stokas Calculations",
Computers &Ad Fluids, Vol.9, pp,327. 331, 1981.
(IS 1CHU, C.K, SERENY, A..- " Boundary Conditions InFinite Difference Fluid Dynamic Codes", Journ, of Comput. Phys.,
Vol. 15, pp.476, 491, 1974
0 841 MINTJES, K., MORGAN,A.P. -' Equilibrium Equations for a Model of Combwalon", General Metors Rseseroh Laboratories
h RepocrtOMR'.4361l, 1983,
85 1 ROTT, N.-"' Diffraction of a Shock Wave with Vortex Genowation", Jour. of Fluid MechanIcs, Vo~l, 1,956.
(861 ADOHF A Ex~ermeatal Study of a SpWra
Vortex Formtd by Shock-Wave D1(ffaction", Ina. of Aecophys., UTIA
TehIeA2 et 94 nv of Toratum
 13-17

87 ]GARNIER, F.. LAVERDANT, A.M. -"Etude dui Couplage Acoustique Structures Tourbillonnaites. Synthse
Bibliographique, Mod~lisation analytique Simplif~e eat Simulaition Numerique du Tourbillon AssociAl i la Diffraction d'un Choc
par un Diaphrogme", Rapport Technique ONERA n710/3562 EN, *25ian. 1988
(881 KARAGOZJAN, A.N., MANDA,, B.V. S. -"Flame Structure and Fuel Consumption in the Field of a Vortex Pair", Comb. Sci.
and Tech., Vol.49. pp. 185. 200, 1986.
89 ) LAVERDANT, A.M., CAI4DEL, S.M. - " A Numerical Analysis of a Diffusion Flame-Vortex Interaction", ONERA TP
n*1987-26. (accepte dams Comb. Sci. and Tech.)
90]J LAVERDA2NT, A.M., CANDEL. S.M. - "Computation of Diffusion and Premixed Flames Rolled-Up in Vortex Structures",
AIAA Paper n*87-1779, 231dJoint Propulsion Conference, San Diego, Ca. .1987, (accept6 dam, Journ, of Prop. and Power).
(91] LAVERDAN'T, A.M.. CANDEL, S.M. - Etude de l'Interaction de Flantmes de Diffusion at de Priemtlanga avec un Tourbillon,
La Recherche A~rospatiale, n'3, pp. 13,28, 1988.
92 ]HUGHES. W. F., BRIGHTON, J.A. -Fluid Dynamics, Schaums' Outlines Series, Mac Grew Hill. 1967.
(93 ] O-ROURKE, P.3., BRACCO, F.V.- " Two Scaling Transformiations for the Narmerical Computation of Multidimensional
Unsteady Laminar Flames', Jour, of Comp. Pbys.. Vol.33, n*2, pp. 185.203, Nov. 1979.
94] MAR~BLE, F.E., BRO.-DWiVLL, I.E. "The Coherent Flame Model for Turbulent Chemical Reactions", Project Squid Rept.,
TRW-9-PU. 1977.
(951 DARABIHA, N., G,1OVAN0Ll, V.. TROUVE, A.. CANDELS.. F.SPOSI rO.E. "Coherent Flame Description of Turbulent
Premixed Ducted Flames". Workshap on 'frbtulent, Combustion, July 1987, Pouen.
(96] LACAS, F.. VEYNANTE.D. *Quelques Reflexions sur le Mod~le de I&Flamme Cohterte, Rapport du Lab. EM22C, Sept.
1987.

REMERACIBMENTS
Cetta ttude a 06 financoepepris D.R.E.T atl'O.N.ER.RA. Luexistenct do programmne KIVA a W port6h Ala connaissance des
auteurs par le Pr.Clavin. Les auteurs souhaitent remarcier lea concepteurs at Ie Los Alamos National Laboratory. en particuliet le
Dr. ORourke pour la transmission gratuite do programme KIVA. IUssouhtaitent Ogslement rarnercier les Pta. Borghi (Rouen), Candel
(E3CP).Marbla (CrT).et las Drs. Kuentzmann, Laval, Hfirsinger. Errata at Dutoys pour des discussions fructuouses. Des informat~ons
interessantes ont 6galamant 0t6 obtanues auprts des Prs. Poinst (CNRS -IFP) at Pinchon (IFP), Arqueyrolles (RNUR). Gaillard
(RVI), Souhaitt (PSA), Naji (CORIA-Univ.Rouený), Uelm( Alstbom). Zeller (SACM), Znaty (Bertmn). Guillard (INRIA), I. Yv
 13-18

3, 40

FinI - '11..l. d'intharsgio~j.1

a.CIlijre de qurft de-g.et S

thtI

n dm y fftatsatef
 13-19

Figgre 4 - Schtma dustator~aScnr

b) ... .....

. ...
....

t .I
go77
I 13-20

glint c is 0 TiIl$.G.$

U, ..

.. 4 . 4.0. *

t - -M144

MIN

~.~6. cbmnpnctaige $Ot4Si4s

 13-21

Ou MP C a It U$ 1 0 0 *8.C.31
03/10/Ba 0•224.•11:7.7071-03 CYCLE 750 CARNK:8-8,800
849 PRRIICLE3 IN THE
0YSTEM

;: ~ ~a)
I - '

VELOCITYACROSSJ: I PLA.NE
0//08 0/.2431| h1 7.04724E-03CYCLE 760 CRANNK=-18000
911(i L.92030(0.3 Vh48= |,444019.01 888l, 5.52060E.03
a U IP C 0 M 8 U 3 1 0
t 13.0.1

- +-- • / ,llt............

Pf8E$3U1 ACROI5 J. I PLANE. I.-8.5439S0.6 M- 4.751655t.0

01/46186OTi2otil
I 1.09720-0348
CYCLE 78808080..
180.00
MAX- 7.045165t06 0.020.5757[-04
4. 6.617310,04fl
8 t,8 p C0A 8U 3 108 15,0.31

d)
O8 Hit$ 02613M814 ,8 0, 814 1804 ..

I$ AC.951
4 I 8FLA 84~.80tQ
8 8
filM 088808,l t, 4. 4lgll•, l 87+',+451 34
0888U 0. 1 P?11 CYOLU 118 8 46080

"141
1.451010 4'If
,88 411 04O" -11.130M.0)
0 0O 1$81bus

_ii7
I .0 a

P~zut.7.
C.+ps.....clc750
&t 740724 .

II|I|
13-22

CC 1~$S0I
CS/SI '60.4CU, 1CLE 1000CCRCC..-100.CC
903-C3
IC UPRILS14 THESY37EM

ACROSS
VILOC17T J1; I ?LIME
St/Ofle 16,36,49?, 2.567SCE-C 1000 CAINlIC-11O.00
CYCLE.
VIIC-JAC14)10 VMI Z?11 2OU1 W .SMCC.0

.. . .. ..

ACTOC jI I PIUS!.W.1606. 06K;

ORISSUR H. IR MOC(.C
140R1,
II1II'40 1. 1.617E-0S CICU 1C"0 CR9II¶5.oo

limp 4%
OC11034 PLON!C. 6.~10W.02 H; .ICIIC

Ct 344) MC 3* 0G
1.101t.C 10(O

ill
09 Ott~lf 1t 7(-0 i tll
-I s .1wPoo'
1

A*11,1V~ 1J#41-1
mL7 11-1
 13-23

OUitP COA9uAIoa 1SG.$.S1

OS/WI~e PARTICLES
JO384gOra -C11S
THE 2YS tEMNKz-|W.OO

* /.4,

- • . ""`:• • ' ,... . .-

..........

VELOCITY
ActO3s 4-I PLAINE
ag/Oise ;6.36149 1. 1.i '1s7,rAi CYCLE iO0o CRANK-.140.00
UMIX. 6.40H444t-03 VMI 7.1471E100 I•MI. 6.415(14[03
0UvP C 0RSUSOR 90It 310.

FRIESURNACROSSJ- I PtLOW. t. S.40511iit- H-t. Sitice

a0s)1 1 6I1tst|4 ]% |.Thi2U-f0 CVCUi 14014CRANKI-t5O00
MIR.0.3'143111-09 2x, IT1AX-Of to- 3,83*1 i4
I- P
0 U C O At1 U3 1 (it 1 .65 03
1

tJlm d)OClRO3|it I h+Al4. i; 6.,141,*Qo H; 1I47t.|llI_02

a IIfh sll a
Is's 1 . 1 .1 -o IM•oI
Uu II* 1 60U•-,00
mils 45|0UI ml,++1.14it-OV 41t 5.40413t-01

l sa *1l It do MR" Rol 5755,0a

01.15111 f1,•41its 11 11ill,0|ta , Ito !?tll+,t,0

.5 _,

;'P,,++"I•'ll "A l'" 6f-=

,
6t
,1'st Ir.ol
.t A .14I nto,
.

14

.W + : IN + -...

9 ye100,At 1..m S -ga

 13*24

V RUP COUNI U T 0 R $S..SI

03/00/11 l1135P.49 '. I 4W 02 CYCLE1400 CIANKRI*II400
-.

94 AtI IMM }
.. , . .

ACRO31
,CilOCITl J- I PLAN
/4M•/UIS636l04 1, 1. t 44W1-0l CYCLE 1400 CIANA.-I40.00
URVt. 6., 63.01 VMI. 4.3143X-00 M•M. 2.45415C03
aUhP C0 N SUTORt1.4.31

b) ............. : : :::: :: :: :

'00~q 0 J, I IsPLO0.
ANAMSt~
11 1.o14ut- CYCLI t4O14
t; 5.SIUsx. $U. 0S
4li•*M0400
OUHP
€0NtUCOCLA . t.$

IC)

IEItPit ICN@S IIIN-I €tIP.00sOI-tttW€II; .1-0014.0?

@4N II1i4N |MAI 1 . 4? I 4. .

*1W

la.
a11
A I

F.
f I)
T",t N

?.lit"

iflp 10 qs !:0ý 4RI

oIS
 13-25

14 PARTICLESN tMtSY31El%

U llits I
10wieS .40s6M.02 CYCLE
IS9O CAtIIK.-MI80 "

~~
IT R TuS ~ ~ $c

P vg 1. icu iAau

C)

w
9)i.4~WII IL A*$.vuit

it) 1

FiweI.
~upmc~cet5OINU~O)M

21-NAiz, f e
- V4.
 13-26
0 UN COI IT 0 16.04-S
3VI 166#;
Z16 . I .5493GE-01CYCLt1150 C66NKK=110.00
04O PARTCUS 11 THEIrSTEM

09,06 1L 176 CIA O.TS.

moo1. s
4.7112 Ilt l~4~C 7.661.17Q"N.M00

_...... ... A~

H;
V 16.61wa.06
IHO 4 33M0

o C )i r' t 3El00

4J 441.itu:. $,

* £~~aw. 11 Chu~~Mlss yl 70At 306m

 13-27

0UM co 8 U 6 1
C0 18.0.91
WOMB/I !3l0.2n 1ý 1-05471C-01 CYCLE2000 CINIt16-lB.O0
900 PARTICLEIN THESYTEMh

VELOCITY ACRO33J-. I PLANE

02/06/65 23,16122 1. 1.66471E-02
CYCLE0 0000C68101..ISO.00
4085. 2.00233E.04
0880. 2,21490-004 VMRX.1.I4977E.01

DUh F C 0IR U 0 00 1 t30.3.1

805UR '050rJ2 L. 2.3S156.06 H=3.50058E.05

I PLANE,

MI.Z1%1-5 MA.5.57552t0.0 4.2073.06

18.

a ,5 0 6 0 0 4.1499.0 H .116-1

mlll RI eMIW0 (1.03

061l~t-lt? 4645(
0N5 54)4l~550 .U4S~¶0355

ptVw
011,IA It-* l5 0tm t

Ono
 13-28

DISCUSSION
W. H. Jou, US

In your turbulence model for Lurb.ulent kinetic energy K,

what length scale have you chosen?-

Author's Reply:

Dana le modele de turbulenceý utilise' (Sub Grid Scale),

1'e6'aluation de Is viscosit cind(matique est basd'e sur la
connaissance de 1'energie cin~tique turbulente, qui eet evaluee
par one equatiuon de lilan, la determination de Ia densiterglobale
et une echele'e de longueur qui eat ejale • deux fois Ia taille de
la maills.

K. Kailasanath, US

I have two comments:

1) What were your outflow boundary conditions? We find using

constant pressure conditions can give erroneous results and it
,k may be more appropriate to use a choked outflow conditions.

2) Have you studied the effects of varying the grid resolution?

We find (Journal of Propulsion & Power, Nov-Dec '87) that a coarse
grid can give a result which is even .g.litativel different
from that from a finer grid.

Author's Reply:

Nous avous choisi une condition de sortie subsonique afin de simplifier

Is traitement dens cette partie de I eculement. Cette demarche
n'inclue pas le traitement de l'avorqage de Ia trujere. 11 sat
envisage d'incluse cette forms de condition dane l'areuir,

Lea resultats prdesnteds avec un maillage regulier (1 cm x I cm)

repre'sente des aspects qualitatife. Le choix de ce maillage a et e'
dict4 par la recherche d'une miss au point rapids dans un d4lai limits'.
Une Atude est actuellement en cours pour determiner V'influence de
Is taille des cellutes. Ce choix derrait conduire ' un msillour
controls Is l'effet "pop corn."

-Mi.
 14-1

VERY-LOW-PREQUEnCY OSCILLATIONS IN LIQUID-FUELED RAMJETS

Frederick H. Reardon
Department of Mechanical Engineering
California State University, Sacramento
6000 J Street, Sacramento, California 95819
USA

SUMMARY
Very-low-frequency ("bulk-mode") oscillations have been studied, making use of
experimental data gathered at the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories. This
study has considered only those oscillations in which the acoustic resonance
characteristics of the combustor were not excited. More than 200 cases of such
oscillations in coaxial-dump combustors have been examined. Correlations of
oscillation incidence, frequency and amplitude have been made in terms of design and
operating parameters, including inlet diameter and length, combustor diameter and
length-to-diameter ratio, air inlet temperature and fuel-air ratio. An analytical
model has been developed with which the effects of various oscillation driving
mechanisms have been examined and compared with the experimental data. Mechanisms
considered were: combustion rate fluctuations resulting from fluctuating flow rates of
fuel and air, combustion energy release rate variations due to pressure and temperature
fluctuations in the flame zone, distortion of the flame zone by vortices shed at the
dump plane, generation of an oscillating pressure field by vortex shedding at the dump
plane interacting with the exhaust nozzle contraction, and entropy (convective) waves,
resulting from fuel/air ratio oscillations, that reflect from the nozzle as pressure
waves. Calculations using the analytical model showed agreement with experimental
results for nearly 70% of the tests examined. The vortex and entropy wave mechanisms
did not substantially improve the model's predictive ability.

INTRODUCTION
Oscillatory operation has been encountered in many liquid-fueled ramjet engines
(Ref.l). Although oscillation frequencies have been observed over a very wide range,
they tend to fall into three broad ranges, which can be correlated with the acoustic
properties of the combustion chamber. "High-frequency" oscillations generally are
characterized by frequencies greater than about 1500 hertz; the wave patterns in the
combustor are similar to the transverse acoustic modes. "Low-frequency" oscillations
typically fall in the 500 to 1500 Hz range and have wave patterns in the combustor
resembling longitudinal acoustic modes. "Very-low-frequency" oscillations usually have
frequencies below the first longitudinal acoustic mode of the combustion chamber.
This investigation has been concerned with the very-low-frequency type of
oscillation, which can be very detrimental to the operation of a ramjet engine, even if
the amplitude of oscillation is fairly small, because the pressure excursions,
propagating upstream into the diffusor, may cause the inlet shock to be disgorged,
drastically reducing the engine thrust and efficiency. In some cases the frequency of
very-low-frequency, or "bulk mode", oscillations is close to that of the first
longitudinal mode of the combustor. However, because the combustion sone is typically
spread over a considerable fraction of the combustor length, the energy release is not
in the most effective place to excite the first longitudinal mode.

One objective of this work has been to develop an engineering design tool in the
form of a microcomputer-based stability model that is simple to use and easy to
interpret. The approach used involves a combustion-time-lag model that was
successfully used for very-low-frequency oscillations in liquid propellant rocket
engines. Such an approach was suggested by Rogers (Ref. 2), although he did not work
out a detailed model. The primary experimental data which provided the foundation for
this study were generated by a parametric testing program conducted at the Air Force
)Wright Aeronautical Laboratories by personnel of the Ramjet Technology branch. This
program has provided the most complete and bast-documanted ramjet combustion
oc llation data available to date.
The first part of this paper will describe the test program and some empirical
correlations of the test results. The analytical model will then be presented.
Finally, the experimental and theoretical results will be compared.
ZXPERINZTAL PROGRAN AND SkPfIICAL MO ILATION8
The APUAL test program consisted of a series of parameter surveys, in which each of
the geometrical and operating parameters was varied while the rest were held constant.
The appratus used for these parametria surveys is shown in Figure 1. It has been
described in detail by Davis (ef. 3). The experiments surveyed combustor disasters
from IS to 30 em (6 to 12 inches), chamber length-to-diameter ratios of 1.S and 3.0,
air inlet diameters from one-half to two-thirds of the combustor diameter, air inlet
temperatures from 417 to 694 K (750 to 12350 R), nossle-to-combustor area ratios from
0.4 to 0.6. On some tests, radial flamsholdsrs with 23% or 35% area blockage were
installed in the inlet at the dump plane. JP-4 fuel was injected into the air atrena
 14-2

either through orifices in the inlet wall near the dump plane ("wall injection") or
centrally in the air stream well upstream of the dump plane, prosvting relatively
uniform mixing of the fuel and air prior to combustor entry ("uniform injection"). The
fuel/air ratio was varied on each test between 0.02 and 0.07.
A simple but straightforward way of examining the experimental data was to
determine the fraction of the tests that showed very-low-frequency oscillations. On
the basis of such an analysis, some general trends were observed:
(1) Decreasing the air inlet diameter tended to stabilize, that is, reduce the
incidence of oscillations.
(2) Adding a flameholder tended to stabilize.
(3) Increasing the air inlet temperature tended to stabilize.
(4) Increasing the combustor L/D tended to stabilize with regard to the very-low-
frequency oscillations. Higher frequency, acoustically-coupled oscillations
were observed with longer chambers.
(5) The fuel injection location did not have a clear-cut effect on stability,
although there were some differences in the patterns of stability.
(6) There was not a clear, general effect of combustor diameter on
very-low-frequency oscillations. High frequency oscillations were observed
primarily in the largest diameter chambers, as would be expected on the basis
of experience with liquid propellant rockets.
Additional data analysis considered the frequency and amplitude of the
oscillations. Very-low-frequency oscillations appear to depend on the resonant
interaction between the dynamics of the combustion volume, the combustion processes,
and the feed systems. Liquid rocket experience has shown that bulk-mode oscillation
data can be correlated by the characteristic length (L*) of the combustion chamber and
the pressure drop across the injector. To determine whether such parameters would be
useful in the ramjet situation, amplitude and frequency data were plotted against L*
and the ratio of the dynamic pressure of the inlet jet to the combustion chamber mean
pressure. The amplitude data were nondimenslozialized by the chamber pressure. A
dimensionless frequency was defined by
fdim 2,rf ,c (i)
where f is the oscillation frequency in hertz and 9 is the mean gas residence time
in the combustor. According to theoretical studiescof oscillations in liquid-
propellant rockets (Ref. 4), the dimensionless frequency should fall in the range from
1 to 6 and should be relatively independent of L*.
Figure 2 shows the dimensionless frequency values observed in the AFWAL parametric
testing. It can be seen that they fall in the expected range and show little, if any,
dependence on LV. The amplitude data are shown in Figure 3. Although there is
considerable scatter in the data, the envelope of the amplitude data clearly decreases
with Increasing dynamic pressure. Because of the scatter in the amplitude data,
detailed correlations with regard to the various design and operational parameters were
not possible, although the general trends determined from the incidence rates were
generally confirmed,
ANALYTICAL MODEL
Combustion-Time-Lag Model
The analytical model (Ref. 5 - 9) is intended to provide an approximate, global
view of the very-low-frequency ramjet oscillation problem. It is based on a linearized
small perturbation stability analysis. Although such a model cannot predict the
amplitude of the limit-cycle oscillations observed in testing. similar models have
proven valuable in the development of stable liquid- and solid-propellant rocket
engines. The stability analysis yields a characteristic equation that defines the
conditions under which small sinusoidal oscillations will grow or decay.
The major assumptions are: (1) the flow in the air inlet system Is compressible and
is characterized by longitudinal wave motion during unsteady operation; (2) there Is
no coupling between the oscillations in the combustion chamber and the acoustic modes
of the chamber. The latter assumption is not unreasonable since in many combuators the
major energy release sone Is located between 25 and 6ot of the combustor length,
measured from the Inlet (dump) plane. Thus, the energy Is being introduced in a region
that is very inefficient for driving the first longitudinal mode of oscillation. The
•response of the combustion process to oscillations in chamber conditions is represented
by a time lag, t #, the delay between entry of the reactants into the combustor and
the eventual eneIrgy release. The time lag is taken to be the sum of a convective part,
t which is insensitive to fluctuations in chamber conditions, and a sensitive part,
t. Although the fuel is supplied to the engine In liquid fore, It has been assumed
tiat there to sufficient time available for atomtiation and vaporisatiom so that the
senositive tie lag is eseoetially a chemical reaction time.
 14-3
r The stability analysis is based on the unsteady energy equation,

Ein + Ecomb - Bout - dE/dt (2)

where E - represents the rate at which energy is converted into the combustor,
E inlthe rate at which energy is released by the combustion process, E is
tF"4ate at which energy is convected out through the exhaust nozzle, and 9 to the
energy within the combustor. Each of the energy terms is expressed in term of
thermodynamic and fluid dynamic properties. Sinusoidal perturbations superimposed on
the mean value are assumed for each property. For example, the combustor chamber
pressure is written as

P 3 (t) - P3 + P 3 'exp(st) (3)

where s- ? + ic4. The physical interpretation of this formulation is that oscillations
of circular frequencya will grow if the amplification factor 7. is positive and will
decay if it is negative. The mathematical problem is to find the complex values of s
corresponding to a particular engine configuration and test situation.
To simplify the analysis, the distributed combustion zone is replaced by a
relatively concentrated flame front, and the three-dimensional flow field is
approximated by a one-dimensional one. A simple one-parameter relation between the
combustion efficiency ec (in %) and the combustor length L3 (measured from the dump
plane),
ec = 100 11 - (ct/L3 )1 (4)

is used to determine the location of an effective, concentrated combustion zone. The

value of the parameter ct was determined from the AFWAL steady-state performance
data. Figure 4 compares the calculated and experimental values of combustion
efficiency for a typical test condition. The total time lag is calculated by dividing
the length from the dump plane to the concentrated combustion zone by the mean velocity
of the air/fuel mixture. The location of the combustion zone for this calculation is
somewhat arbitrary, and can be used as an adjustable parameter in *calibrating* the
theoretical model. Based on liquid-propellant rocket experience, the combustion zone
should be taken at a distance corresponding to 25 - 50 combustion efficiency.
Expressing each of the energy quantities in terms of the perturbations of mass flow
rates and fluid properties gives a characteristic equation

(GF~tv't T ) + fA(GAAtv tT) - ntl-exp(-stc))

+1 a 0 (5)
exp(-Ste) +
where aA and a are the admittances of the air and fuel feed systems, respectively,
defined by the equations
" ""/
";?
-'0 P3'/P 3 (6)
mh'/&A a- "A P3'/03
In 1q. (5), a is the gas residence time in the combustor, n Is the *interaction
index" that easures the sensitivity of the chemical time lag to pressure and
temperature perturbations in the combustion tone, and t is the acoustic travel time
between the combustion tone and the exhaust nozzle entrtnce, The first tors in the
denominator represents an approximate correction for temporal effects that my be
significant in long combustors.. The functions f 'and ff Include the effects of
mass flow rate and fuel/air oscillations on the bverall energy release ratel
expressions for these functions are given in Ref. S.
The Nyquist method is used to determine the stability of a given case, Sq. (S) La
of the form
fit) 4 1 a 0 (7)
When the function F(iW) is plotted on the comqlex plane (a typical plot is Shown in
Pigure S), encirclements of the point (-1 0 indicate instabilities. The frequency at
which Vide) crosses the negative real axis while enicrcling (-1,O) approximate* thL
expected oscillation frequency. The magnitude of P(iLO at the erossover o1nt (he.
so-called *gain*) is a measure of the growth rate of the omeillationat tht
frequency.
in this model, the Interaction index a is calculated from an equation given by
Crocco and Cheng (tef. 4), The time lag is determined frco equations and data in
References 10 - 12. The calculation of the air inlet admittance a depends on the
boundary condition at the upetream end of the inlet system. The cXiuter =del
includes three alternative tqitra•m boundary condittiont a large decrease in flow area
(corresponding to may connected-pipe teat setups), a ontic orifice (ueed on ame of
the AMISL tests), and a specified value of the conplea ecoustie reflecton coefficient
at the inlet-diffuser shock. The third boundary condition was inoloedso that the
model can be applied to e"ine testing with eaper*&LW diffusir.
 14-4

Vortex Shedding Effects

It is well documented that vortices are shed at sudden enlargements, such as the
dump plane at which the inlet and combustor meet. Two nechanisms by which these
vortices can interact with the combustion process have been identified. Brown and his
co-workers (Ref. 13) have proposed that the vortices shed at the dump plane are
convected downstream and interact with the convergent part of the exhaust nozzle to
generate a pressure oscillation within the combustor. Under the proper conditions,
rather large amplitudes can be developed, even without any interaction with the
combustion process. Another vortex-shedding mechanism is the direct interaction
between the vortices shed at the dump plane and the combustion zone downstream. Marble
(Ref. 14) has shown that significant combustion rate perturbations can result from the
periodic "rolling up" of the flame zone.

Vortex shedding arises from the inherent instability of the shear layer formed at
the dump plane. Shear layers appear to be unstable over wide ranges of conditions.
Two classes of flow situations appear to behave differently (Ref. 15). *Impinging'
shear layers are those which encounter some kind of physical obstacle downstream. The
presence of the obstacle modifies the shear flow such that amplification of small
fluctuations may occur. ONonimpingingO shear layers have no downstream obstructions to
feed back flow irregularities that can lead to instability. Rather, any instability of
a nonispinging shear layer is inherent in the flow itself. It is well established that
resonant oscillations of impinging shear layers can reach amplitudes of two orders of
magnitude greater that those of nonimpinging (or nonresonant) shear layers.

The mechanism that has been incorporated into the stability model to account for
the generation of an oscillatory pressure field in the combustor by shear layer
instability (based on References 16 - 18) is the followings A pressure oscillation att
the dump plane, P3" results in a velocity oscillation. A vortex is shed, the
strength of whach i proportional to the velocity oscillation amplitude. The vortex is
t shed
about at60%
the
of instant the velocity
the velocity of the reaches its peak.
inlet flow. The vortex
The vortex propagates
strength downstream at
grow* exponentially
until a maxinua strength Is reached or the nozzle is encountered. As the vortex passes
through the nozzle, & pressure perturbation is generated that propagates upstream at
the sonic velocity relative to the mean flow. If the ohbr is shorter than the
length required to develop the maximum vortex strength, the pressure perturbation
produced by the vortex will be proportional to the original pressure oscillation. If
the chamber Is longer thanothe length required to develop the maximum vortex strength,
the vortex will tend to dissipate and to lone its coherence. The resulting pressure
perturbation will thus be les strong and coherent. Thus, the strength of the
resulting preeeurs perturbation will depend -n the Strouhal number and on the chamber
length. The phase ot the added pressure oscillation will depend on the phase of the
velocity perturbation at the dump and on the transport time to the nozzle and back.

This phenomenon is Inherently n.nlinear. Therefore, all as of It cannot be

tect
incorporated into a linear theory. Since the combustor length .I typically somewhat
greater than the distance required to develop the peak vortex trength, it ts assumed
that the vortex Is at it* peak strength &s it enters the noisle. The peak vortex
strength Is a funation of the Strouhal number, St., based on the jet velocity sAd the
momentum thickneos of the shear layer at Its PiaoLA'f origin, L.e..
Sr ,, astf t o/v l Ji l
The pressure oscillatioa resulting from the vortex seudding-•oisle rtloatioa mechanism
will be gives by

?~ Uv nsp I/i1f( aveptitwtve I8

where Iv '1is the maqnitude of the inlet velocity perturbations, N ito th Mach
number of the Inlet flow, t• is the sum of the downtream transpot time at the
Vortex and the upstream pro419atioa time of the pressure wave, a•d the cefttiienat R,
includes the ratio of presure perturbation to vorte# strength resultinj from the
palssge of the vortex through thI mtotlo ax well as the magnitude of the vortex-indueod
Hold relative
nimp to iitton
the shea#. eI afpretIon te#
aWhih si the ratio o. thd
peak vcorc strength to the itima dowask tvrt# a.st
bout toba oth vlryth-w
results (Not. u&Is shaw" in 6. etiger* the aia MA fuel
e.inr t
rogi m"o
perturbationsI et ptportional to the cooboatot ptaitt Wtutiatito the tf*t of
,the h p thes
flow. , eld lent h sy the vortte sholi too,
x bpto tionttota0 by oultspilyai
pliturbtibasli bit•actroatiotacftat, I s. p /a-v

Pa naftioaq Laq
so•me -layao/e thteree Isgo a ist-et t snmisa fomth thelo WAt
, • do thet Coupt
•~caine. at
a41w otateae
useh
witlh A.ti~ alalIs." taiillo
"end wav.l (ap
d ittya at a i$)oaseii.
tiov "Siitrea
t @4the Itaqiroblt
lutf tat
- taiL~l~
itiy viltl thet equatlea .. • . .

•whti# L, to th@ il~ ~li,

seall o, it the .tvotta pt iatat o&# iti
4* ttw
•~- Ga ogo d*l4 a" i. 16to, .,,. Wks tmt it L lis tilt CCti#-Mi&M• do"Oil to
i. theI tamosial to", thill Itteilsslibllityf
* iitoots" ty0 the bIs it. A. t@ioo
Si~~~~~~t"-csbatio twM&U*.i .". .-- " ". . .-
 14-5

Schadow (Ref. 19) correlated vortex shedding and rollup frequencies in simulated
ramjet combustors with the Strouhal number based on the inlet air jet velocity V2 and
inlet diameter D2 . He found the vortex rollup frequency to be given by
Sr 2 -fD 2/V2 -0.27 to 0.31 (11)
Schadow's results have beep. taken as the basis of the direct vortex-combustion
interaction mechanism included in the present stability model. vortices produced by
the natural instability of the shear layer, without interaction with the combustor
goometry, form coherent structures (i.e., flowfield perturbations), the strength of
which peaks at a frequency corresponding to a Strouhal numbeir (Sr ) of 0,13 These
perturbations, when they reach the combustion zone, result in per~urbstiona of the
burning rate. The combustion rate perturbation can then be written as
+ n 2 f 2 (Sr 2 )exp(iW tvc)I
Ill0~ (12)
where Q I is the combustion rate perturbation in the absence of vortex interact ion.
In thisosquation, the function f.,accounts for the effect of Strouhaa number on
vortex strengths it reaches a a~ximum value of unity at Sr - 0.3. The function
f is hown in Figure 7. The time lag t includos both thi vortiex transport time
A~disthe time between the arrival of the Urtex at the combustion son* and the e.hanced
energy release (which has been assumed to be approximately equal to the chemical
reaction time lag, t ). Finally, n to An empirial coefficient that accounts for
the magnitude of thecflowfield pertarbation and the combustion rate response to that
perturbation. Based on marble's analysis (Ref. 14), n should be of the same order
of mAgnitude as the interaction Index, n. To include 1his vortex-combusti~on mechanism
into the analytical model. the second term of 14. Ml) was added to the numerator of
the first toer of the characteristic equation, Eq. (5).
The effects of the two vortex shedding vachanisms, can be seen from calculations of
the oacill.ation frequencies and gains for a typical case. Figure I *how* the
calculated frequency and gain for the vorteox-generated pressure field mechanism. It
can be seen that Increasing ns Increases the gain over' that predicted by the basic
combustion time lag model. M~reover, additional modes, at both higher and lower
freqluencies.. are predicted. although the oscillation frequency for any mode is
essentially unchanged. figure 9 gives the calculated results for the sans teat using
the direct vortex-combustion mechanism. Increasing the coefficient an 2 also increases
the predieted gain. although the dostabilising effsect Goes not appear to be as strong
ao for the vortex-pressure mechanism. The osoillittion frequency is depende-nt on the
magnitude of a2, but no additLonal unetable modes are predicted by this aachianis.
asstropy *AVe affecks
The mechanism by which entropy waves can prdc efseandoscillations cee be
described as follo"s Maef. 10). A presaure disturbance nea.r the durv plane ca***e*
perturbations of the fuel &Ad Ai~r Hlows which are transported with the meana flow to
the combustion to"e. The alteration of the local fuel/sir ratio causies saw. of tho
reactants to burn at a temperature different than the mean c~mbustion taesperaue,
resulting In a quaftity af products at a different entropy thear the woan flow. This
-entropy wave- 4Z transposted s'ith the flow at: conisuetion products to the noaal*# where
It -is &erlitted asa prawecre wave..
To lovewtightp t, possible raleof atantropy waves, the sensitive time lag msodl was
Modirt1# UY the omsti~ft pressure oao-illatloef felt Uy
ie~h*g SAr
&ht a -fuel
feed trem
# ap. ftuillatt0ien Weaved in time amd haviby as wUt= a tiae* the.
Ortg91"I Wwave that. L*. f

* 0 ilSa4-aW-
je.pIs thea ,,I"ed usillctieN &PAd is r11 ae thime the
at sn~c~flow rate petturbastiosa e potrtioeal to Cte 1~~r'abae
"pert6Urbaion the a5ftati of thes entropt wave Ok to fet~1tpy each of tho ea rate
V~f-ktuhatione by OWe teemte .14 ONVOWiaak(.15 thW 04-4104yo, tit is (fivea

wheretis *he
Loson of the "ea* coWbMatia ons 6". ltopte r iae.
I40 COaktOt 1*IK V M V Ste the 1*40 114 lo'*vieiti** at the 401sUrei
toafasis
a Cab"W ý7&;is, and *v5 Ste tt* 6eeqcatUr
en. lealocteas
upetree MAndowenuea" at. the awimstla toeae respectively.
X1An 411t #A~ 160s ot'tieo
fo "a tier derived Wpownsffri the susatte
**alt"**e eqeatie fRat. all teotI its Ow
e a "Wk loaiaowa"k Owavn

Uleme a9 s te Isaweba 00601fic &"at of t1e eW**AO"Oft vtoeite. Let

I

14-6

where p I' is the isentropic pressure perturbation and p is the pressure

perturbation resulting from the entropy wave. Note that p Is the combustor
pressure perturbation of the basic combustion time lag .ýodl and that the nosale flow
condition in the basic model is equivalent to
n o/c - Vb'/Vb (17)
Then, subtracting Sq. (17) from Zq. (16) gives
psI/OC - -n/A)sl/€p (18)
The entropy perturbetion can be related to the combustion temperature and combustor
pressure perturbations, and thence to the fuel and air f~ow rate perturbations. The
flow rxte perturbations are related to the combustor pressure perturbations by tho
adaittance equations. Eq. (6). Then
now - (5n/n)(r/T3 ) (dT3/dr)iF-GA-(k-l)/k] (19)
where r is the fuel/air ratio. For the frequency range of interest, the calculations
of Ref. 21 indicate that the complex nossle admittance coeffivients An and Sn are
related by the approximate equation.

%r "n 3Anr (20)

• B~~~ni - kn

* whore 0 < n 3 < L.

Pigere 10 shows theoretical results for a typical test. For values of the
coefficient nagreater than O.IS several additional oscillation frequercias appear.
rach friuenc is nearly independent of a . whereas the gain of each mode increases
"as the value of n is Increased. For n letween 0 and 0.5S there is a 20% increase
in frequency and I curious minimm in Rae gain curve at na 0 1. It can be teen
that the frequency of the doinant mode (ti.e., that mode Aeving the greatest gein) for
n § 0,3 is much lower thn that predicted by the sensitive time 1&a theory without
;tropy e".effeots.
M UPUINWM
C0OWRON Of TVR iVO
mo*e af the scatoter in the experimental mplitude data And the fact that the
linearited theory etn only ptedict a growth rate, *A a•limit-cycle amplitude, the
cooperison of theory and eitperimcnt has been mde in terms of the presence of
oGagllations in the velry-low-fr*quency ranqe. Wore than 100 tests wore a4aly1ed to
wake this Comparison. the Comparison was wade In two 4ayet Ml) exania the
predicted and cepwieiontally observed ceffects on stability of various desig and
operational patametora, and M2 noting the agreement ýbatwoen theory and VWperiet "kn"
a
teat-by-test beets. Th design paraeters inwestigated wore flaeholder blUohage,
(ilet dismster to Combustor diamter ratio, Combustor l•ngth to diameter ratio. -he
"effectof air Islet toe g rature was also determined. Although the fuel/air rAtia
" 0
varied on the.e teats, no attempt wee made to il"1e thi da a Parameter in a~- rting
the- calculations with the caperisontal reaults. IM theoretial predictions were made
with the basic COWMbUeoR-time-tag model and with Qeach o the addi tional wakaoisme
idled aeparaetoy ietote basic *Mde.
i.ur•e show. th"eO
teec of the flmsehoidor
t •bl•ctag e odei- itlort inidond.
IMe esprilentsk reults showed a etrentif eat Otab-itieing effect of Ifler.easis the
tiocise.ItetherorticAl ft4#l showed tuhtwtntalely t@em of a OtAbilifslng vta
W theSroaeof I.ttaftholders. Ami%4 the topy *AV# to the Model .. . .N-.A.S-
t#,Q~ h thoaretigat preodietla slightly. %han"m Adding the wre-esr
siabesilm OMd it a bit %*as.
teoeriftetallfity, aceetio the COebuetor W"Wthdiameter ratio was ernl
di WS to r iot , W r. onlV twe diret ,
saehaol*ism add to the baste Okul.1 4heWad a"y destubilaIg Mefect,
t bdtter resotta were ebtisiaid w10ith t
eta6* islet iseroe st ia te
tatle 1414toe Mt. All at the theoattica showe "ael~*qtOM@k* wt kwdaremn
deetabitivial #ffect 0f increasing the rtito 040ý-'-#d oli the weprifteatat datA,
ditldthe etf~c of t4 asir iltam r'uei sniis V142to 1 to we .tuOey.
etabiliati1#4 both by t04 Oaeriee~tii daii ~*4 all. (a thebeimicl, **deI

tho tvut-61-is~tea ul iwik om

Oe a tll, of the- varistio* ioftbe
auliteiAl IWOIt GOppeard to b# #40at1Y Soecesf*1 eve All- V4igOr IS 0406.a typicAl
C*t vet as. low 10.1s1t umpeutor tints, Iftlhbdip 'the Woettet-meesur secielAm
40#4 tow beet A4r*@Wnt. At t-%e iitstiesdiate tampeateret, tht *Oto *t*0p wer Udsael
imroedth a~sinetbitween thor" sad #WiA*teat
* aeeof
t the wilh
t *e~t~tkti t basit 0"01 ae t W" &A**A e &6 ae iharaeetcae bt
JMOa0 t mdlil "1 %4tawitket mv** effect. Owerult. I%#basi medal agreed with
Swt*0md cit Ofte &ea*ts. dds c"al
Y 4t tie eddaIiel fatbuaiam rduced U16
agre*at by cietit AU.

a4

A..b
_4_
 14-7

The calculated and observed frequencies arp compared in Figure 16. More than 80%
of the calculated frequencies fell between 85% and 145% of the corresponding measured
values. On the average, the calculated frequency was about 10% larger than that
observed. Figure 16 shows that for tests at the lower fuel/air ratios, the analytical
model tended to und6restimate the frequency, whereas the opposite result %as obtained
at the highter fuel/air ratios.
CONCLUSIONS
The basic model, which depends primarily on the oscillating foed rates of air and
fuel as the driving mechanism for combustion pressure oscillations, gives moderately
good agreement with experimental data. Vortex-shedding and entropy wave mechanisms
have been shown to increase the tendency of a liquid-fueled ramjet to oscillate, but
their inclusion in the analytical model has not led to significantly better agreement
with experimental stability behavior. The most serious disagreements between the
model's predictions and the experimental results occur for Emall L/D combustors and tor
combustoro with flameholdors at the dump plane. The use of an empirical correlation,
rather than an analytical model of the steady state combustion distribution, limits the
usefulness of the model in its present form. Another limitation of the model results
from the need to guess values of the coefficients used in the formulations of the
vortex and entropy wave mechanisms. Further research into thene mechanisms is needed.

REFERENCES
1. Waugh, R. C., et al, Ramjet Combustor Instability InvestLqa.on: Literature Survey
and Preliminar Design Study, Report AFWAL-TR-83-256, aolm.
I, UIted
Technologies Chemical Systems, San Jose, California 95150-0015, September, 1983.
2. Rogers, T., Ramjet Inlet/Combustor Pulsations Analysis and Test, NWCTP 6155, Naval
Weapons Center, China Lake, CA 93555, October 1980.
3. Davis, D. L., Coaxial Dump Ramiet Combustor Combustion Instabilities, Part I.
Parametric Test Data, Aero Propulson Laborat-ry, A-r--Force WrightAeronautical
Laboratories, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, Report AFWAL-TR-81-2047, Part I,
July 1981.
4. Cro!cc, L., and Cheng, S.I., Theory of Combustion stabilly i Prooellant
Rocket Engines, AGARDograph No. 8, London1 2utteýor Sc entifioc Pub.dcation'
1956.
5. Reardon, F. H., Investilatlon of nressure Oscillations in Raudgt Combustors,
California State Univerlity, Sacramento, Departmint of Wcehanicnel-Engineelrng,
November, 1980.
6. Reardon, F. H., "Analysis of Very Low Frequency Oscillations in a Ramjet Combustor
by Use of a Sensittve Time Lag Model", 18th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, CPIA
Publication No. 347, Vol. III, pp. 307-3-6, t-ober,-1i98f.
7. Reardon, F. H., Modeling of Combustion Pressure Oscillations in Liquid-Fuel Ramiet
Engines, Caiona State-UnT~vi T~aty-,Sac ramento',-School if
ot sngineerTn -a
Computer Science, February, 1983.
8. Reardon, P. H., "The Sensitive Time Lag Model Applied to Very Low rrequoncy
Oscillations in Side-Dump Liquid-Fueled Ramjet Engines," I
JANNAF mbton
Meeting, October 1983.
9. Rearlon, F, H., "Nn Examination of Some Possible Mechanisms of Combustion
Instability in Liquid-Fuel RamjetsW, 22nd jLNf Combustion ftatq, CPIA
Publication No. 432, October, 1985.
10. Toong, T.y., Combustion Dynais, New Yorki Mc(raw-Hill Book Company, 1983, p.
164ff.
11. Brokaw, R. S., and Gerstein, M., "Correlationr of Burning Velocity, Quonctldng
Distances, and Minimum Ignition Energies for Hydrocarbon-Oxygon-Nitroget System§,
Sixth Svmyosium (international) on Cobustlon, Mew Yorki Reinhold Pfblishing
Corp., the obstion maEtiutV1937,
12. I'ristrom, R.M., "The Structure of Laminar Flames," sixthAS eyosoum (10 stionall
On
1957Combustion,
... ot. v doZuaIon HniTtu-ti,
New- Yorki Reinhold Publishing Corp.,#Fr

13. Brown, R. S,, Reardon, F. H., Anh Hood, T. S., "Comoustion nabstbility Studio* tn a
Small LFRJ Engine*, 2 IANN_• Combustion &IIM October, 1963.
14. Marble, P. E., "Some Comments Concerning Relationships 8*twoen Chemical Reactioa
in Vortex Structures snd Unsteady Combustion", ON workshon H12haniaaa 2J
Instability &f
tquid-tp el Rai March. 9J
14-8

15. Rockwell, D., "Oscillations of Impinging Shear Layers*, AIAA Journal, Vol. 21, No.
5, pp. 645-664, 1983.
16. Freymuth, P., *on Transition in a Separated Laminar Boundary Layer*, Journal of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 25, pp. 683-704, 1966.
17. Aaron, K. M., and Culick, F. E. C., "Coupled Vortex Shedding and Acoustic
Resonances in a Duct', 22nd JANNAF Combustion Meeting, CPIA Publication No. 432,
October, 1985.
18. Flandro, G. A., and Jacobs, H. R., "Vortex Generated Sound in Cavities", in
Aeroacoustics: Jet and Combustion Noise. Duet Acoustics-, Nagamatee, H. (Ed.),
Vol. 37 of the Progress in Astron-au-trcsand-Ae.ron-au-tics Series, AIAA, 1975.
19. Schadow, K. C., Wilson, K. J., anid Crump, J1.B., "Large-Scale Structure Research in
Ramjet-Type Flows*, 21st JANNAF Combustion Meetinj, October, 1984.
20. Waugh, R. C., and Brown, R. S., *Entropy Wave Instability - Comparison of Data and
Analysis," mechanism in Coaxial Dump Comnbustors,* 21st JANNAF Combustion Meeting.
October, 1984.
21. Crocco, L., and Sirignano, W.A., Behavior of Suoecrtia Nozzles Under
Three-Dimensional Osciialltory Condltiona, AGARBograph No. 117, Butterworthi
Publications, Ltd. Lodn,
167. AXOLDKN

The work reported herein was supported in part by the United States Air Force unc~er
Contract P33615-Sl-C-20?8 through a research agreement with Universal Energy Systems,
Dayton, Ohio. Douglas L. Davis was the Technical Monitor for the Ramjet Technology
Branch, United States Air Force Wright Aoronautical Laboratorius.

0- 0'0

0 0

vigutO 1. txpetimental Apparatus for A8&ML utaing

TES WE.r-

t6ft
4kt ti4 4,0 44 ýv a
II* it"

fiar L "P*elCreain f0*1aihnqec

 S.. ........ . ., ,
......... . .
. ......... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .

14-9

AFWAL PARAMETRIC TEST RESULTS AFWAL PARAMETRIC TEST RESULTS

A1A4PAA
WL ECTRICNMM
30 r - 3•J¢lON-0 ONWOMW4COAIQ#4

oel 26I
4 24
24 21
22 -
-1•
'20 to20

12
a 2 14.-
a a
0
S00
a r 0.

.0 io 0o 2'0 .0o io

SFigure 3. Empirical Correlations of Oscillation Amplitude

AFWAL PAR.IMETPC TESTI,,N NYQUIST DIA..AMI

- * 000 4 2t¶ r, C000QORAIO 4"AVM

go ii

A°
0 r

1 -•

SI
*Q4 x4 ,

Figure 4. Combustion Oistribution figure S. Typical ilyquist Diagram

A ' I"/'•

4 *

A .
0a@i t U4 T ~Pt? til na zt t4a

FigureL Voran-fteaaure Hold ft/atoa flao ?. Votaa-tambaatioa Ni-ti.

14-10

VO~TII-PRUSUPE PIELDUtý%HI VOKEY-PRESSURE

FRC. MECHANISM

~ 'I
2 2 ii

%0 0 2 4

Figure 8. Typical Vortex-Pressuro Field Effeact onoStability

I It
IWM( 4NW~o

1*Ir 10. ?Ma et

'3pyVv &Sa~t
 14-11

AFWAL PARAMETRIC TESTING AFI/AL PARAMETRIC TESTING

£XPIRWI•NI-THCOIW0•0C•C"I tPER4dtkT-THkO COMPIARISON

40 lo-

Soto

i ,0 c|IiUMr
30 I ~30, gn0~t
,- IQ-

20- 2:40

0.l

0 It 39 . 3.0

Figure 11. Effect of Flameholder Blockage Figure 12. Effect of Combustor L/D

Noteo EXIT - Experimental Results. TL a Basic Combustion Time Lag Model,

V-P - Vortex-Pressure Mechanism Added, V-C a Vortex-Combustion Mechanism Added,
Ea Entropy Wave Mecbanism Added

4,FWAL PARAMELTR'$ TEST!Nýi ARWAýL PAPAMETPIC TSh

'40

'049

O
Figlarl -13. affect o ].t/CO*%bltO~r
fl figu~re 14. Effet of Air Ilelt Temlperalture
Dm• io
Rat'€

-01 '. 01 0*4*"

•.t "t w

Dimatec-ati

71gm. 1). Efect Vofi/ .U-to14. Aar Inlet eA .guwe -ffectiof

 14-12

DISCUSSION
S. Sivaeegaram. UK
Did you investikates the possibility that the observed frequency vas
related to the longitudinal frequency of the duct, especially of the
upstream leooth, or one of its harmonica?
Author's Reply:
fes, I did lnvestigete the dependence of the oscillation frequency
on the izlet length. I found that the product f L/r (where f is
the observed frequency. L is the inlet length, and n - 1, 2, . . .)
was app:oximately constant. As shown by Figure 2 of my paper, the
product fLtvwt also nearly constant, since the combustor gas
residence time used to calculate the dimenaionless frequency
plotted in Figure 2 is proportional to the combustor characteristic
length La. for both of these correlations, the standard deviation
vwa about 202 of the aeon. I also found that the product of the
observed frequency and the total combustion time leg wsa approximately
constanx. There woa more scatter in the latter correlation, sinae
the combustion time lagvas calculated from the measured combustion
efficiency, an assumed axial combustion distribution, and the inlet
gas velocity at the dump plane.
These resvlts are in agreement vith the concept that the occurrence
of very-lov-frquency combustion instability depends on the interaction
betweeu the dynamics of the propellant feed system, the combustion
process, and the combustion chamber (including the exhaust norale).

4 t
 OSCILLATIONS INNON-AXISYMMETRIC DUMP COMBUSTORS
by

J.H. Whiftelaw and S.Sivasegaren

Imperial College of Science &Technology
Londoun SW? 25X, England.

and
K.C. Schadow and E.Outmark
Naval Weapons Center
China Lake, California 9355401I, USA.

ABSTRACT
Instablities Indump combustors with tflsrular and round ducts have been Investiglated with expansion ratio. eccentricity
of the dump, equivalence ratio a&d method of Inlecting the gaseous fuel as vatiables, and with and without exit nozzles. The shear
flow developrig frorn the vertex of a trtaangula: duct Is free from large-scale c01e0ent Structures. and the Injectio Offuel clos l0
the vertices of a trIangular upstream duct made the flow less susceptibe to periodic heat release and resulted Inwider tawgs of
flammabilty and stability. This effect is quantified for different, Arrangements of Injection, Ths effect of eccontricity on
flammability and Stability Characteristic$ is shown to be unimportant tot dump~piant area tatios gleater than 2.5 and rough
combusion in open-ended ducts gave rlse to quaiter-wavo osclliatlois while the presence of an exit nozzle cause buk-rmode
frequencies to dorniate.

NOMENCLATURE

a side of triangular downstreamn duM

b side of Itringular ucotream %Wc
C "cave" o01t0*und
o datmltoterg equivalofil t fdtaete(at dowrrsitrar 40el
d ftmototr ot tqubalewt d&wmat* (of umltrdea dcli

L W o devrwmitam duct
p"eaure meNwin Otak pfteasr

Ub flto ~.&
64 $we"ae r~ eCfucr6O rta0 lapa

t #live~ o*fedt
h % V0
es tboo eM 01uwquAw &JU
40Va lpat 00 " bwa q at awM chi

#**Ae eli terea kw 16 &~~*

tawgi e I&maw No41siwoi

1* 41 01S A i wII"

Lec* a #SIw-rl~jlwreetsthmey
 15-2

1. INrRODUCTION

Oscillations in pemilxed flames In axisymmetric dump combustors have been investigated extensively [1-10] and rough
combustion In combustors with an unconstricled exit found to be associated with the longitudinal (quarter-wave) frequency of the
duct length downstream of the dump plane. The length of the duct upstream of the dump plane did not Influence the frequency but
Si could attenuate the oscillations when the quarter-wave frequency of the upstream duct length with an acoustically closed end was
the same as the dominant frequency in rough combustion. Methods of suppressing oscillations have also been developed and include
the use of quarter-wave tubes and Helmholz resonators attached to the combustor at a location close to a pressure antinode of the
longitudinal frequency [9,11.12]. the selection of the upstream duct length so as to minimise the amplitude of oscillations [9], the
strategic location of an impedance such as an orifice in the upstream duct [9,13,14] and the introduction of oscillations at the same
frequency as, but out of phase with, the dominant frequency [15,16). Crump at at. (61 reported strong pressure fluctuations
associated with the longitudinal (half-wave) frequency of the duct length downstream of the dump plane in a comnbustor with an exit
nozzle.

The driving mechanism of instabilities in a dump combustor associated with coherent flow structures has been examined in
"air and waterflows, in diffusion flames and in dump combustors (17-19]. The results show that coherent flow structures are
formed by interaction between shear-flow Instabilities and acoustic resonance and, where vortices dominated the reacting flow.
combustion was confined to the core of the vortices and led to periodic heat release.

Experiments with nozzles oh triangular and square section 17, 20-231 have shown that large-scale structures are formed
only at the sides, while the regions at the vertices are dominated by small scale turbulence. It has also been shown 1241that
combustion developing from the sides of the burner nozzle is associated with vortical structures while that from the corners is
fully turbulent and tree of coherent structures. These features can be beneficial for non-pemixed reacting flows, with thc fine-
scale mixng at tl vertices augmenting molecular mixing and. therefore, the reaction rate. The Introduction of fuel into the fine-
scale turbulence region at the verti4 hcay also be used to avoid Interaction between the flow structures and combustor acoustics.
Thus, understanding of the statiary craAacterstics of triangular and other asymmetric ducts may help to extend the operating
range of a combustor and the present paper report; measurements of the fiammabilty Units and stabilty characteristics of non-
premixed flames in triangular and round ducts and quantifies the extent to which fuel injection at the vertices of a trianftgul
upstream duct can suaes Combustion oscillatlonsin dump combustors with and without an exi nozzle,

The flow configurations and measuremest techniques are described briefly In the following s•ton. aW the result are
presented an discussed in te thdd section, The final section mvarlss the main cocluswins.

2. FLOW COWFIOURATIONS AND WSTRUMENTATION

The NOW
cnigwatOhS Waeshown in Figur t aW t i"nrtst dimensio•n in T"l t, tn cefturtiatns A ad W 41t an
Wjetwere miWWTIna sret and Sewed pt a honcomb to remov the swir an bune In ft downtream ecoW, with
"thfame salaisedtc behin the rearward-facin step at fit sudden expansion, A01tfteate fueWin faclitts were provdd tin
0009030"tle C for the i~njcer of Waint aWierigular duct in06Imeteh upstream l ftheX
ttra f itet rWigh
sigwon to the

was1 kWhofe ktoleesit duct wines an exi nalt. and hele propan gas(05%03Nfi)
5 wasi sed W toot induet wit an *#A
nosato because fte *40 costorict~o necessitatd ahIghe WfMellyppreswe. 9u41.went [101 le 6hown Wraa change in Wo
Ite wshane Iopropane intpoWInd dumpo ceredist duos not Sect go stwkly chaactrtoc er N* streth and beques
of wsbaabo n OWceon o. wn ce 0, air ewed pas acenwget%
awa~o W qeea eetoit is 0o upwaue am) am e6"W"n

The tow` ratH of eoraW4 WS A,B &Wt C. @wer obWWne vA utke pass ad th beel swowS ituay N& Wawas.
t.4 MIt"ftrr asia ma.
A"O owW PeanS "hearts. en4 uS twit Ptesarr btueekA w W" ere ne wta* rsa buS
A. Kae weo" w"Ifliene (UK 4t85) u4 a Kat& pre tr (4 a), rel.
gie.t at
.tit, e ut-
mwsAN ana Spasl O "W fnreOWNI &Wowna aeu 1SO 40 %a powe*Kr
owge specs.s
k M1 0 0eprar
1W "ttoit
Pane ofef rtbes. wer nmae ise 60 ON P1 - tf3WWt Wtereoaeee ma atW6at hyiditoba sqe 1.0 fmm
1w"ns Anew, to *A n*si Atnue *WarotWAs wooig proe aiad an "n14l Awemaso F15 &wows(murme SM.
1W. Measenemmme IN5*114510 b Cci*edW us W4 k t ee t10AWm 1a
le s pib
Was tbl~ck W*4Atots 6*106 a&Sa
lfla. p"If IOWA"nthee W401W t At) W4 Processe A a Ssus 0001o" PT xWssn11 m.*e jOlt

thirtf'es *0oW a Wean do kwe

n So wsmwooss v wokW405 sesaome tW4ad.se fl~t
r e#a"s 4
"N~fA0- e*hbgweo redo. The 4141101.
SMKINft*er satd bWW *OSA
0 V51' N 110*0
ft *WO 6 #l lO OS We

eat M0)Wd Aot*" *A"e a b" (d Nt *W

te*W* US ma0 4*0* "msw~~ees .
pawn
 p 15-3

____ __D JDE

(7>triangula d ct s idesB=

air+
fuel.

air*

ALTERNATIVE FUELLING FACILITIES

S.imn S.5 mm 2J
fueltling tuetti n
() Settiri9;banber ups mcm duct (round/ triangular)

3.1 Flows~i
Ple*lu

iwO 4i~ttitc* Cam I* Wh~ta aama em ga ~ea

UW~wftfW 4 Noheit # WAWW taqm S
a W410Mamlw
mwy 30wR 61 ftUpmsmW atwno
V&"a~
pasty. Cam~w wt#m sag~ ft"w* W"e ofl4
WS6W00S
wig MUo
4
ý ftowedaWMI
nail JftI&
mcw*W
mass 0qe uSow&g^
M di W w SWlo WUB hembAm
w "n geme. @*lot beOO Om
 15-4
TABLEI1
Main Dlrnenslenh of Coembustor Oeonwstruss

IL B d4d b XT XF Dgf
Geometry7-M -M LID x/fl '- -
(mim) (mmj ) (i (m)(m) (mmv) ('mm)

A 80 40 5-11.5 4 -15 80.53,40,35

a 110 51 4.8-11 4-7.5

110 40 4.5-11 4-7.5 40,35
110 23 4.&-11 4-7.5

o si 40 31 3.12 6-12 160 51,35

80 51 41 3410 4-7.5 150 80
80 40 31 3-12 4-7.5 150 80.53,40,35
ol 51 40 3`1 3-'12 6-12 150 100 51,35
80 40 31 3-12 4-7.5 150 100 80,53,40,35
02 80 40 31 3412 4-7.5 150 0 80,40,35
C3 80 40 31 3-12 4-71 156030 80.40.35

o 127 83.5 3A4 6 50 76.P

longer? downlstreaml duct tengths, the strength and frequency of the oscilattionis wore nearly the same for occentric and
nxlisymmetrtc geaomtrles. The ditterences at shouter downstream duct lengths am prcbabiy due to Inadequate confinemrent of fti
flame inthe duct with a large rcralNity.

Triangular downistueam duct with round upsltarea

duct

MeasuremenitsW' COW oamed with 4 duct of equttteatw tIfanguiat cm~,osWscton of 110 mm Oides toquivalont diameter 0
81mmn) and lthree value of dtarialettP
123mm, 40 mm and 55mm) WfatthWrun upitream duct. Tbpe downstream duct length wa%
varied betwen 4.5 Diand t 1Q with fte trail unconshtted and the upstrlearn length between 4 0 and 1.50M Rough coVMbtiont was
uassciated with the qustnwave twequney Wtthe downsiteam duct vnd fthrespmetiveItouece of upstream and downisitria duct
leNgths was sle)ar to thoe son
P" n0 Ftigure2 YThe n44ne SW $n Pare -4 rat14o
on qfiltedsound Intensiy and d`Omian
fraquency is show InFlaws 3 W the trlarngulat duel Alon Wit'tha OW ' the SOW 60 to(uad duet Ofreference (SI, It*ppear that.
to dumtp -ln am&ratios Weee. thur IS, fthinhjnc at dumpv plan ara rato arid rOwnAtrer duct lenth on the strengh and
frnsency ot oW~Abons fahfagreatertta" ft of the ceoustackionat tem of Othe duct, Disrete kequenee In saeteeh combustion
weos staims to those inrouncduals and as&ocWW *d wl o,*IQItM5I qu&WAflýv UQteneaeeuw4tW ampkipudt

* ~~Trlaquhar Upatrm due with round dewasiteta duct

To" wet curled out uC tqufls*W #4s#MAa ups want "Ueof St rn OW 41 mmaide (eqaaian 0aW jre~ 43 mmn
arc 30 wk, felpee~ea) aWW roud dtfenrstuea S otff 1111W4 50. Mm danWu was an urseetftewtrd sftit. The "wdomwot
SCAm
heqaietod lrqus Ond te dap P"u
1060e10 Intl to*s elhlbuslin Wftdf "dues Sieat11111Uifm and aeMuSuin OMie
tao aft cetushn OOahMNs "e0s awka m&5A to * heot1 auavs
"4000 ee Waa o*Wefet#
ll

DeWASUMa duets wita a eafukei~ttd alt

~~ ~ ~brurwoit
was ~ ~rurp~uu#e
i Mnc
40rie eSrteriw
*kw*me WA Ai a O tef4W
Ot 35 WS"At* c.tt Aso 40 VMu .eesea "n mid suit neWs0 Wla No -0 rW52 mm arnos
SM 1"e q*'UN vo4 fte
t ubltoO a Xs (Mt* 05) AI e ,twg 6m rescomt.05
COdU OWtrs t*a *r 40 lows %At
#a se
Wtme
"&UctlownOW
W* rA seast kequserof N WWW atooi~ Abbew.
W4outa eqtec.ane
ofge
"M W 000"~ $h SWmu
Aeuyr s
P400 macan ea Wbwre 4%SSN
I "arsaoas W"W"setta 1w) heqesesc 69car" utW"a tmag *I keq~wenu
whic rs dopwiOhewoop vW qp454 wok ete via" 54%1otd boo
wm t e*WMd It*eoi M NWAurti
me *AN of
" Wehreft t"I arc 11101
me. ists "sa fs kssercyI %A"asseetassa %A ft suat Ssete~cabsit
O t 5. ws"
anetil WO uta VA Orak~Wd Mlift"W&Wr tfeusates 1 amas hqu c week ~W"I4WM hi" At fa"t Ire*" S"00
Mrsafeeq kWan of aso IMcumeslposa to aEies wd ensa. 41 Omos02 bi was tWAO iNa Sq1saa us"Minu
rs- aw -lsf
 • 15-5

Tests were carried out with the three asymmetric geometries A, B and C with exit nozzles and the results were similar to
those of references 191 and 1101,with Increase In downstream length and exit constriction resulting in narrower ranges of
flammability and stable combustion.

3.2 Fuel Injection Into a Triangular Upstream Duct

References 17] and 120.241 demonstrated that large coherent structures exist In the shear layers developing from the
sides of a triangular jet, while the flow developing from the corners was dominated by highly turbulent small eddies. It was
therefore anticipated that the introduction of fuel into the shear layer developing from the sides would give rise to periodic heat
release and favour combustion osciliations and that the introduction of fuel at the corners of the let would be less susceptible to
unstable combustion. Tests carried out in a 127 mm dump combustor with an exit nozzle and a triangular upstream duct showed
that fuel injection at the sides of the triangular duct was associated with larger amplitudes of oscilation than with fuel Injection at
the vertices.

Figure 4 shows the variation of the fluctuating wall static pressure at the dump plane with equivalence ratio in the 127
mm dump combustor with a 76.2 mm exit nozzle (configuration D) for fuel injection at the vertices, and at the midpoint of the
121.2 mm sides of a triangular upstream duct and along the wall of a 63.5 mm round upstream duct with a maximum air flow rate
of 1.8 kg/s corresponding to a Reynolds number of 1,000,000. Rough combustion was observed with fuel injection at the sides of
the triangular duct and In the round duct, and was associated with the longitudinal half.wave frequency of the downstream duct
length. With fuel Injection at the vertices of the triangular duct, combustion was smooth across the measured range of equivalence
ratios and the amplitude of the fluctuating wal static pressure less than that tot Die otlher two methods of fuel Injection for all
equivalence ratios.

Measurements were carried out In 51 and 80 mm downstream ducts and with a triangular upstream duct of 31 mm sWies to
examine the influence of the position of the fuelling hole and the direction of fuel Injection on combustion osciltaltoa, ;n
comfustors with and without an exit nozzle and fer three methods Of fuelling. nWmIly At the vertices, at the sides and at both the
skies anrd the v•ftUos of the triangular duct,

Ducts with a constricted exilt

Stability aWd larntm lity limits were the a fto tle St and 80 mm duOtS and Flýu'e 6 shows thei vatiaton, the

0, , i - , ,

t-- to - -_

iin

42--U

0.4" . ....... iAl

tot Il

1011[111" t+M a "CxWO 1116t

:i*1 • , 9W&. W1A *0 -" j iý NN "M4*
 t 5-6

radiated sound intensity IItsloichiometwry

and the variation of domrnant freqluency with downstream length of the 80 mm duct with
an exit nozzte of 35 mm diameter and an upstream Reynolds number of 150.000 (M0.03). The figure allows comparison of
results obtained with premixed fltows and for the three moell. ids of fuel Injection, with the fuel Injected normal to the flow direction
through 5.5 mm fuellng holes located 100 mm upstream ot thutdump plane. Rough combustion was observed withal four mefthds
of fuelling and was associated with the bulk mode frequency. Fuel injetio at the sides of the triangular duct made the cowimtiso
more prone to rough combustion and injection at the vertices limited the rough combustion to equivalence ratios close to the rich
extinction tirrill. These bulk mode oscillatlons relate to the Instability of the flame near extinction and ate favoured by an Increase

I
in exit constriction and an Increase In downstream duct length. The lean flammability limit for fuel injection at the vertices Is
0.4 compared with at least 0.6 for the other methods of fuel Injection and the rich flammability limth Is greater than 1.3 for all
1.0

It
It

to i

F"ur 3. trikwrO of A OW4

pia.e taw n
ran so,*
Wt VOM4 *~ n "044~ioe
A,A.GOretuvlt0,0SIof% S '4L-I' . I

0,7

003

sOfU b -0 A&L A
0& if, @ 4ý

it.
WOW" 0" at *"i W0 -~WOO* *1 % W M.0111 *A * 9 W
4WW 600iit.AL a s s1 ~ a lM ." t ~ a
four methods of fuellig and short downstreamu duct larigihs. but decreases to 1.1 tor a dict lencli of 10 0 with tusi elecqtii a; the

Osciltations associated With bu~t roodet janc longitudinral frequncies were observed in smooth combustion With oll four
methods of fuelling and oscllations associated with the a frequencies were augmented whe the acoustic frequency was
tousi
nearly the same as the shtuatin frequency, corresponding to s~Strouhal number of around 0.3, The amplitude of01 teoscUlatons
was about 25% tess lor fue linectio at the Yveries tha for other methlods of Wfuetn.

The lower fiammablity tirit obtained With fuell Injection &Ithe vertices suggested a region downstream of the dump plane
With small snc* mixiig: and a locally high equivalence ratio. lo examine the mixing further, radal temperature prottles were
measured at the exit plane with an wuncntilcted downstream duct length oflS, CWhich corresponds to the longest downstream duct
length for which smooth combustion was possible at the same equivalernce ratio lo dilferont methods oi fuelling. Figure 6 shows
temperatuir. ptofiles, without correction tor convection or radliation loams, fo the first thee methods of taftriing tot an
equivalenc# relio 0f 0.72 and In upstream Reynoldos number at t50.000 1)4.0.3). They contirmi poorer loca mnixig tot fuel
aft e vertice although rho measurement of urburint frydocaront at the exit plane revealed dikiverrees of trhoorder of
*InjectioniW
0.1%.

Fuel inje~ction at the skides of the Itiriag-ula duct toads to grealte hevi aterlase in the part ot tire taw -.ssociated with large
coherent structures than with prernlxm flames and the utoamwas more susceptible to rough cointrustion. whtrie fuel injected attthe
vertices entered the part of fthflow wh~ was tree fronm large coherent structures and was. therfre.it tens prone to rought
combustion. Threinffluence 01 alOuet mixing on Item. stabily was examired fot injectilon at the verfties in ducts with at
Constricted exit, by varykvxfthfuellin localion rd the tqecioN ve'Oet~ irrfeeila Wte50 rint uV~ireln phthe iluao plan
intwead at 100 MM ha no e0fe0 orn the ttlrsat=*4ty Vnd taflty limits. Hal4"n the iniection velocity byqinjlecting through twvo
sets ~lhlslclrl marnd 100 mm uptemo 4dm toe gimd i dfeec otr t ur. Yhese
wnrobhe
reisgtts werie expected sreethe! Wk bINt g veloit w-a*ItO MIeari the mesat fei jet VTNN (W.ras rajoen 5 nf new lean
$rr
0ttlnetion to 12 m~aat MtOiCI4etrlgr trfor t1rr9Wvto through twg sets ot holesV: ~l~V
thie correspondFn rnurneuu rn *iatsQr
.''ZL4Verf*~n lage. When the Iatoveciywas increased tity a feele o1 fit, tryrducing te Wimter of lithehate to
1S me-,th 44 e fas trtý Increased lt(rn 0.4 tq 0,4 4M tawdruh Ibnftseh nee 1w rlhoteariotit h et was ghssner
%tearlt
crier a trighlt w"der trap at eqriealera ra*s 110i seAwr. uecweer 1.2 arIa s.ý imreeriert wifiSbt*ereeen t A, UT4 In.ýk .i
downstrea kutilth 0i 71) ew *~extk tvenai di*tpwts 0.45fQ. The &op-r t ar. tutn itt "as1!4 Fmitrreln
0eleer how'rr#ireur
inLeea
W4W ut .siOd~ea w thmvole". fergto a leir vh=A-4 ltd.a
W4 4 uvweet
t § mtselawko 10 ai45Wkjt

Itt

estract
Oi4 1MM -. ,-.*NOW MI *aa&*t4- itod &
 15-8

teea to greater sust.bfl~y to rough combn.

Injetion of Weat the vertices oftfl triangUlar du and just upstream of the dump plane at a narrow angle to the duct axis
ensured that thete was 'flue entrainment of fuel into the paW the ol f•lw as•vatec with large coherent struclures and the flame
was, as a rest, less,usceptil to rough combusom than with Injection normal to the axis of the duct. Figure 7 shows the
flammaiy ands lWtIty W korthe 80 mm du ai e n nxi ozzle l3o 5 mm diameter withdownsteam duct length as
with
varlile for fuel Ineion at the vertices and at the sides ot-th triangular opening in the dump plane: other flow conditions are as
for Figure S. The stablity characteristics are similar to those In Figure 5 except that rough combustion is observed with
downstream lngths greater than 7 0 lt fuel injection at te vertices, compared wirh 5 0 In Figure 5 and, as expected, Is
l associated with anatrower rage of equivalence ratios
~~~1600 ,, • ,

S140

a,
(1200

. ,0 -2 '0 r 20 4
a., r I

Fig 4 ahol cWO41 t pas*. .T, ..

GeOra
.- t t..4.C. M (. W1 ) = 10 X .5
M I. .D 0. Re 1.004,o , -

104

f"f"

.0 LI W- -
• .- ... , 1m.:w

".-11,U
S... . . .*

S....
 . 15-9

Arrangement of fuel Injection at the dump plane Is not always possible or desirable and fuelling at a location upstream of the - -
dump plane and in the direction of the air flow wns examined with the distance of the fuelling hole from the wall as variable.
Figure 8 shows the flammability and sintility limits for an 80 mm downstream duct of length 7 D w:th an exit nozzle of 35 mm
diameter arid with fuel injected near the vertex of the triangular duct and S0mm from the dump plane, other flow cundittons are as
for Figure 5. The best fuelling location appears to be between 0.3 and 0.5 of the distance between the vertex of the triangle and its
centroid. Susceptibility to rough combustion with fuelling near the a-ds of the duct was anticipated and that with Injection very
close to the wall appears to be due to the imp,1gement of the fuel jet on the walls adjoining the vertex and the lateral spread of the
flow leading to entrainment of fuel into the shear layer emerging from the sides of the triangular jet. The ideal fuelling location
for any given geometry will, of course, depend on the dimensions of the fuelling tube and its distance from the dump plane.

Figure 9 shows the flammability and stability limits for an 80 mm duct with a 35 mm exit nozzle with fuel injected in the
direction of air flow, 7 mm from the vertices and at a distance of 3 mm from the sides of the triangular duct: other flow conditions
are as for Figure 5. The results are similar to those in Figure 7 and confirm that minimising fuel entrainment into the shear
layer developing from the side of the trWangular jet makcs- the combustor less susceptible to unstable combustion. Figure 10
shows the variation of thu rms wall static pressurl 50 mm upstream of the dump plane with equivalence ratio, for a duct length of
6 D and for the two methods of fuelling and flow conditions of Figure 9. In smoolth combustion, the fluctuating pressure for fuel
1.6 1 1 1
1.4 extinct Yo
"Is1.2- 0 gh

V. -4I2
0.8 smooth

C:

ex inct
0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
position of fuelling hole, y/Y

Figure 8. Variation ol flammability and stability linmis with position of fuelling hole.
Geometry C3, b = 31 mm (d = 23 mm),D = 80 min, X =7.5D, c =35 mm, L 7 D, Re= 150,000.

1.6 ,
1.6 extinct, . ,
extlnct ,

.-1.2 .

•08 smooth 1
.20.6

e0.inct
•x extinct
0.2 I

c0130
.120
C;

'0100
L0 90
" 300

U100
0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
L ID LID
Figure 9. Flammability and stability limits, and radiatod sound Intensify at stoichlometry and dominant frequency.
Geometry, C3, b - 31 mm (d - 23 trm), D0 80 mmn,X - 7.5 D, DE . 35 mm, Re. t1O,000.
P2 - Injection at 7 mm from vertices; F3 - Injection at 3 mm from side
 15-10

injection near the sides is about 30% higher than for fuel injection near the vertices and rough combustion gives rise to pressure
fluctuations at least three times greater than In smooth combustion. These results are similar to those of Figure 4 although thp
stability limits and the nature of the instabilities are not the same for the respective flows. The results clearly demonstrate that,
although injection of fuel at the vertices cannot eliminate rough combustion in long ducts with a constricted exit, the flame Is less
susceptible to rough combustion, the flammability and stability ranges are wider, and the pressure fluctuations smaller than with
other methods of fuelling.

Ducts with an unconstricted exit

Figure 11 shows the variation of lean flammability and stability limits, radiated sound Intensity at stoichiometry and the dominant
frequency with downstream duct length for the 80 mm duct with an unconstricted exit and an upstream Reynolds number of
150,000 (M-0.3). With fuel Injected 30 mm upstream of the dump plane and along the duct axis 7 mm trom each of the vertices,
the minimum duct length for which rough combustion was observed was 8 D compared with 5 D for other methods of fuelling and
0.i0 , "

0.08

0,014
E

0.02
0.

0,4 0.6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4

EQUIVALENCE RATIO 1

Figure 10. Variation of fluctuating wall static pressure 50 mm upstream offdump plane with equivalence ratio.
Geometry C3, b , 31 mm, (d - 23 mm), D = 80 mm, X - 7.5 D,DE - 35 mm, L = 7 D, Re - 150,000.
A - Injertion at 7 mm from vertices, V - Injection at 3 mm frcomsides.

4 1.0-aý
C;~~~ 0 (V2 03 ' /O;/ '
0.6
'Moath smootfh
ti
[ MOu'i

0,2 extinct extinct - tinct

(g130
41 20

110
*P100-

400
0

[
N300 - ý1 --
'200-
(U
&r100
0 4 LD8 12 0 4 LD8 12 0 4 LD8 12

Figure 11. Flammability and stability limits, and radiatod sound Intensity at stolahiomeitry and dominant frequency.
Geometry 03, b - 31mm Id - 25 mm), 0 - 80 mm, X - 7.6 D.DE 80 mm, Re - 150,000.
Ft premised fame; F2 Injection at 7 mm trom vertices; F3 Injection at 3 mm tram sides.
 15-11

the radiated sound Intensity for rough combustion at stoichlometry was, on average, 3 dB less than that for premixed flames and 4
dB less than that with the fuel injected at the sides. The discrete frequencies observed In smooth combustion were small in
amplitude and were associated mainly with the quarter-wave frequency of the downstream duct length.

Figure 11 also shows differences in flammability and stability limits for the different methods of fuelling. With Injection
at the vertices, the lean flammability limit is around 0.4 and the stability limit approaches 0.6 as the duct length Is Increased
beyond 8 D. For premixed flames, the flammability and stability limits are around 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. for ducts longer
than 8 D, and with fuel injected at the sides, the flammability limit Incrases from 0.6 to 0.7 and smooth combustion Is not possible
for lengths greater than 8 D.

Fuel Injection at the sides, as in ducts with a constricted exit, makes the flame more susceptible to rough combustion than
with premixed flows and fuel injection at the vertices makes the flame less susceptible. With increased confinement, however,
combustion Instability Is triggered and the incoherent flow structure along the line of the vertex Is no longer preserved so that
strong oscillations are sustained by periodic heat relaese. It is significant, however, that fuel injection at the vertices enables
smooth combustion over a wider range of equivalence ratios than with other methods of fuelling.

4, CONCLUSIONS

I ) Fuel injection into the incoherent flow region at the vertices of a triangular upstream duct resulted in a lower value for the
lean stability limit than fuel Injection at the sides of the triangular duct for combustors with and without an exit nozzle and
in a higher value for the rich stability limit for long downstream duct !engths. Fuel injection at the vertices was also
associated with a wider range of stability and a lower Intensity of radiated sound. and rough combustion In combustors with
a constricted exit was limited to a small range of equivalence ratios close to the rich stability limit.

(2) The use of premixed fuel and air was associated with wider ranges of flammability and stability than those for fuel Injection
at the sides of a triangular upstream duct but narrower than those for injection at the vertices,

(3) Flammability and stability characteristics for eccentric premixed dump combustors with an unconslricted exit
and a (ump plane area ratio of 2.5 are similar to those for axisymmetric combustors. The etfect of eccentricity was
important only for large values of eccentricity which led to a 10% reduction of the range of flammability, Rough
combustion In the non-axisymmetric geometries was associated with the quarter-wave frequency of the duct downstream of
the dump plane and. as In axisymmeiric combustors, the dominant frequency decreased slightly with a decrease In dump
plane area ratio.

(4) Rough combustion was not observed for downstream duct lengths of up to 12 D when the exit wos constricted by nozzles with
diameter in the range between 0.7 and 0.8 D. Rough combustion was observed with exit nozzle diameters in the range
between 0.45 and 0.75 0 and was assocatled with two ranges of equivalence ratio adjoining the flammability limits and the
bulk mode frequency of the combustor,

.(5) Oscillations associated with the bulk mode and the longitudinal (half-wave) frequency were observed in smooth combustion
In ducts with an exit nozzle and were augmented when the acoustic frequency was close to the vortex shedding frequency.

REFERENCES

[I] Howland, A,H., & Simmonds, W.A. (1953). Combustion inside refectory tubes, 4th Symposium (international) on
Combustion, pp, 592-602.

121 Ross, P.A. (1958). Some observalionts of flame stabilisatlon In sudden expansions, Jet Propulsion, 2&, pp. 123.125,

13j Kitham, J.K., Jackson, EG., & Smith, T.B.J, (1951). An investigation of tunnel burner noise, Institution of Gas Enalnners
Journal, 1,, pp. 251-266.

[4) K•iit-s,, JK,, Jackson, E.G., & Smith, T.B.J, (1968). Oscillatory combustion In tunnel burnors, 10th Symposium
(international) on Combustion, pp. 1231.1240.

[5) El Banhawy, Y., Melting, A., & Whitelaw, J.H. (1978), Combustion-driven oscillations in a small tube, Combustion and
3,
U pp, 281.290,
15-12

[6) Crump, J.E., Schs';ow, K.C.. Yang, V., & Cullick, FE.C. (1986). Longitudinal combustion instabilities in ramjet engines.
2. pp. 106-l09.
Identification of acoustic modes. ,Journalo[ Propulsion and Paywer,

(71 Schadow, K.C., Crump, S.E., Mahan, V.A., Nabity, J.A., Wilson. KS.., & Gutmark, E. (1985). Larg-i-scale coherent
structures as drivers of ramjet combustion instabilities, 1985 JANNAF Propulsion Meeting.

(81 Schadow, K.C., Gutmark, E., Parr, T.P., Parr, D.M., & Wilson. KSJ.(1986). Passive shear flow control to minimise ramjet
combustion Instablilties, 23rd JANNAF Combustion Meeting.

(91 Sivasegaram, S., & Whitelaw, J.H. (1987). Oscillations tn axisymmeiric dump combustors, Combustion Science and
IechnloavU,~ pp. 413-426.

(1 0) Slvasegiram, S., & Whitetaw, J.H. (1987). Combustion oscillations In dump combustors with a constrictea exit.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College. London, Report P3/87/01. To be published in Proc. t.Mach .E.

1111 Putnam, A.A. (1971). Combustion-Driven Oscillations in Industry, New York: American Elsevier Pubiisthing Company, Inc.

1121 Putrama, A.A., Murphy, MSJ.,& Locklin. D.W. (19851. Burner technology bulletin: control of combustion noise for small gas
burners, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Topical Report GRI.85/210.

(1131 Sivasegaram, S., & WhItalaw. S.H. (1987). Oscillations in confined disk-stabilised flames, C(,mbuistion and Elamn, U,
pp. 121.129.

(141 Sivasegaram, S., & Whitetaw. S.H. (1987). Suppression of oscillations in confined disk-stabilised flames, iJojwnl of
Pronuision and Poer, ,. pp. 291 -295.

Active control of reheat buzz, AIMA Paper 81.0433.

1151 Bloxidge, G.S., Dowling, A.P.. t-oopcir, N.. & Langhorne. P.S.(1987,1,

[1681 Lang, W., Poinsot, T., & Cande!, S. 11987). Active control of Combustion instability. C'ombustion and Fiame, ZQ
pp. 281-280,

1171 Schadow, XC., Gutmark, E.,Wilson. KS.., Crump, SE. and Foster, J.8. (1964), Interaction between acoustics and subsonic
.ductod flow with dump, AIMA Paper 84,0530.

(181 (1987). Chraracterization o~flarge-scale structures in a forced ducted flow

Schadow, KC., Gutmark, E. and Wilson. KSJ.
with dump. AIAA gitmalJ.L pp,.I164-1170.

1191 Schadow. K.C., Gulmark. E,. Parr, T.P,. Parr, O.M. and Wilson, KS,. (1987). Large.scale coherent structures as drivers
of combustion Instability. AIAA Paper 87.1326.

1201 Gutmark, E., Schadow. KC., Parr, D.M., Harris. CX. and Wilson. KSJ.(1985). The moan and turbulent sruclure of non,
circular lots, AIAA Preprlnt 85-0543.

and Gutmark. E. (19851. Reduction of fltow cotleence Inforced subsonic leis, AIAA Papor
1211 Schadow. X.C,, Wilson. KSJ.
85.1109.

(221 Gutmark, F., Schadow, X.C., Wilson, KSJ.and Parr. O.M. (1986). Srmall-scale mining enhancement In acoustically excited
jets, AIAA Preprlnt 86.1885.

1231 Schadow, XC., Gutmark, E., Parr. DXM,& Wilson. K.S. (1986) Selective control of flow coherence In triangular jets,
Z.nerlments In Fl'las.11, pp.129.135.

(241 Gutmark, E., Sohadow. iK.C., Purr, T.P., Parv, D.M. and Wilsont. KS. (1987)1 Non-circular lets In Combustion
systems,AIAA Paper 87-1379.

ACKNOWLEDGEMC.NT

Financial support for this work was from the US Office uf Naval Research under Grant N00014-84-G-0186 and Is
gratefuilly acknowledged.
 16-1

ACOUSTIC.VOILTEX.CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN AN IDEALIZED RAMJET

K.Kailasaltath, J.1.. Gardner, J.1?.Boris and E.S. Oran
Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics
Naval Research Laboratory, Code 4410
WVashington, D.C. 20375, U.S.A.

SUMMARY
A potentially importent source of large pressure oscillations in combustors ir an instability induced by the interactions between
large-scale vortex ctructures, acoustic waves, and chemiral energy release. To Study these interactions, we have performed time-
depenident, compressible numerical simulations of the flow field in an idealized ramjet consisting of an axisyinmetric inlet and conmbustor
anid a choked nozzle. These simulations h-wve alloweed us to isolate the interactions between acoustic waves and large-scale vortex
structures ui~dthen to study the effects of energy release onlthe flow field. A number of parameters Suichas inflow Mach number, inlet
and comnbustor acoustics; and enorgy relesse rates have bees systematically varied linthe simulations. A summary of the (-.bservations
fromt these variosi simulations are peesented is this paper.
The nonreactive flow calculations show complex interactions among the natural instability frequency of thle shear layer at the islot.
combustor junction and the acoustics of both the islet and the combustor. Vertex shedding usually occurs at the natural instability
frequency of the inti~ally laminar shear layer but vortex mergings are Affected by the acoustic frequencies of the ramjet. When the
frequency of the first longitudinal acoustic mode of the combustor is sear the natural instability frequency of the shear layer, then
vortex shedding is observed at the acoustic frequency. lin miany cases the entire flow oscillates at a low frequency which corresponds to
that of a quisrter-wave mode lit the inlet. In these cases, the vortex-nmerging patterns in the con.liustor can beexplained on the basis
of an interaction between the acoustics of the Inlet and the combustor.
For the particular reactive flow case discussed in detail in this paper, energy release alters thle flow field substantially. lin the first
cycle ufter ignition, fluid expansion due to energy release quickly destroys lthe pattern of vortex isergings observed lin the cold l ow
antiia nsewpattern ensor~es that Isdomninated by a large vortex. lin subsequent cycles, most of the energy release occurs after vortex
inergiugs have psrodu~cedlthin large vortex. iFnergy release is this large vortex is in pshase svitli the pressure oscillation over a substantial
region of the combustor, This resultb in the obsoevesi amplification of the low-frequenicy oscillations and lead,; to combustion instability.
Ill- rRODUCTION
lin this ptaper sve consisting of all
susinalrize our work; to datte onlthIe acoustic- vortex-chemtical interactions in all idealisedl rainmjet
a~xisylilmetric itieot and conibiptbior and a choked nozzle. Illyls-Hpeel flows separate atl thle'ilet-c~isuhustor junction anti the separated
shear layer is usually turbulent. Such transitionall shear layers asscharacterized by large-sicale, vorkical Structures. Thie interactiotns
amiongt these vtirlical structures ran generate acoustic waves, Fuirthermore, the interactious ithemiselves canl bealfectedl by the acotustir
waves in tile system. lEiiergy releas call havesa substantlial influence Oil thle acoustic-vortenx intecactionts by ustoiifying both the acoustic
Waves 11111 the flow field in thie Sylteni. T'he nonlinear interactions amtong acoustic waves.large-scals' vorte'x structutres and chemical
energy rele.~so affects the efficient operatioin of the systemt and ttay even result in cusio~hstilo instability. Tolgituy these interactions We
Arepevrfornltivg two-dlintetsoital, aixisyimmnsemrir numerical simulationis. These. simtulation,%Ail. 55ito isolate thetintewaltiuo bets i-eu
acoustic wavesatid largo-scale vortex structutres and then to study the( elfrects of outtery rel. -11si 'Itt, flow titeld.
lin Weent years, numserical $lisutatiotns halve beett toed to study the flow flied in both as tric cs'ittrbudly Ill atit tiusmi
j-4j liite
cotnubimtorirn k uio ttlerical Olstly of a tlmtnp-coutthustor flow ftltld 121,
ther' watsfair alto-emita '-setshe cttitiitttetl ttiantitles
Suichits leatt axial velocity profiles sand expenittestal data. hloweverf, these' ettuIPittamltti pteslic it-t a Steadly solintiOtiiwit aarg
Int
rteircutlation zone, Simutlatitins of a ceuterbotly votuliustor [Ij Showed asloscillating floiwlivli a-t Witl perisdice vortex shtedtditng. Neither of
ii.1'seswlttlations ý:oltslmlret litie tWects of tilt exit tittsi ouracotistic wavCes Ottthle flow field it tlit.,-Innmattittr. Moltre' rece-nt sittttlatiosti
have Consitdertet the effects of exit nruvles andtthe arlotistls of the intiet atid cttttbustotr 13't)),
Our weorkcan be broadly divided Into thlree cittegories, In the first. tho elfei-alof viryitig the .mcottstits while keepinig tilt. flouw
Paraitteters fixetd (Inflows velocity of -5llitt/a) Wtes 1M URIItietgti j3l Thetioustic fi ti he rattjet Wasvaried by Keltarately varying
huj
the lentiht of the, Iletkint sithe conltisbusor (ti1. These simlstdtioits Indicahite aStromng Ctuiplinig btttweeni tin acoustics tif the4 rartijet, bolt;
tlt,' inulet anti ths comobustor, anti the flOWfield., lit all CAses, a low fre-quemY icy icllahluti IAobservedl Preissire oscillatiotteIlthInt, ilet
Intlicates lthatthetutarter-wavytt acoustic inotle oft the Inlet isthe stnigiti tuf thite low fre~quenmcy. ('11att1l1K the4lenitgtl of lthe Ittlet otrkths
sonic velocity lIttlte Inlet approltnlatoly chantges tile observed lowfreqeemilcy. Sillistlationsi also silttw that av-tt~tistl fotrrcttg altSlie firit
lontgittudlinal aicoustic titaoe of tile couibttstotr tinuices vsurteu-rolltil itear the entrance tit the couthimsltotst at Ihtu ftorcinig frequtency wuhent
the forcing freq~uentcy isclosek to the uittural lishotling frequenicy oftthe shear layer. Is Wats also ftintitl thlat tile titergitugt pattern (if tile
vortices itnthe cittibuetete Is Influsenced by tile lentgtht of lthe cottbusttor, Thtew ittergitig patternse have bies' oxpllimoeul iti Itenbtsis o~f
tin Interaction helaeeti the vortex, rululltt frequency antd frequenicy of the qtlttater-waxe itnthdlitsthe lInlet j16].
Ill the 11ecoitisetof shitiulatiott, lthe effects (tf varyting that flowpitarsiteters ott voirtex othesdldtisitd tiergitiig lisa bteen stutiedlil
Whent tile (low velocity lisInicreased, lite itaturel li'stablllty frequetcices of the shear layer also Increiases while tlite svuttstic freqteticles
rettalit essentially the slmite. Vortex sIseeditig atod Iniltiail vstxterlt occur at tlite iattiral shear layer lInstabltity fretluentcy sand
Its eubhiarwnictir If these frsqtistcles armsignificanitly ililfrentu frotmthe tittiinant acoustic fresisticiest of the vysletin. Subes'qotiet
vortex'tttergltsgg are Influensced by the lontgitudlital cottrtsui-frequnitles.- Theo preiem'tceof littatty slititllisitat frequetciles results litt
lessorgaitixul studmtore Comptlex mterginig PaittertIs We have W011ttlfled akttitttther of dilrerett Interartlnoti of Acoustlic mtodets with the
vortex isergitiga which exptlatin these comtplex titrgliti patterns. Thesie Initeractionst caliibe used as a ttmeanki of cotntroliling tile fortiitttisti
of large scale structures by Itnducinig litany posesible leanwell orgatisekd cosherenit structuresi.
Flitally, the effects of cemhseitca reactiotis onlthe floswflied was Itivustlgatesl 181.'rl'le first caseettdlsil was that of a iro-tnitxetl,
leani hsytrogels~oxygei -tlilt rogen ittixtuitr flowinig Itnto the comibustor ait200 ntl/s. In this case, energy release alters Skieflow hiell Intlt-t
comtbuetoir releasue
Enbtitlliltergy quickly desitroys the pattertn of vortex moteuiligs observedl lit tite coldl owe andta towaptattern
etuterges that Istlo"Itnniti'd Iy atlarge~ voirtexi. hlowevo'r the low frequtency osrlltInII11 ohservedl inithe coltd flow persists ati1d Its Attlillitilt'
Iticreateh atubstantilaly whten there Is tciergy relents. Itt like Altatlatlons; ItivustlgAted Sof4r this Ittuoilhasagain beeti ileittlifiei with
the quarter wave tussle of thile Inilet. Trhectsupllnj; between thteetiergY release attd the pressure flutctuatiotns Itsthe comibtustotr hasbeltt
atuthied littietall. E~nergy release IslInphafle with the pressure oscillatiotns over a sttbstantstLa portiotn of tke contbustor antd this results
lit amiplificatiotn of the fiprssure fluctuatiotts andieventutally lentle to comtbutiston insetability, Tlhere rtire reglmng lit the couttiustor whtere
%ieosclllatlunsu are datmped. Tfhis suggest% that comsbustmitn Itistability wtay becomlitollable by iticreaitIAR the regloits where the etterY
 16-2

release and pressure are out of phase. Several Approaches to controlling the combustion instability as well as additional parametric
studies of the effects of chemistry are currently being petsued.
In this paper, we fist briefly discuss the numerical model and then present examples from the three categories of simulations
discussed above. Low-frequency oscillations such as those described here, which depend on the acoustics of the inlet have been observed
In experiments In dump combustors with a constricted exit [9].
THE NUMERICAL MODEL
The numerical model solves the compressible, time-dependent, conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy in a two-
dimensional axisymmetric geometry. The fluid dynamics and chemistry terms in the conservation equations are solved separately and
coupled using timestep splitting [10]. The algorithm used for fluid dynamic convection is Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) 111],a
conservative, monotonic algorithm with fourth-order phase accuracy. FCT algorithms can be constructed as a weighted average of a
low-order and a high-order finite-difference scheme. During a convective transport timestep, FCT first modifies the linear properties
of the high-order algorithm by adding diffusion. This prevents dispersive ripples from arising and ensures that all conserved quantities
remain monotonic and positive. Then FCT subtracts out the added diffusion in regions away from discontinuities. Thus it maintains
a high order of accuracy while enforcing positivity and monotonicity. With various initial and boundary conditions, this algorithm
has been used previously to solve a wide variety of problems in both supersonic reacting flows 112-141 and subsonic turbulent shear
flows [5,15,10].
The calculations presented below are inviscid, that is, no explicit term representing physical viscosity has been included in the
model. Also, no artificial viscosity is needed to stabilize the algorithm, There Is a residual numerical diffusion present which effectively
behaves like a viscosity term for short-wavelength modes on the order of the zone size. Unlike moat numerical methods, however,
the damp, .g of the short-wavelength modes Is nonlinear. Thus the effects of this residual viscosity diminish very quickly for the long
wavelength modes. In the problem considered in this paper, we are primarily interested in the interwction of the acoustic modes with
large-scale vortex structures, which is essentially an Inviscid interaction.
The large number of species and reactions involved make It computatioaally Impractical 'to include a detailed chemical reaction
rate scheme In a complex multidimensional fluid dynamic problem such as the oqe discussed here. A detailed reaction rate scheme even
for a 'simple' fuel such as hydrogen is air Involves 9 species and about 50 reactions 117]. Therefore we have modelled the combustion
of premixed hydrogen-air mixture using a simplified two-step parametric model. The first step is an induction step during which there
is no energy release. The second step models the energy release process and starts only after the induction time has elapsed. During
the Induction step, the reactions taking place are modelled by

ful + oxidiser + diluents - rudicals (1)

and during the energy release step,

fuel + oazidisr + rudiculs + dilufcis - products. (2)

In a actual combustion system both steps occur simultaneously after the first step has been initiated, However, during the
Induction step, the change in the concentrations and the amount of energy released are small enough that they can be neglected In a
simplified model, Thut the temperature and pressure why be Assumed to be constant during the Induction period. This OlmplificAtlou
enables us to use the "hemnicl Induction time data which are usually available at constant temperatures And pressures for mixtures
of specified stolchiometry, The Induction time data may be obtained front experiments or fromt calculations using detailed elementary
reaction mechardsnIn[T]. We have ured a table of Induction times which were obtained by Integrating a detailed set of reaction rates.
These induction times have been compared to experimental data where Available And found to be in good agreement [IT]. Currently,
the energy releasing reactions are assumed to take place at a constant rate. The entphassl in this paper Is on the qualitative effects
of energy release on the flow field and the coupling between the energy releated And the prossure field In the combustor. Puture
calculstions will include varying the energy release times and the amount of energy reloea to galn a qualitative understanding of the
etfecutof those psrametoer on the flow field in the combustor.
(1EOM&t'llY~ AND QVUNl)AljY L0N4 )r~iljN.S
A schematir of the idealized entral-dump rotohuhtor used in the simulations is shown in Fligt, A cylindrical jet with a prescribed
mean velocity (11,200 m/s for the Aimui,•tions d"Vilbed here) flows through an inlet of rliaotetr, 1)into a cylindrical conbustion chambrt
(dump combustor) of larger dtimeter, The dump comntutor acts As an acoustic cavity and its length has been varied to change the
frequency of the first long1tudin( l o1do An annular exit noosle at the end of the chamber Is onlelled to produce choked flow.
'lITe initial thrust of the tmodelling was to develop Appropriate inflow asd outflow boundary ronditions [3, 18$,The choked outflow
conditions force the How to becote sounic at the throat of the exit nozsle. At solld walls the Roumsl flux ls set to nero and tils pressure
is extrapolated to the normal stagnation condition. At the Inflow, the presture Is allowed to fluctuate, but the mras flow rate and the
inflow velocity are specified. These conditions allow the acoustic waves to reflect without Atmplfictlon or dumping at the inflow, These
Inflow boundary conditions could be modified to partially damp the acoustic waves originating downstream. More detailed discussions
and telsts of the boundary conditions have been presented In earlier papers [5, I8].
The computational cell spacing was held fixed in time. Fine tsoes were used near the entrance to the combustor (the dump plane)
in both the radial and axial directions, In both directions the cell sues gradutally Inereaed away from the duttp plane. 'lmhe effects of
numerical resolution were chocked by comparing calculations with 10x 40, 40 x 10t AmdI0 x 200 cells, These grids were generated
Ibyeither doubling or halving the ceil sises used In the 40 x 100cell calculatioss. The 20x 80 grid was too coarse to resolve the vortex
shedding and tmerging resolved by the other two grids. With the finer S0x 200 grid, smaller structures and higher frequencies cta
be resolved than with the crorser (40x 100) grid, However, It was found that the 40 x 100 grid was adequate to resuve the major
frequeitacs and all the large.scale itructures observed in the cold fow [8, 18], In order to Improve the reWolutlot of the Bate front, a
6i x 120 grid Is used In most of the calcolations reported here. The tsmlalost cell sve in this grid locottparahlo to those In the 80 x
2w10 grid, 'rho smtal'est cell sire lit the radial direction is 0.0M29 cot anti In the Axial directiot Is 0.1100 ct. A typical timustep In the
reactive flow calculatious Is 0,144 jus atnd takes 0.25 i of CPU tint# on the NRL CRAY X,40/24 computer,
itESUIXrS AND DISCUSSION
The nrmerical simulations predict values of the density, momentum, and energy for each of the computatlonal cells as a function
of tlme. Fronmthis Information we can selectively generate the various physical diagnostlcs, The analysis presented below uses
three dialtatle.,oxrtstemdsvelyc the local tlme-depoadent velocity And pressure fluctuations at varlous locations In the Row field, the
 16-3

time-dlependent energy release at various stations in the combustor, and Instsntaneous tlow visualintlont at selected times. For flow
visualization, we use streamlines and temperature contours. Streamlifnes of the Instantaneous flow field are a useful visual diagnostic
frstudying the structure of the flow. They also allow cortelactio and tracking of the coherent vortex structures and their merging

Inth
fo ol
clcltinsdscssdbelow, a portion of the reat wall of the dump combustor acts as an acoustic source,

simulating a planar loudspeaker. The forcing amplitude is0.6% of the initial chamber pressure sand
the frequency Is that of the first
longitudinal acoustic mode of the dump chamber.
Case 1%Basic Confieuratlon-a Combustor of length 5.1 D
The physical dimensions of the Inlet and combustor used in the first act of calculations are given In Fig. 1. re addition, the exit
consists of an annular ring at 0.64 1D(from the axis of the combustor) with an area of 7.99 cm2. The mass Inflow rate is0.3 hg/s with
a mean velocity or 50 rn/s. The Initial chamber pressure Is186 IrPa. These conditions were chosen to maitch those In the experiments
of Scttadow et al. 119].Inkthis case the forcing frequency is 450 fia. This corresponds to the first longitudinal acoustic mode of the
combustor and isalso In the range of the most amplified frequencies near the dump p7ývse 1191. This case has beendiscussed extensively
In earlier papers [3,5] and Is summarized below.
caEviec that forcing Inthe range of the locally most ainpllifed frequency produces highly periodic madcoherent vortex structures
rmstudying streamlines describing the Instantaneous flowfield. Figure 2shows the streamlines within the dump chamber
ca ese

At at a sequence of times. The various frames in this figure are Instantaneous 'snapshots!" of the fiowlield taken 1.093 maatpart. This
corresponds to 1000 timesteps In the calculation. In each frame, the dump plane Is at the left and %tir exit plant Inat the right. The
paths of the various vortices armlo&WIndicated In the figure. lInthe first frame (timoatep 31000) we seea vortex structure near the
dump plane. In thetscend! frame (tlmestep 32000), this structure has grown and moved downstream. In the third (raine (timestep
3300), not only has this structure nioverd further downstream, hut a new structure has forrred'nesr the dump planke. This process
continues with a newvortex structure Appearing near the dump plane at Intervals of2000 tlmnesteps, at titmesteps 33000,3500,37000,
39000, 41000 and 43000. This corresponds to a frequency of 458 li%, which isclose to the forcing frequency of 450 lls. The small
disagreement of 8 lasIs an artifact of showing the flowlield snapshots at intervals of 1000 tlmnesteps rather than 1017 tlmeatepo.
C Figure 2 also shows that the two strunctures, that were first seen near the dump plane at tirnlesteps 31000 and 33000, have merged
(pairedl) at Ahout 2A4I byltlmestep 37000. As this large, merged structure mores downstream, another vortex, first seen near the
dump plane at tlmestep 3800, muerge with It. This new nmerging occurs, by tinse-tep 43004 at nb..., 4.14D.Tlhe structures which
Appeared near the dump plans at tilmneseps 37000 and 3900 merge together at about 2.4 D)ly tinsestep 43000. That is, at either
2.4 I) or 4. D),atmerging lisobserved only at abouit every 600 timnesteps which corrcspostdn to a frequency of about ISO Ilv, Since
new vortices appear nar the~dump plane every 2000 timsesteps, we note that two sueceeisively generated vortices. do outalways tuerge
with each other.
'rhe time evolutiont of tho tlsswfreid described Above cambe correlated with the tourier analysts of the pressture and velocity
ftuctuatioo* observedt at various axial loications Inthe cotIRustrie. In,Fig. 3 WeShow the fourier analysts Ofthe Velocity fluctulation At
the six nkxlal locations, 0.1. 1.05, 2.03.,.3,04.07 Antd4.14 D), All the locations are at the level of the step, a conatant HadIa distancep
of 0.A IDfront the axis of the votnliustor. At 0.) D., the dominant frequencry Is 4W lHo,This is at least partly due to the velocity
ituctualtiors 49asscaed with the forcngfreuI~incy e of 440 H&s%ne of it nity also he due to Velocity Iluritualosis wrasonted with the
Vortex roll'up seen ilk Flg, 2 'the antslitumle ait450 tltsIncreases sigtnifivantly aswego downstream to 1.125 I. This corre'sponds to the
passage ffrsuertCY of the vorticesl first seen near the dumup Plante.WeVls seesome gain mplitude At150 Hit,Trho amplitude at 180 lit
increnses further by 1.0 IDatridthat At480 Us decreases. Tlhlsis INbecause of the vortex tergilge which have begumt to occur, Bly
3.03 0), the Vortex merging Is complete and lthe 4810 Ili Is to longter sligaificautt This isconsitetltwith the flowlield visuolaliatin lin
Fig. 2 which shows vorteX mRo'rgisgs neAr 2AiVat a fMrquetCY of About 14SO ill.
At 1.03 Amtd 3.03 M) there Is atnew fealtur in the aseetrtomm there ., siginitleant atuplitude at 300 lI., As rhisusenno eartler, ten
successively generated! vortices tdonot Always merge with each other at 2,4 1), Therefere, between 2103 And~ 3.03 1).wv seeboth *t-itex
MuergiooAtigan nAmmiallot vortex%paRsing by that eventuAlly merges with the larger oe.ý 'This smaller vortex passes. by once bvoeftwe
sucessive tuergings Sin1e successive tnergimigts occur with Afreqluency of 150lia, we seeVelocity flurituakltle at the higher frequtwvmy oft
300 ha,ýAt 4X .01, the dttionatot frer~temtcy Is 150 111correspootting to the passge of the Vortex that Was fortuesl by merging beween
2.03 And 3.013 D).At 4.14 I). the drmltnnant frequency Is 1St)lix hoewsos of thke muergings whirlh take place near 4.814 ) At that frequencty.
Noltstltomoro. weno longero seeAsligillpfaut atiplitutle At 3110 lii because nidy Ottotype of largeo meored vortex Passe by 8.14 1. 'rhe
founrlor antatysis' of the pressure liuctuatisas ho observaltloas made 6,.0d on the velocity fluctuamion and the lowAsfed
Worlsse
vlotodiall"11o [8.%I

Figure 2 showsi that the entire flow uttdorgoes Acomplete cycla Inapproximately ON11 ltntest~ps. Flarexample, attttetp 300
Anti 39.000 a la tructure list partially exited through the uoiale. At thes t-niom,
i-cl we Also seebltilar flow structure of About
the stante. sires Atabout the sane positions ilktthe chatMbr. Tlhis 41tnllityl~ exists between sanytwo franetewhich areGM11 tlmnestepa
Apart. 'Vhefrequency ortesutoidlitig to this cycle INabout 180 lit. This frquency is Ont, third of the forcing frequency or the tirst
Vortex "Witlring frequeoncy ntear the tdump plane.
'Thtere Arefanty possible ulechaunotits that cuot gonr~tertsuch Alow frequenacy oscillation, Ott osuch tomitehimnlt isthe tvintttrt,
between the Vorti cesconivectinOR downstroam arid theexI It ortie or wall of the comnbustor Anot her possibhili ty Isthat the low freqiu~u'cy
Is an Acoustic tuoote associatedl with the Inlet. Tlhese two utechattismus areexamined beow In suomdeail.
T1he intraction betwteni vortices and Asurface OflatipIngtneItQ10 PAs a,soer of low freqpenfcy osclillationts has received csllcll
atteoltoon Intilt past 120.22]. The basic muchaniout hasbeen examouined inletili by la aNdttrssseic [201 iii their study of the dyukltattcs
or Ajet Itttpingintg on a flat plate. Th'e tow frequency oscillation they observed depended on the convective speed of the vortices. the
speed oifttrottreamn.-sropagating waves, And the distance between the jet #Oval@ and the plate. 1b examine the silallarity between the
two phelnomena, calculations, titullar to the slinulatiotta discussed above were perfortited for dump chambers of different lengths, *lhis
is equivalent it) changinga the distanee betwevit the jet noxsle anti the plate, in the Ila and Nosseir vxpeeltutent, Hlowever, we found 16]
that the frequeticy of the osiciliatlomt were essentially Independent of the length or the. comrbutstor. Therefore the interaction between
the vortices ansi the ead wail of the coitlaustuor does not scent to Play amIutimportant rwoleitt determtining the low frequency.
Ag tueutlosued above, the acoustics Of the Inlet nisy bea source of thes low frequency. The Inlet isessentially a long pip. with
 16-4

flow coming Is from one end and flowing out Into the combusator at the other end. The inflowr boundary conditions specified In the
aumerical model allow Complete reflection at the pressure waves that reach the upstream end of the Inlet. If the downstream end of
the inlet behaves like an open ead, the dominant acoustic mode of the inlet would be the quarter wave mode. Since the length of the
* I inlet Is8.8 D.the frevsency of this mode corresponding to the physical condit~ons In the simulation discussed above is about 148 Usi,
which is close to the heerved freuency of 180 Hr.
In order to study the acoustic modes of the ramjet Ingreater detail, the fourier analysis of the pressure fluctuations at various
* ~locations Inthe islet were studied. The dominant frequency near the upstream end of the Inlet (-7.4 D) was 180 Its, but there was
also some fluctuation at 480 Us:.Closer to the Comnbustor, the amplitude of the 180 Us mode decreased and that of the 480 liz mode
Increased, lIfthe downstream end of the inlet behaved like an Ideal open end, the amplitude at 180 Ulsshould decrease aswe move
tow-rds It and reach zero at the dump plane. There was a very small amplitude near the dump plrate (-0.7 D3)perhaps due to the
interaction with the 480 lHa mode. The spatial distribution of the fluctuating pressure within the inlet and the comubustor Indicates
that the mode intthe inet is not a pure quarter wave mode.
In order to further confirm that the acoustics of the Inlet do"a Indeed determine the low frequency, the length of the inlet was
decreased to 7.2 D.The low frequency oscillations appopriael shifted to 174 Us:.
Cas 2'.Calculations wlith a Longe, Conibustgr
Although the acoustics of the inlet determines the low frequency oscillation, simulations of ramj~et* with different comhustor lengths
provide valuable information on the Ilow field Inthe combustors. Here wiediscuss one case, Inwhich the length of the dump chamber
was Increased to 8.6 P. All the other dimensions were the sanw asthose described eauller. The forciog frequency was decreased to
300 Ili because the length was IncetAsed.
The instantaneous flow field (F~ig. 4) within the comb" ttor at a sequence of timesteps shows a new large-scale structure appearing
near the dump plant at Intervals of three thousand timnestepe, that Is,at timaeseps 40000, 43000, 46000, 4900 andi32000. This
corresponds to a frequsetcy of about 300 Ili.,which Isthe tame asthe forcing frequency. OurfstWconclusion, therefore, from Changing
the length of the Comobustor iv that the first vortex merging frequency near the dump piane thanges to match the first longitudinal
m~oe of the combubstor.
I igure 4 shows thnt two successively generated vortices; merge with each other at abiout 3.6 1), No tfuther merginigs Occur as
the vortices convert downstream and exit though the nozzle. This is inkcontrast to Case I In which a further merging with a single
vwortx occured before tire pair Could exit. The frequencoty Corresponding to the vortex asrergings is about 180 li1 since it occurs at
Approximately overy G000 tiffresteps. Trhelowest dominant freumenie Observed In CameI and 2 ave WithAbout 150 lit. The low
frecsueavy does not riasge, wire the WSengt1hofle comsbustor Is Inecrsed. Instead, the#merging P4tiern has Changed to accomrrdale the
low frequency of 180 lit Fromn this weconclude that the shear layer at the step responds to the Acoustics of both the dump chambr
and the iWet.ý
Firthler coefrenation that the merging; patters In the coinututitn Chamber chaug" to accomnodate the low frequerrecy aueclates
With the Inlet was obtaned by chanoi~tn the length of the cobsinchramber to M.1).Intthis tase the forcingt frequency corresponding
to the IOsaitudinai mode of the tomlnustor wasW3Hit. The Merging; pattern wasquite compl1VIcted Involving feature% of ('me I and
'a slscussed abcove The lowest dominmant frequeats observed was 143 U. MIltase Isdiscussed inget er1m~ date Asoawb"Oe

C-e Inflgw hIash-Lun 0so,31f~

The Physical dimensions, of the iMet Andcotntbuxtpr u#Wed Inte sisuldatloesareo the samea those given In Fig, 1. to Arddition. (fo
(as.0 3. the exit consists of artannuolar ring AtO&M~ 1)(fsto the Axis of the coomnbusor) with anoare of 14AUi CmO.The tass tallow
rate is0.T14 kg/ii with a rnsvamvelocity of 1010rots. The initia chamber pressmw Is IM1Vam.

Aseries Ofsuapsotv( of lithIOW field At.it4constant latervAl of OT1,3mt ottvry l0ow timroestesI* s~owit is F1i%, 4. NOW cVsleer*
appeAr neaor the combhustor step lit the firt,.third,. fifth andseeath frame*. That i' rtiq sh* dn ocur apoxr ly evvry
M1100 imstoli. This crewspodiA to AfSequervcy of about I=l3lll ý The pathý of the vortice have alit Woen drAwn in Fit, ft They
show that thip vortex she at tinosesp IMAM10 mergt% with the one shed aittinmestep 113.0m0 aliound tis1 ep1V41 .0PMAW The toRrreeglc
lutainatlIs within two sllaminetre 4l the step In the ctimbustor., The Previous tifuestep at which such Amergingt occurred I%IMAM0,

I
Thereftor the npploxolretot moering fiviittooey At thih location 1I%6"11,
lIt.1Fiur also shows lthetwo processes by WWIch vortices Itrow!
e41auteinrttt of the sssirodW10edln at
d vortex merging, Tho vortx she at tlnsestp MOW1(1
Aou Afrowhy 0#n1tialnln the surrounding
~ ~ ~ o bfre
WONt s4othee vortex tssreS" with It.
It 14dillIrull to deterritin the Srotte she'dding And 01er10in1 frequencie Precimsly front stealipndle* ich asir VIg, &where the hors
40elis degpicted only every 0,346 Itnelt a frequency of 26.61)11li). The fourier anaolysesof Velocity liuci~tutlurr aAtoloentoclsrsloutgu
to the st1i In the randubut tosae shown lin1`ig,C At fTI ) front tho dumttp Piane, there IsOnly one d1OuINAnt frequency, 130 -e
This iokhe passage frquency o ftmotices at thib; location, It also crrsondslmii torthe voioxrstenildittg frequerrey of theo these layer at
the COrubrstIOC stp because WO1tex ote101009A arentWobseve~d to take plaise Weore0 thiocation. At 1.60 0, the signifcant flequeNcy
i* 690 I11, the@ lifst subbaroMaic of the Vureteshddhing frequencty. This listhe passage frequotty of the larger Vor te furned by the
first ureritg of vortices which oCcurs before thin loation irothe eCamrsbsrsto. Thereore. "hasedothe fontievtrianalysi of the velocity
flucltuaotios and the@ flow'lled nisuallitatlon, weconclude that vortex shedinlg occurs with a frequency of about I=. IIs aWdthese
vortIces Merge within 2 !) tosa freluoeny srIabout 6W3lit,
htst a conifigurationf such Asthe onit dire-rnse in tIWO paper, it Is difficult to defie a Iharacteristic thickness for the shAr laye
at the Comubustor 1tephecause of the#large recircultilon toae. The nrosueaitsrr thickness Is higthlY dependet on the veloci1y cutdol
Chowen. BecauwVse is notexplicitly included In these slurulktlrAs, the intalltst scale in theseW
cositety calculation it the grid pacniing
in the trfanverse dicecictio at the Comrrbustor stop. Hlowever, aknecessary condition for the shear layer to heunsitable is antinAfetkion

'1
pioint in the velocity prollle. lin"ote to resolve asinflection, Point, aitleast two cosmrputatlou~l cells arerequsired, Therfore wetake
the width of two cells asa characteritIc durueneoa Wothe shearlays thickness. lInthis simulatiors, thin thicknes Is 0.106 cm, 11sing
thin thickness and a frequencty of 1380 lit, we uaibtai a Sfitouhal aumber of 0,018, An initially lnsrtilsmr shea layer hasbeenobseeved
~ experimtentally 1241 to MIl up at Slits 0.012, The* theoreticeal value 1281Is0,017. ConsIdering the*uncertalnity 1In
the d~eftemintl~on
of the shear layer thickness In our simulations, the value of 0.016 foethe stitoshal nUuwmbe"ugets thatIit 10thefreqey M3.O lit Is the#
natural Instability frequency of the shear layer lathe simulations,
Vortex tarelgAA occur not only near the comrststoe gtep at a frequency of about 611lit. but AlsoWisthee downstream in the
Lomubustssr. The time intervalsi beween successive vortex uereisgax are no all the same. Maulsing thit vortex tuM101ng arenot
 16-5
occuting with an unique frequency. Furthermore, the location when vortex merging takn place Is also observed to change suggesting
that the vortex-merging patterns is alo chlanging. The firequencies observed most often ane lose to the passage frequency following the
first vortex-merging (690 Hi) and beat frequencies between thi and the quarter wave mode frequency of the inlet (180 11%).Vortex.
merglngs are aho occuring sometimes at 442 Us and 298 11. Thee frequencies are dose to the first longitudinal mode frequency of
the co• hustor (480 Ila) and a beat frequency between the Inlet and combustor frequencies (300 H).
In summary, vortex mergings in nmost of the combustor are not observed to take place at any particular dominant frequency but
at frequencies resulting from the interaction between the vortex shedding frequency and its ssbhanmnoics and the dominant acoustic
frequencies of the system.

REACTIVE FLOW SIMULATIONS

The first reactive-flow case studied was that of a pre-mnixed, lean hydrogen-oxygen-oItrogen mixture flowing into the combustor
at 200 mus. The calculations were arlried out to 160,000 timesteps without considering the effects of chemical reactions. ielow we
first briefly discuss these "cold-flow aimalattlons" and then present results of the reactive flow smulations.
Case 4: Inflow Velotity 200 in/s
The vortex dynasnics very neon the step in the combustor for this case is very similar to that observed in case 3. Vortex shedding
is olberved to take place at the nit urnl lnstability frequency of the shear laye" Within one diameter of the lulot-combustor junction,
vortex-palling occurs at the first suibharmonlc of the shedding frequency. The fourler analysis of the velocity fluctuations at different
locations in the corubustsO show the presence Of Msltiple frequentcies. Thes frequencies Include the quarter-wave mode frequency
of the Inlet and beat (me•uencles between the inlet and combustor acoustics as well an sub-haxtuoics of the shear-layer Instability
frequencies. In spite of these complexltles, the flow field Is approaimrtaly piod•c at the quarter-wave Mande frequency of the WInet.
EMfectof F~ers Releas
The mixture was Ignited at tlnretep 160000 by assuming that the Induction tukte laa eiapsed for a rowket of the gaseous msLture
near the step, This causes the mixture to hewin eliaingS It* energy, The lnttatsewu flow fields in the coibustor are shown at a
sequence of tihnesteps In Fig. usinglltwo different visuallrati•ns., contours of closi•t temperaturv and streaulInes. Although sinestep
160000 Is before aY energy release has oreored, there are temperataure fluctuatlons due to the compressbllty of the flow. At step
164M.00 energy teles has Caused a reaction (runt (flasmefrout) dIstl~ngushed by the location of the high.-temperasure conotur Amid
the darkened Uses caused by clsely spaced contours, The presence of a vortex near the step at this •time is soc In Fig. Th and the
entralsement of the cold sues by It can be so In Fig. Ta. With timte, the shoar layer roll-up cautes the reactions f(rot to cuive
downwards and engulf the told mixture which subsequently burns, As the reaction trmst moves downstream, antw vortex forms sear
the step between tiaeste•pa 1i8000 nd 180I000. This mixes the burnt gASeswith the ansotsollng fuel-sil mixture and act, as an Ignition
sonce. Exce@pt mp i600, It was no aneary to provide an external Igntlio snorce, The relation between the
foe the irt timet ste
IhassietfottA and the vtices In the ssabeeqraea"t frams ral be estahilhohd by compatinl the two figutre. (tor•pArll the flow. fi at
stp 1(1 0 and I140. goncan Seehow rapidly energy release alter the features of the cltd flow,
Another lnerstIng uobrvatlilon fo Fig., ?ai Ike piesene of ao tolhrned gs pocket at step I.IM, This wscewet o material
ha bee cut of by the, Iuwtatlun of twoflaansfroist, seen aat step O The pocket sl*ubeuently burns nip and it* remnttisi can
s 1"00.
be sees In the rester of the lorwaltid MOI (clower to the exit) sltructur its step tloi0t0, by step 1910110. thne1lasslaits have reUache
the rear wllaiO the coMtUaato and the, uHna inseteei has begn It eIit,
Stresnlisth. sea teasperatnle tcolnitours deictin the dow field Is the coW•lshrnon aa
nt subsctvurnl Wqseqisee •f tianesleps Areshatve
is FIAtCA. and b, The presence ad loAgesclf cortex structures In the inactive flawe Ie liv evideat from th" figure The Row Allsis at
stps 2000 nla 2 0 sa2d shn at 205400 saI U 1 aire siltat tat efch oher, ssrgrstint thiat the l'ctalic MNefield 14detaeinu A
cycle of roughly 24000 t!rst"eteps or 1,14M ManThi• op"onds to a frelvtsy of o flit, which tloime to the lto (1frquewy fit AboIt
240-250 If oer•tved inthe coldiflrsw slatilAtlIoN.
The pIm u saed et•l lotit luct n toas spect st all loves5 ,, are dominatetl by this ow freqaaicyf 284Is.i, A ltri*sale wteN
rllup sals occurs at this fMrsprcur as1canCa ho' sc-iby conviptng sItP ft3Iwo anl 1 in Fi%. 6i. Ilow•etr cotex%shedliis
loe,%occurf ot ftcilaiOuty as se it Olstp 2014"1 sad 21410 Thes s vosteie enrd, 4l41l1 the lare.tvortex g arlas
ito
idill y at t• lit reulting tI n still lager me twthe ites ti*" stire Mow e d. nlsa b" . enry"Aela t
plarig
rouse i N*cirseisi the low fiequnqcy sc&iltla .
isa hustaining
ttancualod Ps-gay MMe&at
FIgurei 1 asI
b l lausltiAte that otoubtluA is lvotlice is th e fwlwlie-iThitaresuli
sW, itaen with ren t olln
bot trureipwal atil ih l
i
varllat•ons thetMintig leseslNK 41.
P igtt sh the energy relaal as a fooincta
ow Papae.The ery
hofitimeard releaed Is4alwa
iniialdly Atheri§to energy rele04e Is Porti%.ons
aslitniAl wea the entranc to the eanibusotor Al14vs bnuse the Ignited
the ssssrutbqAoc
sueotee h*asctPy reahe
lt these local6a. thwo otl
ftoft
s ettmIi relea
, stl . e Is spa@ b-ic•u Ith
e e y trleiaksi taikin
tlan In brig , are bteing cavtcld,
re-ttlire Which ( Note that th tmpoal ease is dh•
siualfsrtetiiY In enetg reilt talle tatil ffleent
locati Oe appau~nh to aelln Ioo inasratati s thi fittae at dtltitning th saial rlistitlof
the aengy sew mI tto
ConWdse the tine-.avegd sneer releae at tarios lcati o I• the cMsstuoT tael g of the etney reIssed oVer
thetlOW
oneCycle of th1e cifllti d.ltttloire d toirs the low litionl shwe that Cont of thOew •ena
Int I% ? seal Itiult4) t ito the
i released
second half of the eabstorh. thet ttt hulleat t o o 041 ef.
i p hesti poral atnlatiall440AI
ile, Figurts 4.l Sltard gkiv at pict tof
distrIbutin Ofetnergy release and 4sugg t that SthW611in in the send halt ad tis NOW I*ewe r 41.1 anal 41.1 aiaL(dAlAg
oa Cycle) are m aat t n-aing i the At"bsi olsets of etnerg aeea a the flow field
InalW*

ONe ad the iAprtt reaon (for4i0slatig the owi elds1 in40rss is o elua"W1te the etpinlg btwte the e t aelecAcAl
i*V Ind
thepe
pliivot oillutl Fngure 10 showslmlllkuit#l
fttum the pressurle etnton at a pat loti (i D froint the tilt~ li ouaic)
There are sppeoitaately thrweyeyles 4slamep resence- oscfljlat )laINgthe cycle OfInterest to Us,the presa1 tsis siigat
*,Ion JV 42 eta,
atainsa a maxminsuns betwee 41? and 43.8 aia, ana thea dwerese to a ntainants at about 45 art. The fuier Raalysisof aAth d~at
"sdShtll data at sin 0@1sen locations INthe coman Alorshow that thu s W1it ae at about M*0 U1A*T ca
ot.1hs larg pe-sumvv oscIlla11t~onth ston cotapliagl bween the Passer sad ti unstady ene-g aelens
Ike

Atestews Iliest proposed by LcsesRayleh I*61W a conreleat metho toe se~lualot 6lagtheIteaction betw"e the energ" release
"sartheictrnsse waves Inthe oystem Raylehigh's cultmnlo state that pressure midllatlorn will be anmplified Itiftio enciny sinles Is
 166

inphase with the pressure and Will be diminished If they wxe out of phase. The frequency will beaffected If the energy releas occurs
at a quarter period beore or after the maximum pressure. In a complex tlow field such asthat Inkthe combustor discussed here, thik
unsteady enerly release and the pressare flactuations do not have simple waveforms and hence the phase relation between the two can
vary from one location to another. In this context, Rayleigh's criterion implies that the instability Islocally amplified If the unsteady
energy release e4(zjl) and pressure fluctuation pf(x,t) are in phase. Mome generally, if we define

= TIT pFz~~d (3)

where T refers to the period under consideration, Local amaplification (or driving) occurs if D(z) is positive and local attenuation (or
damping) occurs if fl(z) Is negative.
1nprinciple, we can evaluate D(z) at all locations intthe combustor If we know c, and PPat all locations through out the cycle.
Because of the large amount of data required, it Is Impractical to evaluate this criterion at all locations (or volume elements) in the
comnbustor. Therefore, we discretized the combustor into a series of axal stations and evaluated the criterion at these stations. A
station Isdefined as a slice through the comubustor and has the thickness of an axal computational cell. The drawback with this
approach Is that all radial variations linthe energy released areaveraged out. The pressure fluctuations used are those calculated at
half the radius of %hecombuntor because the radial variations linthe pressure are not significant in this problem which lisdominated by
longitudinal oscillations. The lategrand In the above equation evaluated a%a number of stations showed that the oscillations locations
were damped at some stations while beig amplified at other locations. The experiments of llegde et al. (271 have shown similar results.
The total effect over the whole combustor ran be determined by evaluating the criterion at various axal stations lit the comubustor
and Integrating It over the whole combustor. Figure I1IIndicates that there is damping At axal locations up to ahout 2.3 Dover the
cycle considered. Locations between 3 and 4.5 Dare strongly driving the oscillations. Similar resilts have been obtained over other
4cycles of oscillations indicating that the rasjet Isos~meatiog In an unstable mode for the conditions considered in this simulation.
SUMMARY AND)CONCLUSIONS
Irkthis paper wehave presente the highlights of Our numerical Investigations of the aosiertxhe Icanteractions itt an
Idealized rautoet. Thesw simulations have allowed usto iWoate the Interactions between acoustic waves and lresaevortex ý3tructaes
and then to 4tudy the e4"e1t of energy relmae on the Raow field. Our simulations caka
be brondlly divided Into three categories.
First, the eirlects of vaying the acoustics while keeping the Hlowparamuetes lited (infow velocity of So1 ints) wasinvestigated.
The acousics of the ratnit was varied by ieperately varying the length of the Inlet and the cnhtr.These simulations Indicate a
strong coupling betweene the acoustics of Itheramjt, b"t the ilelt and the combhustor, and the low field. In all case,a low frequeny
Oscillation IsObserved. IPressuo Oscillat10ions Ikte inlet indlicat that the qualrtecwave aeoustic mode of the ilet is thetorigin of thMiL
low frequency, Changting the length of the inle Ofthe". s~nicveoity In the inet aPprOPriately chAnge the observed jIncfreque#Cyý
Simulations al" show that a1coustic foring ait the fi#%longitkudinal acoustic mode of %the combusntor inditeva voctexrotiup avar the
entrance to the toeshustue at tho forimelgl frequency when the forcitng frequency isrinse tosthe na11ur4l shddingt fireuency Ofthe hArm
layer. It was also fmoud that the merging pattern Wftke vortices in the eushustor is inkleasew by the length of the combustoc,
Thoes mtuscing patterns havebeenesplai ne thw Ws asof an inteaction beween the 'netsm~ollmus flequ~tecy neil frequency of the
qure
aemode itothe inlet,
Ia the sceusil et Of 01AIueAtion. 11he effects Of enrylsIn the flow Parameter on vortesl thedditilu and ftmtsergi hait teen studie
When she glowvelocity bvinceaed, the natural insta4IlkYItyfrelquencie Ofthe herlayer alsof 41 neress while the0 Veousti frequencie
centain essentially the s'.mo, Vattes sheduing and initial votxwsmgas cur at the lostiI4salis" layer instablityý fr"equerc 410
otsv'sharnsowds if these freqemnciesare vigrdfiennslkl dsfcrent froststhe dunsientu sie-tmic rqece f Ottosystem. Su'14",4esm
vostteg
m areinluesreel
og by the, longitudinakl acatc (efrmlvscnie.'The presenc of #4tuan ""ir Vtiltntfrequencies reenita in
Isesorganise and notoe complox merginig pattern. Wel isave identifid a nulmber of1dilterent interactions of Aconrtie snodeea with .the
tortes merging
4K#A whic e4l4i these ccsnple merging patters. Vhwelintastwons cant helsal " anteAa of controlling the fortatioit
of large wCalf §1truetires ly Ind~ucing many p"osil lesswelil -Mgausird c~oheetv ue
wqlitauc
VluallY. sIteelffcts Ofchetaical Ivcuetuas onsO th w Wusfed W41inestgte .M lirsi cs mwetdiWas that ofS4 tittr, ls
kYdrsascsyge'nrrrege kmifturi*10ft*ing ino the cossetuat 4OA " H*1. Is4this case, caccy release alters the flow. WJ4 ts Ihe
coosuktssor 4suietkeially. roordy release quickly deftlf4%the PAttern of1%orte tierminra 4vobse in the coldl tow and a,tew pamtter
emergrn%that i6 "uInatesiA ly atlarge. tortx, Ilowevot, tite low frequencey oscillatio obsrvdin the cOl NM w " r4Ats &AnsItitsrtoslottlol
sececase W4bstatiall when there isenergy crieese INtIkesintuistiew iNvoess tixael
M (tarthis mode, has Again bee idestfl4 with
the quartet watv mwod of the linlet The cokkplingi betu"#eO the eery releas ani the tressxre Uwwtlttsslon in the foctmutmf ha hits
studiedit dtI 01,l KMO'rg r1lease intthe secvsd.hlf 4 l thesotmlasste (thu ha1f smete to th/" awOrs0s W *it t thos . Panwith14the prssur
orcllcktiusa over alsubeAntlAl perid And4 thW reahs lrin mA10qfaicaloo of the Peciasure flutsticllons .sai ecestusiy leads to gWMWtobtti
Iwataility. There at0 regioos In the, coinbualsi whre the **dlcikitsn ate diamped 1'la4 ~04~e that cotuAscatlor iINstblity mayV be
controilalwo byIceU
lotmiI n 6io
h ein 60IW# hr h nry relea ansilpressur ore "Iof phase. S1eerial appmoalue noeotrit 4 he" 1
combustio IkA~t*llt anWWIl Asaddtiona pkars *uteeic tuifle ot the ofllOfena twhenaInty a"t VWntretl being pursu

I. SOMtA iN, AsadIlxi4et uwmtlAl USi*nnlt4s Cai FPowinsan Astayntnesi Vws~tenoy V*ConbAsto,* AMA .tosaal,
"N,.
Vol 12",May lokk&4s. nttg14W
-2 lhrutofnnud. J-11"Nusmotaelsl otudy of a 1114tajeliutop V'cnusbust V"*44eld AMA loqtant. M4. 213Apelw tt, pp. fill-flu
3.hiaa
t,ý K.. Uardee, 1l1., lions i. 41nd titan. KS.ýk'AowitieVoec Interatilonsin an
ms 14flisl NomwerCOWbtoto
~ ~
occeilftt JNa ~ 'mlatroginn,5s'ean,
~ *4tePn
vm#a VACl'IA Pulaiictioit 411JVa, .Ltkc, IfluA. ti 4i*
4. Just.WXl1 analMom*.eS. ~lttsgy IlAly Sltnsd~t"*s of 1PUaw in a NnsaVutVoborthtc, 5 SPrtnce@liy of t110 V#4 ANINAP
tUmitnssloo Rwhtumg Nsss~t, VA. 0i11A pishlicatliIs 43J, Vol. 1. ct. l1*$, pp. 331-11ofl
Rxl~nllsketh, X.. (.414Wne.
1. Po;4, J. a1n4 Osan, t. Ilnft etioe lIWtive Atotutie' asl Votqts Stiusiarcst IIIa Coatteal Otrtini
l'VssbnIowr,* AIA.4 pape W1iIVVI, alea 4VeJ. m.Poopcýw.Vol, 3, Nstewl 100, bf pp, S13:43

Aslsymtsirmai 0ftncnhntcsa AIAA apef.0-016. AIAA 2ktA-KW#

Aes stasSeeuest to 4"wla iWJS
tlg .es Jan. IN7i (Alea
fthjs&

Vrd~sise.,1MM)
 16-7

7. Kailasanath, K., Gardner, J.H., Oran, E.S., and Boris, J.P. 'Numerical Simulations or Hligh-speed Flows in an Axisymnietric
Ilainjet," AIAA paper 88-0339, AIAA 26th Aerospace SciecescMeeting, Reno, Jan. I9NS, AIAA, Washington, D.C.
8. Kallasanath, K.. Gardner, ill., Oran, E.S. and Boria, JR.P'Numerical Simulzitionaof the Reactive Flow Field in an Axisynunetric
Combustor,' AIAA paper 8T.1423, AIAA 19th Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Dynamics and Lasers Costfreenve, Honolulu, HIA, June
1987, AIAA, Wvashinglon, D.C.
9. Siessegaram, S. and Whitelaw, J.ll.,"Oncillationsin Axisyminetric Dump Combustors.~' Comobust. Sci. and Tech. U2,pp. 413-426.
to. O'ran, E.S. and Boris, J.P.,'Detniled tModelling of Combustion Systems," Prog. Ene'rgy Combustion Sci. 7. 1.
11. lBoris, J.P and Iloo. D.L., "Solution of C~ontinuity Equations by the Method of Flux.Correeted Transpurt." Mfethods otCoompu-
tation~I Physics. Academic Press. Now York, IM7, Vol. I6, Chap. 11, pp. 8&.129.
12. Omit, F.S., Young, T.R. andl Boris, i.P., 'Application of Timte' Dependent Nowierieal Methods to 'tic Description of Reatmivei
Shocks," Seveateenth Symnposiumi (international) onsCombustion, The Condiustion Institutet Pittsburgh, I9M, pp. 41.M.
13. lKailasallath, K.. OIran, E.S.. ttobin. il'. ansi Young, T.K., 'A Computational Method for Dettsv'oininig 1)stoiition Cell Size."
AIAA paper No. 85-0236, AMAA 23rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno. NV, Jan. 19M5.AlA A, Washington. D.C.
14. Guirguis, R.ll.. Crnusteint, F.kX, Young, TX'11.OIran,. KS., Kallasanath, K.. and Boris, il'., 'Mixing Enhancemenet in Sope-rsonic
Shear Linyera." A1\A paper 8140373, AIAA 25th Aerospece Sciences Mjefting, Rieno, KV, Jan. lIMt, AIAA. Waahington. U.I.
U., Hoins. 1,P.. Otan, E.S., Gadidner, 13L, Grintstici, F.F.. and Ouwaid, C.E "ictSinoilati,,us4 of spatisali hEvolviag Colitiprmssrile
~l~rblene-'leehiqesand lticaults,' Ninth fncnaisoftolseruct. on Numt-fical Mlethuds in fIsitd 14'aruirs. pp. t..tý
Spritnger'verlag, 1985.
Ill. ftninstehl,rX-. Omrni E.S. sad Btoiis. .F., *Direct Simulation ol Aiynsinetric Mixig in P'lanar Shear Ilsowt.'J. Fluid Mscsh., 'aoi.
165, 1986. pp. 261-221).
17. Iltuks, '.1... atid OIran, t:.S.. -A t'loriputiionlt, Stid~y of the t'lit.p.~iaI Kintelies .4 Ilydis~sutwmoiiu N111!,losov .tsdlnu,
Resport tltti, Nasal lieseareb LI. bostory. %Vashillton.lD..- 1%141.
Is. Elasth. rit.~ h Cvitrtl 11thumpl1,
., GAotliet. J.H.11Itloriij J.P. antl Otoan. E.S.-~*auirsosal S;iiinl~tiuiw, tit th VkAiel
j,.itoiluswot I. 1ev-itiof kht, Mwdel 4U4 EKccis Wf11016ag,' XIIL Mtden,,uetinu, IF-pt Niax ltii'atch Lbetr.
N.3.
s1siigon W1il.', N.J.,i .:,JUtt 1.41dtti~ii . lte~cinI~ti tkkt -sal
1d Sub-Itnic li~utKt,
5
t luw wsith lhsiap." \kiA týApte
Nu. 444W5, pieswise- a4kthe AIAA Wait -V~
eckt.4e Stiitene
t lu, JanosecfP15*
V Io.
Bo 0 l, arý4id S., 'lhtnkAnsie or a
Xoei lt.
AlktUPAUgsn 4-41"1%i- '16 t-.-Ibovk lss-totitivitws.' .. IFlaid Xlec,' V4i 111A.~
pp. 14?11
V.P.l

: btwiristes,
k sbp Nsel.
hd TQ &. Ill-V, Pj,4.U* ttq1U85. 0 tCii~ w~

,.t~-issah.I'.. kloitisi.s J.11. l~ita... I)'. motstil,,,4 Lý2;., suc

3-.. s itei, 1iss.sot~it 0~s tlw ia5,ftrllis,* -sa ls~ a

n~a K-l.MQ, saHII

24. uka.-AhA.V ; Vttý J*i"-sta I to tte*jsi )k4~ kizlsis Ci%,.1sI-tW
f.4etlatio& l'55 I. G1-,f.1 J-4
4k~litmo, il thsiu.k,k lib! ltlt, t~5o, pv.(I 14 it.

ý Ilveake, U.t. tts-sikts-It- Iloiwi. It 4 4.4 l..'ias s-ti

Os. - toodovi'sAs"
4as, Ias Ialtsi"M tfvn" llaiia
vs5s

M.4,.*
*A1 hlass06tv-tili s
0 Xwoll livV44 qqIt*4 ~8 *tAV it s881854 bliý.t VU '4.4 t
t6-8

9, * , |

#4IIo• ~

a a

g~ n

5•Z
,.. a. 4 *j' jItj an. *4*4*A
4
• ~

*assii'IT't m'*i ''' sid

m i|itmmm m mm
 169

TIUMETEP 50 8.6 D

41000.

400-..

43000,

am

S. . ... ... . . . .:

slow

swo
 STE

43.T3

* 121000

47.01 2
122000

126000

47.21

137000.

IIl

h1IEQUW4CY OUt) VIBqu&Ncy (its)

 16-11

TIME(.
36.079
4TEP
TIME(a
36.079
STEP
__________
34828

ElI;
38349AS

MIN-

To ae
Fig 't'ampertar otlokaa4.owtaa 0 the tnaasat0uwoa FIagtaw
Tb, Saaewatadues courespoaottta :o a~e Wtoup~ratare
gov iit"1tsa sequencee of tiaswestep. Itbthe *Aly ctoatoers ita%igulaw T4.
Ottoge*Nofa reoet(Ye PIke toau, 'he aalxlaarUe -i1
Igwateheat of Uaaaeeoip 1"10&

.4tit t~ ISAWtt

IT

WrflM-t M
rlý

ra~97A_

40kafUO
16-12

ul

-------

9. Tmod
)~~~~~~ipt.~~~~~~~~~
I* 41411 .w slU414
ra a 11 ~i 14I4il141Clb4'1'i i

lit. MUN

WV %PIf
(W01totw
WA ibvok, o" t" 1O
isu
 *. 16-13

DISCUSSION

A C.M. Coats, GB

Does your simulation incorporate sub-grid-scale diffusion? I would

* also coment that it is far from ideal to use a global reaction-rate
expression for such a highly strained flow in which local extinction
is almost certain to occur.

Author's Reply:

Originally our plan was first to do large scale eddy simulation like
Dr. Jou described, and then do as many sub-grid scales as possible.
However, we have not yet introduced sub-grid models.

I agree with your comment. We are not happy with our

two-step global mechanism. Unfortunately, even with that simple
model, the costs are extremely high and we cannot afford to improve
the approximation. Perhaps with the next generation of computers
we shall be able to do better.

?Y

IV

4a
 17-I
S~CwcaTSCom-niv oscX&t4&ION LAX CWWNmSTIO sisrlml ..

i• G. UNM*, V. COSSALEt*, G. DI NI•CK=•*

S*Ther-mal and Nuclear Research Center - ENEL -
SVia A. Pisan* 120, 56100 Piea, - Italy
S**Institute ofacese omanc
Applied Mechanics - Padua University
1 Via Vonexis, 1, 35131 Padova - Italy

Intense pressure oscillations reaching peak values of abut 1200 Pa in the 50+100 Hz range
occurred in the combustion chamber of a 400 t/h *teame generator, fod with gets or oil and gas
S together.
Through expermental analysis it was poesable to identify rcoustic
the -urnace modes of the
excited by combstion and to Vasess
theAffect on i, tab1lity of certain
l haracteristic pyareters
of the burner.

Furthermore, a finite-element mathematical model was devised for modal analysis of the comustion
chamber: the numerical results were in close agreement with the experimental data.
The analysis carried out showed what modifications needed to be made to the geometry of the
burners in order to reduce the self-excited vibrations to acceptsble limits.

1. X:lltOOU/:flW

In special conditions. in a generic combustion system. even one ten-thousandth of the

thezochemical energy released by combustion may be enough to cause Instability phenomena. Thus,
permanent pressure oscillations may occur in the combustion chamber ranging from a few los of Pa to
M% of the absolute pressure present in the Said chamber In normal conditions.
In the case of industrial combustors, normally characterized by low-velocity flows, the
stability criterion that can be applied is the one defiwod by Lord Payleigh as long ago as Me7t5
'if heat is periodically added to, and taken tcom, a mass of gas oscillating. for example. In a
cylinder bounded by a piston, the effect produced till depend upon the phase of the oscillation at
which the transfer of heat takes place', Raylaigh's criterion can be expressed as follovs:

In which 0' and p sge the Instantaneous fluctuations of the heat released and of the pressure

In the literatusep the faot~ of Instabilty ai|sinq 11041 the inteacstion btvt"e the pressure
$field And heat Iselase "a classified in t1. 3.41t
|- Instability of the combustilon chaobe, Invo~lving oil the Ihs~mens situated In 04• abmokm
- system tlstai•&itt AnvolvI•4, essentialy.W laterattons' betwen the ptoc~esos Insid the
combustion chamber and those occurring in at least ae other eosposent of the pleat such s the
islet dact taet and ueW)an toeth exhaust d•et of the tmbusted Igsass
- ntrisnsi kint.s of .istability deending on Chemical kstetics, and not an the khisi of
tefletion cahamer.
This last type of instability my take ditteset toes Stme Auth phnomen a apectits to the
inctants and ate indepeedest of the p•opetisa af the hambr they Sy, depend, f•x i.atoac. o"
camutiaf kmastics.
the, system 4Oet~latiefs assgesesely cwhlactatlted by a loer tfreqe t than the acostic
.-.
eseiliatioeaI law Ifs a hasattael
-y iN tq4itd-plopellat rocket motors ate temples of
ceilegq between e to phenome, the plopellant toe Saytse ant als the aittutiuse Of the
wehili by mama of the tWrat finteatiaos that ari Uses >iessete filutuaons lit the chahet•.
neatly, the lmtabilty. at the cesbatie chaimber is pa-hop9 the mst esmýen to e t1 t04e
is d
gmsaotiesa 4An piselegat oteetentiail aves. This hind ot instability is, to it*turn, subdivided

V0
ae t es"ugles Saecean to the methae itnwolv
- eti lataltt coaeR tth effet of the #10~t1 of aos•tie Iwave eit the

sheek intability, chaseorised by the plopegat-io of Wasat••e wve# tnside th chasber. with

::';tai%;;:&T thObt t**n caused by

.f" + 0" Of tM 41-1440t OffiMIU610 441111" **A 1"t.bifty Outlk 14 aM 14041141tsul• at tW .. . ,
esebsaistm si latersetie beteg the twbsus pine an theet hhlawy phen. men tepeble o
fellewst14g a floetteatia best fleW wait is &Ap~s sulu time t4.frt&* At* iiau t of
eIAsble asebsalMeoa selIt wasu vibraulssa whi webat em t
yaOW.e W eat1~
" theA n0 tims.
. . . . . •- . .. .• 2 .. •

• !; I + +

. . . . . +• , . ... 4 , ..
 17-2

These may be due to (3,5,61:

-the feeding system for the fuel and the air flow senaitive to the pressure field inside the
combustion chamber and such as to supply a fluctuating flow with a frequency equal to that of the
pressure field and in phase with it;
- fluctuations of the so-called combustion delay which, by being reduced in the interaction
between the flame and the acoustic wave. causes a positive fluctuation in the release of heat with
the possibility of supporting self-induced vibration;
-fluctuations in the front area of flames following interactions with pressure waves which. as
in the casae of pr*-mixed flows, are linked to fluctuation in the quantity of heat released:
-fluctuations in the flame-front, such as in pro-mixed flows where they undergo area variation
and collide with a pressure wave:i consequently there are variations in the quantity of heat released
and, with suitable delay times, the fluctuation of the flame can support oscillations;
-vortex shedding present in the combustion soie, giving rise to oscillating flows capable of
modulating the mixing and of exciting acoustic modes with frequencies near those of the frequency of
the shedding of vortex pairs: in such a case this may set uipphenomena of synchronisation of the
shedding frequency of the vortices that are not strictly in agreement with Strouhial's equation,
- combustion roen whose frequency spectrum is continuous and which can cause the acoustic modes
to vibrate in the combustion chamber.
The present paper describes both the theoretical and the experimental approach concerning a ease
of instability which occurred in the combustion chamber of a gas-fed 480t/h stoo* generator*
producing intense vibrations such as to prevent full use of the chamber itself.
4 The combustion chamber, 7.501.4419 m in aiso, was fed by 9 frontal axial-type burners, for
burning oil, gas and a mixture of both. When burning oils no significant vibrations occurred
throughout the entire working range, whereas, in certain conditions, the burning of gas and the oil-
gas mixture produced intense oscillations An pressure, reaching peak values of 1200 Pa in the 50.100
Ha field.
An experimental survey we* carried out on the plant with a view to identifying the kind of
instability involved and the support mechanisms of the self-excited oscillations. The pressure and
the acceleration of the structures were measured at various points of the combustion chamber and, in
various kinds of set up.
Furthermoze, a numerical model was devised based on the finite elements, making it possible to
calculate the natural frequecive and the vibration modes. as well as to &*sees the effect of the
smoke-duct upon the da"npin of. the individual modes. wNeraical and experimental analyses auggeated
modifications in the geomnetry of the burners which made it possible to keep the vibrations within
acceptable lImts.

a. canu ONSCaUwU aam

AmVIAUNM APADaua

As mentioned in the Introduction to this paper, the vibratory phumfnomn observable in a

steam "enrator can be chrctrsefom the point of view of. time. as random processes and as
determinisitic processes t ftalmobsat periodical nature.
0sc1llations COnnected with *Co~bustion rest' or thot,* connected with wakes caused by flae
etabiliters age Random promoese, whereas osailletory phenwon connected with the geometry of the
cosbuation System and that, IN the last oesoft, are those which Charactesise Instability, are
While. in the ca"e of detesmnisttie precesse, we can rosait to deftnitions based on explicit
6athematical fuactionls of time, In the case of random processes we resort to the. Assessment of
Pffobebility density tuntotns, to sefeoriai afnctions And to power apectres (1). Should it
be desiderabie to set up delay. ~amitudea and phac relations betwee the: signs, we an reseat to
or~a-aalyi.teckniques: io this way, tor example, the #oro.serrielatioa functtion and t0e
freqene-r~pnseof the "so tecan be etaba~lished.
Definition of the transfer functift implies that. the systes posstesses the folloving rsquisitsal
tine-invarsiance limited respons to limited irputa end lineiarity and that thersoaefnte to
Imiqule hItis e"Val to a when tta.th IM opetetieal, eMowoae of linearity is probabl1y the
coniton that is meat *It*n not fltllAled in pretical aphealrstos. fleewrtouch I% A endition Can
te hecked by Means of the definitiomi of the csoherenc function which estiabllshes the deg1ee of
11iasa relatilon, on a s$"l. from 4 tol,. between the freutial Cuoenonts of the twoa ignial..
In the pracical analysis ef a taside #roces of lainfnte drt~itoo, we meat neceasesily reseat to
toe assessmet of the 10ectee of a sament. thoereb obtainin an erontImete ewalvativ iof the
pover apectruer kwwevt, thaeke to a concept attributed to Sastlent Is)# the Variance of the
eveluation 0n be lrodeced by obtaind th* evowe" of war ons independen owalwations. Ithe owestiets
of the mea"wtutsas m tesetod Abows Can be found iA theapedn
0ifnisrning the solutieft of the pratWicl problem of viiatisartesdesibed above, the geeAtor Was
titto wtits insatunta. as sheon !%rig. 1# Whe*"reaig. 2 shoe the geometrkic features af toe
b"rner the injection heads with the televan oftflow angl of, the pea. 5'inaiy Pi. 1 6%ewe the
law"ato the eneaseussel systom.
heeokillatieas in pressure twor recrded by asow of a twpe 012 VMistie pieaseierntic pressure
4"ttdce wisth a Miatter 3001 amplifier. I"e pressureo i the coosbution choodr Was recorded byj
mono of t" "e "*teweeo-* tiahoopesta &ntd nrOR oa Wath 410Wa response i toke0e wo atfield.
I the latoeieasius vote recordd ep asenofl tpe k", Ot 015 ikt-relectrte accoIeIII"rers se 4"o
"IS)UK*VVI-UI ttIMcWho neassae*N lnsOf I tithepesaeo&laim WOe CeIhAUWed ia order to

A
I 17-3

FI-

141 UsAA ~~v

"
 17-4

The ultraviolet emission of th~e flame was recorded with a probe constructed for the purpose and
described in 19].
The signal relevant to the measurements taken for each test were recorded on tape and analyzed in
couples with the 3502A tewlettlpaclisrd spectrum analyzer.
* The ainplitude spectrum for each signal was evaluated in real time as an average of X28
independent measurements so as to obtain an estimate within the *0.7 ds interval around the true
* ~value at a confidence level of 90%. moreover, the phase values. corresponding to the frequential
components with the mast significant amplitude spectrum, and coherence values higher than 0. S has
been determined.
The amplitude spectrum was evaluated by using the "flat* window of the spectrum analyzer in such
a way as to obtain the m--I-- accuracy of amplitude.

3. UMMzcar NO=E?
Assuming the gas is perfect. compressible, non-viscous. non-conductible. with nto external
forces per volum unit, with unifaor stationary motion in the domain being oonsidered, the equation
of the propagation of waves proves to bets),

where V- density, p- pressure. ~ i~-propagation velocity and a is the Cowe#lenumber

representing both the spatial link uf heat toleas" in the flame volume and. the local delay in the
fluctuations of heat in relation to pressure (the apew indicates the perturbed motion. the
owetlining indicates the stationary motion).
The regime solution . separating the spatial part from the time pact, is ot the following kindt

if we Introduce this Into the propagation equation we obtain the eqution of frequecies in the
presence of Internal generation of heatt

-w OR 00m.Y L4
The solution sVopies the COVples cigeewalues + to . the IfagInar part repOBrents natural
frequenc and the real peut the dawinq coefficient 01,9 or the amplificationt cotefiaient %100
instability octure fog walues of ON4. the deqzee Of intability is defined by IMe logartbihae
decrease 60mojdwp" (ya
The spatial part Of the solutiont Y. r)eprsenits the Autoweatof or the scostic made of
Vibratin assloited to pulsation ft.
The soution to the equation of the freqUenies muet be sought i o plOViance *ith IMe 10TIOundi
conditions. 1the boundary of the tintogrt io domai cia be subdivided acording to the nitos

TMe thitrd conditiOn 0stabilOseS a lin between the Velocity Rt a given point an the hmAWUnsY aOW
OAe Pretfsers at 0% e pin. Tkis hnotmesui prWovs to he a%ovrealfcr
Palm on "na fa &as
so roeation Is establisbed bet~ee oesiaby ponta a the bounaQry
IMa soliution *I the eqution of tMhecquenelms Css be carried 0 touiaN appeboti e MeANer, Te
domain of ntetgrokar.t~o ao be &ubdvided Is%* akceataim 6w~ of sAdmiales U :: totlaoman toe
1eooedose Aeeclbe in 1101. we obtaiat

1
at"*) *asQ~ Novel 'e 1
tho eeiffnau muttl tbe Sm ass atr

the faw eacUagd iths dohe Otimiaet the ouvtwad Hawe

tt a ererthim to testhea owe Wits

ow n damalano Ott
 17-5

where the terms with the apex 0 represent the matrices

relevant to the entire doain.
Once this operation in completed, we obtain the following
*igenvalue problem:
[SIM) + SID-CQI+XI0{u) O
The problem is expressed in the generalized form with the
transformation: {w U)u
rid
u}ro
~
f)rII ~ ~
(1() 1~ ~ 1,07 , 1'ii
(s 0ie4 WWI ] IN ( 11=101
i% ()[0 1(B- Cil
JL [ 10) (JKjha
It should be observed that, it functions Z end G are
considered to betdependant one,. then the matrix Also0 Proves
to be a function of 3. Such a problem isefficiently solved
from a atmerical point of view with a solution technique taken
from the "Sub-space Iteration* method. The numerical solution
makes it possible to determine %he vibration modes in the__
combustion chamber and the actual frsequencies both partly real
and partly imaginary. vt4.4 &aVeet OR the Gaete*,

The layout of the cowbustion chamber has been qiven in the

form of a two-dimfensional model, with 135 ltriangular elevents
and 193 nodes, representing the oxthoqonal section on the
burners well, Thte walls of the ohwher mre vepresented as
being ideal, that is perfaeotly reflecting and infinitely -- '-
rigid, 'the exheust duct. is the momt senitlve point of the
layout sifce there Lu no such thigs "sa perfect opening or
Closure,
the fivLit slamulations wte certitd out wifth a wiew to
situdying the lntlumne of the tww'untfot temprature field oA
the vibratio WC4ea, It oust be noted that, in Vitw of the
hypothses sttated t~haob~taini the twepagesa ioan Ion, the0
speed Of ,RopeoAtie nenet vary oreerly Antspame Indeed, the
propagaton equatiton wee obtained by tisrsqaidlttg the %*mes
coatatotog ties spatial derivatives of the staticeary teats.
The teqesa4tute field used is shouft inW19, t.
The bounday Condit ices caseud to eplaesant the eshauct
.Joe Afcite the values of the nkatuatietiregeacle and the
Weevant VIbr Iioft modes, to a getate estet,
-io ceder to assess its effect tUp0 the vitbetltoe mds,
-the aftse dMc wee ainutatid both wifth a efc eeaftfq sMd
with a pefett* closure. It*eoaunialll wsaultoe*t g voIvk.
L e atseCe
* thetndaente frequeny pases to to
uito 1.8 MsInth g of ideal openin
an,1.2Mstotr cseof Psiott* closuto. W-4~e
ri mt vuMWWgJtu
the seal value mast It feted, -Indeed
eaperIMeta tacit# gave a value of#1
j ie)
4,. L.. W JSk tMS
the* table else Commais the Vatues
obtoteed by uieen q the cunuasa AfvtIihi§*01
palt, felevant tro the okbases dnwtsh ent
tupedene wAIN* s114h &S to elbelate an4
* aesemudiat
caad tlo in schus to toe* w n
Ideal csoatitioas of petleat opening anMW .. 1*IL.. 2L .L..
thes eu affsamea veins gvn teot14l. .t.. L~. L...
Coweopaas Wtoe to Acnwoewac tameovicLh.*kL,,.JiL.JiL.
ceetifleas6 at the theeccI teat oi the
" vayin
""1"tota ske0" t to
s lett. tL AAA...
-S44*kLL.41L1
trivae d sepoafets theI~tO
eahene esteeo
thoe o"0406%ie "Noe" Wish the flapee at the *oia A L. AL.sIL..
emt
uta apsRca pa-wall, fleeces l... ll....
Ai.,LAfa,..AL.
fipee I ectaitaiih the vtibaslo t eHA-.L
06e .LI*.,. *4.. L... l..
* bt~sos" escaemi tue 0"Ie *Aet wi1

It4es "ue it pesibie to faeces0 *11k

lec#ean be "et "Oul~aet'ce the .1 ~aM L,..LL..fa...IL..
1746

lU3.4* a
kaN lU4*A No U$4.4A Na

fig. 6 IM feetot~* 'b.

vtatise sod o the .c.aet"es
TM*"P" o"Wo e~
IO,6 efl *a

e~t
the~~~~~~~~** b p.
e~eL 4,-e.L

0.m
Ita
6 O 116*"*
*Aa W

72221 aw** &SUWI

FP
17.7

According to Rayleigh's principle, th mehnsJfsi-xinn ece axmum efiinc

when two circumstances occur at the same time:
F - maximum self-excitement duo to the flow of heat, ins phase with the pressure, located at en
&ntinode:
-miniws energy loss.
Of the various dispersion mechanisms present (absorption by the walls, turbulence, presence of
tube bundles. absorption of energy by the exhaust duct with subsequen irradiation by the chimney),
the main one is considered to be that of the transfer of energy to the exhaust duct, therefore, the
mtinimum loss of energjy occurs when a nodal line is near to the piece of boundary relevant to the
"ehaust duct.
The modes with entinodes toughly located near the burners are
5 th. 6th. 7th and gtb, when closure is -ideal-. while both TABUS N'Z WDGARThIC DECWIEZW.
conditions exist in tifl case of 5 th "d 8th, _____

In the last analysts, the exhaust duct has little effect on

the values of the natural frequencies but -pla4ys an important
part In the damping of the various vibration modes.
This proved to be so even numerically. A simulation WAS
1WL1oot
_%
8
2 0
carrieS out with a view to evaluating its influence, by Assuming10
the duct has very little damping effect (tha real part of the 3
imptcence coQnsists in the adsorption or, transfer ot energy).
Comparison of the values of the loqarihtimic dcrements of the *n-
individual =dode%mad it possible to approximately aossess tho
damping effect Of the roxaust duct on the intdividual modes of
the comsbustion chamber. This copparisn ca" bo to.And in table 6. "U_±...-.
this compariso zndicate: that the W'h mede 4% virtually
c~tmfefqld by the exhaust duct and, of alt' the modes higher than
t.he 5th. the Pth is the lentAltIOmfd. -L.-....L....
these,. then. 4ye the _modes must lihety to urniejg nigh--
amPLitude paclllternn to the case of si-xteet

the firstk series 9t lkots. canted C-t vith th§ plant in'its nVioi~at4 lmjyout ant 140%gJa
c'm )esoa*aoe,saV~eid, eultsvl- t kat
t@aOraceer.tesueia tics
flft L @%Vt
vlbrtoonm de ceeý@ atv*K
cZ,ýdo a otto 10.4d icoatidasn
4ktt; creased, Thlis eso"tn lem mnwp4.t
siecaonaky
ntsmolies epaatly.to al s ucse a 0 PtMlat WYese -0%e~q4

inf wtins
A-t441i c the-fg kt

no asimos hatoe sr §4Pply

bQuhga. Ifttuta ougisn c-he
'i.a

Ow t~yitta'tia thpreatv, ftree

Li~~~~#t1c
wfh4%vrito s ,
'48 Oay44t "Of ' Ait 410ns
Mhe46J 1 'St.1(A
twh It 1#, the 4utsNto

sAta t
*s natA0&
iio ja *
1se-Aet "t ciiilitt lessen i0"t#* Att *"14o#m-tf

hasiebratis
A"104 e peeA~k
Wpit ataiak t- i "
IN54165
f4~ w41kntA
si M1 0 "t"s46'etM A1614pil lA tki l6
*tn
na. 's .tia~ly nqeaenes. peaee Upusn Isflt~su
VA*"fti
et'le om '"3.10% t"0&0& WA Wtb * A"it'

S'S"# lega., twoeli at V"eit

teiito tiiaiis a" Pmstnasd
Te an *1 0 tAtwiesl ateiam with 004aflees " 6t t"liwl
siitbymtiidio t~ftya ii t,4oiifaw elWi atSj*"lMy c . i
akiatit t fl9rtstld *Mao * tu a a l at si W40s
sa as
17-8

M, iAVeStigatzon was also carried out into the sensitivity of the phenomenon with variations in
the excess of oxygent Fig. 9 shows that the vibratory phenomenon decreases, as excess oxygen
decreases, without. however, dieqpeazing.
rigure 10 shows the behaviour of the natural frequencies with variations in the theraic loadt the
frequency values are seen to increase with the increase in the thermic load, depending on the
average temperature. The sam figure also contains the frequencies of the vortices shed from the gas
and oil flaes stabilizers, calculated on the basis of Strouhel's relation, assuming a value of the
Strouhal number equal to 0.20. We *soe that, for thorstic loads below 30%, the frequencies of the
vortex wehe produced by the gas-fleas stabilizers may involve modes 5.6.7 and 1, accor"in to the
load.

130a

ato is a4:go: a: some

____________________to__ 40 44 66 le

a~tisas d
tVAg SOUS
hetU alehead. M
$44"as *a""e 'W"etums.
fto* Lqreatt 4 9palsores. wih two & ft#A# ?sRqeaaal as *he set"IStaea

tfi 44t Kn'a Qeten-

t' *#%ps-*If-k n.orwsitassiblviia*z
ith 04.e i~tsI'WOMe av~i.ieb16 it
ois ktc-feteot Wt twettbkw to *K*OA*V kw tno auOt If
0ti40A OAK*# "*to oes ak* %I"
the u~i s~ sno toosaiz.t#e
t0"%in V*ftojene of the- ii4k* fS s44104 '*AV
tvk oy a~l *0-aee"1W4 1to wo'i. that Is#
th t hi4swthi 4 tatftaviA V4on.tv tte4shdwtheul sqesy to the9iasoiV
4ad%U

to .Aittt
th
4f tM tok#*t *t Keat Ly______
4"# 060lha o is! AM~
4t~s

.tiU
CAI. #0ith41 4 "A"I't

~55tC~5@
tk5i4it~ ft

A 541.3,
o &wt4mm' 1

asia Aui1~
*Utw ftcesohaso 10gtki 00 f0 " 064 m
MO~d*Vb5e ifSh 4 foe i*toe V444U botoe da to a h .8 d"
fit" "Ok ft6
~sss
0* ds tsa O UUiei h iS ~i ee

0St* at~e
.Ot C1 sOWada. aw ieibU s
 N 17.9

Cot~uetl(,n was slow.: and

longer and the diffeoronce in

positiQAOn ahea&ohr
lessnoisy. vt *loases intiere
ccwbnation chamber meant that
the excitoment is predomtinantly
af the 5th and nct the 0th

the ittblt ra
*AQ~trd thse flo Wasle m emA

the Phenomenon Proved t es 0w0 nt

4i*, omnits". tOý42, ninc

bet~w"I. 5%1*405. Anstabit Vigil2 pasesuxe sO~i ^tecwuiecep

awae* :wq Obt~ncd fut flows 01st Uynt;MA S 18a. nulaa with Itype & tajeoteae. 0014".
SAbe%* 06Q%-
with 440, Outlet anqits, t he
444 wu6 d4vogtQ4 tQWtrd$ kziw

2t hp t!" of the htwfte~

wotitt, ",%-"A#W w I

~Aitnamo
vita "
#4~t~ti
voty f 4.0I "otiy 4;v, -zos

relet z 4 oktf#t;tkJ .k-1

4 s#? tor #4v Wa s *0

1 1fVlt4ftW V-A f*t't A- MIa* 4" #*% srk

ws Pý V-w 4

the eeAW*4
t*4 ^.t*&k tkw

fttc*4 044 4,ai the #L ~' ltet *,sopa, heesas

ON a tMA 0%
I4 eaa

t&' 4aI'&*it tie fm.eln" w**#taiit

e OVAt*a $Ctt&*Ue apI~i1 ICh
efeir-tiwItis Wme f2*C1h.4)ki
0-004a bitos,4t&a".
t LVIOý 1%4tft S*(4 4"leihettiM tow f*44 tie4i$)ait'ii &et4ntnt
** epteait ont~ 4

iIII~e the "A# 1* g4uV4IefAt

t'l ~sn tw "
$04f$' 4' ayCie #41.
tut Att*t-s W-A *u
$4IoAfftit
the *W)tw
V111 tsC*4 pueflts. ee

tJ lewtiefctiei itHtee W **I~,

M ti1
toktei alt "A 0*tol gfle
"' it~eee4
th ~~ieit e itt-iowA th *ww""Aeit""a" to "t '" teta pWrmts Uit tethr aia0ý
17-10

7. RMTXRZNCXS

(1] Rayleigh J.W.S. "The explanation of certain acoustical phenomena", Nature, 18, Vol. II, p. 226
1878; also "The Theory of Sound", Dover, New York, 1945
{2] Barr~re M., Williams F. A., "Comparison of Combustion Instabilities Found in Various Types of
Combustion Chambers" 12th Symposium (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst.,1969, pp.169-
181
[31 Putnam A. A. , "Combustion Driven Oscillations in Industry" Elsevier P.C., New York, 1971
(4] Thring.M. W., "Combustion Oscillations in Industrial Combustion Chambers". 12th Symposium
(Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst.,1969,PP.163-169
(5] Crocco L., Cheng S.I.,"Theory of Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors"
Agardograph n^8, Butterworths, 1956
(6] Zinn B. T. "Pulsating Combustion" Advanced Combustion Methods edited by Felix J. Weinberg,
1986
[7] Papoulis A. "Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes", Mc GraW-Hill Book
Company , New York 1965.
[8] Oppenheim A. W., Schafer R. W. "Digital Signal Processing" Prentice Hall, Ing. Engle-wood 1975
[9] Ligasacchi S., Nencini F., De Michele G. -Internal Report ENEL-DSR-CRTN: T10-06/81, TIO-02/82.
[10] Reddy J,'N., "Applied Functional Analysis and Variational Methods in Engirteering", Mc GraW-
Hill Book Conpany , 1986.

8. APPINDIX

The function of autocorrelation Rxx (t) for a random process fx(t) at an average of nought is:

T ýTll(Aý1)

while the Fourier trasform of A.1 constitutes the power spectrum:

F.(o) = F[R.(,0] (A.,2)

The crossed power spectrum Fvx(W) for two functions fx~t) and fy(t) is defined by the Fourier
Transform of their function of cross-correlation:

L (A.3)

The ratio between (A.3) and (A.2) constitutes the frequency response of the system,
The extent of the degree of linearity between two functions fx(t) and fy(t) can be determined by
means of the coherence function obtainable as a relation between the square of the oross-aspctrum
and the product of the power spectrums.

• F,•..•,'
, , ,(A.t)
 17-I1

DISCUSSION

ALaverdan, Frr
In your calculation, you have introduced an impedance. H-ow is this quaptity evaluatd? Is it by a theory. numerical
method, or experiments?

Author's Reply
The impedance plays its role of course as a boundary condition. So we have introduceu the tollowing expression in outr
numerical model:

B --I - w dr
JrZ(x,y,Z.s)
derived from:

jr V'dr - - P0 dVTys

LeBload. Fr
Could you describe the experimeatal device related with ultra-violet nmasurements to detect and measure the
amplitude of combustitu instabihwtcs?

Author's Reply
The detcetor tort ( V is necý-,.try fomr•w ating hydr•ogn •rd inetha. - flames because those, 1-ies don't givw sufwiuint
emission at Visishe Wavelcngths. SO Wt. Ut', a (-ommCrcalprobe vo.ri--pped with a special Iclts ftr detoting the Nlutems.

I
 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
I. Reciplent's Reference I 2. Odgilntor's Reference 3. Further Reference 4. Security Classification
of Document
AGARD-CP-450 ISBN 92-835-0503-4 UNCLASSIFIED

5. Ordginator Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
7 rue Ancelle, 92200 Neuilly sur Seine, Fiaace
6. i COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES IN LIQUID-FUELLED PROPULSION
SYSTEMS

7. Presented at the Propulsion and Enerpetics Panel 72nd B Specialists' Meeting, held kmBath,
United Kingdom, 6-7 October 1988.

8. Authoets)/Edltors) 9. Date
Various April 19S9

10. Autmh's/WAtlo+r• Address It. P&L"

Various 310

tnt' So " This document is distributed in accordance with AGA RID

policies and regulations, which are outlined on the
Qul& Suck Covers of ad A(;AiD publications&

Afterburners Oscillations
Bun Propulsion systens
tCombustion Ramjet
Instability of Combustion Rocket
Laquld-fuelcd propulhion Turbine engine
Modelling ofPcomnusltm

The Conk"wen. Prtoccediag%cntin 16 papo^ pres•nted at the Propution a1ni lEargetlec Panrel
72ndW. Sp•eal•si* Meeling wi ConVigu ion Innbilitio i Uquid-luIWd l Mopion
Symtnen'
which w* held 6-7 Octobr I988 in Bath, UK.

"oThe
S ealkse" .ixtlng wa%arrangod In the following weedtnns Keyi eA1nrl%4cw (4I) Turbile
tingin mveomewnl Expetlence (3)'. Rockoe Onl RMICIjet eVIlOP"nt+I txperlene (4):

Rvport I*included at INt~he

einng of the Pimwdlngs. QuestIkvs wad amaweubof the
%Whl recent slflo4tOh of she Ptapt&Wso MWd
KIW(Aerge falo (in Fall 1903 owd in Paul I987,1
dAelt *h WNWll 0ftlsi(nd ta. Me lklwhe as frfo
'peNilst WtP&c"al
r tr ..
S: tepentl•It t dlttmheir
s espetict adlh €onbuslhon intahlhtlle* and oscillation occutrrin
in • u.fu*calplles e . Ipe. gs tuhimns. mios and rocketw, A beter fund•w•nnl
istndcr
ng4vw%w4WWre it "tle toaclavlusiintihr Ia im enrm
inengin desin waW

Lx ________I
 0As,

a01- 01z

• i i ""
""< "

.o a' = .

JNIg N I I
i jjN p 'NN
N I l Ni i I| | aN N I I i

,kl .. .
 . . ... . . .
.

11-

Si
i

UAll'

,,i i ;i .

. .

h 1" hI.i. . . . ...

., . . . " -"
:.i:••:• :'.-...... . - i: :, .... . .,
: "!.;.!- :.'" ":-.."S :",.-. .- " . . .. , :.• .,. . . .I .
'-,•":• :: : .

• .,1

,'
1..•Jul
: ::'""" - .
.

•- . .... i .
•
 NATO OTAN
7 rue Ancelle - 92200 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE I)ISTRIBL'TION OF UNCLASSIFIED
FRANCE AGARD PUBLICATIONS
uloptponu l1)47.38.51,00 Tulox 610 176

A(;ARD does NO'I hold stocks of AUARI) publications at the above address for general disthbution. Initial distribution of AGARD
lihblicalions is ma.lde to A(;ARI) Member Nations thro•tgh the following National Disinibution Cnrtresurther copies are somnetimes
availablie fron thieys_ Centres. utitif not may be purchased in Microficht: or Photocopy forrm from the Purchase Agencies listed below
NATI()NAI IDISTRIBUTION CENTRES
BI-I.i(LUIM LUXEMBOUR(G
toordonnatetr A(pGARI) VSI .S'elgsam
de la Force
-lat-Major Actri:eNc NITIIERIANDS
Q)uarfier Reirne Elisabeth Netherlands Delegation to AGARD
Rue drTver, 114RBruxelles
National Aerospace Laboratory, NLR
'ANAI)A 1'.O. Box 126
l)Drector Scietntific Information Stcrvic.N 26M0 AC Delt
D)ept of National
Ottawa, Ontario K lDfence
I A IK2 NORWAY
Norwegian Delence Research Establishment
D)E:NMARK Attn: Biblioteket
Danish Dkcnea.-" ...... am Fe
Vcd ldraetsp Natta4iit AM.aOWand

ON.I.LR.A. (I National AewonautlCes and Omew 0" . .

Space Administration ptj 1
I" P&4a
29 Avenuedt
92320 Chitil Washington, D.C. SPECIAL FOUR" CLASS MAIL
(,l:RMANY
Faehinfolrmal
Physik, Matht
Karlsruhe 4.0(2&'2
D)-7514 E4gJci I ') 0 ~
uij i C'7 'OG6'I
LEFLNS'
I 'l 3i;-sl I NFOkMA I 10 N CLNHI F
IldelenicAir F
Aircraft SUlpkotj
I)epartmrent Dlii C.FD
I- DL

nolargos. Ath Ct-:.LA i .. 'Ji-.

I( [ANI-•i.
I(ITIANI)
t,. • ,.~)Iv Vit-I 2"::304/145
D)irector of A%
c/o Flugrad
Rcyjavik "llasgow toM X
ALY
IAI UNITED STATES
Acronautica Militate National Aeronautics and Space Administration INASAi
Uflicio del I)elegato Nazionale al'A(iARI) Langley Research Center
3 Piazzale Adenauer M/S 180
U0144 Roma/EUR Hampton, Virginia 23665
THE UNITED STATES NATIONAl)DISTRIBUTION CENTRE (NASA) DOES NOT HOLD
ST(C'KS OF AGARD PUBLICATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS FOR COPIES SHOULD BE MADE
I)IRt(I 10 TIIl NATIONAL TECIINICAI. INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS) AT TIlE ADDRESS BELOW.
PURCHASE AGENCIES
Nattonal Technical ESA/Information Retrieval Service The British Library
Information Service (NTIS) European Spate Agency Document Supply Centre
5285 Port Royal Road 10. rue Mark) Nikis Boston Spa. Wetherby
Springfield 75015 Pads. France West Yorkshire LS23 710
Virginia 2216 1, USA England

Reque•t• for microfiche or photocopies of AGARDdocuments should Include the AGARD serial number, title, author or editor, and
publication date. Requets to NTIS should include the NASA accession report ntmber. Full bibliographical references and abstracts of
AGARD publications are given in the following journals:

cit-ntific and lechnical Aerspace Repmrs (STAR) Government Reports Announcements (GRA)
published by NASA Scientific and Technical published by the National Technical
Information Branch Information Services. Springfield
NASA Headquarters (NIT-40) Virginia 2216 1. USA
Washington D.C. 20(546, USA

H
Prnimed by pecialised Prmntng Sers*s i~mited
40 ChirweiI Lane, Loushton. Essex 1471 3 77.,9
ISBN 92-835-0503-4