GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

PREPARED FOR

PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C,

DHA, LAHORE

Department of Transportation Engineering and Management

University of Engineering and Technology,
Lahore – Pakistan
 Department of Transportation
Engineering and Management

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore – 54890, (Pakistan)

Phone: (042) 99029125 Fax :(042) 99250202

No. Univ/DTEM/ Dated: 26-10-2023

Mr. Irfan Raees & Others

Subject: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR 16 MARLA

PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA, LAHORE

We are pleased to provide two copies of the subject report which includes field as well as
laboratory determinations of soil characteristics and foundation design recommendations.

It is hoped that the investigation results presented in this report will provide all the necessary
information for the design and construction of foundations of the proposed house.

In case there is any query, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

(Dr. Zia ur Rehman)

Director
Geomaterials Testing Laboratory
 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS REPORT
FOR
PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA, LAHORE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Purpose and Scope of Work 1

Chapter 2 EXPLORATION METHODOLOGY

2.1 Exploratory Boring and Sampling 3
2.2 Laboratory Testing 3

Chapter 3 GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATIONS AND FOUNDATION DESIGN

RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Geotechnical Evaluations 5

3.2 Foundation Design Recommendations 5
3.3 Coefficient of Earth Pressure 8
3.4 Backfill under Floors and Walkways 8
3.5 Seismic Zone and Soil Profile Characterization 8

Chapter 4 GENERAL COMMENTS AND LIMITATIONS 9

ILLUSTRATIONS
Empirical values for , qu, Dr and unit weight of soil based on SPT Table 1
Summary of Laboratory Test Results Table 2
Boreholes Location Plan Figure 1
Simplified Subsurface Soil Profile at the Site Figure 2
Allowable Bearing Capacity Curves Figure 3

APPENDIX-A
Symbols & Legends Figure A-1
Borehole logs Figure A-2 & A-3
Particles Size Distribution Curves
Site Pictures

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 PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS REPORT

FOR
PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA, LAHORE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Mr. Irfan Raees & Others plan to construct a commercial building at Plot # 426, Sector MB,
Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore. The plot measures 16 Marla.

The Geomaterials Testing Laboratory of Department of Transportation Engineering and

Management, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore were engaged by
the Client to carry out subsurface soil investigations at the plot.

The geotechnical investigations at the plot were conducted through two exploratory
boreholes, each 60 ft deep below the existing ground level. The fieldwork at the site was
executed on October 24, 2023. Approximate location of each borehole is shown in Figure-1.

1.2 Purpose and Scope of Work

The primary objective of these investigations was to determine appropriate parameters for
the design of foundations of the proposed commercial building. For this purpose, the
following aspects were determined / evaluated:

a) Subsurface stratigraphy within the limits of exploratory borings.

b) Geotechnical characteristics of the subsurface materials (strata) encountered.

c) Evaluation of subsurface soil parameters, recommendations for appropriate type of

foundations and allowable bearing capacity values to be used in the design of
foundations of the proposed commercial building.

The scope of work for carrying out sub-surface investigations at the site included:

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 PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

 Execution of two (2) exploratory borings with hand auger and light percussion techniques
to 60 ft depth below the existing ground level.
 Performance of standard penetration test (SPT) in the borehole at 3 ft interval up to 15 ft
depth and thereafter at every 5 ft interval down to the investigated depth.
 Soil sampling with appropriate sampling techniques, sample preservation and
transportation to the testing laboratory.
 Performance of laboratory tests on selected soil samples in accordance with relevant
ASTM standard method.
 Preparation of geotechnical investigation report, which include subsurface boring logs,
laboratory test data, and recommendations regarding allowable bearing capacity and
type/depth of foundation.

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 PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

2. EXPLORATION METHODOLOGY

The field exploration at the site was carried out through two boreholes, each 60 ft deep bored at
locations shown in Figure 1. Brief details of the investigation methodology are outlined in the
following sections:

2.1 Exploratory Borings & Sampling

The borings were advanced using manually operated post-hole hand auger and light
percussion techniques. Representative disturbed samples were recovered using Standard
Penetration Test (SPT) split spoon sampler in accordance with ASTM D-1586. The SPT’s
were conducted at 3 ft interval up to 15 ft depth and thereafter at every 5 ft interval to the
final depth investigated.

Detailed description of the sub-surface soils encountered and the depth at which samples
were procured are shown on the borehole logs presented under Appendix-A as Figure A-2 &
A-3. Legends and symbols used on the boring logs are given in Figure A-1. Soil
descriptions on the boring logs are a compilation of field and laboratory testing data. The
stratification lines represent approximate boundary between soil types and transitions may
be assumed gradual.

Estimates of relative density of granular soils and consistency of the cohesive soils given on
the boring logs, in general, are based on the SPT resistance as recommended by Terzaghi
and Peck as summarized in Table 1 (Illustrations).

2.2 Laboratory Testing

Selected representative subsoil samples were tested in the laboratory to determine the
physical and engineering characteristics of the subsoils. The following tests were conducted
according to standard methods.

 Grain Size Analysis

 Atterberg Limits (LL and PL)
 Natural Moisture Content
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PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

A summary of laboratory test results is presented in Table 2 under Illustrations. Using grain
size analyses and Atterberg limits, soils were classified according to the Unified Soil
Classification System (USCS), ASTM-2487.

The grain size distribution curves of the selected soil samples are presented in Appendix-A
following the boring logs.

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 PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

3. GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATIONS AND FOUNDATION DESIGN

RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Geotechnical Evaluations

Existing level of the plot is 1.5 ft below the adjacent road. Subsurface soil conditions at the
site disclosed by two exploratory boreholes bored at locations shown in Figure-1 indicate
that the stratigraphy, in general, consists of layers of silty clay (CL-ML), silt with sand (ML)
and sand with variable silt (SM, SP-SM, SP). The cohesive soils are in soft to stiff states of
consistency and non-cohesive soils in loose to medium dense states of compactness.

Actual thickness of each stratum and sequence along with SPT resistance (N-values) are
shown on borehole logs, Figure A-2 & A-3 (Appendix-A).

Figure 2 (Illustrations) represents simplified subsurface soil profiles at the site.

Ground Water Table (GWT) was encountered at about 48 ft depth below the existing ground
level during the period of these investigations, October 2023.

Basic subsurface soil design parameters for use in the geotechnical design of footings have
been derived from field/laboratory testing, latest literature and using expert judgment and
are presented in the following table.

Depth of footing Av. SPT

Cohesion Angle of Internal
below road level blows for
(tsf) Friction (Deg.)
(ft) design

11 - 32 13

3.2 Foundation Design Recommendations

The proposed commercial building has one basement and a number of storeys.
Recommendations for the design of foundations are given below:

With one basement, the footings should be placed at 11 ft depth below the road level. The
foundations (isolated/strip/raft) should be constructed as per procedure described below:

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PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

Isolated/Strip Footings

The subgrade to be prepared as described below:

 Excavate soil over the entire area to 8 ft depth below road level. Excavate further by 3 ft
at the foot prints.

 Proof roll foundation sub-grade using appropriate compaction equipment.

 Provide a well-compacted pad of atleast 6 inch of 1:4:8 P.C.C. and the footing should
bear on this pad.

Figure below represents schematic sketch showing sequence of foundation construction at

the project site.

0’ 0” Existing Road Level

Not to Scale -1’ 6” Existing Ground Level

Footing

-8’0”

-11’ 0” 6” PCC

Figure 3 shows allowable bearing curves for isolated/strip footings placed on the subgrade
as described above.

Recommendations for the design of isolated and strip footings with one basement are given
below:

Depth below road level Gross allowable bearing capacity (tsf)*

(ft) Isolated Strip
11 1.80 1.60
*The bearing capacity values include overburden relief of about 6.5 ft.

Raft

 Excavate the entire plot to 11 ft depth below the road level.

 Proof roll foundation sub-grade using appropriate compaction equipment.

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PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

 Provide a well-compacted pad of at least 4 inch of 1:4:8 PCC.

 Construct footings on the PCC pad.

Figure below represents schematic sketch showing sequence of foundation construction at

the project site.

0’ 0” Raft Existing Road Level

-1’ 6” Existing Ground Level
Not to Scale

-11’ 0” 4” PCC

Schematic Sketch Showing Foundation Construction

2.84
 q a net
N

where,

 = raft settlement = 50 mm (2”)

N = SPT blows = 13

qa net = net foundation pressure

Recommendations for Raft design are given below:

Depth below road level Gross allowable bearing Modulus of subgrade

(ft) capacity (tsf) Reaction (kcf)

11 2.30 80

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 PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

3.3 Coefficient of Earth Pressure

Basement walls (if any) are restrained walls and should be designed for pressure at rest. At
rest earth pressure coefficient (Ko) = 0.65 is recommended to be adopted for the design of
retaining walls (considering angle of internal friction of 20 degrees).

3.4 Backfill under Floors and Walkways

The cohesive material that would result from excavation is not suitable as backfill material.
It is recommended to use granular material as backfill under floors and walkways. It must be
placed in layers of thickness appropriate to the size and type of the compaction equipment to
be used. The minimum compaction level recommended under floors and walkways is 90%
Modified Proctor.

3.5 Seismic Zone and Soil Profile Characterization

On the basis of Revised Seismic Provisions (2007) of Building Code of Pakistan, the city of
Lahore falls in Zone-2A, which corresponds to horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA)
of 0.08g to 0.16g.

The project area soils within 50 ft depth belong to SD profile in the light of UBC-97 and site
class ‘D’ according to IBC-2009.

Table below provides information about Soil Profile Type, Seismic Zone/factor, and
Seismic Coefficients for the project site.

Soil Profile Seismic Zone Seismic Seismic

Type Zone Factor, ‘Z’ Coefficient ‘C’ Coefficient ‘Cv’
SD 2A 0.15 0.22 0.32

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PLOT # 426, SECTOR MB, PHASE 6C, DHA,
LAHORE

4. GENERAL COMMENTS AND LIMITATIONS

 Analyses and recommendations submitted in this report are based on the results gathered
from two borings down to maximum 60 ft depth at the site. This report reflects
approximate variation between these locations.

 Experienced Engineer should observe construction activities to check that the works are
performed in accordance with the plans and specifications. Field and laboratory tests
should be performed to confirm that the compaction of earth work meet the required
specifications.

 Appropriate surface drainage should be ensured in the project area and the area should be
graded to keep surface runoff away from the structure.

 Plinth protection slab (at least 3 ft) sloping away from the structure should be provided
all around the building to reduce ingress of water to foundation soils.

 While excavating, proper protection should be provided to the walls of the excavation
and safety of the adjacent structures (if any) should be ensured. Excavation to 11 ft depth
below road level may be carried out with vertical face for a limited period of time.

 During wet/rainy season, necessary precautions must be observed not to let the surface
water/rain water go into the excavations. Adequate provision should be kept to protect the
excavation slopes against the rains by tarpaulins.

 If there is a substantial lapse of time between submission of this report and start of work
at the site and conditions have changed due either to natural causes or to construction
operation at or adjacent to site, we urge that we be promptly informed and retained to
review our report to determine the applicability of the conclusions and recommendations,
considering the changed conditions and/or time lapse.

 This report has been prepared for the design of foundations of commercial building at
Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore only. Paragraphs, statements, test results,
boring logs, diagrams etc., should not be taken out of context and should not be utilized
for any other structure at any site.

9
 Table 1 Empirical values for , qu, Dr and unit weight of soils based on the SPT

GRANULAR SOILS
Description Very Loose Loose Medium Dense Very Dense

Relative density, Dr 0 – 0.15 0.15 – 0.35 0.35 – 0.65 0.65 – 0.85 0.85 – 1.00

Standard Penetration Test value, N 0–4 5 – 10 11 – 30 31 – 50 51 – UP

Approximate angle of internal friction,  (degree) 25 – 28 28 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 43

Approximate range of moist unit weight,  (pcf) 70 – 100 90 – 115 110 – 130 120 – 140 130 – 150

Submerged unit weight, sub 60 55 – 65 60 – 70 65 – 85 85

COHESIVE SOILS
Description Very Soft Soft Firm Stiff Very Stiff Hard

Unconfined compressive strength, qu (tsf) 0 – 0.25 0.25 – 0.5 0.5 – 1.0 1.0 – 2.0 2.0 – 4.0 4.0 – UP

Standard Penetration Test value, N 0–2 3–4 5–8 9 – 16 17 – 32 33 – UP

Approx. range of saturated unit weight, sat (pcf) 100 – 120 100 – 130 120 – 140 130+
 Table 2 SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TESTS RESULTS

Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore

Sheet 1 of 1
Natural Classification
Particle Size Distribution Atterberg Limits Soil Description
Sample Depth Moisture Liquidity Symbol
BH #
# (ft) Content Gravel Sand Silt & LL PL Index
PI ASTM D2487
(%) (%) (%) Clay (%) (%) (%)
SPT-1 3 18.48 0 15 85 25.2 18.7 6.5 -0.03 CL-ML Silty Clay
SPT-3 9 0 75 25 SM Silty Sand
SPT-5 15 2 90 9 SP-SM Poorly graded Sand with Silt
1 SPT-7 25 0 95 4 SP Poorly Graded Sand
SPT-9 35 21.13 3 8 89 26.8 20.8 5.9 0.06 CL-ML Silty Clay
SPT-12 50 0 95 5 SP Poorly Graded Sand
SPT-14 60 0 97 3 SP Poorly Graded Sand
SPT-2 6 17.24 0 12 88 25.4 18.5 6.9 -0.18 CL-ML Silty Clay
SPT-3 9 23.37 6 13 82 ML Silt with Sand
SPT-5 15 0 88 12 SP-SM Poorly graded Sand with Silt
2
SPT-8 30 0 95 5 SP Poorly Graded Sand
SPT-11 45 0 91 9 SP-SM Poorly graded Sand with Silt
SPT-13 55 0 54 46 SM Silty Sand
 Plot # 486, 487
60'

15'

20'

BH-2
Shop # 428

Plaza # 425
60' Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore

BH-1
20'

15'

3 Road 150' Wide

SCALE 1'-0"= 32 "
FIGURE 1 BOREHOLES LOCATION PLAN
 Road Level BH‐1 BH‐2
0
0 0
2

4
4 3
6 LEGEND
Isolated/Strip Footings

8 6 2 Sand/Silty
Raft Sand/Clayey Sand
10
7 4
10 10
12

14 8 7 Silt/Sandy Silt

16
11 10
18
Clay/Silty Clay
20
DEPTH BELOW EXISTING GROUND LEVEL (ft)

22
20 14 20 13
Fill Material
24

26
15 16
28

30

32
30 17 30 15

34

36
16 19
38

40
40 19 40 17
42

44

46
22 21
48
GWT GWT
50

52
50 20 50 19

54

56
23 23
58

60
60 22 60 25
Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore

FIGURE 2 SIMPLIFIED SUBSURFACE SOIL PROFILES AT THE SITE

 Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore

2.60
Isolated Footings placed at 11 ft depth below Road Level

Strip Footings placed at 11 ft depth below Road Level

2.40
GROSS ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY (tsf)

2.20

2.00

1.79
1.80 1.89
1.71 1.83 1.85
1.80
1.77 1.77
1.62 1.72
1.72
1.60 1.54
1.45

1.40

1.20

1.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

FOUNDATION WIDTH (ft)

Figure 3 Allowable Bearing Capacity Curves for Footings

 LEGENDS AND SYMBOLS FIGURE # A-1

Boulders

Sand & Gravels

Silt

Clay

SPT Standard Penetration Test

UDS Undisturbed Sample

DS Disturbed Sample

GWT Ground Water Table

 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Figure No: A-2
BOREHOLE LOG Hole No: BH-1
Sheet 1 of 2
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore
Type of Boring: Hand Auger/light percussion Elevation: 1.5 ft below Road Level
Dia. Of Casing/Hole: 4" Ground Water Table: 48 ft below EGL
Date: 24/10/2023 to 24/10/2023 Geologist: Tauqeer Ahmad
Natural Moisture

Classification
Content (%)

Sample No.
Depth (ft)

Symbol
Legend
Description of Material SPT Blows/ft Remarks

0 50 100
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx 4
18.48 SPT-1 x x x x
CL-ML

xxxx
xxxx Dark brown, soft to firm, silty CLAY
5 xxxx
xxxx
xxxx 6
SPT-2 x x x x
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
x x 7
SPT-3
10 x x
x x
x x
x x 8
SPT-4 x x
x x
x x
15 x x 11
SPT-5 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
SM/SP-SM/SP

20 14
SPT-6 x x
x x Dark grey, loose to medium dense, silty SAND to
x x poorly graded SAND, trace concretions
x x
x x
x x
x x
25 15
SPT-7 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
30 17
SPT-8 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
xx x x xx
xxxx
35 xxxx 16
CL-ML

21.13 SPT-9 x x x x
xxxx Dark brown, stiff, silty CLAY, trace concretions
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
x x
SM/SP-SM

x x
Dark grey, medium dense, silty SAND to poorly
x x
40 graded SAND 19
x x
SPT-10
x x
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Figure No: A-2
BOREHOLE LOG Hole No: BH-1
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore Sheet 2 of 2

Natural Moisture

Classification
Content (%)

Sample No.
Depth (ft)

Symbol
Legend
Description of Material SPT Blows/ft Remarks

0 50 100
40 x x 19
SPT-10
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
45 x x 22
SPT-11
x x
x x
x x GWT
x x
SM/SP-SM/SP

x x
50 x x Dark grey, medium dense, silty SAND to 20
SPT-12
x x poorly graded SAND
x x
x x
x x
x x
55 x x 23
SPT-13
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
60 x x 22
SPT-14
x x
END OF BOREHOLE LOG

65

70

75

80

85

90
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Figure No: A-3
BOREHOLE LOG Hole No: BH-2
Sheet 1 of 2
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore
Type of Boring: Hand Auger/light percussion Elevation: 1.5 ft below Road Level
Dia. Of Casing/Hole: 4" Ground Water Table: 48 ft below EGL
Date: 24/10/2023 to 24/10/2023 Geologist: Tauqeer Ahmad
Natural Moisture

Classification
Content (%)

Sample No.
Depth (ft)

Symbol
Legend
Description of Material SPT Blows/ft Remarks

0 50 100
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx 3
SPT-1 x x x x
CL-ML

xxxx
xxxx Dark brown, soft to very soft, silty CLAY
5 xxxx
xxxx
xxxx 2
17.24 SPT-2 x x x x
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx 4
23.37 SPT-3 x x x x Dark brown, soft, SILT with sand, trace
10 ML
concretions
x x xx
x x
x x 7
SPT-4 x x
x x
x x
15 x x 10
SPT-5 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
20 x x 13
SPT-6 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
SM/SP-SM/SP

x x
25 16
SPT-7 x x Dark grey, loose to medium dense, silty SAND to
x x poorly graded SAND, trace concretions
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
30 15
SPT-8 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
35 19
SPT-9 x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
40
x x 17
SPT-10
x x
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Figure No: A-3
BOREHOLE LOG Hole No: BH-2
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore Sheet 2 of 2

Natural Moisture

Classification
Content (%)

Sample No.
Depth (ft)

Symbol
Legend
Description of Material SPT Blows/ft Remarks

0 50 100
40 x x 17
SPT-10
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
45 x x 21
SPT-11
x x
x x
x x GWT
x x
SM/SP-SM/SP

x x
50 x x Dark grey, medium dense, silty SAND to 19
SPT-12
x x poorly graded SAND, trace concretions
x x
x x
x x
x x
55 x x 23
SPT-13
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
60 x x 25
SPT-14
x x
END OF BOREHOLE LOG

65

70

75

80

85

90
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
(PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES)
No.4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200
100

90

80

70
Percent finer by weight, %

60 BH-1, SPT-1, Depth 3 ft

BH-1, SPT-3, Depth 9 ft

50

BH-1, SPT-5, Depth 15 ft

40
BH-1, SPT-7, Depth 25 ft
30

20

10
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm
GRAVEL SILT & CLAY
SAND
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
(PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES)
No.4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200
100

90

80

70
Percent finer by weight, %

60 BH-1, SPT-9, Depth 35 ft

50
BH-1, SPT-12, Depth 50 ft

40
BH-1, SPT-14, Depth 60 ft
30

20

10
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm
GRAVEL SILT & CLAY
SAND
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
(PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES)
No.4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200
100

90

80

70
Percent finer by weight, %

60 BH-2, SPT-2, Depth 6 ft

BH-2, SPT-3, Depth 9 ft

50

BH-2, SPT-5, Depth 15 ft

40
BH-2, SPT-8, Depth 30 ft
30

20

10
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm
GRAVEL SILT & CLAY
SAND
 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
(PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES)
No.4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200
100

90

80

70
Percent finer by weight, %

60
BH-2, SPT-11, Depth 45 ft
50

40 BH-2, SPT-13, Depth 55 ft

30

20

10
Project: Plot # 426, Sector MB, Phase 6C, DHA, Lahore
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm
GRAVEL SILT & CLAY
SAND
i