Chapter1 Vectors Units 2022

7/5/2022
FIZ 101E: PHYSICS 101
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
FIZ 101E: PHYSICS101

MECHANICS
Instructor: Prof. Dr. Hilmi Ünlü
Office: Physics Engineering Department, Room 216
E-mail:hunlu@itu.edu.tr
Phone: 0212 285 3201, 0543 328 7936
Textbook: University Physics by Young & Freedman, Vol. 1, 14th edition (Pearson
Education, 2016).
Grading: Midterm Exam: 50%

Final Exam: 50%
Homework: Suggested Problems (No need to hand them in) can be
found at Physics web page
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT:
1. D. C. Giancoli, Fen Bilimcileri ve Muhendislik için Fizik (Dördüncü Baskdan Çeviri), Akademi
(2009).
2. D. Halliday, R. Resnick & J. Walker, Fundamentals of Physics (8th Ed.), John Wiley (2008).
3. R. A. Serway & J. W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers (7th Ed.), Brooks Cole (2007).
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Mechanics
Hikers check their position

using signals from GPS satellites,
which are 20,000 km up &
moving > 10,000 km/hr.
Mechanics = Study of Motion

Newtonian Mechanics = Classical Mechanics
Restrictions:
Size >> atom, else Quantum mechanics
Speed << c, else Relativity
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Mechanics
1. Motion in a Straight Line
2. Motion in 2- & 3- Dimensions
3. Force & Motion
4. Using Newton’s Laws
5. Work, Energy, & Power
6. Conservation of Energy
7. Systems of Particle
8. Rotational Motion
9. Angular Momentum
10. Gravity
11. Periodic Motion
Learning Outcomes
In this chapter, you’ll learn…
• the four steps you can use to solve any physics problem.
• three fundamental quantities of physics and the units
physicists use to measure them.
• how to work with units and significant figures in your
calculations.
• how to add and subtract vectors graphically, and using
vector components.
• two ways to multiply vectors: the scalar (dot) product and
the vector (cross) product.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
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The Nature of Physics
• Physics is an experimental science in

which physicists seek patterns that
relate the phenomena of nature.
• The patterns are called physical
theories.
• A very well established or widely used
theory is called a physical law or
principle.
Solving Problems in Physics

• All of the Problem-Solving Strategies and Examples in this book
will follow these four steps:
• Identify the relevant concepts, target variables, and known quantities,

as stated or implied in the problem.
• Set Up the problem: Choose the equations that you’ll use to solve the
problem, and draw a sketch of the situation.
• Execute the solution: This is where you “do the math.”
• Evaluate your answer: Compare your answer with your estimates,

and reconsider things if there’s a discrepancy.
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Idealized Models
To simplify the analysis

of a baseball in flight, we
use an idealized model.
Standards and Units

• Length, time, and mass are three fundamental
quantities of physics.
• The International System (SI for Système
International) is the most widely used system of units.
• In SI units, length is measured in meters, time in
seconds, and mass in kilograms.
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Standard International Units
Standard International (SI) Units (also known as MKS)

• Length: meter m
• Mass: kilogram kg
• Time: second s
Units for almost all other physical quantities can be constructed from mass,
length, and time, so these are the fundamental units.
}
Unit Conversions
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.3937 in English Units
(Used only in USA, Liberia,
1 mi = 1.609 km 1 km = 0.621 mi and Myanmar)
1 mph = 0.447 m/s 1 m/s = 2.24 mph
Note:
The English pound unit is a measure of force or weight, not mass.
A kilogram of mass has a weight of 2.2046 pounds at standard gravity, but will have
slightly different weights at different locations on the Earth (poles, equator).
Unit Prefixes
• Prefixes can be used to create larger and smaller
units for the fundamental quantities. Some examples
are:
• 1 m  10 6 m (size of some bacteria and living cells)
• 1 km  103 m (a 10-minute walk)
6
• 1 mg  10 kg (mass of a grain of salt)
• 1 g  10 3 kg (mass of a paper clip)

• 1 ns  109 s (time for light to travel 0.3 m)
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Unit Consistency and Conversions

• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to
be added or equated must always have the same units.
(Be sure you’re adding “apples to apples.”)
• Always carry units through calculations.
• Convert to standard units as necessary, by forming a ratio
of the same physical quantity in two different units, and
using it as a multiplier.
• For example, to find the number of seconds in 3 min, we
write:
 60 s 
3 min  (3 min )    180 s
 1 min 
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Units Matter: A Bad Day on Mars

1999: Mars Climate Orbiter ($125m) entered Mars atmosphere by mistake & was destroyed.
Root cause: Both English & SI units were used without conversion.
Working with Numbers

Scientifc notation:
Radius of proton: 1 / 1,000,000,000,000,000 m 11015 m
Size of Galaxy: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 m 11021m
Reach of telescope: 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 m 11026m
4,185 = 4.185103
0.00012 = 1.2 104
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Using Scientific Notation
Addition / Subtraction: Change all terms to the same exponent first.
3.75  106  5.2  105  3.75  106  0.52  106  4.27 106
Multiplication / Division:
Digits:  / 
Exponents: + / 
 3.0 10 m / s   2.110 s    3.0  2.1 10   m / s   s 

8 10 8 10
 6.3  10 2 m
Powers / Roots:
Digits: power / root
Exponents:  power /  root
3.6110  4 3
 3.61
3
 104  3  47.04  1012  47.04  1012/ 2  6.86 106
Example 1.1. Scientific Notation: Tsunami Warnings

Tsunami: entire ocean (top to bottom) participates.
Speed v  gh g  9.8 m / s 2 = Acceleration due to gravity
h = depth of water = 3.0 km
 m   1 km   3.6  10 s 
3
v  9.8 m / s   3.0 10 m 

2 3  1.7  102    3  
 s   10 m   1 hr 

 29.4  103 m2 / s 2
 6.1  102 km / hr
 2.94  104 m 2 / s 2
 610 km / hr
 2.94 10 m / s
2
 1.7  102 m / s
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Accuracy & Significant Figures

2.94  1.7 means 2.94 is between 1.6 & 1.8
i.e. 1.6  2.94  1.8 or 2.94  1.7  0.1
2.94  1.7146428199482247 
Accuracy worsens after each calculation.

Result has accuracy of the least accurate member.
 /  : Number of significant digits = that of the least accurate member.
+ /  : result is rounded off to the rightmost common digit.
100.  0.456  100. Bridge = 1.248 km ( accuracy = 0.001 km )

Ramp = 65.4 m
 = 3.14159 ( # sig. dig. = 6 ) = 0.0654 km ( acc = 0.0001 km )
RE = 6.37 106 m ( # sig. dig. = 3 ) Overall length = 1.248 km + 0.0654 km
2  RE = 40.0238566106 m = 1.3134 km
Overall # sig. digits = 3 Overall acc = 0.001 km, error =  0.001 km
 2  RE = 40.0106 m  Overall length = 1.313 km
Estimation
Example 1.2. Counting Brain Cells
Q: Estimate the mass of your brain & the number of cells it contains.
A:
Head is ~15 cm wide.
Discounting bones: ~10 cm wide.
Assuming cube shape, vol ~ ( 10 cm )3 = 1000 cm3 .
Mostly water  density = 1 g / cm3 .
 Brain mass ~ 1000 g = 1 Kg.
Brain cell size ~ red blood cell size ~ 105 m ( Table 1.1 )
 Cell vol ~ (105 m)3
= 1015 m3
103  10 2  m3
3
Number of cells in brain: Brain vol 103 cm3
N  15 3 
cell vol 10 m 10 15 m3
3 6 15
 10  1012
Actual data: Average adult brain mass ~ 1.3 Kg, N ~ 1011 .
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Coordinate Systems
In 2-D : describe a location in a plane
y
• by polar coordinates :
distance r and angle  (x,y)
• by Cartesian coordinates : r
y
distances x, y, parallel to axes with:

x = r cosθ x
0 x
y = r sinθ
Coordinate Axes
• Define a reference frame using a standard coordinate axes.
• 2 Dimensions (x,y)
- ,+ +,+
Standard set of x-y
coordinate axes
-,- +,-
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Right-Handed Coordinate Systems

z
Scalar and Vector Quantities

• A scalar quantity can be described by a single
number.
• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a
direction in space.
• In this book, a vector quantity is represented
 in
boldface italic type with an arrow over it: A .
 
• The magnitude of A is written as A or A .
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Unit Vectors
• A unit vector has a
magnitude of 1 with no
units.
• The unit vector iˆ points in the
+x-direction, ĵ points in the
+y-direction, and k̂ points in
the +z-direction.
• Any vector can be expressed 
in terms of its components as A  Ax iˆ  Ay jˆ
Unit Vectors in 3 Dimensions

z
A unit vector u or û is a vector with

magnitude 1 : û  1
k
(a pure number, no units) j
i y
Define coordinate unit vectors i, j, k along
the x, y, z axis.
x
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
A vector A can be written in terms of its components:
  
A  Ax i  Ay j

A
Ay j 
A Ay j
j
i Ax i
Ax i
Vector Components
• define the axes first y

v
• v x , v y , (and v z ) are scalars
vy
• the vector and its components

form a right triangle with the vx x
vector on the hypotenuse
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Magnitude : the “length” of a vector. Magnitude is a scalar.
e.g., Speed is the magnitude of velocity:

velocity = v ; speed = |v| = v
In terms of components: y

| v | v x2  v 2y v
vy
On the diagram, 
vx
vx = v cos  x
vy = v sin 
Vectors in 2 Dimensions
- Experiments tell us which physical quantities are scalars and vectors
- Mechanics uses vectors for force, momentum, and torque
- A vector can be written in terms of its components
y
Representations in 2 Dimensions: 
A
• Cartesian (x,y) coordinates
A Ay = A sin()
 ĵ 
A  A x î  A y ĵ k̂ î Ax = A cos() x
z
• Magnitude
A  A 2x  A 2y
Direction  Ay 
  tan-1 

 Ax 
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Vectors in 3 dimensions
z
Coordinate system.
A
Cartesian coordinate system.
Az k = Az
y
k
A j Ay = Ay j
Ax i = Ax
Ay j = Ay i y
j 
x
i Ax = Ax i
x
A  Ax  A y  Az
Vector components: A  Ax  A y A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k
 Ax î  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ
Unit vectors: A  Ax i  Ay j  Ax î  Ay ˆj
Ax  A cos  Ay  A sin 
Ay
A2  Ax2  Ay2 tan  
Ax
Adding Two Vectors Graphically (1 of 3)
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Adding More Than Two Vectors Graphically (2 of 3)
• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.

• The vectors can be added in any order.
Adding Two Vectors Graphically (3 of 3)
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Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
• Ifc is a scalar, the product

c A has magnitude c A.
• The figure illustrates

multiplication of a vector
by
a) a positive scalar and
b) a negative scalar.
Components of a Vector
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited accuracy. Vector

components provide a general method for adding vectors.
• Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax and a y-
component Ay.
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Positive and Negative Components
• The components of a vector may be positive or negative numbers, as

shown in the figures.
Finding Components
• We can calculate the components of a vector from its

magnitude and direction.
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Calculations Using Components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its

magnitude and direction:
Ay
A  Ax 2  Ay 2 and tan 
Ax
We can use the components of a set of

vectors to find the components of their sum:
Rx  Ax  Bx  Cx  ..., Ry  Ay  By  Cy  ...
Example 1.3. Taking a Drive
You drive to city 160 km from home, going 35 N of E.

Express your new position in unit vector notation, using an E-W / N-S coordinate system.
r  rx î  ry ˆj
y (N)
rx  r cos   160 km  cos 35 
city
 160  0.81915 km  131.06 km  131 km
r = 160 km
j  = 35
ry  r sin   160 km  sin 35 
 91.77  km  92 km
x (E)
home i  160  0.57357  km
r  131 î  92 ˆj km
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Properties of Vectors
Vectors:
Quantities with both magnitude & direction.
Scalars: Quantities with only magnitude.
Displacement

 r  r
Position vector

r r
 
r   r  r  r
Vector addition:
1.Commutative: A + B = B + A
2. Associative: (A + B) + C = A +( B + C )
Properties of Vectors
42
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Properties of Unit Vectors
43
The scalar product
Dot product (or Scalar product or Inner product):
- vector times vector  scalar

 
B A - projection of A on B or B on A
 - commutative
   
A.B  ABcos( )  B.A  Ax Bx  A y By  A z Bz
unit vectors measure iˆ. ˆj  0, ˆj.kˆ  0, î.kˆ  0

perpendicularity: î.iˆ  1, ˆj.jˆ  1, k.k
ˆ ˆ 1
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Calculating a scalar product using components

• The scalar product of two vectors is the sum of the products of
their respective components.
Calculating a scalar product using components

• The scalar product of two vectors is the
sum of the products of their respective
components.
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Cross product (or Vector product or Outer product):
The vector product

If the vector product (“cross product”) of two vectors is
Then
The direction of the vector product

can be found using the
right-hand rule
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The vector product is anticommutative
Vector Arithmetic with Unit Vectors
A  Ax î  Ay ˆj   Ax , Ay 
AB  Ax  Bx & Ay  By
B  Bx î  By ˆj   Bx , By 
A  B   Ax  Bx  î   Ay  By  ˆj   Ax  Bx , Ay  By 
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Example: Newton’s Law in Equilibrium
• A special case:
 object doesn’t move, or moves at constant velocity:
a0  
• Newton’s second law gives  F  ma  0
The vector sum of forces acting on a body in equilibrium is zero
• This is equivalent to three independent component equations
F x  0,
F y  0,
F z 0
• We can solve for 3 unknowns (or 2, in 2-D problems)
26

Chapter1 Vectors Units 2022

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7/5/2022

FIZ 101E: PHYSICS 101

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

FIZ 101E: PHYSICS101

Grading: Midterm Exam: 50%

Hikers check their position

Mechanics = Study of Motion

The Nature of Physics

• Physics is an experimental science in

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Solving Problems in Physics

• Identify the relevant concepts, target variables, and known quantities,

• Execute the solution: This is where you “do the math.”

• Evaluate your answer: Compare your answer with your estimates,

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

To simplify the analysis

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Standards and Units

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Standard International Units

Standard International (SI) Units (also known as MKS)

• 1 g  10 3 kg (mass of a paper clip)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Unit Consistency and Conversions

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Units Matter: A Bad Day on Mars

Working with Numbers

Radius of proton: 1 / 1,000,000,000,000,000 m 11015 m

Size of Galaxy: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 m 11021m

Reach of telescope: 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 m 11026m

Using Scientific Notation

Addition / Subtraction: Change all terms to the same exponent first.

 3.0 10 m / s   2.110 s    3.0  2.1 10   m / s   s 

Example 1.1. Scientific Notation: Tsunami Warnings

Speed v  gh g  9.8 m / s 2 = Acceleration due to gravity

h = depth of water = 3.0 km

v  9.8 m / s   3.0 10 m 

Accuracy & Significant Figures

i.e. 1.6  2.94  1.8 or 2.94  1.7  0.1

Accuracy worsens after each calculation.

100.  0.456  100. Bridge = 1.248 km ( accuracy = 0.001 km )

Actual data: Average adult brain mass ~ 1.3 Kg, N ~ 1011 .

Right-Handed Coordinate Systems

Scalar and Vector Quantities

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Unit Vectors in 3 Dimensions

A unit vector u or û is a vector with

• the vector and its components

Magnitude : the “length” of a vector. Magnitude is a scalar.

e.g., Speed is the magnitude of velocity:

Adding Two Vectors Graphically (1 of 3)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Adding More Than Two Vectors Graphically (2 of 3)

• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Adding Two Vectors Graphically (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

• Ifc is a scalar, the product

• The figure illustrates

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved