P S A L M S OF A SOBER M A N :

THE SOCIOLOGY OF M A R S H A L L SKLARE*

CHAIM I. WAXMAN
Retgers University

In 1963, Seymour Martin Ltpset observed that

With few exceptions, Jewish social scmnustswith a general reputauonm their d~sclplme
have also abstainedfrom writing about AmericanJews The fadure of Jew,sh socml
scientiststo engagem researchon the Jews reflects theirdesire to be perceivedas American
rather tlum Jewmh intellectuals To wrtte m depth about the Jewish commumtywould
seenunglyexpose them to being tdenufiedas "'Jewtsh Jews " (1963/1970 149)

If there has been a change m this pattern, if the sociological study of American Jewry
is today an accepted area of specJahzatton within American sociology,~ tt is to a great
extent the result of the ploneenng works of Marshall Sklare, "Dean" of the
socaology of American Jewry 2 His analysts of Conservative Judaism (1955) remains
the best study of a Jewish rehgious movement His studies of Jewish identity m
"Riverton" (1957) and "Lakevdle" (1967) are both methodological and substantive
models of soctologtcal research Hts artmle on American-Jewish philanthropy (1962)
had singular tmpact upon pohcles and acttvlues of the Council of Jewish Federations
and Welfare Funds (CJFWF), the massive umbrella organtzauon of local Jewish
eommmuty federations of chanty and soctal service agencies throughout North
America Has early warning of nsmg mtermamage (1964), counter to dotmnant
attitudes and projections of the ume, have been dramatically confmnexl by the few
teeem studies avmlable And, being sensmve to nerds m American college educa-
tma, he has wnuun the only comprehensave survey-text on American Jewry (1971)
available In sum, ins aPlnoaeh has been to integrate Jewmh h~story and Jewish
t ~ m w o d a t a o n , work far more grounded m Jewish sources than that of has Inedeces-
sots aad contemp<nrms 3
Takmg his published work as a whole, Sklare's sociology may be characterized as
analyses of ethnorehgtous u/entity changes experienced by America's Jews, the
result of acculturation into American socmty In the course of this analysis, Sk|are
has, uaderstat~bly, focused upon what he perceives as dominant groups and
pattet~ within And'man Jewry The actual dominance of some of these groups and

*! g t I ~ y acknowkdBe the cousmJcuve crmctsm of Professors Charles S Ltebmanand

EBonMay~, who nmd an ember venton of thin amcle
Cbmmf W u m m m mwtmuwokuor o f ~ , P.utgers Umvetmty
4 CONTEMPORARYJEWRY

trends, however, may he questaoned, as wall be lndzcated The objectwe of thin essay
tS to analyze Sklare's view of American Jewry and, tmphcitly, to point out aspects
and areas underplayed or relatively untouched m h~s wntmgs but central to the
sociological study of American Jewry
Several years ago Sklare analyzed three perspectives held by Jewish academics
who have wntten about Amencan Jewry The first was the "asstmdatlomst,"
charactenzed by a subtle antipathy toward ethnorehgtous parUculansm and wewmg
the ethmc commumty as a rehc, a false escape from the "real" world of modernity
Louis W~rth (1928) ~s ~dent~fied by Sklare as the prototype of this perspective

Wtrth saw the ghetto as a haven fromthe teal world of the metropohs The ghetto wouldd~e
as soon as preju&ce diminished, and as soon as its inhabitants had sufficientopportumty to
prepare themselves to participate m the wider commumty Wlrthv~ewed the Jewish
commumty as a dying enuty (SHare,1974 161)

In an earher review-essay, Sklare elaborated upon the ass~mdattomst perspective of

Milton Gordon (Sidare, 1%5)
Sklare suggests a second kind of perspective is held by the American.Jewish
sociologist "who wished to retmn his Jewish identity but who at the same time felt
ahenated from the Jewish commumty'" (1974 162) The "cnucal intellectual" is
often to the left of the pohncai specman and, rather than viewing the ghetto m
negative terms, tends to romanuc~ze ~t The physacal, socml, and economic hardships
of the lrnnugrant ghetto are wamrmzed, the sense of commumty thereto ~s em-
phasized Contemporary American Jews have lost their sense of commumty and
values, argues this Amencan-Jewtsh sociologist, as a result, he rationalizes, he feels
ahenated from them
Finally, there Is the "'survlval~st" perspective which, at the very least, reJeCts the
goal of ass~mdauon and wews ~mm~grant hfe in more negauve than pos~uve terms
Moreover, survwahsm accepts the middle-class hfestyle of American Jewry as a
given, and focuses upon the problems of tdentlty produced by rapid mobthty
Where does Sklare himself fit m ~ Without question, he Js a survlvahst However,
the type of surv~val~st perspecuve which Sldare professes has undergone consider-
able change, from the pubhcatmn of his fast major work (1955) to his very recent
writings Specifically, untd just a few years ago Sklare was cauuous, ff not down-
nght pessirmstac, about the future of American Jewry, today he is confidently
opnmisuc What ~s more, Sklare emerges as the perennial (numerical, not ethmc)
minority When most "experts" and "spokesmen'" were olmmtsttc, Sklare intro-
duced notes of pessimism and caution Now, when they are anxious about the future
of American Jewry, SHare begins to rndtate opamism.
That SHare Is a survlvalist is evident both from his exphot statements about
himself, and from the manner m which he descnbes and analyzes American Jewry
There is, for example, the statement made m brs harsh cnnque of MiRon Gordon,
r~ferred to earhcr "'Those hke myselfwho beheve they belong to a long andprofound
tradmon rat.her than merely to an ethnocentric ~deology will find Gordon's eschatol-
ogy singularly unattracnve" (1965 66, emphasis added) Sklare was attacking what
he viewed as the assimtlatton~ perspeoave pervading Gordon's book on ethmclty
(1964) In an address dehvernd to the Central Conference of American Rabbis (the
 WAXMAN 5

Reform rabbmm organization), Sklare argued that such subjects as Jewish sobriety,
the Jewish birth rate, or the measurement of Jewish identity and identification were
not the central mattm-swith which the sociologist of American Jewry must deal "'the
proper study of the sociologist is the problem of Jewish survival" (1961 231) In
fact, it ts the question of Jewish survival whmh serves as the implicit theme for
Sldare's broadest work, America's Jews (1971) He begins his discussion of the
social charactenstms of American Jews by stating that their importance hes m the fact
that they' 'help determine what kind of group the Jews are, what problems they face,
and what the prognosis *s for their survival" (p 37, emphams added)
In his thscusmon of different survlvahst perspectives, Sklare tmphes that one who
"does not have the traditional faith m Jewish eternity" (1974 166) ts closer to the
"rmmmahst'" than to the "maxlmahst" end of the survivahsm spectrum And yet
Sklare himself, definitely a survivahst, and a maxtmahst one at that, until recently
expressed strong doubts about Jewish continuity, at least m the United States He
stated his doubts rather clearly and pessimistically in the aforementioned CCAR
address, in opposttaon to very opUmtstm vmws expressed by others A leading
Reform rabbi, Philip Bemstem, and a sociological observer, C Bezalel Sherman
(1961 ), both pointed to the rapid growth and expansion of temples and synagogues m
second generation Jews' suburbs as evidence of this generatlon'scommunity vltahty
Sklare, in contrast, cautioned that "the true crisis occurs after the new building has
been dedicated" (196l 235) He pointed to the posslbdmes of growing secularism
rendenng those buildings reactive and empty, and of the next generation having such
strong assimdat~omst yearnings and stnvmgs as to negate the survival power of the
synagogues Likewise, he cited evidence which cast strong doubts on the relationship
betw~en philanthropy and survival In his concluding remarks he stressed that his
"pesstmistm observations have hardly been made for the purpose of being a netsager
on the issue of Jewish survival" (p 244) But, while a staunch survlvahst, he
nevertheless had serious doubts as to whether his hopes and values would he reahzed
While not as exphc~dy as m the CCAR address, his earlier and subsequent wntmgs
suggest his simultaneous commtUnent and reservations about Jewish survival His
study Conservative Judaism (1955) is a very subtle but potent critique of that
"American Rehgtous Movement" which, whde functional in a number of important
respects, nevertheless faces dangers from any stgmficant changes in the character
and tempo of the ethnic and rchgtous patterns in the Umted States Either rehgious
revival or further secularization, Sklare avers, would threaten Conservatism One
can almost hear him assunng that one of these trends will, m fact, accelerate and
jeopardize the contmued survival of that movement which, in 1955, was the reran-
of American Judaism
In 1964, Sklare began the first of several articles in which he win-nedof the nsmg
lntermamage rate and of the threat which it posed for "the Jewish future " Not
comctdentally, thesearttcleswerepubhshedmCommentary magazine Whde Sklare
was. at the time. rese&rch dare.or of the American Jewish Committee, Commen-
tary' s sptmsorlng organLzauon and one reason for his publishing in that magazine, it
also seems plausible that, smce he saw mtermamage as " a matter more crucial to
Jewish survlval than any other" (1964 46), he wanted to pubhsh m what was then the
leading mtellecUtal magazine m the country, the one having a stgnrficant degree of
mflueace arming the largest ~ A Amencan-lewmh aedionce He challenged
6 CONTEMPORARY JEWRY

" J e w m h con~lacency about the rate of m t e r n m r n a g e " (p 48), and attempted to

convince " t h e Amertcan Jewtsh community that tt wdl eventtmlly [have to]
surrender the cherished dmgnoses and nostrums that have come to obfuscate the true
nature of the problem' ' (p 52)
For the survzvahst Sklare, the evd o f mtermamage Is self-evtdent, the increasing
evidence that lntermamage does not necessarily mdtcate psychologtcal maladtes,
nor necessarily lead to mantai mstabthty, does not render the threat tess ominous On
the contrary

It ts Weclsely the "healthy" modern mtermamages whtch ratse the most troubling ques-
Uons of all to the Jewtsh community tn general, and Jewish parents tn particular When hts
chdd mtermames, the Jewtsh parent gudtdy feels that m some way he must be responstble
Yet how m he to oppose the match~ Chances are that he heheves that love ts the basts of
~ _ g e , that mamage ts the umtmg of two mdtvJduals rather than two fanuhes, and that
the f'mal cleten~ma~on of a mate ts hk~ chdd's prerogaUvr Tl~s complex of ideas (which
constttmes a radtcal departure from the norm, tf not always the practloe, of tradmonal
Jewish society) came to he embraced by some of the more advanced members of the first
8eneraUon m Amenca, by a majonty of the second generauon, and by an overwheln~ng
~ ofthe thnd How then can the p m ~ ask lus duld to r e n o m ~ what he lumself
beheves m0 Moreover, the hberahsm of the Jewmh parent--hts c~.~u-mtmemto the ~ of
equahty and hm behef m the transuory cha-ac~ of tbe dd[egences which d ~ m g ~ ~
from one another--serves to subvert hts sense of m m ~ rectitude m opposing mtemuurtage
For tf he is at alI m the habit of personal candor, he must ask hnnself if the Gentde is any less
worthy of the Jew than the Jew ls of the C-W'llule (pp 51-52)

In 1970, Sklare agmn stressed the danger o f mterma_mage to "Jewtsh s u r v t v a l "

In fact, be argued, it ts a threat which overshadows all the posmve developments tn
the American-Jewish commumty

It Is mtermarrtage whtch weighs more heavdy than all the postUve t~ends combined, and
whtch calls into ~ the "creattve survtval,'" as the phrase has tt, of the American
Jewtsh community That thts should be so is hardly surprtsmg, since mtermamage strikes at
the very core of Jewmh group exlstence 0970 51)

And, after discussmg the reasons why American Jews have been so hesitant to face
the problem of mtexmarnage, Sklare mchcts those within the Central Conference o f
American Rabbts who zealously iegmmate m t e n n a m a g e without even mmtmal
conversion One protmnent member of the CCAR had even introduced a resolution at
tts 1969 convention calhng upon that body to cease from &scouragmg rabbinical
officiating at mtermamages The motion, ruled oat of order on techmcal grounds,
had waie support. Sklare pt~hcated that the msue would not rest for long

Tbe ~ , s for the Jewmh futme of such an ~ to mtemuenage ~ e too

momentous to renmm a matter of m~e "'sectarum'" m~-eat, of ~ onty to Reform
Jews or to mehvghuds contemplaUng m t m m m a g e The Jewu~ c o m l m e y ~ a whole is
soon bound to find melf em~mled m a hater debate over what dus new develepmem
poneach f o r t t s m m v a l u a t h a t m ~ v e g r o u p (p 58)

W h d e intermarriage is seen by Sldare as the greatest threat to Jewish stwvtval, he

was also rather pessnmsuc ahoet the abihty of the affluent c o s m e ~ t t a n third and
 WAXMAN 7

fourth generations to transmit a sense of Jewish identity capable of withstanding the

many pulls of assumlatton Nowhere are these doubts expressed more forcefully than
m his study of the pseudononymous affluent tmdwestern commumty of"Lakevflle'"
(Sklare and Greenblum, 1967) That study, a model m-depth study o f Jewish tdenuty
m an American-Jewish community, finds a pervasive dechne of trachUonal Jewish
thought and practice The authors' pessimism ts not even thinly r e d e d Perhaps their
concludj_ng remarks expres~s R best

Over the generations the famdles of present-day Lakevdle Jews have increased tbear
fitmnclal resources, theLr general level of educauon, and tbetr mastery of the envaronment
many times over Whde some have muluphed their Jewish resources, many have dissipated
them to a lesser or greater degree It ts indisputable that the majonty of Lakevatle Jews
would like to conserve their Jewmh ~sources But unless an aggressive policy of growth ts
pursued the Jewish resottrces of a previoas generaUon inevitably dechne The press of the
general envtroranent ts so compelling that instead of bemg conserved the anherttance from
earlier generations inevitably dammlshes In sum, the long-range vaabalatyof the pattern of
Jewrsh adjastn~-ut chare~tertsUc of Lakevdle Jews is in question (1967 331)

But, tt may be asked, ts such pessimism appropriate or warranted~ And, even tf tt

is appropriate for Lakevtlle, what about the country as a whole'~ " L a k e v d l e , " after
all, Is not the United States, nor does it appear to he even closely characteristic of
American-Jewish commumUes It ts a suburban commumty of approximately
25,000, o f whom 8,000 are Jews, with four Reform temples and a Conservative
synagogue The congregational composition alone mdtcates the community's atypt-
cala~
While they r suggest that Lakevdle was, at that time, a representaUve
American-Jewish commumty, Sklare and Greenblum do indicate that tt will become
increasingly representative

True, the lack of certain segments of the Jewish population, such as Orthodox Jews, means
that such resemblance wdi at best be appmxmmte But the following pmjectaons are
persuasive whde the present level of edtw.atton m Lakevdle as consglerably an advance of
the Jews of the n ~ n , n wdt be less so m the future, whde the propomon of foreagn-bom is
much smaller, tt will be less so m the future, whde the income level ts much higher, tt wall be
less so m the future Thus we may say that tf ptg~.nt trends conunue, the socmi characteris-
tics presently em:otmtetcd m Lakevflle will typify ever wider segments of American Jewry
ADd since tnipcM~ attttttdraal and behavioral dlffegences sometimes correlate wath these
ehlgacter~ttcs, ore-study hasadouble interest ~research mtoapresentehtegtx~pandatso
as affordltqg as a ghmpse, &lbett lea imperfect one, into the possable shape oftbe future (p
44)

Finally, the mr of sta'vlvahst doubt pervades almost the whole of his book,
Amerwa's Jews ( 1971 ) In r the dechnmg Jewish birth rate, Sklare warns

Ualess o~ntm-vadt~ f o n ~ prevml, th~s means a dmanutKm m Jewmh rafluence m the

soaety P e d ~ the most senous ~mphcauon of the populanon ratio tmplos~q m the
collective psycholog~...al comthtma that tt may create The reahzatton by Jews that they
lm ever smaller i ~ oftbe population ts capable of breedmg a gamson
feehng anmag them that they are a small minority ~ f r o n t e d by an
~mmgly large taajonty against whom they are engaged m a long-term war for
8 ~ Y JEWRY

survival, a war tn which the Jewish side wtl| suffer many casualtses Even tf the Jewish side
prevads the weary survivors a~ only the remnants of a once-large army (p 44)

Slmdarly, m discussing the occupational mobility of America's Jews, Sklare

warns that "acculturation rinses special issues for mmont~es, mcludrag the problem
of their group adjustment and surv,val In the new occupational world the will to
resist the values of the general culture is encountered only among mchvlduals whose
Jewish commitment is extraorchnanly high" (pp 66*67) Thus, "'the demographic
satuatton of American Jewry can be v~ewed from two contrasung perspecuves as a
triumph over obstacles and an unmixed blessing, or as a success story filled with
ominous zmphcattons for the future survival of the group" (p 69, emphasis added)
After forcefully arguing that Jewish survival ~s predicated upon the transmission of
a strong Jewish identity to future generations, Sklare analyzes various aspects of the
Amencan-Jewtsh social s ~ r e and their conmbuttons to the transmission of
identity With respect to the family, after having examined Its condluon, he con-
cludes that "it ~s doubtful whether the Jewish family can continue to matntmn its
function of tdenttty-transmtss,on" (p 100) W h l l e , " c o m m u m t y serves the need for
utenUty, and also stimulates a feehng of ~dent~ty" (p 104), the American J e w " i s
guided by a new personahsm rather than by an old prescr~puonro~-n" (p 113), 4 and
there Is no commumty which can he taken for granted because "'the individual Jew ~s
able to exercise freedom of choice" and "is free to remmn unaffiliated" (p 135)
Elementary and secondary Jewish education are defective (pp 162-173), and "it ~s
doubtful whether the new thrust of Jewish studies wdl he able to remedy [those]
defects" (p 177)
In his discussion of mtermamage, Sklare retains his earher view of ~t as a major
threat to Jewish survival and, in fact, states his argmnent m a manner which clearly
captures his surv~valtst-pesstmtstlc perspecUve

Indeed, tf we ~flect further upon the matter tt becomes clear that mtennamage rs the
qtnntessenttal chlemma for the American Jew It calls wJo quesuon the very basts on which
A~Jewlsh hfe has proceeded--that Jewish smvtvai ts possible m an open society
W~h tbe exceptum of ceNam ~ x groups, American Jewry has held that at ts posstble
tOsrmuttaneously achieve a meaamgful Jewish tdelmty together w~h full societal pa~ctpa-
non Once at is con~ded, however, ~ the mtermamage rate ts ah~,.ady substa~ual and
gives every mdganon of increasing, a cona'ad~aon m the basic strategy of American-
Jewish adjustment appears it no longer seems so obvious that the twin goals of Jewish
tdennty and Jewtsh pamctpanon m the general soc.~ty can be smadlaneously fulfdled and
equally actueved (p 193)

In 1972, after more than 15 years as a major figure m the survtvahst-pesslm~sttc

~ v e , there were signals of s~gmficant change m SHare's outlook Those
signals were first ptx~cted m the "'augmented edltton" of Consermnve J~d~sm
Whereas m the first edmon of that book he saw Conservausm as the dominant
movement and Orthodoxy m an advanced stage o f " ~ d e c a y " (1955 43),
m the new edition, whale Conservausm con~.nues to prosper, " t h e morale of the
Con~rvatlve m o v e m ~ t is on the dechne" (I972.261), and Orthodoxy "has trans-
formed ~tself into a 8mwm8 force zn American Jewish hfe'" (p 264) The resurgence
of OtLIXXlOXy, coupled wlth the decline of Conservative morale, ts forcm 8 the
 WAXMAN 9

Conservative movement to confront a "momentous ~ssue," namely, that "there

cannot be an anthenttc Jew mh people w~thout the contmmty of Jewish trachtmn, even
as there cannot be meaningful conunu~ty of Jewish tradmon without the maintenance
of the integrity of the Jewrsh group" (p 282) Without being exphctt, Sklare clearly
imphes that either the Conservative movement will take the bull by its bores and
become more traditional, or else the Orthodox will mamtmn "the integrity of the
Jewish group "' In either case, however, Sklare is now apparently more opurmstlc
about the survival of " a n authentic Jewish people" and "Jewish tradmon "
The metamorphosis of Sklare's perspective reached ~ts zemth m 1976, the year of
the American Bicentenmat In an essay adapted from an earlier address, part of a
Brande~s Umvers~ty lecture series on the American Bicentennial, Sklare outlines
both the h~story of American Jewry and the dangers to its survival In contrast to h~s
earher pessimism, however, he refers to American Jewry as "an ever-dying peo-
ple," and concludes on a much more opt~mishc note

The fact that Amerw.an Jewry has survived the appeal of the New Left and the countercul-
ture, the appeal of the Old Left to East European Jews and of the Ethical Culture Moveraent
to German Jews, the tmportunmgs of Chnstmn mtssmnanes (as well as dozens of other
perils) wdl be taken by some as proof that the ~dea of netzach y~srael ["the eternity of
Israel"] ts vahd and that its vahdRy stems from a covenant between God and Israel Those
who find such reasomng unconvincing wdl look to historical and to Sociological factors to
explmn Iewtsh persrstenee But both wdl agree wnh [Simon] Rawldowlcz who pointed out
that whale Jews might beheve that tbeh-s ~s a dying people, they have refused to take the
responmblhty for hastening the end Rather, they have gone about ~mplemenung heroic and
e,xtraorchnary measures to prolong Jewmh hfe (1976 27)

Here we see not a pessimistic, despondent surv~vahst, but one drawing on historical
and sociological factors to support his firm belief, rather optlm,suc and confident, m
the survival of Amerman Jewry
In accounung for the changes m Sklare's perspective, mtwould appear that both
ob.lective and subleCtjve factors are involved Objectively, the resurgence of Or-
thodoxy and Modern Orthodoxy (Llebman, 1973, Mayer and Waxman, 1977), the
general hetghtemng of ethnicity, the decline of the " N e w Left," the growing
identlficatmn of American Jewry with Israel (Waxman, 1976), and the development
of a rather strong and complex American-Jewish organtzatmnal structure (Elazar,
1976) have, no doubt, contributed to the decline of Sklare's pessimism about
American Jewry's future These and other "heroic and extraordinary measures"
must have given rise to at least some of his optimism
Moreover, m deciphenng the subjective element, one gets the clear impression
that SHare hunself has acqmred more of an ~mphclt froth m the "idea of netzach
ytsrael'" than he bad earher
Whether or not hm current optmusm is on any more solid ground than was his
earher pessamlsm must be left for future generauons to evaluate There ~s, neverthe-
less, ample basis for skepticism of socmloglcal futurology s For example, in Sklare's
own wntmgs, one cannot help but be struck with the irony that in such a short time
after the publication of Amerwa's Jews, the statements and projections he made
almut American-Jewish ahyah, mumgratton to Israel (1971 218-222), were ren-
dered totally n'relevant Thin is not me.ant to fauR Sklare The point m that the
 10 ~ R A R Y JEWRY

soctologJst can project only on the basis of past and present s,tuat~ons, and that there
are always changes no one can empmcally predict
The soctology of American Jewry ts stdl m its infancy, with many areas hardly
touched Indications are that progress ts being accelerated Be that as tt may, the
work of Marshall SHare, wlth all oftts hmxtauons, wdl remain a wellslmng for future
generations It ts of both theorettcal and methodological sigmficance that Sklare ts
very ' 'value-unfree' '--strongly commztted to Jewtsh survlval and contmulty Yctno
one, as yet, can clatm to have made a greater contribution to the field

NOTES

1 In 1972, the Association for the Sociological Study of Jewry (ASSJ) was
founded and held ~ts first annual meeting jointly with the American Sociologtcal
Association See Waxman (1973)
2 But not of American Judatsm, norofthe Amencan-Jewlsh commumty Sklare
concentrates upon people, whereas the study of their mstltuUonal and communal
structures, except, of course, for Conservattve Judatsm, ~s virtually absent from his
work For a valuable analysts o f " t h e organtzattonai dynamics of American Jewry,"
see Elazar (1976)
3 For example, m addiuon to its contnbutton to the sociology of rehglon, his
book Conservative Judaism (1955) ts stdl among the best works m Amertcan-Jewlsh
htstory
4 It was, m part, because of hts dtsdam for the "'new personahsm'" that Sklare
was rather critical of The Jewish Catalog A Do-It YourseO~Ktt (Siegel, Strassfeld &
Strassfeld, 1973), a book which has become a bestseller, a pubhshmg phenomenon
In Atr~tw.~ Judalca Sklare reacted negatively to the fact t-nat, whde "'m most areas
of hfe discussed the relevant Jewtsh law is scrupulously reported, where
apphcabte the dormnant stress qmckly shdts to the expenenual side of the subject
m quesuon, the side connected wtth tssues of personal style, of taste, and aesthetic
pleasure" (1974a 55)
5 For a critique of Sklare's earlier image of Orthodoxy as dying, see Mayer
(1973)

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1976 Commumty and Pohty Phdadelphm Jewish Pubhcatam Society
GORDON, MILTON M
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LIEBMAN, CHARLES S
1973 The Ambivalent American Jew Phdadelphla Jewtsh Pubhcatam So-
clety
LIPSET, SEYMOUR MARTIN
1963 "'The American Jewish Comnmmty m a Comparahve C o n t e x t "
JewtshJournalofSoctolegy, 5 ~ 157-166 Reprinted m
]970, in ltevoluam u d C c w m ~ . ltevimd and ulxlated
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 WAXMAN 11

MAYER, EGON
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MAYER, EGON and CHAIM I WAXMAN
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SIEGEL, RICHARD, MICHAEL STRASSFELD and SHARON STRASSFELD
1973 (eds) The Jewish Catalog Phdadelphla Jewish Pubhcatlon Society
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1962 "The Future of Amencan Giving " Commentary, 34 (November)
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1964 "lntermarnage and the Jewish Future " Commentary, 37 (April)
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1965 "Asslmtlation and the Sociologists "Commentary, 39 (May) 63-67
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1971 A ~ ' s Jews New York Random House
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1976 "'American Jewry--The Ever-Dying People " Midstream 22 (June/
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1967 Jewtsh Idenuty on the Suburban Frontier New York Basic Books
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1957 The l~verton Study New York American Jewish Committee
WAXMAN, CHAIM I
1973 " ~ Jewry Winds of Change " Congress Bi-Weekly vol 40,
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1928 The C__d'~tto Chacago Umversity of Chicago Press