Geo-Technical

Investigation
Report

PROJECT:

SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN

PLAZA, MAIN AWAN TOWN STOP, MULTAN
ROAD, LAHORE.

Reported by:
Soil & Foundation Engineering
Services, Lahore.
 Soil and Foundation Engineering Services

PROJECT:
SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN PLAZA, MAIN AWAN TOWN STOP, MULTAN ROAD,
LAHORE.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 PROPOSED PROJECT .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 EXPLORATION: .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.4 PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

2 SCOPE OF WORK................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

3 FIELD INVESTIGATION .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 DRILLING ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

3.2 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST:................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.3 DISTRIBUTED SAMPLING .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.4 WATER TABLE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

4 LABORATORY TESTING .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

4.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

4.2 SEDIMENTATION/HYDROMETER TEST .................................................................................................................................... 5

4.3 ATTERBERG'S LIMITS (LIQUID & PLASTIC LIMITS): ....................................................................................................... 5

4.4 DIRECT SHEAR TEST: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6

5 SUB SOIL CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 SUB SOIL PROFILE .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

 Soil and Foundation Engineering Services
6 BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

6.1 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.2 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE: .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.3 SETTLEMENTS:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

6.4 MODULUS OF SUB-GRADE REACTION ..................................................................................................................................... 9

6.5 FOUNDATION TYPE AND DEPTH ............................................................................................................................................... 10

6.6 DESIGN PARAMETERS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10

7 GENERAL DISCUSSION OVER SEISMICITY AND LIQUIFACTION..................................................................................... 11

7.1 SEISMICITY AND SOME GENERAL DESIGN VALUES ................................................................................................... 11

7.2 LIQUIFACTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................................................................................... 13

8.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

8.2 EARTHWORK ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

8.2.1 SITE PREPARATION ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13

8.2.2 BUILDING ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

8.2.3 TEMPORARY EXCAVATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 14

8.3 FILL AND BACKFILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15

8.3.1 ONSITE SOURCES.................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

8.3.2 IMPORT MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15

8.3.3 COMPACTION CRITERIA .................................................................................................................................................................. 15

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX-A SUMMARY SHEET

FIG A-1 CASAGRANDE, S CHART

FIG A-2 BEARING CAPACITY CURVES

APPENDIX-B LOCATION MAP AND BORE HOLE LOGS

APPENDIX-C TEST RESULTS SHEETS

 Soil and Foundation Engineering Services

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The purpose of this geotechnical exploration was to evaluate the general surface and subsurface
conditions at the referenced site and to present recommendations related to the geotechnical
aspects of the design and construction of the project for foundations. Results of our
field/laboratory testing are also presented within this report. This geotechnical report is based on
available project information and the site plan provided by the client and our experience with
similar construction and soil conditions.

1.2 PROPOSED PROJECT

The proposed project is SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN PLAZA, MAIN AWAN

TOWN STOP, MULTAN ROAD, LAHORE. To place the foundation at a suitable depth, a
comprehensive understanding of the engineering properties of soil and the evaluation of
engineering parameters is a prerequisite. The assignment to carry out subsoil investigation was
entrusted to M/S SAFE (Soil& Foundation Engg. Services).

1.3 EXPLORATION:

The site was explored during the month of January 2024.

1.4 PURPOSE

The purpose of soil investigation at the proposed site is

❖ To study the properties of the soil underneath at the site

❖ To study Groundwater Conditions

❖ To Assess Allowable Bearing Pressure

❖ Recommendation Regarding the Placement of the foundation at the proposed site

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2 SCOPE OF WORK

As per TOR for site investigation, the following scope of work was given by the client.

❖ Drilling of 02 No. of boreholes down to 50.0 feet in depth.

❖ The performance of the Standard Penetration Test at 2.5-5 feet intervals up to a
maximum 50.0 feet depth.
❖ Collection of disturbed soil samples with the help of a split spoon barrel sampler.
❖ Collection of undisturbed soil samples with the help of shell by tubes
❖ To log soil strata as per field classification ASTM D-2488
❖ To carry resistivity tests at the site
❖ To carry out necessary soil tests on the samples in Laboratory by ASTM-Standards.
❖ To evaluate the bearing capacity for the foundation.
❖ Conclusion and recommendations.

2.1 METHODOLOGY

Keeping in view the scope of work and specifications generally followed for detailed
geotechnical studies, a program of fieldwork was prepared. The exploratory borings were
drilled by the using hand augur cum light percussion method. One drilling crew mobilizes to
the site for carrying out exploratory drilling boreholes.

Field tests (i.e. Standard Penetration Tests) were performed in designated boreholes by relevant
ASTM standards.

Soil samples were collected from designated depths from boreholes using appropriate samplers
for identification and subsequent laboratory testing. Selected soil samples were subjected to
various laboratory tests for the evaluation of classification and strength characteristics of
subsoils.

This report has been prepared based on detailed soil investigations carried out at the project site
and subsequent laboratory testing performed on the selected soil samples. An evaluation of
foundation soils, foundation design parameters, recommendations regarding the type of
foundations, and respective allowable bearing pressures are also provided in this report.

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SECTION-I

FIELD INVESTIGATION

SECTION-II

LABORATORY INVESTIGATION/TESTING

SECTION-III

BEARING PRESSURES ANALYSIS

SECTION-IV

GENERAL DISCUSSION OVER SEISMICITY

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SECTION-I

3 FIELD INVESTIGATION

Field investigation comprises the following

3.1 DRILLING

As per recommended practice of ASTM D-420, the percussion method was adopted for sub-
soil exploration. The hole was advanced by hand percussion method. The drilling of the hole
was carried out up to 50.0 feet depth from the existing ground level.

3.2 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST:

The objective of this test is to ascertain the resistance afforded to the penetration apparatus to a
defined 12” depth. This test gives valuable information regarding the compactness of underlying
strata. The test was performed by ASTM D 1586-84 by Donut type manually operated hammer.
The SPT N-value Increases downward and it varied from 7 to 22 in the boreholes. The degree
of compactness showed firm and loose to medium densely packed underlying strata. The SPT
values are shown on bore logs.

3.3 DISTRIBUTED SAMPLING

After the boring is advanced to the desired sampling depth, the disturbed samples are collected
with help of spilt spoon sampler. The disturbed sample has been collected and preserved in the
Jars which have been properly indexed and transported to the Laboratory.

3.4 WATER TABLE

At the time of these investigations, the groundwater tables were not encountered in exploratory
boreholes in the month of January 2024.

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SECTION-II

4 LABORATORY TESTING

Selected soil samples were tested for evaluation of physical and engineering characteristics of
the sub-soils, in the laboratory. The laboratory testing was carried out at the testing facilities of
SAFE Lahore. The following laboratory tests were performed on selected soil samples.

❖ Sieve Analysis
❖ Hydrometer Analysis
❖ Atterberg’s Limits
❖ Direct Shear Test

4.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS

Total of thirteen (13) soil samples selected for classification from the various depths after
proper treatment were sieved under wet conditions by ASTM Standards. The curves have been
plotted graphically and attached at the end of this report

4.2 SEDIMENTATION/HYDROMETER TEST

The soil samples collected from the drill hole were sieved through No. 200, but to differentiate
between silt and clay fraction, a sedimentation test was employed this test soil sample was
treated with very diluted HCL and then with Sodium met phosphate for deflocculating. The
procedure defined in the ASTM standard for Hydrometer analysis was followed. The %age of
different sizes was plotted on the grain size curves.

4.3 ATTERBERG'S LIMITS (LIQUID & PLASTIC LIMITS):

The cohesive soil retrieved with the help of a split spoon sampler was tested for liquid and
plastic limits by ASTM D-4318-84. The consistency limits of cohesive soils at various depths.
Detailed results are shown in the summary sheet.

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4.4 DIRECT SHEAR TEST:

The soil possessing non-cohesive characteristics was prepared and tested for its angle of internal
friction under ASTM D-3080. The results were also compared with the correlation chart of SPT
value and angle of internal friction. The detailed results are given in the summary sheet

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5 SUB-SOIL CHARACTERIZATION

5.1 GENERAL

The geotechnical investigations carried out for the project comprised field and laboratory work.
The field and laboratory investigations were aimed at evaluating the engineering characteristics
of the foundation soils. The subsurface conditions and engineering characteristics of the soils
existing at the proposed project site are discussed in the following sections.

5.2 SUB-SOIL PROFILE

Consistency limits in conjunction with grain size distribution were used to classify the soil
under ASTM D-2488 (field classification) and ASTM D-2487 (Laboratory classification). The
proposed site is located in Lahore. Strata in boreholes are represented in bore logs.

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SECTION-III

6 BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

6.1 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

A foundation design consideration of any structure depends upon the magnitude of loading, the
type of structure, and the sub-soil conditions. For safety, a foundation is required to meet two
essential conditions. One is that the soil should be capable of withstanding the load without
shear failure. The second is its ability to carry the load without un-due settlement. The above
two conditions can be fulfilled if the loads are distributed in such a manner that no excessive
stresses are produced within the supporting soil mass.

6.2 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE:

In the case of buried structures and retaining walls, the use of cohesion-less backfill is
recommended. The evaluation of static earth pressure on buried wall/ retaining walls depends
upon the movement allowed for in the design, the configuration of the wall, backfill geometry,
and the type of soil used as backfill. For smooth vertical walls with horizontal backfill, the
following simplified expressions can be used for the determination of coefficients of lateral
earth pressure;

Coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 - sinØ’)/(1 + sin Ø’)

Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko = (1 - sinØ’)

Coefficient of passive earth pressure, Kp = (1 + sinØ’)/(1 - sin Ø’)

where

Ø’ = Effective angle of internal friction of backfill soil

For the evaluation of earth pressure under earthquake conditions, the equations proposed by
Mononobe-Okabe may be used.

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6.3 SETTLEMENTS:

The allowable bearing pressures for square and strip footings are based on 25.4 mm
(1 inch) settlement and 50.8 mm (2 inches) for Mat (If settlement criteria govern)

6.4 MODULUS OF SUB-GRADE REACTION

The modulus of sub-grade reaction Ks to be used in the computer model for structural analysis
can be evaluated from the basic definition of Ks by using the evaluated net allowable bearing
pressure which causes the settlement under the maximum structural pressure.

For approximating the vertical modulus of subgrade reaction, ks (in kN/m3) from the allowable
bearing capacity, qa (in kPa) is to be used for the soil under the foundation:

Shear Based:

Ks (kN/m3) = Evaluated Net Allowable Bearing Pressure x FOS

Settlement (25.4 mm) under maximum structural pressure

6.5 FOUNDATION TYPE AND DEPTH

The Project site is SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN PLAZA, MAIN AWAN TOWN
STOP, MULTAN ROAD, LAHORE. The Recommended foundation for such projects is strip,
square, and Mat footing.

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6.6 DESIGN PARAMETERS

The following equations were used for the evaluation of allowable bearing pressures for shallow
footings
𝑁 𝐵+𝐹3 2
Qult=CNcSc+qNq Qa=𝐹2 { 𝐵
}. ∗ 𝐾𝑑for B≥F4
Where 𝑁
Qa= ∗ 𝐾𝑑forB≤F4
𝐹1
C=Cohesion
N= Corrected N Value
Nc, Nq=Bearing Capacity factors
F1,F2, F3,F4 = Bearing Capacity Factor
Sc=Shape factor
F1 0.05 F2 0.08 F3 0.3 F4 1.2
(Shear-Based Formula)

B= Width of footing Kd = 1.33 D/B <1.33

adopted by J.E Bowles fourth edition (1996).
(Settlement-Based Formula)

Allowable Bearing Pressure

Sr. Depth of Footing Footing Allowable Bearing Allowable Bearing Pressure

No in Feet From E.G.L Width in Pressure in tsf for Strip in tsf for Square/Mat Footing
Feet Footing
1 3 0.76 -
2 4 0.74 -
3 5 0.67 -
4 6 0.62 -
5 7 0.59 -
6 8 0.57 1.10
7 9 - 1.07
8 10 - 1.05
9 11 - 1.03
10 12 - 1.02
11 13 - 1.01
12 14 - 0.99
13 15 - 0.99
14 16 - 0.98
15 17 - 0.97
4.0
16 18 - 0.96
17 19 - 0.96
18 20 - 0.95
19 21 - 0.95
20 22 - 0.94
21 23 - 0.94
22 24 - 0.94
23 25 - 0.93
24 26 0.93
25 27 0.93
26 28 0.93
27 29 0.92
28 30 0.92
29 31 0.92
30 32 1.10
Bearing Capacity Curves are attached to this report

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7 GENERAL DISCUSSION OVER SEISMICITY, LIQUEFACTION

7.1 SEISMICITY AND SOME GENERAL DESIGN VALUES:

The study of earthquake ground motions and associated earthquake hazards and risks

Plays an important role in the sustainable development of countries like Pakistan, where

devastating earthquakes have occurred repeatedly. The objective of the present study has

been to conduct a seismic hazard investigation that covers all of Pakistan, and the

The methodology adopted to achieve this was a probabilistic approach. In this study a new

A version of attenuation and ground acceleration prediction models are used and the

Parameterization has been based on the most recently updated earthquake catalogs.

The seismicity was modeled through a spatial model and ground motion was computed

for 8 frequencies including PGA. Seismic hazard maps in terms of PGA for the annual

exceedance rates of 0.02, 0.01, and 0.002 (return periods of 50, 100, and 500 years) for stiff

rocks were prepared. These maps are designed to assist in risk mitigation by providing

a general seismic hazard framework. The largest seismic hazard values occur in the Quetta

region and northern parts of Pakistan. High seismic hazard values are computed in the

Areas where shallow-to-intermediate seismicity occurs.

Table 1. Expected Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in [m/s2] for the different cities
Against annual exceedance probabilities and return periods.

Expected PGA (m/sec2)

Probability
exceedance
Annual

(years)
Return period

Islamabad

Peshawar

Quetta

Karachi

Gwadar

bad
Muzaffara

Gilgit

Lahore

Multan

Khuzdar

0.02 50 1.50 1.35 1.91 0.54 0.53 2.04 2.93 0.97 0.71 1.34
0.01 100 2.25 2.40 2.90 0.95 0.88 3.23 4.42 1.69 1.22 2.26
0.005 200 3.33 3.19 3.59 1.28 1.15 4.02 5.28 2.24 1.61 2.96
0.002 500 3.65 3.49 3.85 1.42 1.25 4.31 5.55 2.46 1.78 3.24
0.001 1000 3.71 3.55 3.9 1.45 1.28 4.36 5.60 2.51 1.81 3.30

FOR LAHORE:

Zone =2A Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration=0.08g to 0.16g Soil profile Type=SD

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7.2 LIQUEFACTION:

A state of 'soil liquefaction occurs when the effective stress of soil is reduced to essentially
zero, which corresponds to a complete loss of shear strength. This may be initiated by either
monotonic loading (e.g. single sudden occurrence of a change in stress – examples include an
increase in load on an embankment or sudden loss of toe support) or cyclic loading (e.g.
repeated change in stress condition – examples include wave loading or earthquake shaking).
In both cases, soil in a saturated loose state, and one which may generate significant pore water
pressure on a change in load are the most likely to liquefy. This is because loose soil tends to
compress when sheared, generating large excess pore water pressure as the load is transferred
from the soil skeleton to adjacent pore water during unDrained loading. As pore water pressure
rises a progressive loss of strength of the soil occurs as effective stress is reduced. It is more
likely to occur in sandy or non-plastic silty soils, but may in rare cases occur in gravels and
clays.

A 'flow failure' may initiate if the strength of the soil is reduced below the stresses required to
maintain the equilibrium of a slope or footing of a building for instance. This can be sudden
and catastrophic.

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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 GENERAL

Based on the findings of our investigation, the proposed project is feasible from a geotechnical
engineering standpoint, provided that the recommendations of this report are followed; and the
designs, grading, and construction are properly and adequately executed. Concerning seismic
hazards, the possibility of surface rupture of the site due to faulting is low. Although the site
could be subject to significant ground shaking in the event of a major earthquake. The proposed
building can be supported by a shallow foundation with appropriate soil mitigation earthwork.

8.2 EARTHWORK

Any required earthwork should be performed under the observation and testing of a
geotechnical engineer.
Excavations should be observed by the Geotechnical Engineer-of-Record. The exposed
subgrade should be inspected and approved by inspectors. Great variations in subsurface
conditions are anticipated.
Recommendations for earthwork and foundation design are presented in the following
sections of this report.

8.2.1 SITE PREPARATION

It is the responsibility of the construction party to notify the consultant of any proposed
earthwork. All active or inactive utilities within the construction limits should be identified
for relocation, abandonment, or protection before grading. Any pipes greater than 2 inches in
diameter to be abandoned in place should be filled with sand/cement slurry after a review of
their location and approval by the Geotechnical Engineer-of-Record. Where shallow
excavations are proposed, existing pavement, debris, organic materials, deleterious materials,
and artificial fill should be removed and disposed of outside the construction limits under the
observation of the Geotechnical Engineer-of-Record.

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8.2.2 BUILDING

The proposed Project is SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN PLAZA, MAIN AWAN

TOWN STOP, MULTAN ROAD, LAHORE. It should be pointed out that deeper and/or poorer
quality fill soils could exist between boring locations and final depths should be determined
based on actual field observation.

Following the excavation, the exposed subgrade should be proof rolled to locate any loose or
soft zones. Proof rolling will involve making several passes with heavy rubber-tired
equipment over the area under consideration and observing the reaction of the subgrade under
the wheel loads. Upon completion of proof rolling, a field representative of the Geotechnical
Engineer-of-Record should perform field density testing to evaluate the extent of loose or soft
zones, if any.
If a large area of loose/soft bottom is encountered, we recommend to either removing the
loose/soft material and replacing it with some granular material with proper compaction or
placing three layers of (70% crushed stone and 30% sand) of 6 inches thickness. Compaction
in each layer should not be less than 95%. Such additional subsurface improvement
requirements should be determined in the field by the Geotechnical Engineer-of-Record
during foundation subgrade preparation activities.
No fill should be placed until approval is obtained from the consultant.

8.2.3 TEMPORARY EXCAVATIONS

Excavations during construction should comply with the site requirements. The Contractor
should have a geotechnical professional evaluate the soil conditions encountered during
excavation to determine permissible temporary slope inclinations.
Based on site requirements, unsupported slopes for temporary excavation in the existing soils
may be cut up to a maximum height of 20 feet, with a slope no steeper than 1½:1 (Horizontal:
Vertical). In areas where soils with little or no cohesion are encountered, shoring or flatter
excavation slopes may be necessary. Shoring should be used for excavations with vertical
cuts, or where unsafe conditions are anticipated for cut slopes.
Surcharge loads should be kept away from the top of temporary excavations at a distance
equal to at least one-half of the excavation depth. During wet weather, runoff water should be
prevented from entering the excavation and collected and disposed of outside the construction
limits. To prevent runoff from adjacent areas from entering the excavation, a perimeter berm
should be constructed at the top of the slope.

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8.3 FILL AND BACKFILLS

8.3.1 ONSITE SOURCES

Most of the existing fill materials to be excavated will be silty clay with gravel and concretion.
(However, depending upon the site location, the strata may vary) These materials would not
be suitable for use in compacted primary and secondary structural fill as clayey strata are not
recommended as backfill material.

8.3.2 IMPORT MATERIALS

Import fill should be predominantly granular in nature. The fill should contain no rocks over
3 inches in maximum dimension, and no more than 35% of fines passing a standard No. 200
sieve. All new fills shall be free of hazardous, organic, and inorganic debris. No soil should
be imported to the site without prior approval by the Geotechnical Engineer-of-Record. All
import materials should be observed and tested by the Geotechnical Engineer-of-Record to
determine their suitability.

8.3.3 COMPACTION CRITERIA

Structural fills may be placed during the construction of this project. All areas to receive fill
should be placed in loose lifts not exceeding 9 inches in thickness, and compacted to at least
95 percent of the maximum dry density per ASTM D 1557 using mechanical compaction
equipment. All structural fills should be tested by a representative from the office of the
Geotechnical Engineer of Record, and the results of tests should be presented in a fill
compaction report.
No fill should be placed, spread, or rolled during unfavorable weather. When the work is
interrupted by rain, operations should not be resumed until field tests by the Geotechnical
Engineer-of-Record have indicated that conditions are appropriate for fill placement.

Engr. Ahmad Ayyub

PEC # Civil/42265

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 CASAGRANDE, S CHART

SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN PLAZA, MAIN AWAN TOWN STOP, MULTAN ROAD, LAHORE.
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Casagrande Plasticity Chart

60

50

40
Plasticity Index

30

20

MH or OH
10
CL-ML
ML or OL
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid Limit %

Fig A-1 Casagrande,s Chart

 Bearing Capacity Crves

Project: SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION OF ZEESHAN PLAZA, MAIN AWAN TOWN STOP, MULTAN ROAD, LAHORE.

1.20

When Footing is Strip

1.10
1.00 1.07
1.051.03
1.021.01 When footing is Sq/Mat
0.990.990.98
0.970.960.960.95
0.950.940.940.940.930.93
0.930.930.920.920.92
0.80
y = 0.0004x2 - 0.0223x + 1.2506
0.760.74
Qa in tsf

0.60 0.67
0.62
0.59
0.57

0.40 y = 0.0027x - 0.0718x + 0.9614

2

0.20

0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Footing Width in feet

Fig. A-2 Bearing Capacity Curves @ 4.0 Feet Depth From E.G.L
.