Demography, statistical study of human populations, especially with

reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics (births,

marriages, deaths, etc.). Contemporary demographic concerns include the
“population explosion,” the interplay between population and economic
development, the effects of birth control, urban congestion, illegal immigration,
and labour force statistics. For a discussion of the objects of demographic
study, see population (in biology and physical anthropology). See
also census.

Demographics, the particular characteristics of a large population over a

specific time interval. The word is derived from the Greek words for “people”
(demos) and “picture” (graphy). Examples of demographic characteristics
include age, race, gender, ethnicity, religion, income, education, home
ownership, sexual orientation, marital status, family size, health and disability
status, and psychiatric diagnosis.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/demographics

Thomas Malthus
ENGLISH ECONOMIST AND DEMOGRAPHER
WRITTEN BY:
 Donald Gunn MacRae
See Article History
Alternative Title: Thomas Robert Malthus

Thomas Malthus, in full Thomas Robert Malthus, (born February 13/14,

1766, Rookery, near Dorking, Surrey, England—died December 29, 1834, St.
Catherine, near Bath, Somerset), English economist and demographer who is
best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun
the food supplyand that betterment of humankind is impossible without stern
limits on reproduction. This thinking is commonly referred to as
Malthusianism.
Academic Development
Malthus was born into a prosperous family. His father, a friend of the
philosopher and skeptic David Hume, was deeply influenced by Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, whose book Émile (1762) may have been the source of the elder
Malthus’s liberal ideas about educating his son. The young Malthus was
educated largely at home until his admission to Jesus College, Cambridge, in
1784. There he studied a wide range of subjects and took prizes in Latin and
Greek, graduating in 1788. He earned his master of arts degree in 1791, was
elected a fellow of Jesus College in 1793, and took holy orders in 1797. His
unpublished pamphlet “The Crisis,” written in 1796, supported the newly
proposed Poor Laws, which recommended establishing workhouses for the
impoverished. This view ran somewhat counter to the views on poverty and
population that Malthus published two years later.
Professional Achievements
In 1804 Malthus married Harriet Eckersall, and in 1805 he became a
professor of history and political economy at the East India Company’s college
at Haileybury, Hertfordshire. It was the first time in Great Britain that the
words political economy had been used to designate an academic office.
Malthus lived quietly at Haileybury for the remainder of his life, except for a
visit to Ireland in 1817 and a trip to the Continent in 1825. In 1811 he met and
became close friends with the economist David Ricardo.
 Thomas Malthus, 1806.© Photos.com/Thinkstock

In 1819 Malthus was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; in 1821 he joined
the Political Economy Club, whose members included Ricardo and James
Mill; and in 1824 he was elected one of the 10 royal associates of the Royal
Society of Literature. In 1833 he was elected to the French Académie des
Sciences Morales et Politiques and to the Royal Academy of Berlin. Malthus
was one of the cofounders, in 1834, of the Statistical Society of London.
Malthusian Theory
In 1798 Malthus published anonymously the first edition of An Essay on the
Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with
Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other
Writers.The work received wide notice. Briefly, crudely, yet strikingly, Malthus
argued that infinite human hopes for social happiness must be vain, for
population will always tend to outrun the growth of production. The increase of
population will take place, if unchecked, in a geometric progression, while the
means of subsistence will increase in only an arithmetic progression.
Population will always expand to the limit of subsistence and will be held there
by famine, war, and ill health. “Vice” (which included, for Malthus,
contraception), “misery,” and “self-restraint” alone could check this excessive
growth.

Title page of an 1806 edition of Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population.©
Photos.com/Thinkstock

Malthus’s thought reflects a reaction, amiably conducted, to his father’s views

and to the doctrines of the French Revolution and its supporters, such as the
English radical philosopher William Godwin. Widely read for such works
as Political Justice (1793), Godwin took for granted the perfectibility of
humankind and looked to a millennium in which rational people would live
prosperously and harmoniously without laws and institutions. Unlike Godwin
(or, earlier, Rousseau), who viewed human affairs from a theoretical
standpoint, Malthus was essentially an empiricist and took as his starting point
the harsh realities of his time. His reaction developed in the tradition of
British economics, which would today be considered sociological.
Malthus was an economic pessimist, viewing poverty as man’s inescapable
lot. The argument in the first edition of his work on population is essentially
abstract and analytic. After further reading and travels in Europe, Malthus
produced a subsequent edition (1803), expanding the long pamphlet of 1798
into a longer book and adding much factual material and illustration to his
thesis. At no point, even up to the final and massive sixth edition of 1826, did
he ever adequately set out his premises or examine their logical status. Nor
did he handle his factual and statistical materials with much critical or
statistical rigour, even though statisticians in Europe and Great Britain had
developed increasingly sophisticated techniques during Malthus’s lifetime.
American sociologist and demographer Kingsley Davis remarked that, while
Malthus based his theories on a strong empirical foundation, the theories
tended to be weakest in their empiricism and strongest in their theoretical
formulation. For better or worse, the Malthusian theory of population was,
nevertheless, incorporated into theoretical systems of economics. It acted as
a brake on economic optimism, helped to justify a theory of wages based on
the wage earner’s minimum cost of subsistence, and discouraged traditional
forms of charity.
The Malthusian theory of population made a strong and immediate impact on
British social policy. It had been believed that fertility itself added to national
wealth; the Poor Laws perhaps encouraged large families with their doles. If
they had “never existed,” wrote Malthus, “though there might have been a few
more instances of severe distress, the aggregate mass of happiness among
the common people would have been much greater than it is at present.”
These laws limited the mobility of labour, he said, and encouraged fecundity
and should be abolished. For the most unfortunate it might be reasonable to
establish workhouses—not “comfortable asylums” but places in which “fare
should be hard” and “severe distress . . . find some alleviation.”
He continued publishing a variety of pamphlets and tracts on economics. In an
approach less rigorous than Ricardo’s, Malthus discussed the problem of
price determination in terms of an institutionally determined “effective
demand,” a phrase that he invented. In his summary Principles of Political
Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application (1820),
Malthus went so far as to propose public works and private luxury investment
as possible solutions for economic distress through their ability to increase
demand and prosperity. He criticized those who valued thrift as a virtue
knowing no limit; to the contrary, he argued that “the principles of saving,
pushed to excess, would destroy the motive to production.” To maximize
wealth, a nation had to balance “the power to produce and the will to
consume.” In fact, Malthus, as an economist concerned with what he called
the problem of “gluts” (or, as they would be called today, the problems of
economic recession or depression), can be said to have anticipated the
economic discoveries made by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s.
Then again, a fundamental criticism of Malthus was his failure to anticipate
the agricultural revolution, which caused food production to meet or exceed
population growth and made prosperity possible for a larger number of
people. For example, the price of wheat in the United States, adjusted
for inflation, has fallen by about two-thirds in the last 200 years. Since 1950,
the world’s per capita food production has increased by about 1 percent per
year. The incidence of famine has diminished, with famines in the modern era
typically caused by war or by destructive government policies, such as price
controls on food. Malthus also failed to anticipate the widespread use of
contraceptives that brought about a decline in the fertility rate.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Malthus

Malthusian Theory of Population

Thomas Robert Malthus was the first economist to propose a systematic theory of
population. He articulated his views regarding population in his famous
book, Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), for which he collected empirical
data to support his thesis. Malthus had the second edition of his book published in
1803, in which he modified some of his views from the first edition, but essentially
his original thesis did not change.

In Essay on the Principle of Population,Malthus proposes the principle that human

populations grow exponentially (i.e., doubling with each cycle) while food
production grows at an arithmetic rate (i.e. by the repeated addition of a uniform
increment in each uniform interval of time). Thus, while food output was likely to
increase in a series of twenty-five year intervals in the arithmetic progression 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and so on, population was capable of increasing in the geometric
progression 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and so forth. This scenario of
arithmetic food growth with simultaneous geometric human population growth
predicted a future when humans would have no resources to survive on. To avoid
such a catastrophe, Malthus urged controls on population growth. (See here for
graphs depicting this relationship.)

On the basis of a hypothetical world population of one billion in the early nineteenth
century and an adequate means of subsistence at that time, Malthus suggested that
there was a potential for a population increase to 256 billion within 200 years but
that the means of subsistence were only capable of being increased enough for nine
billion to be fed at the level prevailing at the beginning of the period. He therefore
considered that the population increase should be kept down to the level at which it
could be supported by the operation of various checks on population growth, which
he categorized as "preventive" and "positive" checks.
The chief preventive check envisaged by Malthus was that of "moral restraint",
which was seen as a deliberate decision by men to refrain "from pursuing the
dictate of nature in an early attachment to one woman", i.e. to marry later in life
than had been usual and only at a stage when fully capable of supporting a family.
This, it was anticipated, would give rise to smaller families and probably to fewer
families, but Malthus was strongly opposed to birth control within marriage and did
not suggest that parents should try to restrict the number of children born to them
after their marriage. Malthus was clearly aware that problems might arise from the
postponement of marriage to a later date, such as an increase in the number of
illegitimate births, but considered that these problems were likely to be less serious
than those caused by a continuation of rapid population increase.

He saw positive checks to population growth as being any causes that contributed
to the shortening of human lifespans. He included in this category poor living and
working conditions which might give rise to low resistance to disease, as well as
more obvious factors such as disease itself, war, and famine. Some of the
conclusions that can be drawn from Malthus's ideas thus have obvious political
connotations and this partly accounts for the interest in his writings and possibly
also the misrepresentation of some of his ideas by authors such as Cobbett, the
famous early English radical. Some later writers modified his ideas, suggesting, for
example, strong government action to ensure later marriages. Others did not
accept the view that birth control should be forbidden after marriage, and one
group in particular, called the Malthusian League, strongly argued the case for birth
control, though this was contrary to the principles of conduct which Malthus himself
advocated.

http://cgge.aag.org/PopulationandNaturalResources1e/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10/
CF_PopNatRes_Jan108.html
Instructor: Robin Harley

Robin has a PhD in health psychology. She has taught undergraduate and graduate psychology, health science,
and health education.
Known for his work on population growth, Thomas Robert Malthus argued that if left unchecked, a
population will outgrow its resources, leading to a host of problems. In this lesson, we will define and
discuss the Malthusian theory of population growth.

Malthus on Population Growth

Can you picture a billion people? It's difficult, isn't it? Now, multiply that by
seven, and we're approaching the world's population. In 2012, we exceeded
seven billion people and are predicted to reach 9.6 billion by the year 2050. All of
these extra people need food, water, space, and energy to survive.

This unprecedented growth has put a strain on our environment, economies,

governments, infrastructures, and social institutions. While growth in developed
nations has slowed down in recent years, overcrowding has been a worldwide
concern for centuries. One of the first to publicly address the limits of the earth
and the dangers of population growth was Thomas Robert Malthus (who lived
from 1766-1834), an English scholar and cleric.

Thomas Robert Malthus

The Malthusian Theory

Malthus's early writings were pamphlets that addressed economic and political
issues of his time. In opposition to the popular 18th century European view that
society was constantly improving, he wrote about the dangers of excessive
population growth.

In his 1798 work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus examined the
relationship between population growth and resources. From this, he developed
the Malthusian theory of population growth in which he wrote that population
growth occurs exponentially, so it increases according to birth rate.

For example, if every member of a family tree reproduces, the tree will continue
to grow with each generation. On the other hand, food production increases
arithmetically, so it only increases at given points in time. Malthus wrote that,
left unchecked, populations can outgrow their resources.
According to Malthus, there are two types of 'checks' that can reduce a
population's growth rate. Preventive checks are voluntary actions people can
take to avoid contributing to the population. Because of his religious beliefs, he
supported a concept he called moral restraint, in which people resist the urge to
marry and reproduce until they are capable of supporting a family. This often
means waiting until a later age to marry. He also wrote that there are 'immoral'
ways to check a population, such as vices, adultery, prostitution, and birth
control. Due to his beliefs, he favored moral restraint and didn't support the
latter practices.

Positive checks to population growth are things that may shorten the average
lifespan, such as disease, warfare, famine, and poor living and working
environments. According to Malthus, eventually these positive checks would
result in a Malthusian catastrophe (also sometimes called a Malthusian crisis),
which is a forced return of a population to basic survival.

The Irish potato famine of the 19th century has been considered a classic
example of a Malthusian catastrophe. In addition to dealing with political and
economic relations with England and fragmentation of their land, the rapidly
growing Irish population was running out of food.

There are often other factors involved in events that could be labeled as
Malthusian catastrophes, so many scholars take caution when providing modern
examples.
A graph illustrating the Malthusian theory of population growth

https://study.com/academy/lesson/malthusian-theory-of-population-growth-definition-lesson-quiz.html

Land use planning in the philippines

1. 1. By: Amie Jane A. Dalisay Rural Development Administration Urban
Planning and Management (PA 508)
2. 2. Land Use Planning Definitions Refers to the rational and judicious
approach of allocating available land resources to different land using
activities and for different functions consistent with the overall
development vision/goal of a particular city Refers to the manner of
utilization of land, including its allocation, development and management.
3. 3. Land Use Planning Definitions Refers to a document embodying a set
of policies accompanied by maps and similar illustrations which represent
the community desired pattern of population distribution and a proposal
for the future allocation of land to the various land-using activities.
4. 4. 3 INTERLOCKING DIMENSIONS OF LAND USE PLANNING TECHNICAL
DIMENSION POLITICAL DIMENSION IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSION
5. 5. LAND AND THE FILIPINO Private interest in land in the Philippines is so
pervasive that the welfare objectives upon which land use planning is
founded like: • distributive justice • equitable access to benefits of land
use • land as natural resource and not as commodity of trade are confined
to the realm of rhetoric. Untrammeled private interest in land has two
manifestations: • Highly Skewed pattern • A Weak State.
6. 6. SKEWED LAND OWNERSHIP The owner inevitably delegates production
tasks to agents. Two options are available: • first, the owner hires and
supervises wage labor; • second, the owner delegates operations to a
tenant-cultivator.
7. 7. THE ACCUMULATOR • Acquires land by all means, fair and foul, with
frenzy of one racing against the setting sun. THE DISPOSSESSED • Seek to
acquire whatever land there is from any source including traders in
“rights” over lands they have no right to sell in the first place. • Once they
acquired “title” to their hand land, they defend their possession literally to
the death
8. 8. • To acquire land has become an obsession, to at least have a share of
this earth, a little place they can call their own. • To the Filipino LAND is
LIFE. “How did land come to be concentrated in the hands of a few elusive
dream to many?”
9. 9. PRE-COLONIAL PRACTICE • Land belong to the family, clan, tribe, or
barangay held in trust for the group by the head. • Every member who
wanted to use land and was able to work it had automatic right of access,
which right he lost once he was unable to use or work the land.
10.10. ENTER THE SPANIARDS It was the Spaniards who introduced the
“REGALIAN DOCTRINE” by virtue of which all lands belonged to the king
because he had invested in the expedition of discovery, conquest and
pacification. • Thenceforth, ownership of land was a right or privilege
 bestowed by the king to the king to the natives. • Thus, the Filipino lost
their ancestral rights to land.
11.11. THE RISE OF THE NATIVE PRINCIPALIA Filipino society there were
natural leaders whose authority was recognized by the group and which
was passed on to their heirs. Native principalia were given formal
positions as: • GOBERNADORCILLOS (in town) • ALCALDES (in province) In
return of their services of collecting taxes and organizing forced-labor
gangs the received land grants. Native principalia became the actual
owners of erstwhile common lands now transformed into crown lands. A
wealthy Gobernadorcillo, 1859 A gold-knobbed cane of a Gobernadorcillo
12.12. LAND ACQUISITION “that in any acquisition or conquest personally
liberty and private property, whether of individuals or corporations,
existing at the time of acquisition, were to be respected” “free men and
might not be slaved. Their land and property were their own and might not
be taken from them save by fair and willing sale”
13.13. LAND ACQUISITION THE CUSHANERS • Refers to the native
principalia as “opportunistic Judases who betrayed their people by selling
their communal lands” • Thus, from their position of authority the
principalia class took quick advantage of the new economic and political
reality to sell lands which were not theirs to sell” A principalia family from
Argao, Cebu, c. 1890s.
14.14. LAND ACQUISITION • Land sales were unfair and abusive. • LEASE-
PURCHASE (pacto de retroventa) – wherein the native seller often failed to
buy back the leased property, and outright land-grabbing or usurpation
through fraudulent survey and complicated court proceedings.
15.15. THE NEW ELITE New social structure • Absentee Landowners – mostly
the friar orders. They hired salaried administrators who ran the estates
and received rent from the renters. • The Renters – were of two types:
Small Inquilinos Big Inquilinos • Aprarceros – who came from the army
of landless vagamundos and worked on the estate as salaried workers or
share croppers.
16.16. AMERICAN STYLE LAND REFORM •The program of redistribution to
the tenants would allow them to become owners in 25 years.
17.17. TORRENS TITLE SYSTEM • The title in this system of the grantee or
transferee is made binding against the whole world, including the
government, as soon as the deed of transfer of deeds. • This makes the
“title” a most sought after instrument to prove one’s possession and a
security against any possible dispossession.
18.18. LAND CLASSICATION •Public Land Act (Commonwealth Act 141) of
1936 – lands in the public domain were classified in to timberlands,
mineral lands, and agricultural lands (otherwise known as alienable and
disposable). •Methods of disposition Homestead settlement Open
bidding Lease
19.19. REAL ESTATE BUSINESS • Spanish – practice was for the landlord to
designate a certain section of his property where tenants could build their
own houses and in return pay rent to the landlord.
20.20. REAL ESTATE BUSINESS •American – practice of land subdivision and
the business of selling subdivided lots. Soon they were selling land retail
and due to increasing demand even rice paddies, zacate fields, fishponds
and similar areas were being converted to subdivisions.
21.21. TWO TYPES OF LANDED INTEREST• Traditional agriculture state •
Large urban real estate business Both wings of the landed interest are
strongly represented in, or make powerful lobby in the halls of legislative
bodies from the national down to the local level.
22.22. THE STATE AS MANAGER OF LAND RESOURCES •Land classification
and Titling system •General Land Classification System Old Land
Classification System New Land Classification System
23.23. THE STATE AS MANAGER OF LAND RESOURCES •Land classification
and Titling system •General Land Classification System Old Land
Classification System New Land Classification System
24.24. Old Land Classification System TOTAL LAND Portions of the territory
that have not yet been classified. Unclassified Public Forest Classified all
lands of the national territory are either timberlands, mineral lands, or
alienable and disposable.
25.25. Old Land Classification System Mineral & Timberlands - remain in the
land of the state As owner of timberlands – the state may actually develop
hem by administration or by contract, lease, grant or similar arrangements
with private parties. Classified Mineral Land Timber Lands Agriculture or
A& D - can be released to private claimants. As a regulator of A & D –
lands that are already in private hands, the state exercises this function
through the use of various devices including land use planning.
26.26. Old Land Classification System areas may be put under productive use
and what areas may be reserved for protection and conservation purposes
Timberlands Subclassified UnclassifiedForest Reserve Timberlands Parks
Parks Civil Reserve Fishponds
27.27. Old Land Classification System remain with the state as part of the
public domain until they are otherwise alienated and disposed of
according to specific laws. Agricultural or A & D Titled Untitled Agriculture
Residential Industrial Town Site Others
28.28. New Land Classification System TOTAL LAND Public Domain Private
Lands Privately owned but subject to eminent domain Held by State as
private entity Reserved for government or public use are either in private
ownership or held by the state in its capacity as a private
individualsUnappropriated Lands
29.29. New Land Classification System Unappropriated Lands Non-
Disposable & Non Alienable Disposable & Alienable Natural parks Mineral
lands Forest lands non disposable and therefore not available for
alienation disposable and hence available for alienation for various
purposes Agricultural Lands Agriculture Residential IndustrialCommercial
Institutional Educational Town Sites
30.30. UNEQUAL PRIVILEGES The state has bestowed unequal privileges in
the exploitation of natural resources on one hand, and has allowed
 encroachment of protective areas by the marginalized families, on the
other. Fees and charges Poverty and affluence Timber Lease Agreement
31.31. SPECULATIVE TRADING IN LAND Private developers and dealers
make profits from land transaction or by producing and selling serviced
lots as a commodity trade. Marcos Administration Urban Land Reform Law
(PD 1517) President Marcos (Proclamation No. 1893) President Marcos
(Proclamation No. 1967 on May 14 1980)
32.32. SPECULATIVE TRADING IN LAND Aquino Administration Aquino
Government was to execute the coup de grace. The urban land reform
law (PD 1517) was replaced with the “Urban Development and Housing Act
of 1992 (RA 7279)”. The new law recites the welfare objectives of PD 1517
33.33. WELFARE AS RHETORIC In the Philippines, it would seem that the
concept of private property is gradually changing 1935 Constitution Was
overly protective of private property rights. 1973 Constitution The
concept of social responsibility in private property ownership was
introduced for the first time. 1987 Constitution The use of property bares
a social function and all economic agents shall contribute to the common
good.
34.34. WELFARE AS RHETORIC PERIOD OF MARTIAL LAW (the 1970s and
early 1980s) •Provided the atmosphere and impetus for the technocrats to
contribute to the rhetoric of social reform. Urban Land Reform Law
(PD1517) of 1978 Innovative Planning Techniques: Land Acquisition
Innovative Land Disposition Techniques
35.35. WELFARE AS RHETORIC • That technocrats and their welfare rhetoric
attained respectability and importance. Infrastructure for physical and
land use planning was established with the creation of the Ministry of
Human Settlements (MHS), replacing the National Planning Commission. •
Zoning has become so popular that people tend to equate it with planning
itself.
36.36. WELFARE AS RHETORIC PERIOD OF AQUINO ADMINISTRATION •
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 (RA 7279) • Shift in the focus
of land use regulation from private lands to lands in the public domain.
Landmark legislations include: Protected areas (RA 7586) Mining (RA
7076 and RA 7946) Fisheries (RA 8550) Agricultural Fisheries (RA 8435)
Indigenous People’s Rights (RA 8371) Local Government Code (RA 7160)
– Most important legislative output after the Marcos years.
37.37. • Two contrasting realities: The primacy of private interest in land
Social welfare posturing of elements of the bureaucracy • 1973 and 1987
Constitutions – mandated of the state to regulate the use of, among other
actions on, land is explicitly provided in two successive constitutions. •
National Land Use Act – prepared to serve as a framework for the
comprehensive regulation of land use.
38.38. •Codes of Laws – covering the use and exploitation of forestlands,
mineral lands, fishery resources, and agricultural areas. •Comprehensive
Land use regulatory framework includes regulation of the private domain
 which legislators, both local and national, are reluctant to enact because
it will hurt their own interest.
39.39. • Functions of Local Legislative bodies: “Prescribe reasonable limits
and restraints on the use of property” with their respective territorial
jurisdiction. • In the Philippine society the bigger one’s property the bigger
one’s voice.
40.40. •Town and country Planning Act of 1947: Everyone, regales of position
or station in life, is required to secure planning permission from the local
planning office before developing their property. •Zoning Officer is often
powerless to stand up to pressures (or the price) offered by the powerful.
41.41. •Retained Functions: If the regulation of the private domain is left
entirely in the hands of local government, the regulation of lands in the
public domain which constitute a significant portion of any LGU territory is
retained by the national government.
42.42. • 1991 Local Government Code (RA7160) LGUs are mandated to co-
management with the national government the natural resources and the
environment through the mechanism of devolution of DERN-functions. •
LGUs are subject to the “supervision, control and review” by DENR.
43.43. •DENR devolved functions classified under the five sectoral areas: To
the Province To the Municipalities To the Cities To the Barangay
44.44. • The responsibility for ancestral domains is given by law (RA8371) to
the National Council for Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). • The implementation
of the Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA) is undergoing institutional
birth pains, including a challenge to the constitutionality of the law which
left the Supreme Court in deadlock.
45.45. •Ancestral domains from a significant part of LGU territories and the
IP population an equally significant portion of some LGUs’ population. •The
approaches and processes of integrating the management plans of
ancestral domains into LGUs comprehensive plan, as well as the
modalities of LGU- NCIP co-management of ancestral domains are
undergoing a process of research and development.
46.46. • Land use planning, as a technical exercise directly involving local
governments can be said to have taken off in the latter half of the 1070s
when the massive programs of assistance on town planning were
launched. • National Coordinating Council for Town Planning, Housing and
Zoning (NCC-TPHZ) was organized to assist cities and major urban centers
in the preparation of town plans and zoning ordinance. oIn two years’ time,
159 LGUs received assistance. The program stopped in 1979.
47.47. •Human Settlements Regulatory Commissions (HSRC) continue the
assistance unilaterally. oBy the end of 1980, a total of 347 more LGUs
availed themselves of the assistance. •In July 1980, another inter-agency
assistance program was launched oBy end-1983 another set of 663 LGUs
were assisted. The program continued until the EDSA uprising in 1986.
48.48. • Thereafter, a new program of assistance, the Local Planning
Program, led by the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
 was launched. oAs of March 2001, between 70% and 80% of LGUs
nationwide have already prepared their town plans and zoning ordinance.
https://www.slideshare.net/AmiraAira1/land-use-planning-in-the-philippines