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The number of job openings changed little at 8.9 million on the last business day of January, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations
were little changed at 5.7 million and 5.3 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.4 million)
and layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number
and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by
establishment size class. This release also includes 2023 annual estimates for job openings, hires, and
separations.
Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted, Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,
January 2022 - January 2024 January 2022 - January 2024
Percent Percent
7.6 4.8
Hires
6.8 4.4
6.4 4.2
6.0 4.0
5.6 3.8
5.2 3.6
4.8 3.4
4.4 3.2
Jan-22 Jul-22 Jan-23 Jul-23 Jan-24 Jan-22 Jul-22 Jan-23 Jul-23 Jan-24
Job Openings
On the last business day of January, the number of job openings changed little at 8.9 million; this
measure is down from a series high of 12.2 million in March 2022. Over the month, the rate was
unchanged at 5.3 percent. In January, job openings increased in nondurable goods manufacturing
(+82,000) but decreased in private educational services (-41,000). (See table 1.)
Separations
Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers
to other locations of the same firm.
The number of total separations in January changed little at 5.3 million, and the rate was 3.4 percent
for the third month in a row. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in health care
and social assistance (-86,000) and in federal government (-8,000). (See table 3.)
In January, the number and rate of quits were little changed at 3.4 million and 2.1 percent, respectively.
The number of quits increased in information (+23,000) but decreased in real estate and rental and
leasing (-16,000). (See table 4.)
In January, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate was 1.0
percent for the third month in a row. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in state and local
government education (-19,000) but increased in mining and logging (+7,000). (See table 5.)
The number of other separations was little changed in January at 384,000. (See table 6.)
In 2023, the annual average job openings level was 9.4 million, a decrease of 1.8 million from 2022. The
annual average job openings rate was 5.7 percent in 2023, compared to 6.8 percent in 2022.
(See tables 15 and 16.)
-2-
In 2023, the annual hires level was 71.0 million, a decrease of 5.8 million from 2022. Annual total
separations decreased by 4.2 million in 2023 to 68.1 million. Annual quits decreased by 6.1 million in
2023 to 44.4 million and accounted for 65.2 percent of total separations. Annual layoffs and discharges
increased by 2.1 million in 2023 to 19.8 million and accounted for 29.0 percent of total separations.
Annual other separations decreased by 176,000 in 2023 to 3.9 million and accounted for 5.8 percent of
total separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)
The annual average hires rate for 2023 was 3.8 percent, down from 4.2 percent in 2022. The annual
average total separations rate for 2023 was 3.6 percent, compared to 3.9 percent in 2022. The annual
average rates for the components of total separations were 2.4 percent for quits, 1.1 percent for layoffs
and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2024 are scheduled to be
released on Tuesday, April 2, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
-3-
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
Job openings Hires Total separations
Category Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY
(in thousands)
Total.................................................. . 10,425 8,889 8,863 6,374 5,787 5,687 6,017 5,419 5,341
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,348 7,884 7,963 5,932 5,384 5,323 5,671 5,060 5,020
Mining and logging............................ . 33 32 29 26 18 23 23 19 24
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 434 413 386 357 380 349 335 372
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 586 622 429 371 394 421 364 363
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 408 360 226 199 222 219 192 206
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 179 261 203 172 172 202 172 158
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 1,318 1,051 1,393 1,110 1,068 1,451 1,058 1,024
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 230 199 176 180 170 161 173 167
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 710 540 829 628 618 797 584 547
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 378 312 388 302 280 494 300 310
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 177 211 69 83 82 103 67 75
Financial activities............................. . 434 482 539 218 209 211 208 203 191
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 317 360 126 123 127 115 124 115
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . 121 165 178 92 86 84 93 80 75
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . 2,042 1,579 1,633 1,083 1,086 1,101 1,091 1,054 1,089
Private education and health services. . . . . . 2,009 1,956 1,986 936 872 799 769 755 667
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 173 132 114 100 85 74 86 83
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . 1,804 1,783 1,854 822 772 714 695 669 583
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534 1,003 1,100 1,178 1,068 1,046 1,050 1,003 987
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . 200 157 159 178 185 173 158 158 145
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . 1,334 847 941 1,000 883 873 892 845 843
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 316 380 214 210 219 207 202 229
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,077 1,005 900 442 403 364 347 360 321
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 166 148 43 43 43 36 39 31
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 838 752 399 361 322 311 321 290
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 280 250 219 180 143 157 164 139
State and local, excluding education. . . . . 578 558 502 180 181 179 154 156 151
RATES BY INDUSTRY
(percent)
Total.................................................. . 6.3 5.3 5.3 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 5.5 5.6 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.3 3.8 3.7
Mining and logging............................ . 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.1 2.8 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.7
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.6
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.3 4.6 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.8
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 4.8 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 3.6 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.6 4.2 3.6 3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 4.4 3.5 4.8 3.8 3.7 5.0 3.7 3.5
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.4 3.3 5.3 4.0 3.9 5.1 3.7 3.5
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 5.0 4.2 5.4 4.2 3.9 6.9 4.2 4.3
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 5.5 6.5 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.3 2.2 2.5
Financial activities............................. . 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.5 5.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . 4.7 6.2 6.6 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.0
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . 8.2 6.5 6.6 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7
Private education and health services. . . . . . 7.5 7.0 7.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.6
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.2
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . 7.9 7.5 7.7 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.6
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 5.6 6.1 7.2 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.0 5.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . 7.6 5.7 5.7 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.1 5.5
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . 8.7 5.6 6.2 7.2 6.2 6.1 6.4 5.9 5.9
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 5.1 6.1 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.9
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted
Excluded from separations measures are transfers Birth/death model. The time lag from the start
within the same location; employees on strike; and up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance
employees of temporary help agencies, employee on the sampling frame is approximately one year. In
leasing companies, outside contractors, or addition, many new establishments fail within the
consultants. The separations rate is computed by first year, referred to as a death. Because new and
dividing the number of separations by employment short-lived universe establishments cannot be
and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, reflected in the sampling frame immediately, the
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires,
computed similarly. and separations from these establishments during
their early existence. BLS has developed a
Estimation Method birth/death model that uses establishment birth and
The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random death activity from previous years as collected by the
sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business QCEW and projects forward to the present using
and government establishments. The sample is over-the-year change in the CES. The birth/death
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate
establishment size class. the amount of churn (meaning the rates of hires and
The sampling frame is made up of separations) that exists in establishments of various
establishments from two sources: the Bureau of sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn
Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of with the projected employment change to estimate
Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the the number of hires and separations that take place in
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The QCEW these establishments that cannot be measured through
database contains establishments that cover sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and
approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in separations produced by the birth/death model are
the United States. This database is a compilation of added to the sample-based estimates produced from
administrative data from state unemployment the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings,
insurance (UI) programs and federal government hires, and separations.
establishments covered by the Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus
program. A frame of railroad establishments is separations can be used to derive a measure of net
provided by the FRA. This is added to the QCEW employment change. This change should be
database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. comparable to the net employment change from the
much larger CES survey. However, definitional
The JOLTS estimation method involves the differences between the two surveys, as well as
following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, sampling and nonsampling errors, historically caused
item nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the
and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS
death model estimation, estimates review and outlier hires and separations series, BLS implemented the
selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and monthly alignment method. There are four steps to
variance estimates. Establishment size class levels are this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the
also produced. Detailed information about the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust
estimation method can be found in the Handbook of again.
Methods at
https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.
Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the monthly CES published employment levels plus the
seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and
is used to seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each multiplying that quotient by 100.
month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology uses all relevant data, up to and Reliability of the estimates
including the current month, to calculate new JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of
seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are error: sampling error and nonsampling error.
used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. Sampling error can result when a sample, rather
JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a
and multiplicative models, as well as regression with chance that the sample estimates may differ from the
autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to true population values they represent. The exact
improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample
beginning and end of the series and to detect and selected, and this variability is measured by the
adjust for outliers in the series. standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are
generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
Annual estimates and benchmarking. The confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent
JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the chance that the true population mean will fall into the
issuance of data for January. Five years of data are interval created by the sample mean plus or minus
subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard
1) benchmarks based on CES employment estimates errors are released monthly as part of the significant
newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard
adjustment factors, and 3) any needed special errors are updated annually with the most recent 5
adjustments. years of data. Sampling error estimates are available
The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted at
to the CES employment levels, and the resulting www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.
ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,
The seasonally adjusted estimates are including the failure to include a segment of the
recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect population, the inability to obtain data from all units
updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of
updates result in revisions to both the seasonally respondents to provide data on a timely basis,
adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the
series for the period since the last benchmark was collection or processing of the data, and errors from
established. the employment benchmark data used in estimation.
The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures
Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.
discharges, other separations, and total separations
are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
Annual average levels for job openings are disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published telecommunications relay services.
monthly levels by 12.
Total.............................................. . 10,425 8,685 8,931 8,889 8,863 -26 6.3 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.3 0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,348 7,718 7,932 7,884 7,963 79 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 0.1
Mining and logging........................ . 33 24 31 32 29 -3 5.0 3.6 4.6 4.7 4.4 -0.3
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 413 454 434 413 -21 3.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 4.8 -0.3
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 576 553 586 622 36 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.6 0.3
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 364 377 408 360 -48 5.5 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.2 -0.6
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 251 213 176 179 261 82 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 5.1 1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 1,794 1,306 1,336 1,318 1,051 -267 5.9 4.3 4.4 4.4 3.5 -0.9
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 206 296 230 199 -31 4.9 3.2 4.6 3.6 3.1 -0.5
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 581 596 710 540 -170 5.3 3.6 3.7 4.4 3.3 -1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 520 443 378 312 -66 7.9 6.8 5.9 5.0 4.2 -0.8
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 113 154 177 211 34 3.4 3.6 4.9 5.5 6.5 1.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 410 427 482 539 57 4.5 4.3 4.4 5.0 5.5 0.5
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 287 288 317 360 43 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.5 5.1 0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . 121 124 138 165 178 13 4.7 4.7 5.3 6.2 6.6 0.4
Professional and business services. . . . . 2,042 1,585 1,536 1,579 1,633 54 8.2 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.6 0.1
Private education and health services.. . 2,009 1,778 1,939 1,956 1,986 30 7.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.1 0.1
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . 205 156 161 173 132 -41 5.1 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.3 -1.0
Health care and social assistance. . . . 1,804 1,622 1,778 1,783 1,854 71 7.9 6.9 7.5 7.5 7.7 0.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534 1,201 1,153 1,003 1,100 97 8.6 6.7 6.4 5.6 6.1 0.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . 200 207 170 157 159 2 7.6 7.4 6.2 5.7 5.7 0.0
Accommodation and food services. . . 1,334 994 983 847 941 94 8.7 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.2 0.6
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 313 349 316 380 64 6.2 5.1 5.6 5.1 6.1 1.0
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,077 967 999 1,005 900 -105 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.8 -0.4
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 188 161 166 148 -18 5.8 6.0 5.2 5.3 4.7 -0.6
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 779 838 838 752 -86 4.4 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.6 -0.4
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 288 289 280 250 -30 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 -0.3
State and local, excluding
education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 491 549 558 502 -56 5.9 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.0 -0.6
REGION3
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,629 1,490 1,489 1,512 1,570 58 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 0.2
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,241 3,526 3,501 3,504 3,492 -12 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 0.0
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,244 1,861 2,048 1,963 1,944 -19 6.4 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.5 0.0
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,313 1,808 1,893 1,909 1,857 -52 6.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 -0.1
1
The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2
The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Change Change
from: from:
Industry and region Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 - 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 -
Jan. Jan.
2024p 2024p
Total.............................................. . 6,374 5,814 5,569 5,787 5,687 -100 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 -0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932 5,429 5,205 5,384 5,323 -61 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.0
Mining and logging........................ . 26 21 19 18 23 5 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.6 0.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 381 367 357 380 23 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.7 0.3
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 377 352 371 394 23 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 205 199 199 222 23 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.7 0.3
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 203 172 153 172 172 0 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.6 0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 1,393 1,137 1,090 1,110 1,068 -42 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 158 153 180 170 -10 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 671 638 628 618 -10 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 -0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 308 300 302 280 -22 5.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.9 -0.3
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 50 70 83 82 -1 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.8 2.7 -0.1
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 206 201 209 211 2 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 0.0
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 128 125 123 127 4 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . 92 78 76 86 84 -2 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 0.0
Professional and business services. . . . . 1,083 1,116 964 1,086 1,101 15 4.8 4.9 4.2 4.7 4.8 0.1
Private education and health services.. . 936 894 934 872 799 -73 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.1 -0.3
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . 114 98 94 100 85 -15 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.2 -0.4
Health care and social assistance. . . . 822 796 840 772 714 -58 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.2 -0.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,178 1,047 993 1,068 1,046 -22 7.2 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.2 -0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . 178 165 150 185 173 -12 7.4 6.4 5.8 7.1 6.6 -0.5
Accommodation and food services. . . 1,000 882 844 883 873 -10 7.2 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.1 -0.1
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 200 214 210 219 9 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 0.1
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 385 364 403 364 -39 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 -0.1
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 42 37 43 43 0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.0
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 343 327 361 322 -39 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 -0.2
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 179 165 180 143 -37 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.3 -0.4
State and local, excluding
education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 164 162 181 179 -2 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 0.0
REGION3
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 886 892 852 906 54 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 0.2
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,604 2,391 2,368 2,557 2,400 -157 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.1 -0.2
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 1,244 1,173 1,127 1,167 40 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 0.1
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,482 1,293 1,137 1,251 1,215 -36 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 -0.1
1
The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.
2
The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Change Change
from: from:
Industry and region Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 - 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 -
Jan. Jan.
2024p 2024p
Total.............................................. . 6,017 5,630 5,413 5,419 5,341 -78 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,671 5,325 5,075 5,060 5,020 -40 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1
Mining and logging........................ . 23 23 24 19 24 5 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.7 0.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 349 342 335 372 37 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.6 0.5
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 371 352 364 363 -1 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 0.0
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 206 194 192 206 14 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 0.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 202 165 157 172 158 -14 4.2 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.3 -0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 1,451 1,108 1,122 1,058 1,024 -34 5.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.5 -0.2
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 148 141 173 167 -6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.7 -0.1
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 655 648 584 547 -37 5.1 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.5 -0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 305 333 300 310 10 6.9 4.3 4.7 4.2 4.3 0.1
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 68 76 67 75 8 3.3 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.5 0.3
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 217 217 203 191 -12 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 -0.1
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 143 145 124 115 -9 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.7 -0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . 93 74 71 80 75 -5 3.8 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 -0.2
Professional and business services. . . . . 1,091 1,148 981 1,054 1,089 35 4.8 5.0 4.3 4.6 4.7 0.1
Private education and health services.. . 769 827 796 755 667 -88 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.6 -0.3
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . 74 105 86 86 83 -3 1.9 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.0
Health care and social assistance. . . . 695 722 711 669 583 -86 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.6 -0.4
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050 1,014 982 1,003 987 -16 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 -0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . 158 131 138 158 145 -13 6.5 5.1 5.4 6.1 5.5 -0.6
Accommodation and food services. . . 892 883 844 845 843 -2 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 0.0
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 202 183 202 229 27 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.9 0.5
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 305 338 360 321 -39 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 -0.2
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 36 38 39 31 -8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 -0.3
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 269 301 321 290 -31 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 -0.2
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 134 159 164 139 -25 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 -0.2
State and local, excluding
education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 136 141 156 151 -5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 -0.1
REGION3
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 1,010 864 830 835 5 3.3 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.0
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,533 2,340 2,138 2,215 2,201 -14 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.7 -0.1
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227 1,095 1,160 1,132 1,098 -34 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 -0.1
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,354 1,186 1,252 1,243 1,206 -37 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 -0.1
1
The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.
2
The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Change Change
from: from:
Industry and region Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 - 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 -
Jan. Jan.
2024p 2024p
Total.............................................. . 3,882 3,634 3,516 3,439 3,385 -54 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 -0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,684 3,453 3,319 3,237 3,189 -48 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.0
Mining and logging........................ . 16 14 15 11 10 -1 2.6 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.6 -0.2
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 171 162 149 148 -1 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 0.0
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 225 220 233 224 -9 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 -0.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 126 126 123 131 8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 0.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 136 98 94 110 93 -17 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 -0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 949 750 739 684 637 -47 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 -0.2
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 88 73 122 100 -22 1.7 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.6 -0.4
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 478 461 408 363 -45 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.3 -0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 184 205 154 173 19 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.2 2.4 0.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 41 42 28 51 23 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.8
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 129 126 134 119 -15 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 -0.2
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 91 85 83 82 -1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . 48 38 41 52 36 -16 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.4 -0.7
Professional and business services. . . . . 536 677 594 594 570 -24 2.4 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 -0.1
Private education and health services.. . 595 594 572 540 492 -48 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 -0.2
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . 39 72 58 62 59 -3 1.0 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 -0.1
Health care and social assistance. . . . 556 522 514 478 433 -45 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 -0.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 742 739 738 781 43 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . 91 63 69 77 70 -7 3.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 2.7 -0.3
Accommodation and food services. . . 716 679 670 660 711 51 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 5.0 0.4
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 111 110 125 158 33 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.7 0.6
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 181 197 203 195 -8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.1
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 16 17 18 15 -3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 165 180 185 180 -5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 78 97 101 93 -8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0
State and local, excluding
education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 87 83 84 88 4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0
REGION3
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 523 510 510 519 9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 0.1
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,648 1,606 1,448 1,493 1,467 -26 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 748 793 698 663 -35 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 -0.1
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 757 765 738 736 -2 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0
1
The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.
2
The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Change Change
from: from:
Industry and region Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 - 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 -
Jan. Jan.
2024p 2024p
Total.............................................. . 1,868 1,653 1,546 1,607 1,572 -35 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,774 1,570 1,462 1,508 1,507 -1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0
Mining and logging........................ . 5 7 8 5 12 7 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.9 1.1
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 167 171 173 210 37 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 0.5
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 128 109 110 117 7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 67 53 56 63 7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 59 62 55 54 54 0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 452 286 317 318 297 -21 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 53 59 43 48 5 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.1
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 130 145 142 136 -6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 102 112 133 113 -20 3.4 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.6 -0.3
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 15 24 32 17 -15 1.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.6 -0.5
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 63 71 48 65 17 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.2
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 34 46 27 28 1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . 37 29 26 22 37 15 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.6
Professional and business services. . . . . 509 397 325 361 446 85 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.9 0.3
Private education and health services.. . 154 189 166 161 121 -40 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . 28 28 23 20 21 1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.0
Health care and social assistance. . . . 126 161 144 141 99 -42 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 -0.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 247 212 239 177 -62 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 -0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . 62 65 66 75 72 -3 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1
Accommodation and food services. . . 160 182 146 163 104 -59 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.7 -0.4
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 72 60 61 45 -16 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 -0.2
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 83 84 99 65 -34 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.1
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 8 8 5 -3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 74 76 90 61 -29 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.1
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 45 42 44 25 -19 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 -0.2
State and local, excluding
education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 28 34 46 35 -11 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 -0.1
REGION3
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 411 264 245 267 22 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 578 568 589 592 3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 297 304 358 328 -30 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 -0.1
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 367 411 415 384 -31 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1
1
The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2
The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Change Change
from: from:
Industry and region Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 - 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p 2023 -
Jan. Jan.
2024p 2024p
Total.............................................. . 268 344 351 373 384 11 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 302 294 315 324 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Mining and logging........................ . 2 3 1 2 1 -1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10 9 13 13 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 18 23 21 23 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 13 15 12 12 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 7 5 8 9 10 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 50 72 67 55 90 35 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 9 8 19 11 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 47 41 35 47 12 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and
utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 16 13 24 11 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12 9 6 6 0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 25 19 21 7 -14 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 18 14 14 5 -9 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . 7 8 5 7 2 -5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 -0.2
Professional and business services. . . . . 45 73 63 99 74 -25 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 -0.1
Private education and health services.. . 20 44 58 54 54 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 6 3 3 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
Health care and social assistance. . . . 13 40 53 50 51 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 25 31 27 30 3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . 4 3 3 5 2 -3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.1
Accommodation and food services. . . 17 22 28 21 27 6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 19 13 17 26 9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 41 57 58 60 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 11 13 12 11 -1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0
State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 30 44 46 49 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10 20 19 21 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
State and local, excluding
education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 21 24 27 28 1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0
REGION3
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 76 90 76 49 -27 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 156 123 133 142 9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 50 63 75 107 32 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 62 75 89 86 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
1
The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.
2
The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally
adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Change Change
Establishment size class Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. from: Jan. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p Dec. 2023 - 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024p Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024p Jan. 2024p
JOB OPENINGS
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,348 7,718 7,932 7,884 7,963 79 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 0.1
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,810 1,681 1,734 1,885 1,966 81 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.7 8.0 0.3
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,883 2,182 2,352 2,070 2,206 136 6.2 5.0 5.3 4.8 5.1 0.3
50 to 249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,679 2,061 1,935 2,068 1,973 -95 6.6 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.0 -0.1
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,020 1,002 1,083 1,018 1,021 3 5.8 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.9 -0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . . . 649 566 589 577 549 -28 7.0 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.1 0.0
5,000 or more employees. . . . . . . . 307 226 240 266 247 -19 7.0 5.0 4.9 5.6 4.9 -0.7
HIRES
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932 5,429 5,205 5,384 5,323 -61 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.0
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 857 947 981 886 -95 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.3 3.9 -0.4
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,919 1,604 1,516 1,600 1,660 60 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 0.1
50 to 249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,965 1,767 1,531 1,681 1,627 -54 5.2 4.5 4.0 4.4 4.3 -0.1
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . 812 795 803 735 748 13 4.9 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.8 -0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . . . 320 326 329 306 321 15 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.8 0.3
5,000 or more employees. . . . . . . . 74 79 79 82 80 -2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 -0.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,671 5,325 5,075 5,060 5,020 -40 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 800 725 745 815 70 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.6 0.3
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,026 1,577 1,595 1,622 1,584 -38 4.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 -0.1
50 to 249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,780 1,759 1,584 1,596 1,520 -76 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 -0.2
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . 717 777 787 728 773 45 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . . . 359 358 317 308 263 -45 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.1 -0.4
5,000 or more employees. . . . . . . . 63 54 67 60 65 5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.1
QUITS
Total private....................... . 3,684 3,453 3,319 3,237 3,189 -48 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.0
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 502 453 483 516 33 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3 0.2
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,393 1,070 1,118 1,076 1,096 20 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 0.1
50 to 249 employees. . . ....... . 1,223 1,113 1,049 1,051 929 -122 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.5 -0.3
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . 452 511 477 424 454 30 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.3 0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . 203 225 179 164 153 -11 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.8 -0.1
5,000 or more employees. . . . . 41 32 44 40 40 0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private....................... . 1,774 1,570 1,462 1,508 1,507 -1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 226 240 179 231 52 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.2
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . 581 409 348 445 353 -92 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 -0.2
50 to 249 employees. . . ....... . 507 572 466 480 528 48 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.1
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . 228 240 271 268 287 19 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . 136 110 121 123 91 -32 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 -0.3
5,000 or more employees. . . . . 14 13 16 14 16 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private....................... . 212 302 294 315 324 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 73 31 83 67 -16 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 -0.1
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . 52 98 129 101 134 33 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1
50 to 249 employees. . . ....... . 50 75 70 65 64 -1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . 36 26 39 37 32 -5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . 19 24 17 22 19 -3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
5,000 or more employees. . . . . 8 8 8 7 9 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
p Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,
layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings
on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and
discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Industry and region Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
1
The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2
The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Industry and region Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
1
The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.
2
The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Industry and region Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
1
The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.
2
The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Industry and region Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
1
The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.
2
The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Industry and region Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
1
The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2
The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
Levels (in thousands) Rates2
Industry and region Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
1
The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.
2
The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
3
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally
adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Establishment size class Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan.
2023 2023 2024p 2023 2023 2024p
JOB OPENINGS
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,470 7,364 8,086 6.8 5.2 5.7
1 to 9 employees................................................... . 2,152 1,695 2,314 9.1 6.9 9.4
10 to 49 employees................................................ . 2,841 1,827 2,163 6.2 4.2 5.1
50 to 249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,535 1,975 1,844 6.4 4.9 4.7
250 to 999 employees............................................. . 986 996 978 5.7 4.9 4.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 595 545 7.1 6.3 6.1
5,000 or more employees......................................... . 303 276 242 7.0 5.8 4.9
HIRES
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,748 4,048 5,197 4.4 3.0 3.9
1 to 9 employees................................................... . 1,015 718 1,080 4.7 3.1 4.8
10 to 49 employees................................................ . 1,826 1,124 1,575 4.3 2.7 3.9
50 to 249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,751 1,277 1,443 4.7 3.3 3.9
250 to 999 employees............................................. . 762 591 697 4.7 3.1 3.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 278 317 3.7 3.1 3.8
5,000 or more employees......................................... . 81 60 85 2.0 1.3 1.8
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,101 4,843 5,413 4.7 3.6 4.1
1 to 9 employees................................................... . 928 677 990 4.3 3.0 4.4
10 to 49 employees................................................ . 2,053 1,555 1,604 4.8 3.8 4.0
50 to 249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,864 1,454 1,618 5.0 3.8 4.3
250 to 999 employees............................................. . 734 736 807 4.5 3.8 4.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 361 323 5.3 4.1 3.9
5,000 or more employees......................................... . 69 60 72 1.7 1.3 1.5
QUITS
Total private......................................................... . 3,578 2,776 3,079 2.7 2.1 2.3
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 399 559 2.0 1.8 2.5
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,324 897 1,030 3.1 2.2 2.5
50 to 249 employees............................................ . 1,190 882 894 3.2 2.3 2.4
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 385 417 2.5 2.0 2.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees...................................... . 191 177 141 2.2 2.0 1.7
5,000 or more employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 36 39 1.0 0.8 0.8
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private......................................................... . 2,247 1,730 1,946 1.7 1.3 1.5
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 204 341 2.0 0.9 1.5
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 555 406 1.5 1.3 1.0
50 to 249 employees............................................ . 616 494 658 1.7 1.3 1.8
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 306 355 1.7 1.6 1.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees...................................... . 241 156 165 2.8 1.8 2.0
5,000 or more employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 15 21 0.4 0.3 0.5
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private......................................................... . 276 336 388 0.2 0.2 0.3
1 to 9 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 74 89 0.3 0.3 0.4
10 to 49 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 103 168 0.2 0.2 0.4
50 to 249 employees............................................ . 57 78 66 0.2 0.2 0.2
250 to 999 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 45 35 0.3 0.2 0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees...................................... . 20 28 18 0.2 0.3 0.2
5,000 or more employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8 12 0.3 0.2 0.2
p Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,
layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings
on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and
discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment
estimates.
Table 15. Annual average job openings levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average job openings level is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels divided by 12.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 16. Annual average job openings rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average job openings rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES
employment levels and the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 17. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual hires level is the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 18. Annual average hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average hires rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 19. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual total separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 20. Annual average total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average total separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly
CES employment levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 21. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual quits level is the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 22. Annual average quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average quits rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 23. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual layoffs and discharges level is the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 24. Annual average layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average layoffs and discharges rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels as a percent of the sum of the
12 monthly CES employment levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 25. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual other separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 26. Annual average other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1
[percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
1
The annual average other separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly
CES employment levels.
2
The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.