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◦ T
Proof. 1 Let An×n = aij and A = Bn×n = bij .
Then bij = aji for i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Denote Sn the collection of all permutations of Jn = {1, 2, . . . , n}.
Note the set Tn = {σ −1 : σ ∈ Sn} is the same as Sn
since size of Tn equals the size of Sn and Tn ⊆ Sn.
2◦ By definition of determinant, ǫ(σ −1) = ǫ(σ) ∀ σ ∈ Sn and Sn = Tn,
det(B) = Σσ∈Sn ǫ(σ)b1σ(1)b2σ(2) · · · bnσ(n)
= Σσ∈Sn ǫ(σ)aσ(1)1aσ(2)2 · · · aσ(n)n
= Σσ∈Sn ǫ(σ)aσ(1)σ−1(σ(1))aσ(2)σ−1(σ(2)) · · · aσ(n)σ−1(σ(n))
ǫ(σ −1 )=ǫ(σ)
= Σσ−1∈Tn ǫ(σ −1)a1σ−1(1)a2σ−1(2) · · · anσ−1(n)
Tn =Sn
= Σσ∈Sn ǫ(σ)a1σ(1)a2σ(2) · · · anσ(n) = det (A).
Linear Algebra
This theorem is proved. lecture 7−2
Theorem 3.1.5. If B is obtained from A by multiplying a row (column) of A by a
real number c, then det(B)= c det(A).
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proof. 1 Suppose Bn×n = bij results from An×n = aij
by interchanging rthand sth rows of A, 1 ≤ r < s ≤ n.
asj if i = r
Then we have bij = arj if i = s .
aij if i 6= r, s
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Proof. 1 Let An×n = aij be an upper triangular. Then aij = 0 for i > j.
Thus, a term a1σ(1)a2σ(2) · · · anσ(n) in the expression for det(A)
is zero if 1 > σ(1), 2 > σ(2), . . . , n > σ(n).
Note the only permutation not satisfying the above n inequality
is the identity permutation;
namely, σ(n) = n, σ(n − 1) = n − 1, . . . , σ(1) = 1.
Thus det(A)= a11a22 · · · ann.
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2 If An×n = aij is lower triangular, then AT is upper triangular.
Proof. Skip.