VOLUME 1

SECTION A
PAES 101 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General
DEFINITION OF TERMS: (None)
Shield or cover
Protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of the machine, they
prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered.

Casing
Protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the machine, it prevents
contact with the dangerous part from all sides

Enclosure
Protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the safety, distance
necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently.

Guard construction
Guards shall be sufficiently strong. Unless it is clearly inappropriate, these shall, without
cracking, tearing or permanently deflecting, withstand a perpendicular static load of 1,200 N.

Safety distance
There may be circumstances where the requirements of clause 3 can be met by ensuring a
safety distance, as described in 5.3, from dangerous part.

Safety distance from dangerous part

The safety distance is based on measurements from the location where a person can occupy
to operate, maintain or inspect the dangerous part.

Upward reach
The safety distance for upward reach is 2,500 mm for persons standing upright.

Reach below barriers

No safety distance is specified where it is possible to reach below a safety barrier, unless the
aperture is small enough to be considered only in relation to finger, hand or arm access in which
case the requirements of 7.1.6 apply.

Reach over barriers

Barriers, the height of which is less than 1,000 mm above the location, which a person can
occupy, shall not be acceptable.

Inside reach through guards

The safety distances depend on the shape of the openings.

Openings
The openings shall not exceed the size appropriate to the distance of the guard from the
moving part.

Polygonal openings
Polygonal openings, where the diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed is not less
than the distance between the two apexes that are the furthest apart, shall meet the same
requirements as for round openings.

Pinching points
A pinching point is considered dangerous for the parts of the body illustrated in Table 4 if the
appropriate minimum separation distance is not maintained.

Operating manuals
Where safety precautions are necessary during operation and servicing of agricultural
machines, appropriate instructions shall be provided with the machine.
Warning notices
Durable warning notices shall be affixed to the machine where parts present danger to the
operator. Also included are circumstances where the inadvertent lowering of parts of equipment can
cause danger.

Working stability
Machines and trailers that may create a danger to the user through tilting, as a result of the
shifting of the center of gravity (for example when emptying or filling), shall be provided with means
of preventing such danger.

Handholds and steps

Any machine, on which the presence of a driver or operator is necessary, including any place
to which access is required for service or maintenance, shall be fitted with handle or handholds and
steps so the person has a safe, convenient means of mounting and dismounting.

Operating positions
Means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from his workplace. Any platform
on which the operator is required to stand during the operation of the machine shall be level and
shall have a non-slip surface, and if necessary, drainage shall be provided.
The platform shall be provided with the following:
a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted around the edge of the platform
or not more than 50 mm farther away and shall extend not less than 75 mm above the platform;
b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not more 1100 mm above the
platform and an intermediate rail so that the vertical distance between any two rails does not
exceed 500 mm.

Seats
On a machine on which the operator is required to sit, a seat shall be provided which will
adequately support the operator in all working and operating modes. Adequate and comfortable
support and protection for the feet shall be provided.

Operating control
The operating controls, such as steering wheel or steering levers, transmission levers, cranks,
pedals, and switches, shall be arranged and fitted in such a way as to allow safe and easy control
and manipulation by an operator in the normal operating position.

Steering mechanism
The steering mechanism shall be so designed as to reduce the force of any sudden movement
of the steering wheel or steering lever(s) due to reaction from the steered wheel(s).

Lifting and lowering controls

Provision shall be made to protect and locate controls so as to prevent accidental operation
which may cause dangerous movement.

Clutches (Drive engagement controls)

The following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate:
a) Foot-operated clutches
It should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left foot. To disengage, the pedal
should be pushed forward. In such case of a combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO
shall be disengaged on the second stage.
b) Hand-operated clutches
It should be located in a position convenient to the operator. To disengage,the control should
be moved rearward. Control should be operated only withthe operator in the operator’s
station.

Stopping devices for power sources

Every power source shall be fitted with a device by means of which it can be stopped quickly.
It shall be so designed that it does not depend on sustained manual effort for its operation and that,
when it is in the “stop” position, the power source cannot be started unless the device is reset
manually
Valves, taps and switches
In the case of hand-operated valves, taps and switches or their means of control provided for
controlling pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical systems, the function and effect of the device in each
of its positions shall be clearly indicated, where necessary for safety reasons.

Pedals
Pedals shall be of adequate size and of appropriate configuration. These shall have slip-
resistant surfaces in order to minimize the possibility of the op.erator’s foot slipping off the pedals,
and where necessary, be provided with a rim at the edge of the pedal.

Differential locks
Any manually operated device fitted to a machine to lock the differential gear shall be designed
and fitted so that there is a clear indication to the operator that the lock is engaged.
Hitches
Mobile machines that are not self-propelled shall be provided with suitable hitch devices.
Machines used for towing or which are towed shall be provided with a towing device constructed and
fitted to be secure for the purpose.

Hitch hook
If the towing machine is equipped with a hitch hook, it shall be in accordance with ISO 6489-
1. The towed machine shall, in such case, have a drawbar eye according to ISO 5692.
Drawbars
The drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor. The diameter of the
hole in the drawbar should be 33 mm. The thickness of the drawbar shall be not more than 32 mm.
05.0−+

Jacks and supports

Machines, which are not stable when disconnected, shall be provided with a jack or other
support to prevent tilting.
Power take-off (PTO)
The PTO shall be protected as indicated in 12.1.1 to 12.1.3.
Power intake connection (PIC)
The PIC shall be protected as indicated in 12.2.1 and 12.2.2.
PTO drive-shafts
The drive-shaft shall be protected as indicated in 12.3.1 to 12.3.3.
Exhaust pipes
The outlet of the exhaust pipe shall be located and directed in such a way that the driver or
any other operator obliged to stand on the machine will not normally be exposed to harmful
concentrations of noxious gases or fumes, for example by locating the outlet over or to the side of
the head level of the operator or the air intake of the cab.

Hot parts
Protection shall be provided to minimize the possibility of inadvertent contact with any exposed
element which may cause burns during mounting, dismounting or operating the tractor or machine.

Battery
The location of the batteries shall be such that hazards to the operator due to fumes and
electrolyte are minimized.
 PAES 102 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and
Presentation

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Left-hand side
for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer is facing in the normal
forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is on the
left when an observer is facing the machine

Right-hand side
for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the right when an observer is facing in the
normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is
on the right when an observer is facing the machine
Serial numbers
Information that enables the operator to locate and identify the whereabouts of serial numbers
and/or codes of the major components of the machine, and any additional information necessary for
initial communication with a dealer, shall be provided within the manual.

Safety signs
Safety signs that appear on the equipment shall be reproduced in legible size in the operator's
manual, either in the appropriate section of the text relative to the point of use, or in the safety section,
or in separate safety sign section.

Hazards
It is essential that any known hazards relating to the use of the machine, and any restrictions
for it use by classes of persons (such as children) be clearly stated.
Operating information
Operating information should include the general specifications and description of the
machine or equipment, identification of controls, instructions for proper operation of machine, and
troubleshooting information.
Maintenance schedules
Where maintenance tasks are required to be carried out at specific intervals (such as time,
distance, running hours, completed operations) they should be summarized in tabular form with
further details, if necessary, in the text.

Specialized tasks
Where maintenance tasks require specialist knowledge or resources, this shall be stated. If
any work carried out by an authorized person would affect the warranty on the machinery, it is
important that this be stated.

Initial set-up
Procedures for the initial set-up of the machine should be detailed in full. Any special tools or
testing and calibration equipment should be listed.
Presentation of operator's manual
Paper size
A5 format is suitable for most cases, although 1/3 A4 format is adequate for simpler machinery
and equipment. A4 format is recommended for complex machines to allow coverage with an
acceptable number of pages. A4 format is also suitable for static equipment where there is no storage
problem.
Protection
For initial shipment, the manual should be sealed inside a transparent, water-and-oil-resistant
plastic envelope.

Front cover
The front cover should be made from a stiff, durable material, and be the same size as the
pages of the manual. A cover of greater stiffness than the pages is generally appropriate, although
a paper cover of the same stiffness as the pages is acceptable for small manuals.

Rear cover
The rear cover should be of the same material and size as the front cover. If appropriate, there
should be a pocket inside for storage of a separate parts list.

Binding
Any type of binding which provides substantial anchorage for the pages, while allowing the
text to be accessed without damage, may be used.

Divider leaves
Major subjects or categories of information may be conveniently indicated for rapid reference
by divider leaves, which may be ordinary card or printed in color to attract attention.

Notes
One or two blank pages at the back of the manual for notes on individual conditions are always
useful.

Presentation of the text

Author
The author could be generally conversant with agriculture and engineering but need not be
an expert on the machine in question. He or she should have some knowledge of technical writing
principles. It is also useful if the author has operated the machine or is otherwise familiar with its
operation.
Level of text
When developing the text, it should be assumed that the reader (operator) has only minimal
prior knowledge of the machine and its operation.

Style of text
Text should be brief and simple. Related data should be grouped together in a logical order.
Sentences should be short and direct. References to time intervals should be specific. Paragraphs
should be short and relate to one topic only; accepted standards of grammar and usage should be
maintained.
Checking
The draft should be carefully checked for typographical errors, technical accuracy, and ease
of understanding.
Typographic design
Paper
The paper should be good quality white paper that is sufficiently opaque to prevent information
printed on one side of the sheet from making information printed on the other side difficult to read.

Color
Where colored paper is used, the contrast between the paper and the ink should not be
appreciably less than that provided by black ink on white paper. Where colored inks are used,
consideration should be given to the relationship with the color of the paper, the increased cost, and
the effect on methods of reproduction.
Reproduction
Reproduction copies should be clean, clear, and durable. Such copies may be produced by
lithography, by xerography, by laser printing or by letterpress. Inks should produce a dense, sharp
image.

Type size
Ideally, the type size should be such that the main text will not be less than 10 points.

Margins
The margins should be wide enough to allow for binding. Inner margins (left-hand on odd-
numbered pages, right-hand on even-numbered pages) should be 10 mm to 15 mm to allow clear
readability when the bound manual is open. Outer margins (right-hand on odd-numbered pages, left-
hand on even-numbered pages) should be sufficient (6 mm to 10 mm) to ensure that page content
is not cut during the printing and binding process. Top and bottom margins should be equal to inner
margins.
Columns
Text on A4 format paper should usually be presented in a single column. On larger page sizes,
two columns should be used, although a single-column format is also acceptable.
Headings
Headings should be used consistently throughout the manual to provide a systematic method
of presentation. Headings should be in larger type size than the text and in a bolder typeface or an
alternative color.
Text conventions
Terminology
Terminology should be consistent throughout the manual. Names and part numbers shall be
used consistently in all technical information. Technical terms that require specialized knowledge
should be avoided except where no other terms convey the intended meaning.
Glossaries, abbreviations, signs and symbols
Glossaries should explain words or phrases that may be unfamiliar to the reader and needs a
specialized knowledge. Abbreviations should not be used unless a list of those used, together with
their meanings, is included. Abbreviations should terminate in a full stop. Symbols for units of
measurement shall remain the same in both singular and plural forms and shall not be followed by a
full stop except at the end of a sentence.
Upper case letters
Words set in upper case letters should be used sparingly. It is usually better to use bold lower
case letters to emphasize key words or phrases. When referring to controls which have identifying
titles on them (for example, STOP control) then upper case letters can be used.\

Spelling
Spelling should conform to standard practice for the language in which the manual is
published and should be consistent throughout the manual.
Measurements and quantities
All measurements and quantities should be expressed in the International System of units (SI
units) followed, where appropriate, by an equivalent alternative in parentheses.

Numbers
All numbers shall be written in Arabic numerals. The only exception is when a sentence starts
with a number; in such cases, the sentence should be reordered to move the number from the
beginning of the sentence, or, if this proves impossible, the number may be expressed in words.
Left-hand and right-hand
Left-hand and right-hand should not be abbreviated in the text, except in charts. For static or
unusual equipment, these terms should be defined. Clockwise and counterclockwise require an
explanation of the direction of view.

Illustrations
Position
Illustrations in the body of the text should be either adjacent, or as close as possible, to the related
text.

Use of color
Color should be used only if it is necessary to clarify complicated diagrams. Techniques such
as shading, cross-hatching, and screening should be used in preference to color. If color is used,
primary colors are preferable. If black-and white illustrations in a manual appear in colored form
elsewhere (for example, in colored wall charts or transparencies) the manual should make use of
distinctive shading patterns to delineate the different colors consistently.
Limitations of color
Color blindness, microfilming, photocopying, possible confusion of colors when seen in poor
or colored light, cost and difficulties of reproduction should be taken into account when the possibility
of using color is considered. These considerations apply particularly to safety notices.

Clarity
Simple line illustrations or good quality photographs provide the best clarity of reproduction.
Shading should be used only if it contributes to the information given in the drawing; decorative
shading should be avoided.

Scale
If an indication of scale is required, it should be given in a form which is independent of the
reproduced size of the drawing. It is sometimes possible to indicate scale by including in the
illustration a ruled measure or some object of known size.

Balance between text and illustrations

Illustrations and text should complement each other and should be prepared together to shorten and
simplify the subject matter. Illustrations should always appear adjacent to the related text.

Charts
Information which is required frequently, or which is easier to explain in flow form should be
included as charts. These should be accompanied by a glossary of abbreviations, symbols, and any
unfamiliar terms.

Tables
Tables should be presented with the minimum number of lines required for clarity. Tables
should preferably appear at the appropriate point in the body of the text.
Instructions
Warning and Caution
Instructions identified as WARNING and CAUTION emphasizes important safety points where
personal injury may be involved. These instructions call attention to instructions which need to be
followed precisely to avoid a hazardous situation.
Important
Instructions identified as IMPORTANT call attention to instructions which must be followed
precisely to avoid damaging the product, process, or its surroundings.
Notes
Instructions identified as NOTE present supplementary information. These instructions should
be worded or located to indicate their point of application and be set to the same measure (column
or page width) as the related text. The heading should always be included and set in bold type.
Numbering of pages, figures and tables
Page numbering
Page numbers should be visually separate from the text. The numbering system should be
designed to make selection of the correct page as simple as possible. In short manuals, pages should
be numbered consecutively throughout the manual. In long manuals, pages should be numbered
consecutively within each main division.

Numbering of figures and tables

Figures, tables, and other non-textual material should be cross-referenced to the
corresponding text to eliminate confusion. If such cross-referencing cannot be achieved, figures and
tables should be numbered consecutively in the same manner as pages.

PAES 103 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

Definitions of Terms:

Acceptance test
test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot.

Lot
in any consignment, all components or equipment under study
NOTE: To constitute a lot, all components or equipment of the same kind, type, size, and
manufactured from the same material shall be grouped together.

Routine test
test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications which
are likely to vary during production

Type test
test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification
NOTE: This is intended to check the general qualities and design of a given type of component or
equipment.

Tests for visuals and dimensional characteristics

The component or equipment selected at random according to sub-clause. shall be examined
for visual and dimensional characteristics
Tests for other than the visual and dimensional characteristics
If the lot conforms to the requirements for visual and dimensional characteristics, a sub-
sample of size.
 PAES 104 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of
Operation of Operator’s Controls –
Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Agricultural tractor
self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine
primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or
provide power to implements and machines used for agricultural,
forestry and other related works

Pedestrian-operated machine
machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a
pedestrian, designed to carry out agricultural operation, and which
may also be operated from a seat on an attachment or trailer

Right-hand and left-hand

designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s
station

Self-propelled machine
having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the
machine, designed to carry out agricultural operations while on the
move.

PAES 105 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Symbols for Operator’s
Controls and Other Displays – Common Symbols

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Agricultural machines
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-
operated machines, implements, and combinations thereof
primarily used for agricultural operations

Symbol
visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent
of language.
NOTE :It may be produced by drawing, printing or other means.
 PAES 106 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –
Terminology

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Basic tillage goals

Tillage action
Action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
Example : soil cutting, shattering and/or inversion

Tillage objective
Desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations

Tillage requirement
Soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on utilitarian and/or
economic considerations
General tillage terms and kind of tillage
Broadcast tillage
Overall tillage
Tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips

Deep tillage
Primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm
Note: it may be accomplished with a very heavy-duty moldboard or disc plow which inverts the soil,
or with a chisel plow or subsoiler which shatters the soil.

Earthmoving
Tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil.

Land forming
Tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
Note: forming may be done on a large scale such as contouring or terracing, or on a small scale such
as ridging or pitting.

Land grading
Tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
Example: leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling.

Land planing
Tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface condition

Oriented tillage
Tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun, prevailing
winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines.

Rotary tillage
Tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil.

Soil cultivation
Shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil condition
conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control

Tillage
Mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
Note: in agriculture the term is usually restricted to the changing of soil conditions for the
enhancement of crop production.
Primary tillage
Tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce soil
strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.

Secondary tillage
Tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create specific
soil surface configurations before seeding

Tillage depth
Tool depth
Vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool
Tillage systems
Conservation tillage
System that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or maintains
at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion
period.

Conventional tillage
System traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area.

Minimum tillage
System wherein least soil manipulation is performed

Mulch tillage
System in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is
specifically left on or near the soil surface

Optimum tillage
Idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given conditions.

Precision tillage
Subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage.

Reduced tillage
System in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special planting
procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations.

Reservoir tillage
System in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or sprinkler
applied water.

Ridge tillage
System in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from year
to year in the same location
Note: seeding is done on the ridge top.

Strip tillage
System in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled.
Specific tillage operation
Anchoring
Tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or artificial
mulches.

Bedding
Ridging
listing
Tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration.

Bulldozing
Pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade.

Chisel plowing
Tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
Note: chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm is termed subsoiling.

Combined tillage operations

Operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil-
lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips
over a field.

Harrowing
Operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting.
Note : it is commonly used before seeding.

Incorporating
Mixing ;operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant
residues into the soil.
Middlebreaking
Hilling-up ; operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two
previous rows of plants.

Off barring
Operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
Note: this is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up.

Moldboard plowing
Operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion.

Residue processing
Operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil manipulation.

Subsoiling
Deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water movement.

Vertical mulching
Operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately behind a
tillage tool shank.

Tillage equipment
General-purpose tillage implement
Implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and pulverizing the
soil.

Plow-harrow
Implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow.
Note: it has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the disc plow but the disc are
assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit similar to a gang of disc harrow.
Rotary tiller
Implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as row
crop cultivator.
Note: it consists of power-driven shaft, transverse to the direction of travel, equipped with curved
knives that slice through the soil, chop surface residue and mix all materials in the disturbed layer.

Spiral plow
Rotary plow ; implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which
rotate vertically.
Note: the two shafts are placed end-to-end and oriented to throw the soil outward.

Primary tillage implement

Implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to bury
or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer.

Chisel plow
Implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials.
Note: multiple rows of staggered curved shanks are mounted either rigidly, with spring-cushions,
spike, or shovel tools are attached to each shank.

Disc plow
Implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely invert a
layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil.
Note: blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction of
travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.

Moldboard plow
Implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials, and
pulverizes the soil
Note: it consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface.

Right-hand plow
Turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow.

Left-hand plow
Turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow.

Two-way plow
Eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation
Note: it consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plows, with one type being used at a time.

Subsoiler
Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers.
Note: it is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a v-shaped frame.

Secondary tillage implement

Implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements, provide
additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air
pockets, and eradicate weeds.

Comb-tooth harrow
Implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and levelling.
Note: it consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.

Disc harrow
Implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and growth
Note: it consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.

Single-action disc harrow

Consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite
directions.

Double-action disc harrow

Tandem disc harrow
Consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is
arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually
outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions.

Offset disc harrow

Consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is
operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor.

Field cultivator
Implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to some form
of primary tillage.
Note: it is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced 150-230 mm in a staggered
pattern) which has an integral forged point or mounting holes for replaceable shovel or sweep tools.

Packer
Implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
Note: it consists of one or two in-line gangs of rollers such as lugged wheels or any one of various
shaped ridged wheels.

Roller-harrow
Implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the soil
surface
Note: it consists of an in-line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or more rows of staggered spring
cultivator teeth, followed by a second in-line gang of ridged rollers.

Rotary hoe
Implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for fast,
shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
Note: rigid curved teeth mounted on wheels toll over the soil, penetrating almost straight down and
lifting soil as they rotate. Hoe wheels may be mounted in multiple gangs or as short gangs on spring
loaded arms suspended from the main frame.

Row crop cultivator

Implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through standing
crop rows without crop damage.
Note: gangs of shanks are often independently suspended on parallel linkages with depth-controlling
wheels to provide floatation with the soil surface.

Spike-tooth harrow
Implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain maximum
stirring and raking of soil.
Spring-tooth harrow
Implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel
Note: the teeth are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to give good soil penetration.

Cultivating tillage implement

Implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or by
mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation

Continuous-tool bar cultivator

Implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral
adjustments of the tools for different row spacing

Separated gang cultivator

Implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum vertical
clearance for the plants

Nomenclature for tillage tools and implements

Bed shaper
Soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes.

Blade
Soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut through the
soil
Example: rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia blades

Coulter
Circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil.

Draft
Force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar pull.

Effective operating width

Operating width excluding overlap.

Edge clearance angle

Effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back or
nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge.
Ground clearance
Minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine element.

Hitch
Portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source.

Implement width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of the
implement.

Injector
Implement used to insert materials into the soil.

Jointer
Miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead of the
main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash.

Lateral tool spacing

Horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected upon
a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel.

Line of travel
Line and direction along which the tillage implement travels

Lister-planter
Combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to permit a
single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the furrow.
Longitudinal tool spacing
Horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel.

Mechanical tillage implement

Single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control, and
protection systems present as an integral part of the machine
Moldboard plow clearances
Horizontal clearance
Distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
Example: diagonal (rake), tip of share to tip of share; fore and aft, width of cut or furrow slice; throat
width, minimum distance from face of moldboard to projecting member of preceding bottom

Vertical clearance
Distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such as
main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc
Operating overlap
Distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously tilled

Operating width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement performs its
intended function

Protected zone
Soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive tool
movement; shedding
Soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant adhesion

Shank
Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard

Shovel
Spade-shaped, v-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators, grain
drills, and soil scarifiers

Side force
Side draft; horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion

Soil-additive applicator
Machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage
Examples: granular herbicide applicator, lime or manure spreader, fumigation and fertilizer
distributor, or chemical incorporator are examples of soil-additive applicator.

Soil-additive incorporator
Machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil

Soil opener
Tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such as
seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
Example: disc, knife, and runner

Soil roller
Rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting

Soil-sliding path
Path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
Soil-sliding path length
Length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides

Soil-ascending angle
Angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path

Soil-sliding angle
Angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal contour line
constructed through the surface of the tool

Soil-tool geometry
Configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the direction
of travel of the tool and the soil surface

Soil-working surface
Portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil

Specific draft
Unit draft
Draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section

Standard
Beam; upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

Sweep
Type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped

Teeth
Projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil

Tillage tool
Individual soil-working element

Complex tillage tools

Tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to the
soil
Example: clod breakers, notched discs, rotary hoes

Dynamic tillage tools

Tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than along
the line of travel

Multi-powered tillage tools

Tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or draft and
electrical power

Simple tillage tools

Tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil

Tool clearance
Minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest potentially
obstructing implement element

Tool-operating width
Maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs its
intended function

Orientation, tool
Position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the soil
surface and the direction of travel
Note :orientation is specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum.

Lift angle
Rake angle ; angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the
soil surface

Side angle
Angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction
of travel

Tilt angle
Angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil
surface

Tool overlap
Distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides with the
operating width of another tool

Tool-skip area
Area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool

Tool width
Maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion

Vertical tool spacing

Vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical
plane parallel to the direction of travel

Wings
Projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be disturbed,
or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt, and side angles
which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and standard

Soil reaction nomenclature

Soil abrasion
Scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil
Soil adhesion
Sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels

Soil compaction
Act of reducing the specific volume of soil

Soil cutting
Separation of a soil mass by a slicing action
Soil failure
Alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in shearing,
compression, or tearing

Soil heaving
Lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing

Soil reaction
Soil response to the application of mechanical forces

Soil shatter
Pulverization; general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces

Soil sliding
Sliding of soil across a surface

Throw
Movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the tillage tool
Soil nomenclature
Additive, soil
Foreign; materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly
influencing the soil condition or environment
Example: pesticides, fertilizers, mulches, or conditioners, but not foreign bodies such as drain tiles,
which have an indirect influence

Adhered soil bodies

Masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soil-working
surfaces and act as a part of the tool
Example: soil cone, an adhered soil body which resembles a cone; soil sheet, an adhered soil body
which covers a large area of tool like a sheet; soil wedge, an adhered soil body which resembles a
narrow wedge
Compacted layer
Hard pan ; plow pan; plow soil
Dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or soil-
shearing forces

Concretions
Soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together

Covering depth
Thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement

Foreign materials
All materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies that
have not originated in the soil's development

Mechanical impedance
Resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the
mechanical strength of the soil

Mechanical stability
Mechanical strength; degree of resistance of soil to deformation

Shear blocks
Clods ; blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action

Shear surface
Failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared

Primary shear surfaces

Initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear
Secondary shear surfaces
Shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during the initial
displacement
Note: secondary shear surfaces are often perpendicular to the primary shear surfaces

Soil aggregates
Soil peds ; agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes

Tillability
Degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose
Soil and surface characteristics
Back furrow
Raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side
Note: it is formed when a furrow slice is lapped over another slice.
Dead furrow
Open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of land
after finishing of plowing
Note: it is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.

Furrow
Trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice

Furrow crown
Peak of the turned furrow slice

Furrow depth
Ditch depth ;pit depth ;trench depth
Depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

Furrow slice
Soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom

Furrow wall
Undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow

Head land
Unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip

Land
Unplowed soil

Ridge height
Bed height ;hill height; windrow height
Height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

Root bed
Soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
Root zone
Part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants

Seedbed
Soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds

Soil density
Weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or on a dry
basis (soil only, most common)

Paes 107 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Hitch For Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications

Hitch assembly
Structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement. Note it consists of hitch frame, pin
sleeve and hitch pin.

Size of primemover
Rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer.

Walking-type agricultural tractor

Pedestrian controlled tractor hand tractor self-propelled machine having a single axle designed
primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.

Paes 108 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery - Hexagonal Axle And Hub For Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –
Specification

Type 1
Hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of up to 3.4 kw (4.5 hp)
using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kw (5.0 hp) using gasoline engine.

Type 2
Hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of 3.5 kw to 10.8 kw (4.6
hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kw to 11.9 kw ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp) using gasoline engine.

PAES 109 :
2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR –
SPECIFICATIONS PART 1 : PULL-TYPE

Walking-type agricultural tractor

hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull
and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.

Pull type
traction type capable of pulling various kinds of implements.

PAES 111 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods Of Test

Applicable work
Range of operations that could be performed by the machine as specified by the manufacturer.
Ground clearance
distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the tractor.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost
part of the tractor.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the tractor and touching
its front and rear extremities.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each plane touching
the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and with wheels set for minimum track.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting laterally are contained between
these two planes.

Slip
Ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load, to the speed
without load.

Tractor weight
Total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the fuel tank filled to 80 percent
capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine is integrated with the
tractor) and with specified wheels.

Walking-type agricultural tractor

Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery

PAES 112 : 2000

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – LEVER-OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER –
SPECIFICATION

Lever-operated knapsack sprayer (LOKS) Backpack sprayer sprayer which is operated manually
with a lever and can be carried on the back of an operator for spraying.

Pressure chamber
Component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid pressure and induces more
uniform flow of the sprayed liquid.

Tank capacity
Maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when equipped with all its internal
mounting.

Paes 113 : 2000

Agricultural machinery – lever-operated knapsack sprayer –
methods of test

Definition of terms:
Verification of the specifications
 Laboratory tests
  Volumetric efficiency
 leak
 Tilt and inversion
 Nozzle performance
 Cut-off valve
 Pressure chamber fatigue
 Continuous running
 Strap
 Drop

 Actual field test

 Rate of work
 Ease of operation
 Operator’s safety

PAES 114 : 2000

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – CENTRIFUGAL PUMP – SPECIFICATIONS

Capacity
Discharge at maximum efficiency

Centrifugal pump
Type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws water into the pump through
a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing
by means of centrifugal force.

Diffuser pump
Turbine pump type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is surrounded by diffuser vanes. NOTE
The diffuser vanes have small openings near the impeller and enlarge gradually to their outer
diameter where the water flows into the chamber and around to the pump discharge.

Volute pump
Type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve.
NOTE The casing is proportioned to reduce gradually the velocity of water as it flows from the
impeller to the discharge, thus changing velocity head to pressure head.

Head
Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid per unit
weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum.

Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) Performance characteristic required of the pump and
is the NPSH at the pump inlet.
NOTE It is the statement of the minimum suction conditions required to prevent cavitation.

Pump
Device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.

Pump efficiency (ηp)

Ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump

Priming
Filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and create a
liquid seal inside the casing
Shaft power
Power required to drive the pump shaft.
NOTE It is the input power to the pump.

Water power
Theoretical power required for pumping.
NOTE It is the head and capacity of the pump expressed in kilowatt.

PAES 115 : 2000

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – CENTRIFUGAL, MIXED FLOW AND AXIAL FLOW WATER
PUMPS – METHODS OF TEST

Axial flow pump

Type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling or lifting action of
the impeller vanes on the water.

Base plane
Datum elevation for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level of water source to the
centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single suction pumps (volute and diffusion vane type), the
distance from the entrance eye to the first stage impeller; for vertical double suction pumps, the
distance from the level of water source to the impeller discharge horizontal centreline.

Cavitation
Formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as soon as the
vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure.

Centrifugal pump
Type of pump with vanes or impellers rotating inside a close housing which draws water into the
pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery
of the housing by means of centrifugal force.

Discharge
Volume of water pumped per unit time.

Friction head, hf
Equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe and pipe
fittings.
NOTE It is specifically defined by the expression.
𝐼 𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = k 𝐶 2 𝐷2

Head
Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid per unit
weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum.

Mixed flow pump

Type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal and the axial flow pump and
in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes on the
water.

Net positive suction head-NPSH (hsv)

Total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to pump center line) minus the vapor
pressure of water at the pumping temperature.
Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) NPSH as determined from the actual suction piping
conditions.
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑣𝑝
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 = ( ) − 𝐻𝑠
Γ
Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) Performance characteristic required of the pump and
is the NPSH at the pump inlet.

Performance curve
Curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head, power, NPSH and efficiency
of the pump.

Pump
Device that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.

Priming
Filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and create a
liquid seal inside the casing.

Pump efficiency (ηp)

Ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump.

Shaft power
Power required at the pump shaft.
Note it is the input power to the pump.

Static discharge head ( hd )

Vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge water level.

Static suction head ( hs )

Vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump.
Note it exists when the source of water supply is above the center line of the pump.

Static suction lift ( hs )

Vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump.
Note it exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump.

Total discharge head (hd)

Sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge piping plus the velocity head
and pressure head at the point of discharge. Note as determined on test, it is the reading of a
pressure gauge at the discharge pipe of the pump referred to datum plus velocity head at the point
of gauge attachment.

Total head (th)

Measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the algebraic difference between
the total discharge head and total suction head. Note total head, as determined on test where suction
lift exists, is the sum of the total discharge head and total suction lift. Where positive suction head
exists, the total head is the total discharge head minus the total suction head.

Total suction head ( hs )

Vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of the water to be pumped minus
all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings, plus any pressure head existing on the suction supply.
Note as determined on tests, it is the reading of a gauge at the suction of the pump referred to datum
plus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment. Suction head exists when the total suction
head is above atmospheric pressure.
Total suction lift ( hs )
Sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction piping.
Note as determined on the tests, it is the reading of the pressure gauge at the suction nozzle of the
pump corrected to the datum minus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment. Suction lift
exists where the total suction head at pump datum is below atmospheric pressure which the flow
source vented to atmosphere.

Velocity head (hv)

Pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow.
Note It is specifically defined by the expression
𝑣2
ℎ𝑣 = 2𝑔

PAES 117 : 2000

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SMALL ENGINE – METHODS OF TEST

Bore
Diameter of the cylinder.

Compression ratio
Ratio of the cylinder volume on top of the piston (piston displacement and combustion chamber)
when it is at its lowest position to the volume remaining above the piston when it is at its highest
position (combustion chamber).
𝑃𝐷 + 𝑉
𝐶𝑅 =
𝑉

Continuous brake power

Power recommended by the manufacturer for satisfactory operation under continuous duty
condition within a specified speed range.

Engine
Heat engine
Mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of fuel into mechanical
energy.

Compression-ignition engine
Engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high temperature is
achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.

Spark-ignition engine
Engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on the fuel and air mixture.

Engine performance
Maximum brake power, fuel consumption and operating characteristics of the engine at different
speeds.

Fuel consumption
Volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis.

Fully equipped engine

Engine equipped with all the accessories necessary to perform its intended functions such as air
cleaner, exhaust system, radiator, generator, starter and related parts.
Maximum brake power
Highest power developed at a given speed.
Net power
Power output of a “fully equipped” engine.

Peak brake power

Highest power developed.

Rated brake power

Power indicated in the specification sheet or plate at a given rated speed submitted by the
manufacturer.

Rated engine speed

Speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer.

Specific fuel consumption

Quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower hour.

Stroke
Length of the piston travel.

Torque
Product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that force to the axis
of rotation and is expressed in kg-m.

SECTION B
PAES 201: 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Heated - Air Mechanical Grain Dryer - Specifications
Batch type
Mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the drying chamber in batches
until the grain reaches the desired moisture content

Flat bed type

Shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a horizontal grain
holding bin
Recirculating type
Batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of grain during the drying operation

Vertical bin type

Columnar type
Batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a vertical grain holding bin
Continuous flow dryer
Dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying chamber in a substantially
continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated

Concurrent flow type

Parallel flow type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in the same direction as drying air

Counter-flow type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one direction and the drying air moves
in the opposite direction

Cross-flow type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the direction of flow of the grain being
dried

Mixing type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar drying bin except that it
includes louvers causing mixing to occur as the grain flows through the system
Non-mixing type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows through the column in a straight
path
NOTE. It consists of two parallel screens or columns of louvers. The space between the two
columns is the plenum chamber where heated air is introduced and forced through the grain.

Cracked grain
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

Dryer, direct-fired
Dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the product b

Dryer, indirect-fired
Dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the products being dried
Drying efficiency
Heat utilization efficiency
Ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added to
the drying air expressed in percent
Dust collecting system
Device used to collect dust ( i.e. Consist of aspiration fan, cyclone, etc.)

Fan
Blower
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of grains at the desired air flow
rate and pressure

Grain dryer
Device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by forced or natural convection with
or without addition of heat

Head rice
Grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average
length of the whole grain

Heated-air mechanical grain dryer

Device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air through the grain mass until the
desired moisture content is attained

Heating system efficiency

Product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency

Moisture gradient
Difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture content randomly sampled after
drying

Multi-pass dryer
Mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles or stages through a drying
chamber either by mechanical means or by gravity with subsequent cooling and tempering until the
grain reaches the desired moisture content

Plenum
Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated air through the
grain mass

Safety device
Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the parts and components of
the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of
malfunction

PAES 202: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Heated - Air Mechanical Grain Dryer
Methods of Tests
Airflow rate
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per second

Burner efficiency
Furnace efficiency
Ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace, to the heat released by the fuel

Combustion efficiency
Ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available from the fuel
Conventional energy source
Source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and
bunker fuel oil
Damaged grains
Grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged by insects,
water, fungi and/or any other means

Drying air temperature

Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain, measured at a number of points as close
as practicable to its entry to the grain bed

Drying rate
Amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

Drying system efficiency

Ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel expressed in percent

Foreign matter
All matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth,
clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds

Fuel consumption
Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time
Grain holding capacity
Load capacity
Continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the dryer after a period of stable operation batch type dryer:
weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the input moisture content

Heat utilization
Total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in kj/kg of h₂o

Immature grains
Palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture

Moisture reduction rate

Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the grain, to drying time, expressed in
percent per hour

Non–conventional energy source

Source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as biomass and solar energy

Purity
Percentage of grains free of foreign matter

Scattered grains
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the drying operation, to the weight
of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent
Static pressure
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform distribution of air flow through the grain
mass, expressed in pascal

Tempering
Temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the moisture content in the
center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize

PAES 203: 2000

Moisture Content Determination for Rice and Corn

Moisture content
Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet
basis
NOTE calculated as:
Mₒ-M₁
Moisture Content, % w.b. = 𝑥 100
Mₒ
Where:
Mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
M₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion

Primary method
Method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of water either by convection
heating (oven method) or distillation

Secondary method
Method of grain moisture determination based on some characteristics of the grain sample such as
electrical resistance and capacitance which are related to moisture content and must be
periodically calibrated against an official primary method

PAES 204: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Specifications

Axial flow thresher

Throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical manner around the
threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the feeding and
discharge outlets

Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the weight of the total grain
input of the thresher, expressed in percent

Chaff
Empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber

Concave grate
Concave component iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the
threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

Cracked grains
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

Grain-straw ratio
Grain content
Ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in
the same sample

Hold-on thresher
Type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the threshing chamber while the
stalks are mechanically or manually held during the threshing operation

Mechanically damaged grain

Grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of threshing operation

Mechanical rice thresher

Machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles
Note : it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.

Moisture content
Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample (wet
basis)
Note : it is calculated as:
Mₒ-m₁
Moisture content, % w.b. = 𝑥 100
m₁
Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
m₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion
Palay
Paddy
Rice
Rough rice
Unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the hull/husk

Peg-tooth cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in
tandem or in helical arrangements

Purity
Ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of unclean grains sample, expressed in
percent

Rasp-bar cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like protrusions in parallel
orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or attached to the
concave grate
Rated engine speed
Engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft as specified by the
engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous load

Scattering loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during threshing operation, to the weight
of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

Separation loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber with the straw, to the weight of
total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

Straw length
Cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle

Threshed grain
Grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of mature, immature, and
damaged grains

Threshing unit
Threshing chamber
Part of the thresher where the grains are detached and separated from the panicles

Threshing cylinder
Threshing drum
Part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with either pegs, rasp bars,
or wire loops on its periphery

Threshing efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent

Threshing element
Attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar that detaches the
grains from the panicles

Threshing recovery
Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain outlet, to the weight of the
total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

Through flow thresher

Throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating cylinder and stationary
concave and the threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing chamber
tangentially

Throw-in thresher
Type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into the machine

Total grain input

Sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss during threshing

Unthreshed loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants fed into the threshing
chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

Wire-loop cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are attached on the periphery of
the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the threshing concave

PAES 205: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Methods of Tests
Actual capacity
The weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit time

Clean threshed grain

Threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other impurities

Concave clearance
The clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave component

Concave component
An iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear
and/or impact the cut plants

Corrected capacity
The corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content (wet basis), grain-straw ratio
of 0.55 and 100% purity

Cylinder length
The distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis

Cylinder peripheral speed

The equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal operating speed, expressed
in m/s

Effective cylinder diameter

Outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder threshing elements

Grain-straw ratio
Grain content
The ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and
straw in the same sample

Lower concave
A semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion of the threshing chamber
which causes the grains to separate from the panicles

Primemover
An electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the thresher threshing output
the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet

Total grain input

The sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing losses

Upper concave
A semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing cylinder with louvers which assist
threshing and axial movement of the straw

PAES 206: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Specifications

Bran
Outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the rice
grain

Broken grains
Grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than eight-tenth (8/10) of the
average length of whole grain

Brown rice
Dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact
Coefficient of hulling
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls

Coefficient of wholeness
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without breaking the grain

Head rice
Grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average
length of the whole grain

Huller
Dehuller
Component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma) from the grains

Hulling efficiency
Product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of grains, expressed in percent

Input capacity
Weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed in kilogram per hour

Milled rice
Grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran

Milling capacity
Quantity of palay that the rice mill can process to a specified quality per total milling time,
expressed in kilogram per hour

Milling degree
Extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed as a result of whitening
Milling recovery
Ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, expressed in percent

Milling recovery index

Ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling recovery obtained from the
laboratory test mill

Multi-pass rice mill

Rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machines
Palay
Paddy
Rough rice
Unhulled grain of oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain

Percent head rice

Ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling and with a size ofthree-
fourth (3/4) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, expressed in percent

Percent head rice index

Ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent head rice obtained from the
laboratory test mill

Polisher
Auxiliary device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining small bran particles on the milled rice
and gives it a glossy appearance

Rice hull
Outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty glumes,
floral glumes, and awn

Rice mill
Machine used to remove the hull and bran of the palay to produce milled rice and consists mainly
of hulling and whitening assembly

Cone “cono” type

Type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical cone whitener

Rubber roll type

Type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or combination of other types of
whitener

Single-pass rice mill

Rice mill that employs only one whitening machine

Well-milled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part of the inner
bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be
present on less than 15% of the sample grains
Whitener
Component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice

Abrasive type
Type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with abrasive material such as
emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated steel housing

Friction type
Type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in a perforated steel
Housing

PAES 207: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Methods of Test
Brewers rice
“binlid”
Chips
Small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having round perforations 1.4 millimeters
in diameter

Destoner
Auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown rice

Output capacity
Weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in kg/h

Overmilled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely removed

Paddy grader
Auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness

Paddy separator
Auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice

Polisher
Pearler
Auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on the milled rice and gives it a
glossy appearance

Pre-cleaner
Auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy before milling

Regular milled rice

Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater part of the inner bran
layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present
on 15% to 40% of the sample grains

Undermilled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part of the inner bran
layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on
more than 40 % of the sample grains

Well-milled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part of the inner bran
layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on
less than 15% of the sample grains

PAES 208: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Specifications
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total corn kernel
input of the sheller, expressed in percent

Closed-frame cylinder
Type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate (figure 1a) or formed by longitudinal
bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous cylinder (figure 1b)

Note : the shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of a cylinder or at the
longitudinal bars.

Concave component
Iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the shelling elements rubs, shear
and/or impact the corn ear with or without husk

Corn cob
Part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached

Corn ear
Pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays l., enclosed with a leaf-like protective covering known
as husk

Corn husker-sheller
Machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from
the cobs in one operation
Corn sheller
Machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs

Cylinder-type
Type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such as knife bar or pegtooth
Note : the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.

Cracked kernels
Kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

Disc-type
Type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
Note : the disc rotates along horizontal axis.

Ear corn
Dehusked corn
Corn-in-cob
Unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed mechanically or manually

Hopper-fed type
Type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber by gravity

Kernel
Dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn

Kernel-ear corn ratio

Ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the weight of the ear corn
Mechanically damaged kernels
Kernels that were broken and/or scratched as a result of shelling operation
Moisture content
Amount of moisture in the kernel expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet
basis
Note : calculated as:
Mₒ-m₁
Moisture content, % w.b. = 𝑥 100
mₒ
Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
m₁= mass in grams of the dry test portion

Net cracked kernel

Difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and after the shelling operation

Open-frame cylinder
Type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached to the equally spaced
longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically (figure 2)

Purity
Ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels,
to the total weight of unclean corn kernels sample, expressed in percent

Scattering loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that fell out from the machine during shelling operation to the
weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

Separation loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that come out of the shelling chamber with the cobs at the cob
outlet, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

Shelled kernels
Whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after shelling
Shelling cylinder
Shelling drum
Part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with pegs on its periphery

Shelling efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at all outlets, to the total corn kernel input
of the sheller, expressed in percent

Shelling recovery
Ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at the main outlet, to the total weight of the
corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

Shelling unit
Shelling chamber
Part of the sheller where the kernels are detached and separated from the corn cobs

Table-fed type
Type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber with the application of
external force

Unshelled kernels
Kernels that remain in the cob after shelling

Unshelled loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that remained in the cobs of the corn fed into the shelling
chamber, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

Whole kernels
Unbroken kernels after shelling

PAES 209: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Methods of Tests
Clean shelled kernel
Shelled kernel free from foreign matter
Concave clearance
Clearance between cylinder shelling elements and concave component

Corrected capacity
Actual capacity of the sheller corrected at 20% kernel moisture content (wet basis), and 100%
purity

Feed rate
Weight of unshelled corn fed into the sheller per unit of time

Foreign matter
All matters other than corn kernels such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay
and mud, weed seeds and other crop seeds

Output capacity
Weight of shelled kernel collected per unit of time

Oscillating screen
Wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small particles

Primemover
Electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the sheller

Total kernel input

Sum of the weight of collected shelled kernels and all the shelling losses

Total losses
Sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a sheller, expressed in percent by
weight

PAES 210: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Corn Mill – Specifications
Bran
“tahop”
Coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during the milling process

By-product
Refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran

By-product recovery
Ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel input, expressed in percent
Note : it is calculated as:
 wt. Of the by-product, kg
%by-product recovery = 𝑥100
total weight of input, kg

Corn kernels
Shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties

Corn grits
Milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been removed and with particle size
of not less than 0.86 mm

Grit #10
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm
Grit # 12
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm
Grit # 14
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm
Grit # 16
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.10 mm to 1.19 mm
Grit # 18
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 0.86 mm to 1.09 mm

Conditioning
Rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content and tempering it to make
the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove
Corn mill
Equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process
Degerminator
Machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel

Degerminator efficiency
Ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the initial weight of the sample,
expressed in percent

Dry milling
Process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and pericarp with or without
conditioning
Floured corn
Fines
“tiktik”
Fine powder by-product of corn milling process

Germ
“sungo”
Embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process

Grit # 20
Corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm
Grit # 24
Corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm

Input capacity
Weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed in kilogram per
hour

Main product
Refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18

Main product recovery

Ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel input, expressed in percent
Note : it is calculated as:

wt. Of the main product, kg

%main product recovery = 𝑥100
total weight of input, kg

Moisture content
Amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the total weight of the sample, wet
basis
Note : calculated as:
Mₒ-m₁
moisture content, % w.b. = 𝑥 100
mₒ
Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
m₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion

Roller mill
Major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into corn grits.

PAES 211: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Corn Mill – Methods of Tests
Aspirator
Cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn kernels/corn grits such as
floured corn, germ and bran
Bulk density
Ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m³)

Degerminated corn kernels

Shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have been removed

Feed rate
Weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time

Foreign matter
Impurity
Any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of corn kernels/corn grits sand, gravel,
dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, weeds and other crop seeds

Input capacity
Weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed in kilogramper
hour

Laboratory sieve shaker

Equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size of the milled materials using standard
screen sieves

Milling capacity
Quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn grits per unit of time

Output capacity
Weight of the milled corn collected per unit of time
Precleaner
Auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material

Primemover
Electric motor, or gasoline-fed, or diesel-fed engine used to run the corn mill

Purity
Ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of uncleaned corn kernels, expressed
in percent

Sifter
Oscillating screen
Wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-forth direction, permitting smaller
particles to fall through the openings and larger particles to remain on top.

SECTION C

PAES 301:2000
Engineering Materials – V-belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications
V-belt - flexible machine element used to transmit motion and power between two shafts, the cross
section of which is shaped roughly like a regular trapezoid outlined by the base, sides and top of the
belt.
V-pulley - wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion and power by means of one
or more V-belts
NOTE: The cross section of the grooved rim is in the shape of an open-channel outlined by the base
and the two slanted sides.
V-belt drive - power transmission device, which consists of one or more V-belts, mounted on two
or more V-pulleys.
Pulley diameter - the outside diameter of the pulley.
Pulley pitch diameter - the diameter of the pulley, which coincides with the belt pitch.
Belt pitch - the region in the belt that keeps the same length when the belt is bent perpendicularly
to its base.
Belt length - the length of the belt at the level of its pitch.
Speed ratio - ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep.
Belt speed - the linear speed of the belt at the level of the pulley pitch diameter.

PAES 302:2000
Engineering Materials – Flat Belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines – Specifications
and Applications
Flat belt - belts used to transmit rotary motion and power between two shafts, which lie flat on the
face of its corresponding pulley.
Flat belt pulley - wheel having flat or crowned face used to transmit motion and power by means of
flat belts.
Flat belt drive - power transmission device used to transmit power and motion between two shafts
consisting of flat belts which ride in flat pulleys.
Pulley diameter - outside diameter of the pulley.
Belt length - stretched-out length of the belt.
Speed ratio - ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep.
Belt speed - the linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the rpm and the diameter of the
driver.
 PAES 303:200
Engineering Materials –Roller Chains and Sprockets for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications
Chain pitch - distance between adjacent joint members.
Pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the link pins as
the chain is wrapped on the sprocket.
Bottom diameter - the diameter of a circle tangent to the curve (called the seating curve) at the
bottom of the tooth gap.
Caliper diameter - for a sprocket with an odd number of teeth, it is the distance from the bottom of
the tooth gap to that of the nearest opposite tooth gap
NOTE: The caliper diameter is the same as the bottom diameter for a sprocket with an even number
of teeth.
Outside diameter -it is the diameter over the tips of the teeth.

PAES 305:2000
Engineering Materials – Shafts for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications (No Definitions of terms)

PAES 306:2000
Engineering Materials – Spur Gears for Agricultural Machines –Specifications and
Applications
Spur gear - a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis. Generally, it
transmits rotational motion and power between two axes.
Gear tooth - each of the projecting parts of a gear which are intended to ensure, by contact with the
teeth of another gear, that one of the other gear turns the other.
Module - the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).
Pitch circle - the line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
gear.
Addendum - the radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle.
Addendum circle - the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Dedendum - the radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle.
Dedendum circle - the line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the
axis of the gear.
Clearance - the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its
meshing gear.
Pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle.
Addendum diameter - the diameter of the addendum circle.
Dedendum diameter - the diameter of the of the dedendum circle.
Tooth depth - the radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle.
Circular pitch - the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding
profiles.
Tooth thickness - the width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch.
Tooth space - the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.
Backlash - the tooth space minus the tooth thickness 4.18 face width the width over the toothed part
of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the reference cylinder.
Tooth flank - the portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface.
Pressure angle - angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle.
Base circle- of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the tooth
profiles.
Tooth profile - the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference
surface.
Tooth trace - the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface.
Involute cylindrical gear - a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an
involute to a circle.
Involute to a circle - a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"),
which rolls out without slip on the base circle.

SECTION D. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE

PAES 410:2000
Agricultural Structures - Lairage for Swine, Small and Large Animals
Lairage – Any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which
include unloading ramp, pens, and detention pens.
Small Animals – Refers to sheep, goats, and deer.
Large Animals – Refers to cattle and carabao.
Detention Pen – Separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals.
Loose Type – Animals are free to move in a pen while waiting to be slaughtered.
Tie-Up Type – Pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered.
Slaughterhouse – Any building or place used for the killing of animals where the flesh is intended
for human consumption.

PAES 411:2000
Agricultural Structures - Slaughterhouse for Swine, Small and Large Animals
Slaughterhouse – Any building or place used for the killing of animals where the flesh is intended
for human consumption, typical situation, and floor plan of a slaughterhouse.
Stunning Pen – Compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is
being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any
substantial movement of the animal forward, backward, or sideways.
Stunning – Renders an animal insensible before it is killed.
Pithing – Insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive
bolt to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to
operatives.
Sticking – Severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by
means of a knife and “stuck” shall be construed accordingly.
Bleeding – Remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling.
Scalding – Lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing.
Dehairing – Removal of the hair from the carcass.
Gambrelling – Suspending the carcass for a particular operation.
Singeing – Cleaning the carcass by burning the hair.
Evisceration – Process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Dressing – Preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale.
Splitting – Dividing carcass into parts.
Carcass – All parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats, or swine that may be used
for human consumption.
Meat – Edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats, or swine.
Offal – Part of the internal organs of a slaughtered animal.
Green Offal – Digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain
fecal matter.
Black Offal – Digestive tracts of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal
matter.
Detained Meat – Meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after the
veterinary examination.
Condemned Meat – Meat that is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector
after the veterinary examination.
Gut And Tripe – Black or green offal.

PAES 419:2000
Agricultural Structures – Warehouse for Bagged Storage of Grains
Warehouse – A building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags, a typical warehouse.
Bag Storage – Storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene
and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos.
Palay – Paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing
the grain.
Fumigation – Process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes.
Moisture Content – Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as a percentage of the total weight
of the sample, wet basis.
Dunnage – Pallet; “tarima”; wooden frames are used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent
direct contact between the grains and the floor.
Aeration – Moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07 – 0.28
cubic meters per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality.

PAES VOLUME 2:
SECTION A
PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications Part 2: Rotary
Tilling-type
Rotary tilling type - A type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts,
breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant residues.
Walking-type (agricultural tractor, hand tractor pedestrian tractor)- Self-propelled machine
having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements
and machinery.

PAES 116: 2001

Agricultural machinery – small engine – specifications
Air-cooled (direct cooling system) - system wherein air is used to remove excess heat from the
engine through metal fins or shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow of
air to the engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature
Cycle - series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events after
the last one has occurred
Four-stroke - piston requires four movements to complete one cycle
NOTE: One movement of piston for each of the events such as intake, compression, power and
exhaust.
Two-stroke cycle - piston requires two movements to complete one cycle
Note: one downward movement of piston for the events exhaust and intake and one upward
movement of piston for the events compression and power
Engine (heat engine) - mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of
fuel into mechanical energy
Internal combustion engine - type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the
cylinder
Compression ignition engine - diesel engine engine in which combustion is achieved by
compressing the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel
NOTE: As the compressed air inside the cylinder reaches a high temperature, atomized fuel is
injected in the combustion chamber, it ignites on contact with high temperature air to generate power.
Spark ignition engine (gasoline engine) - engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation
of a spark on the compressed fuel and air mixture
Note: fuel and air mixture is first introduced inside the cylinder in gaseous condition. It is then
compressed and ignited resulting to the generation of power
Overhead valve (ohv) (i-head arrangement) - arrangement of valves wherein the intake and
exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head
side valves (SV) (L-head arrangement) - arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust
valves are located on one side of the cylinder block
water-cooled (liquid-cooled, indirect cooling system) - system in which water/liquid-coolant
serves as the cooling medium which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine

PAES 120: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Specification
Concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
Disc spacing - transverse distance between two adjacent disc edge note:
this can be obtained by adding thickness of one disc and length of spool.
Disc harrow - implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilt for the seed germination
and growth
Note it consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.
Single-action disc harrow - consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
throw the soil in opposite directions
Tandem disc harrow - consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind
the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one
direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite direction
Offset disc harrow - consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle
and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centreline
Frame - structure on which the gangs are fitted
Gang - set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool
Gang angle - angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the direction of motion
Gang angling mechanism - mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted
Gang axle - shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted
Ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the lowest edge of the disc when the
trailed harrow is supported on transport wheels
Hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source included
angle angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs
Scraper - component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
Side angle (disc angle) - angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
Spool - flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the lateral
movement of the discs on the shaft
Width of cut - transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
 PAES 123: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Seeder and Planter – Methods of Test
Fuel consumption - volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis
Wheel slip of seeder or planter – wheels slip is determined by the following formula:
Wheel slip=n1-n0n0 x 100
Where:
N1 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a given distance with slip, rpm
N0 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the same distance without slip, rpm

PAES 121: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow – Specifications
Concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
Concavity - vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its
concave side is placed on a flat surface
Disc plow - implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or
completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
NOTE: Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction
of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.
Frame - structure on which the standards are fitted
Hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source
Scraper - component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
Side angle (disc angle) - angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
Standard beam - upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
Tilt angle - angle in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and
the soil surface
Width of cut - transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25. For non-adjustable plow
disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20

PAES 118: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
Drawbar - bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched
Drawbar power - power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters
Four-wheel tractor - self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or
propel agricultural implements and machines
Four-wheel drive - type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels
Two-wheel drive - type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels with small
front wheels being pushed along
Linchpin - retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs
Lower hitch point tire clearance – clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower
hitch point to the outside diameter of the tire with the implement in raised position and all side sway
removed from the links
Lower hitch point tractor clearance - horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the
tractor in the area between the two lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch
points throughout the range of vertical movement of the hitch points
NOTE: The power-take-off master shield may be removed, if necessary to meet this dimension.
Hitch point - articulated connection between a link and the implement
NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the implement.
Leveling adjustment - adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved
vertically with respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement
Link point - articulated connection between a link and the tractor
NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the tractor.
Upper hitch pin - pin that connects the upper link to the implement
Upper link pin - pin that connects the upper link to the tractor
Wheel tread - center to center distance between two front or rear wheels

PAES 119: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Methods of Test
Ballast - any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability
Engine power - power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft
Ground clearance - distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the tractor
Maximum drawbar pull - mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar over a given
distance, the pull being exerted horizontally and in the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis
of the tractor
Tractor weight - total weight of the tractor excluding tools with the fuel tank filled to 80 percent
capacity and with normal amounts of cooling water and lubricating oil when the tractor is at work
Overall height - distance between the supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the tractor
Overall length - distance between the two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the
tractor and touching its front and rear extremities
Overall width - distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each
plane touching the outermost point of the tractor on its respective side
Note: all parts of the tractor, in particular all fixed components projecting laterally (i.e. Wheel hubs),
are contained between these two planes.
Radius of turning area (radius of clearance circle) - radius of the smallest circle described by the
outermost point of the tractor
Radius of turning circle - radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the median plane
of the outermost wheel of the tractor
Rated engine speed - speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer
Wheel slip – wheels slip is determined by the following formula:
 𝑁1 − 𝑁𝑜
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑥 100
𝑁𝑜

where:
N1 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a given distance with slip, rpm
N0 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the same distance without slip, rpm
Specific fuel consumption - quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower
hour

PAES 122: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Seeder and Planter – Specifications
Grain seeder - seeder planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop production
Note it can be a manually-operated, animal-drawn or tractor power-driven seeder.
Field efficiency - ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
Note: the field efficiency is determined by the following formula:
𝐸𝑓𝑐
𝐸𝑓 = 𝑥100
𝑇𝑓𝑐
Where:
E = the field efficiency, %
f

Efc = the effective field capacity, m2 /h

Tfc = the theoretical field capacity, m2 /h
Effective field capacity - actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at headland,
adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Theoretical field capacity - computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time 3.5
seed delivery rate amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area

SECTION B
ENGINEERING MATERIALS

PAES 307: 2001

Engineering Materials – Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications

Helical gear - Cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational motion and
power between two parallel axes.
Gear tooth- Each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to ensure, by contact with the
teeth of another gear, that one gear turns the other.
Module - Quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of
the diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).
Normal module - Quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in millimeters)and the number π,
where the normal circular pitch is the product of the circular pitch and the cosine of the helix angle.
Pitch circle - Line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
gear.
Addendum - Radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle.
Addendum circle - Circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Dedendum - radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle.
Dedendum circle - Line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the
axis of the gear.
Clearance - Amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its meshing
gear.
Pitch diameter - Diameter of the pitch circle.
Addendum diameter - Diameter of the addendum circle.
Dedendum diameter - Diameter of the of the dedendum circle.
Tooth depth - Radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle.
Circular pitch - Length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding points
of adjacent teeth.
Normal circular pitch - Length of the arc, living between the tooth traces of two consecutive
corresponding flanks of a cylindrical normal helix.
Tooth thickness - Width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch.
Tooth space - Space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.
Backlash - Difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness
Face width - Width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the
reference cylinder
Tooth flank - Portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface.
Pressure angle - Pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle.
Normal pressure angle - Pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace.
Helix - Curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis of the cylinder.
Normal helix - In a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which is perpendicular to that helix.
Helix angle - Acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of any imaginary cylinder or
cone coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is under consideration.
Base circle - Of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the tooth
profiles
Tooth profile - The line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference
surface.
Tooth trace - The line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface.
Involute cylindrical gear - A cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an
involute to a circle.
Involute to a circle - A plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"),
which rolls out without slip on the base circle

PAES 308:2001
Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications
Bevel gears - Gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having intersecting axes.
Straight bevel gears - Bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they
would intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward.
Miter gears - Bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and operate at axes
with right angles.
Module - The quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).
Circular pitch - The length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding
profiles which is measured at the large end of the tooth.
Pitch diameter - The diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the tooth.
Addendum angle - The angle between the elements of the face cone and the pitch cone.
Dedendum angle - The angle between the elements of the root cone and the pitch cone
Facewidth - The length of teeth along the cone distance.
Cone distance - The distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex.
Pitch angle - The angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel gear axis, it is
the half angle of the pitch cone.
Back angle - The angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation.
Back cone - The angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing a trace of the
pitch circle.
Back cone distance - The distance along an element of the back cone from the apex to the pitch
circle.
Mounting distance - For assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point of the axes
to the registering surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be identical to the apex to
back.
Mounting surface - The diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in locating the gear
in the application assembly
Crown - The sharp corner forming the outside diameter
Crown-to-back - The distance from the crown to the rear of the gear
Pitch apex to back - The distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating registering
surface on back
Root angle - The angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear
Shaft angle - The angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two pitch angles
Note for the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90°.
Face angle - The between an element of the face cone and its axis
Front angle - The angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation.
Heel - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end
Toe - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end
 PAES 309:2001
Engineering Materials – Anti-friction Bearings for Agricultural Machines – Specifications
and Applications

Radial load - Load or force passing through the axis of rotation.

Rated life - L10, The number of revolutions or hours at a given constant speed that 90 percent of
an apparently identical group of bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue
develops.
Basic dynamic load rating – C, The radial load that a ball bearing can withstand for one million
revolutions of the inner ring.
Equivalent dynamic load – P, constant stationary radial load which, if applied to a bearing with
rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as that which the bearing will
attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation.
Basic static load rating – CO, the maximum radial load, which corresponds to a calculated contact
stress at the center of the most heavily, loaded rolling element/raceway contact of:
• 4,600 mpa for self-aligning ball; bearings;
• 4,200 mpa for all other ball bearings
• 4,000 mpa for all roller bearings
Equivalent static load – PO, static radial load, if applied, which produces a maximum contact stress
equal in magnitude to the maximum contact stress in the actual condition of loading.
PAES 310: 2001
Engineering Materials – Journal Bearings for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications

Journal bearing - sleeve bearing, a cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with some form
of fluid lubricant
Journal - the part of the rotating shaft, axle, roll or spindle that turns in a bearing
Lubricant - a medium that supports the shaft preventing metal to metal contact.

PAES 311: 2001

Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications
Fastener - A mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium of single
or multiple components
Bolt - An externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and
normally tightened or released by torquing a nut
Nut - A block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble with the external thread on
a bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part
Nominal size - The designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external and
internal threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the thread; for
unthreaded fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter.
Length of fastener - The length of a headed fastener is the distance from the intersection of the
largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured
parallel to the axis of the fastener
Right-hand thread - A thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the starting
end, when viewed from that end
Left-hand thread - A thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction from the
starting end, when viewed from that end
Proof load - The specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication of
permanent deformation after the load is released
Pitch - The distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis
Major diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder bounding the
crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread
Minor diameter - For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of
an external thread or the crest of an internal thread
Pitch diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the
thread groove equal
PAES 312: 2001
Engineering Materials – Rivets for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

Rivet - A headed pin of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by passing the shank through a
hole in each piece and then by beating or pressing down the plain end so as to make a second head
Nominal diameter - The diameter of the shank nominal length (rivets other than countersunk or
raised countersunk rivets) the length from the underside of the head to the end of the shank.
Nominal length (countersunk and raised countersunk head) - The distance from the periphery
of the head to the end of the rivet measured parallel to the axis of the rivet.
Lap-joint - A type of riveted joint wherein the plates overlap each other and are held together by one
or more rows of rivets.
Butt-joint - A type of riveted joint wherein the plates being joined are in the same plane and are
joined by means of a cover plate or butt strap which is riveted to both plates by one or more rows of
rivets.
Pitch - Spacing between rivet centers.
Margin - The distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the nearest row of rivets
Clinch allowance - Allowance in length of rivet in order to turn over or flatten the protruding end.

PAES 313: 2001

Engineering Materials – Screws for Agricultural Machines
Specifications and Applications
Fastener - A mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium of single
or multiple components
Screw - An externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of
mating with preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released
by torquing the head
Nominal size - The designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external and
internal threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the thread; for
unthreaded fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter
Length of fastener - The length of a headed fastener is the distance from the intersection of the
largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured
parallel to the axis of the fastener; the length of a headless fastener is the distance from one extreme
end to the other in a line parallel to the axis.
Right-hand thread - A thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the starting
end, when viewed from that end
Left-hand thread - A thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction from the
starting end, when viewed from that end
Pitch - The distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis
Proof load - The specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication of
permanent deformation after the load is released
Major diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder bounding the
crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread
Minor diameter - For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of
an external thread or the crest of an internal thread
Pitch diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the
thread groove equal

SECTION C
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

PAES 401:2001
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Swine Production

Boar - refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old.

Creep area - place for piglets inside the farrowing pen
Culling rate - rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd.
Dry sows - unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows.
Farrowing - act of giving birth in swine.
Farrowing pen - area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which
the sow can turn around.
Farrowing stall - farrowing crate device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation
periods, and which prevents sow from turning around
Fattener - swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg.
Finisher - swine which are 66 kg and up 3.10 gilt female swine that has not farrowed.
Grower - swine from 40 to 65 kg.
Litter - piglets born in one farrowing.
Litter index - farrowing index average number of farrowing of one sow per year
Occupancy - number of days an animal stays in a pen
Sow - any breeding female pig that has farrowed.
Weaner - weanling piglet that has been recently separated from its mother.

PAES 402:2001
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Broiler Production

Brooder guard - materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from
straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat
Brooding - process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural
heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional
Litter - material used as bedding for animals
Open-sided housing - long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the front and the
back of the house are open
Enclosed housing - house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the
bird’s optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting
PAES 403:2001
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Layer Production

Litter - material used as bedding for animals

Litter type - type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice
hull and rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor
Slotted type - type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings
Slot-litter type - combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of
the total floor area and 40% is covered with litter.
Community nest - large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers

PAES 404:2001
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Goat and Sheep

Buck - mature male goat

Doe - mature female goat that has kidded
Dry doe - doe without milk
Kid - young goat under six months old of either sex
Ewe - mature female sheep that has already lambed
Lamb - sheep under six months of age
Ram - mature male sheep

PAES 405:2001
Agricultural Structures – Cattle Feedlot
Feedlot - area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening
Bull - breeding male of any age
Calf - young male or female under one year of age
Cow - mature female that has already calved
Heifer - female between two to three years of age which has not given birth

PAES 406:2001
Agricultural Structures – Cattle Ranch
Corral - enclosure for confining and handling livestock
Holding pen - pen for confining animals from the pasture
Crowding pen - pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute
Working chute - chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding
chute/squeeze
Holding chute - squeeze use to restrain animals
Loading chute - chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle

PAES 407:2001
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Dairy Cattle

Loose housing - animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas
Calf - young male or female under one year of age
Cow - mature female that has already calved
Yearling - one to two year old cattle of either sex
Heifer - female between two to three years of age which has not given birth
Parturition - act of giving birth

PAES 408:2001
Agricultural Structures – Carabao Feedlot

Feedlot - area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening
Carabao - Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo
 PAES 413:2001
Agricultural Structures - Biogas Plant

Biogas plant - plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and
sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank
Integrated plant - biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit
Split-type plant - digester and gas chamber form separate units
Multi-digester plant - plant with series of digesters
Floating type - plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either
float directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket
Fixed type - closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement
pit
Balloon type - plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining
digester and gasholder
Collecting tank - holding tank chamber where manure and water are collected, stored
and separated from heavy and nonbiodegradable materials before feeding them into the
digester
Inlet pipe - serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank
to the digester
Digester
Biodigester
Bio-reactor
Anaerobic reactor
Any water and air tight container designed for the process of anaerobic
microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for
digestion and methanization
Baffle board - division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the
sludge/outlet tank
Stirrer
Mixer
Agitator
Mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry
Gas chamber - space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of
biogas
Gasholder retainer - cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position
at the desired biogas pressure
Outlet pipe - serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out
Backfill - layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall
Loading rate - amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day
Substrate - organic material used to produce biogas
Seeding - adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the digester
Slurry - mixture of manure and water
Freeboard - difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line
Filling line - level of slurry when the digesters is at full load
Retention time - average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester
for digestion
Toxic materials - materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester
such as mineral ions, heavy metals and detergents

Methanization
Digestion
Various processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and
substrates fed into the digester as inputs
Methanogens - anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process,
produce biogas
Mesophilic temperature rage - temperature range of 20 o C – 40 o C where mesophilic
bacteria operates
Gas production rate - amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry
Biogas - mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent
carbon dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria
Scum - layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry
Sludge - settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass
Effluent - residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed
inside the digester

PAES 415:2001
Agricultural Structures – Greenhouses

Greenhouse - structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment

favorable to plant growth can be attained
Ridge and furrow greenhouse - gutter connected method of greenhouse construction
where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter
Cooling - removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse
Heating - addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source
including the sun
Shading - prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse
Ventilation - process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control
temperature, humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels
Mechanical ventilation - ventilation of greenhouse using fans
Natural ventilation - ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings
due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse.
 VOLUME 3
SECTION A

PAES 124: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor
Part 3: Special Type (Float-Assist Tiller)

Float-assist tiller - A special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted tilling
wheel and equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields
Flotation structure – Float, Hull, Component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy for the
tiller
Tilling wheel - Consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling blades attached to
a common shaft or axle, supported and powered by the transmission
Walking-type agricultural tractor - Hand tractor, Pedestrian tractor, Self-propelled machine having
a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and
machinery

PAES 125: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Sprinkler Head
Part 1: Rotating Impact-Driven Type

Nozzle - Aperture of the sprinkler head through which the liquid is discharged
Note a sprinkler head may contain one or several cylindrical nozzles or nozzle of other shapes and
sizes.
Radius of throw - Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which
liquid is deposited
Rotating sprinkler head - Rotating sprinkler, Device which by its rotating motion around its vertical
axis distributes liquid over an area
Impact-driven sprinkler head - Type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using weighted or
spring-loaded arm which is propelled by the liquid stream and hits the sprinkler body
Sprinkler head - Hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid through a nozzle
Trajectory angle - angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from the
sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure
Part-circle sprinkler - rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area, either with or
without the possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area
Range of effective pressure - Pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, pmin, and
the maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in which
the sprinklers operate effectively.
Note the pressure is measured at the base of the sprinkler, at a point situated about 0.20 m below
the main nozzle of the sprinkler, but with the pressure gauge situated in the same plane as the main
nozzle.
 PAES 126: 2002
Agricultural Machinery – Rotating Sprinkler Head

Base pressure - Pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five times the
nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or change in pipe cross
sectional area
Nozzle - Aperture of the sprinkler through which the liquid is discharged
Radius of throw - Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which
liquid is deposited
Rotating sprinkler head - Rotating sprinkler, Device which by its rotating motion around its vertical
axis distributes liquid over an area

PAES 127:2002
Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig

Drilling rig - Structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well
construction
Drilling pipe - Serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel
Drill bit - Bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil formation
and serves as cutting device during drilling operation
Main rig assembly - Structure which supports the entire drilling system
Surging stem - Jetting stem light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting) operation

PAES 129: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor
Ampacity - Current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use
without exceeding its temperature rating
Disconnecting means – Switch, Device, or group of devices, or other means by which the electric
motor can be disconnected from the power supply
Duty rating - Time rating, Refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each
time it is started
Electric motor - Machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
Enclosure - Case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with energized
parts and protect the motor from physical damage
Frame designation - Standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by national
electric manufacturers association (nema) or international electrotechnical commission (iec)
Locked-rotor current - Maximum current required to start the motor
Phase - Number of individual voltages applied to the motor
Three-phase - Has three individual voltages applied to the motor
Note the three-phase are at 120 degrees with respect to each other so that peaks of voltage occur
at even time intervals to balance the power received and delivered by the motor throughout its 360
degrees of rotation.
Single-phase - Has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave
Roto- Armature winding, Rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a laminated
steel core containing current-carrying copper wires
Service factor - Indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to
operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range
Stator - Field poles, Stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed
in a laminated iron core
Temperature rise - Temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is above
ambient temperature
Thermal protector - Device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload or failure
to start
Torque - Twisting or turning force produced by the motor
Breakdown torque - Pull out torque, Maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without
stalling
Starting torque - Locked rotor torque, Motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required
to start the load.

SECTION B
PAES 316: 2002
Engineering Materials – Metal Bars, Pipes, and Tubes – Specifications
Bar - long evenly shaped piece of solid metal
Deformed bar - steel bar with lugs or protrusions called deformations
Nominal diameter of deformed bar - diameter equivalent to the diameter or of a plain round bar
having the same mass per meter
Pipe - long hollow cylinder of specified thickness whose nominal size is approximated by the inside
diameter
Tube - long hollow product of round or any other cross-section whose size is specified by the outside
dimensions

PAES 317:2002
Engineering Materials – Metal sheets and plates – Specifications

Aluminium and aluminium alloy sheet - Rolled rectangular section of thickness over 0.15 mm up
to 6.0 mm, with sheared, slit or sawn edges
Galvanized steel sheet - Galvanized flat or corrugated metal product cut to the standard or specified
length and has a nominal base metal thickness ranging from 0.20 mm to 1.6 mm and a flat width of
760 mm to 1,220 mm note sheets are available as coiled, with slit edges; or flat (flattened or leveled),
with sheared, silt or sawn edges.
Hot-rolled steel sheet - Hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and produced by cutting from a
coil rolled on a continuous mill. It has a width of at least 600 mm and a nominal thickness of less
than 3 mm. The edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed
Continuous hot-dip aluminium/zinc-coated steel - Sheet product obtained by hot-dip coating steel
sheet coils on a continuous aluminium/zinc coating line to produce either coated coils or cut lengths
4.5 aluminium and aluminium alloy plate rolled rectangular section of thickness greater than 6.0 mm
with either sheared or sawn edges
Hot-rolled steel plate - Hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and produced by cutting from a
coil rolled on a continuous mill. It has a width of at least 600 mm and a nominal thickness of 3 mm
minimum. The edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed
Galvanized commercial quality - Flat sheet which is intended for general fabricating purposes
where it is used as such or for bending or moderate forming
Galvanized lock-forming quality - Sheet or coil which is intended for lock-seaming and other similar
applications and have better formability than commercial quality
Galvanized drawing quality - Sheet or coil which is intended for drawing or severe forming but
excluding deep drawing
Proof stress - Quotient of the load (when the specified permanent elongation occurs in a tensile
test) divided by the original cross-sectional area
Ageing - Term applied to changes in physical and mechanical properties of low carbon steel that
occur with the passage of time and adversely affect formability
Deoxidation - Removal of oxygen which causes oxidation of steel

PAES 318:2002
Engineering Materials – Clutches, Couplings, and Splines for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

Friction clutches - designed to reduce coupling shack by slipping during the engagement period.
They also serve as safety devices by slipping when the torque exceeds their maximum rating.
Centrifugal clutch - produces its torque by virtue of the centrifugal force of weights pressing against
the driving or frictionally driven member
Cone clutch - The conical friction clutch consists of a frustum of a cone, so fitted to a shaft by means
of a feather key that it can be pushed into an opposite engaging surface rigidly attached to the other
shaft.
Positive clutches - designed to transmit torque without slip, jaw clutches are the most common.
These are made with square jaws for driving in either directions, or spiral jaws for unidirectional drive.
These are used for slow-moving shafts, where sudden starting action is not objectionable and where
the inertia of the moving parts is relatively small.
Clamp shaft - coupling is essentially a split and bolted sleeve coupling, proportioned to clamp firmly
on the shafts
Rigid couplings - used when the shafts are virtually collinear and when they remain in a fixed
angular relation with respect to each other (except for angular deflection)
Flange couplings - commonly used in permanent installations for heavy loads and large sizes and
particularly for vertical drives, as agitators
Flexible couplings - designed to connect shafts which are misaligned either laterally or angularly.
A secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts due to fluctuations in shaft torque or angular speed.
Gear-type coupling - The hubs have integral external gear teeth, perhaps crowned, that mesh with
internal teeth in the casing through 360° as in a splined connection. Flexibility is obtained by play
between the teeth
Oldham (double slider) coupling - Eliminates the need for large clearances and the resultant noisy
backlash by providing a double-tongued central slider fitting between two flanges slotted at right
angles to each other
Rubber-bushed coupling - cushions by means of steel pins bolted alternately to one flange and
sliding in self-lubricated bronze bushings, rubber-cushioned in the opposite flange
Roller chain flexible coupling - The two opposing hubs are made with integral sprockets over which
a double roller chain is fitted rubber-flexible coupling, the torque is transmitted through a
comparatively soft rubber in compression. It is recommended where quietness is desired
Universal joints - are used to connect shafts with much larger values of misalignment than can be
tolerated by the other types of flexible couplings

PAES 319:2002
Engineering Materials – Engineering Plastics – Specifications and Applications

Plastic - Synthetic organic material, including cellulose derivatives, with or without the incorporation
of fillers, binders, pigments, dyes, which is capable of being shaped more or less permanently by
casting or molding under increased temperatures and pressures
Monomer - Simple unpolymerized form of chemical compound
Polymer - Chemical compound with higher molecular weight consisting of a number of structural
units linked together by covalent bonds
Copolymer - Polymers consisting of more than one monomer
Covalent - Non-ionic chemical bond formed by stored electrons
Thermoplastic - Substances that melt on heating and are processes in this state by a variety of
extrusion and molding process
Thermosets - Substances that cannot be melted and remelted
Service temperature - Temperature at which the plastic can withstand without incurring a change
in its physical properties
Acetals - Is a by-product of a two-step reaction between an alcohol and an aldehyde. Provides high
strength and stiffness while offering enhanced dimensional stability and ease of machining. Good
wear properties-especially in wet environments. Excellent stability for close-tolerance machined
parts since it absorbs little moisture
Example: gears, bushings, and plumbing
Acrylic - Made from virgin acrylic monomer and offers superior optical clarity and light transmission.
Resists aging; and it remains stable across a wide range of temperature, moisture, and exposure
conditions. Weighs half as much as comparable glass and yet has good shatter resistance and
durability.
Example: cast sheets, rods -signs, decorative and functional automotive parts, protective goggle
lenses, control knobs, pump parts, sprinkler heads, tool handles, packaging, lenses, containers,
shields
Polyamide (nylon) - One of the most versatile and widely used thermoplastic materials. Can replace
steel, brass, bronze, aluminum, wood, and rubber, while reducing noise, using less lubrication, and
increasing gear life
Polycarbonate - Amorphous thermoplastic with excellent dimensional stability and good strength
and stiffness over a wide range of service temperatures. Suits a wide variety of electrical applications
as well, because of its low moisture absorption, good insulation and excellent flammability rating.
example: electrical parts, portable tool housings, glazing sheet, impellers, body armor
Polyethylene (ultra high molecular weight) - Is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. It has
longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymer backbone by strengthening
intermolecular interactions. Odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic
It is highly resistant to corrosive chemicals except oxidizing acids
Example: packaging, structural housing panels, pipes, wire and cable insulation
Polypropylene - Noted for its light weight, being less dense than water. It is a polymer of
propylene. Resists moisture, oils, and solvents. Used in the manufacture of objects that are sterilized
in the course of their use Polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) More popularly known as tefloo Have good
dynamic mechanical properties and sufficient flexibility
Used in: chemical pipes, valves and liners, gaskets, packings, pump bearings and impellers,
electrical equipment, anti-adhesive coatings
Polyvinyl chloride - A polymer of vinyl chloride
This plastic has found extensive use as an electrical insulator for wires and cables Used in: sheets
and shapes for decorative panels, storage tanks, pipes, valve seats

PAES 320:2002
Engineering Materials – Wood-based panels – Specifications

Exterior plywood - Type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine uses, also known as type I
Face - Surface of the plywood showing veneer of higher grade than that of the back side
Note: the terms face and back do not apply when the same grade or veneer is used on both sides
of the plywood.
Face-plywood - Plywood faced with a material other than wood, such as metal or plastic
Fiberboard - Panel made of consolidated ligno-cellulosic fibers with the primary bond derived from
their inherent adhesive properties and/or the addition of resin or other materials
Fiber-cement flat sheets - Consist essentially of an inorganic hydraulic binder or a calcium silicate
binder formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and a calcareous material reinforced
by organic fibers and/or inorganic synthetic fibers
Interior plywood - Type of plywood intended for inside use, having limited moisture resistance
Lumber core - Side board made up of well machined lumber strips properly dried and glued together
Lumber core plywood - Ply board plywood made up of face/back veneer, crossboard core veneer
and well composed kiln dried lumber core
Panel - Sheet of plywood
Particle board - Board principally made from wood chips and formed by hot press process with
adhesive
Ply - Stratum or layer used in referring to the successive layers of veneer in a panel
Plywood - Assembled product made of layers of veneers and/or lumber core held together by an
adhesive, the chief characteristics of which is the alternate cross layers, distributing the longitudinal
wood strength

SECTION C
 PAES 409:2002
Agricultural Structures – Milking Parlor

Milking parlor - Building or a portion of building where milking occurs but where no animals are
housed
Holding area - Area provided to accommodate animals before milking
Back-out stall - Type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall
Walk-through - Type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly forward after milking is
completed

PAES 412:2002
Agricultural Structures – Poultry Dressing Plant

Carcass - Body of dressed birds

Dressing - Process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating, and from which the head,
shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
Offal - By-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the food animal
Evisceration - Process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities
Shackling - Process of restraining birds prior to slitting
Trench drain - Trough that collects the waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain
opening

PAES 414-1:2002
Agricultural Structures - Waste Management Structures
Part 1: Agricultural Liquid Waste

Aerobic - Requires free oxygen

Agricultural liquid waste - Consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production of
livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry
Anaerobic - Presence of free oxygen is not required
Clean runoff - Runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed areas, drives
and other areas which are not animal alleys
Disinfection - Process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms
Dissolved solids - Part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure
Effluent - Liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or
wastewater treatment plant
Facultative lagoons - Lagoons that can function as aerobic or anaerobic depending on the
environment
Fixed solids - Part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven off at 600oc
Grit - Non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand, gravel, cinders or other
heavy solid materials
Holding pond - Storage where liquid waste is stored before final disposal
Influent - Liquid that flows into a containing space
Lagoon - Pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a higher quality effluent
Liners - System of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and reduce
or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater
Lot runoff - Rainfall containing animal manure
Manure - Accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or drying; it
include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding material, spilled feed or soil
Pathogenic microorganism - Microorganism capable of causing diseases
Primary treatment - Treatment that causes substances in liquid waste to readily settle or float
Secondary treatment - Treatment used to convert dissolved or suspended materials into a form
more readily separated from the liquid waste being treated
Sludge - Precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid waste
Slurry - Watery mixture of insoluble solid
Suspended solids - Solids removed by filtration
Total solids - Residue remaining after water is removed from waste material by evaporation
Volatile solids - Part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when heated to 600oc
5-day bio-chemical oxygen demand (bod5 ) - Quantity of oxygen needed to satisfy biochemical
oxidation of organic matter in waste sample in 5 days at 20oc

PAES 414-2:2002
Agricultural Structures - Waste Management Structures
Part 2: Agricultural solid waste – Composting

Agricultural solid waste - Wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops and
animals or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop
residues wherever produced
Bulking agent - Any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity to allow
internal air movement
C:n ratio - Weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen
Compost mix - Mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the proper
proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve optimum temperatures
Composting - Controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and
fungi, into a humus-like product
Composting amendment - Any item added to the compost mixture that alters the moisture content,
c:n ratio, or ph
Curing - Process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and further
stabilize the nutrients
Disposal site - Site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited
Hazardous waste - Solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its quantity,
concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may: cause, or significantly
contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible, illness
Leachate - Shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water
percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains dissolved
and suspended materials
Storage - Interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate
recovery or disposal
Windrow composting - Involves the arrangement of compost mix in long, narrow piles or windrows
that are periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions

PAES 416:2002
Agricultural Structures – Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory

Tissue culture - Growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos, flowers
and meristems in a laboratory medium
Culture medium - Any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant tissue
Sterilization - Process of making any material entirely free from living microorganism
Asepsis - Condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the
culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms
Incubation - Subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth of the plant tissue
Laminar flow - Flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle

PAES 417:2002
Agricultural Structures – Fruit and Vegetable Storage

Controlled atmosphere storage - Storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of

carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely controlled
Bulk storage - Produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be resisted by the
building walls
Pallet bin storage - Produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in turn are stacked in storage
room
Pallet - Low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in combination to facilitate
handling, storage, or transport of materials as a unit load using a forklift
Drip cooler - Storage structure with continuously wetted walls
Burlap - Coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp
Air cooled - Storage provided with good ventilation
Vapor barrier - Materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a storage area
Cell pack - Individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one
fruit
Telescopic cartons - Cartons in which the cover is separate and fits snugly over the bottom part
 PAES 418:2002
Agricultural Structures – Primary Processing Plant for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable

Primary processing - Product handling which include steps to make a harvested commodity more
suitable for manufacturers or consumers
Grading - Process of classifying into groups according to a set of recognized criteria of quality and
size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping
Sizing - Process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or may not be recognized or
accepted by the industry
Sorting - Process of classifying into groups designated by the person classifying the produce either
according to a set of criteria or whatever criteria he may set
Air change ratio - Ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the empty
room
Inspection - Process of determining whether the grade standards have been interpreted or enforced
properly by inspecting random samples usually of predetermined amount large enough to give an
indication of the correctness of the grading procedure
Packaging - Process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of a product from the producer
to the ultimate consumer

PAES 420:2002
Agricultural Structures – Farm workshop and Machinery Shed

Workshop - Building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools, implements, equipment’s and
parts of structures and provides a place where tools, supplies and spare parts are stored
Machinery shed - Area to protect machinery from weather, theft, vandalism and to allow easy
maintenance and adjustment of machines
Hazardous material - Substances on farms that are highly flammable or poisonous

VOLUME 4
SECTION A
PAES 131: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Moldboard Plow – Specifications

Colter - flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil vertically
Frame - structure to which the standards are fitted
Frog - central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached
Hitch - part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source
Landside - part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability
during operation
Landside heel - part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow
bottom to the furrow bottom
Moldboard - part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one side
General-purpose moldboard - plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be
used easily for stubble, ordinary trash and stalk cover land
Slatted moldboard - plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour on solid
moldboard
Sod moldboard - plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist
that allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage
Stubble moldboard - plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along the top
edge and is suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to year
Moldboard plow - sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil
(furrow slice) to bury surface materials
NOTE: Main component consists of share, moldboard and landside.
Left-hand plow - throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction
Right-hand plow - throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction
Two-way plow - reversible plow throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow’s
direction
NOTE: It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plow with one type being used at a time.
Plow bottom - plow body working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and
landside, all attached to the frog
Share - part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
NOTE: It may be single integral piece or may consist of replaceable components
Shin - leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
Standard/beam/leg - upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement frame
Suction, horizontal/horizontal clearance - distance by which the point of the share is bent out of
line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width
Suction, vertical/vertical clearance - distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for
the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth
Tailpiece - optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the
furrow slice
Trash board - optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the
furrow in the furrow bottom

PAES 132: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Disc/Moldboard Plow – Methods of Test

Disc plow - rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials
Four-wheel tractor - self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or
propel agricultural implements and machines
Headland - unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the
draft animal/tractor and implement
Moldboard plow - sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil
(furrow slice) to bury surface materials
Side angle - disc angle horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel
Tilt angle - angle made by the disc with the vertical line
Walking-type agricultural tractor/two-wheel tractor/hand tractor/pedestrian tractor - self-
propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery
Width of cut – disc plow - transverse distance between the cutting edges of the end discs at their
depth of cut
NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25°. For nonadjustable plow
disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20°.
Width of cut – moldboard plow - distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share

PAES 133: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Methods of Test

Disc harrow - implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for additional
pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil, closing of
air pockets and eradication of weeds
Gang - set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool

PAES 134: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Specifications
Furrower/lister/ridger/bedder - tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and
one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage
purposes
Furrower bottom - lister bottom working part of the furrower which includes the share and
moldboard
Blackland bottom - bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better scouring in
sticky soils
General-purpose bottom - bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high speeds
in most soil conditions
Hard-ground bottom - bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in
combination with disc openers to open hard-baked soils
Hitch - part of an implement designed to connect to the tractor
Moldboard - part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice)
in opposite directions
Row marker - toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next
pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
Share - part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
Standard - beam leg upright support which connects the furrower bottom to a toolbar
Toolbar - structure to which the standards are mounted
 PAES 135: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Methods of Test
Furrower/lister/ridger/bedder - tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and
one right wing used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage
purposes
Furrowing - listing ridging bedding tillage and land-forming operations using the furrower which lifts,
inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions
Furrow - trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the furrow slices
Row marker - toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next
pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing

PAES 136:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Specifications

Agricultural trailer - trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own
Balanced trailer - agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles with four or
more wheels when detached from the towing tractor
Semi-trailer - agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of its load is
transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle
Axle load - total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle
Gross load/gross weight - sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in metric tons
Ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer
Note in measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires shall be
inflated at the recommended pressure.
Over-run brake - brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing
tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer
Parking brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position
Payload/net weight - uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the
trailer expressed in tons
Service brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer
Tow eye - hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor
Unladen mass/are weight - mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load
Wheel base - horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the
center of the ground contact
Wheel tread/wheel track - distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at
the center of ground contact

PAES 137: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Methods of Test
Agricultural trailer - trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own.
Gross load - sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons.
Ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer.
Note in measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires shall be
inflated at the recommended pressure.
Over-run brake - brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing
tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer.
Parking brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position.
Payload/net weight - uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the
trailer expressed in tons.
Service brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer.
Unladen mass/tare weight - mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load.
Wheel base - horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the
center of the ground contact.
Wheel tread/wheel track - distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at
the center of ground contact.

PAES 138: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Guidelines on After-Sales Service

After-sales services - consists of parts and services provided by the

manufacturers/distributors/dealers to the enduser to ensure continuous serviceability of agricultural
machinery
Agricultural machinery - consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated
machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations
Dealer - authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and
service agricultural machinery to end-users.
Distributor - trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to
distribute agricultural machinery to dealers.
Manufacturer - philippine-based, foreign or filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the
production and distribution of agricultural machinery.
Warranty/guarantee - expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the
products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under normal
use
.

PAES 139: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Specifications

Roll-over protective structure (ROPS) - cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or
minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation.
Seat index point (SIP) - point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to ISO 5353.

PAES 140: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Methods of Test

Crushing test - application of a vertical load through a beam placed laterally across the uppermost
members of the protective structure.
Horizontal loading test - application of a horizontal load to the rear, front and side of the protective
structure.
Note as loading continues, the cab/frame deformation may cause the direction of loading to change.
This is permissible.
Impact test - application of a dynamic load produced by a block acting as a pendulum.
Roll-over protective structure (rops) - cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or
minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation.
Seat index point (sip) - point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
Tractor mass - mass of the unladen tractor in working order with tanks and radiator full, protective
structure with cladding, and any track equipment or additional front-wheel drive components required
for normal use.
Note the operator, optional ballast weights, additional wheel equipment, special equipment and loads
are not included.

PAES 141: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications

Weeding efficiency/weeding index - percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area.

Weeder - implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land.
Weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight.

PAES 142: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods of Test (Circulated)

Damaged plants - plants injured (i.e. Teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may
affect crop growth.
Percent damaged plants - percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation.
Weeding efficiency/weeding index - percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
weeder implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land.
Weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight.
 SECTION B

PAES 212: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Specifications

Actual field capacity - Actual rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of time.
Note the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the headland,
adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Conveying loss - Free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the side of
the reaper during operation.
Field efficiency - Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in
percent.
Header loss - Grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation.
Reciprocating cutter knife - Cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating
upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive.
Rice reaper - Machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop.
Rotary knife - Cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade which
rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame.
Theoretical field capacity - Computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.

PAES 213: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Methods of Test

Cutting width - Distance between two outermost divider tips

Lodging angle - Degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the imaginary
line where the stalk lodges.
Potential yield - Maximum yield per unit area
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the reaping unit note all parts of the reaping unit projecting upwards
are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
reaping unit and touching its front and rear extremities note all parts of the reaping unit, in particular,
components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where
an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width - Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the reaping unit,
each plane touching the outermost point of the reaper on its respective side note all parts of the
reaping unit projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable.

PAES 214: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Specifications
Metal drum core - cylinder where rubber is bonded
Rubber roll - component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner metal drum core use for
hulling
Rubber thickness - depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum core
Size - specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core diameter of the rubber roll
Width - longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter

PAES 215: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Methods of Test

Broken brown rice - Grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which has a size of less than
eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
Brown rice - Dehulled paddy with bran layer still intact
Cracked grain - Grain which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
Coefficient of hulling - Measure the ability of the huller to remove the hulls
Coefficient of wholeness - Measure the ability of the huller to remove the hull without breaking the
grain
Damaged grain - Grain which is heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctively
damaged by insects, water, fungi, and/or any means
Foreign matter - All matters other than paddy such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, metal
fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
Hull husk - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty
glumes, floral glumes, and awn
Hulling capacity - Quantity of paddy that the huller can dehulled per total hulling time, expressed in
kilogram per hour
Hulling efficiency - Product of the coefficient of hulling and coefficient of wholeness, expressed in
percentage
Immature grain - Paddy which are light green and chalky with soft texture
Moisture content - Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total mass of
the sample (wet basis)

Note:
Paddy – Palay, Rough rice, Unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is grain with hull enclosing the
grain 3.14 purity amount of rice grains free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample
Running-in period - pre-test operation of the rice huller to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Whole brown rice - Grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eighth-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

PAES 216: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Hammer Mill – Specifications

Fineness modulus - Classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant
product; sum of the weight fractions retained above each sieve divided by 100
Hammer mill - Device use for grinding which is a result of the impact between the particles and
hammers, which are mounted on a shaft rotating along a horizontal axis
Reduction ratio - Ratio of the average size of input to the average size of the product

PAES 217: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Hammer Mill – Methods of Test

Fineness modulus - classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant
product and is defined as the sum of the weight fractions retained above each sieve divided by 100
Foreign matter - impurity all matters other than input materials such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
Hammer mill - device used for milling which consists of rotating hammer(s) and a heavy perforated
screen at the bottom
Input capacity - Weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed
in kilogram per hour
Laboratory sieve shaker - Equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort size of the milled
materials using standard screen sieves
Milling capacity - quantity of input materials that the hammer mill can process to produce milled
materials per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Output capacity - weight of the milled materials collected, expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the hammer mill note all parts of the hammer mill projecting upwards
are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
hammer mill and touching its front and rear extremities note all parts of the hammer mill, in particular,
components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where
an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width - Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the hammer
mill, each plane touching the outermost point of the hammer mill on its respective side note all parts
of the hammer mill projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
Prime-mover - Electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the hammer mill
Purity - Amount of input materials free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight
of the sample
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable

PAES 218: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Forage Chopper – Specifications

Blow-up type - Type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are blown up through the blow-
up pipe
Cutterhead - Cutting rotor devices intended to cut the crop into short lengths with reasonable
consistency within a range of optional settings
Cylinder cutterhead - Knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are
essentially parallel to the axis of rotation
Feedroll - Cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress and advance
the crop into the cutterhead
Flywheel cutterhead - Knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation

Forage chopper - machine used to cut the crop into short parallel lengths

PAES 219:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Forage Chopper – Methods of Test

Chopping efficiency - Ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped materials collected at all outlets, to
the total fresh weight of the input of the chopper, expressed in percent
Forage - Any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed with fermenting agents.
Feeding table - Part of the forage chopper where the forage to be chopped are loaded
Output capacity - Weight of processed material collected per unit time, expressed in kilogram per
hour
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the forage chopper note all parts of the forage chopper projecting
upwards are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
forage chopper and touching its front and rear extremities note all parts of the forage chopper, in
particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width - Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine,
each plane touching the outermost point of the forage chopper on its respective side note all parts
of the forage chopper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
Prime mover - Electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the forage chopper
Running -in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
 PAES 220: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Peanut Sheller – Specifications

Blower loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total kernel
input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Damaged kernel - Wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged kernel
Kernel - Edible part of peanut
Main kernel outlet - Outlet at which shelled kernel moves out of the machine
Peanut sheller - Machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting the pods
Pod - Unbroken shell with kernel inside
Purity - Amount of kernels free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight of the
sample
Scattering loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels that fell out from the machine during shelling
operation to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Separation loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels that come out of the shelling chamber at the shell
outlet, to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Shell - Hull of the pod
Shell outlet - Outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with blower(s)
Shelled kernels - Whole and damaged kernels freed from shell
Shelling efficiency - Ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at all outlets, to the total
kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Shelling recovery - Ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at the main outlet, to the total
weight of the kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Unshelled loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels that remained in the pods collected from all outlets,
to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Whole kernel - Unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel

PAES 221: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Peanut Sheller – Methods of Test

Blower loss - Ratio of the weight of kernel blown with the shell by the sheller fan to the total kernel
input expressed as percentage by weight
Cracked kernel - Kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures
Input capacity - Weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed
in kilogram per hour
Kernel - Edible part of peanut
Kernel-pod ratio - Ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod, expressed as percent
Main kernel outlet - Outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the machine
Note in the case of the machine with no separating devise or in case of machine with blowers, shelled
and unshelled and partially-shelled pods also come out.
Mechanically damaged kernels - Broken kernels and/or scratched as a result of shelling operation
Net cracked kernel - Difference between the percent cracked kernel taken before and after the
shelling operation
Output capacity - Weight of the shelled kernel received at the main kernel outlet per unit time,
expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the shelling unit
Note all parts of the shelling unit projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
shelling unit and touching its front and rear extremities
Note all parts of the shelling unit, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the shelling unit,
each plane touching the outermost point of the sheller on its respective side note all parts of the
shelling unit projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
Partially-shelled pod - Pod being left with kernels in it after shelling
Pod - Unbroken shell with kernel inside
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Separation loss - Ratio of the weight of the kernel that comes out of the shelling cylinder with the
shell, to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
Shell outlet - Outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with blower(s)
Shelling efficiency - Shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to the total kernel input
expressed as percentage by weight
Shelling recovery - Ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the main kernel outlet to the total
kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
Total kernel input - Sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main kernel input and the clean
kernel from the blower loss, separation loss, unshelled loss and scattering loss
Unshelled loss - Ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the shell after feeding into the
shelling cylinder to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

PAES 222: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Chipping Machine – Specifications

Chip - Thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm

Chipping machine - Chipper size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is
used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips
Chipping capacity - Amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h
Cutterhead - Cutting rotor devices intended to slice the crop into chips with reasonable consistency
within a range of optional settings
Discharge chute - Opening through which chipped material is thrown out
Flywheel type - Type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially with the cutting edges
describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation
Guard - Component intended to provide protection for the operator or bystander from injury
Drum type - Knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially
parallel to the axis of rotation

PAES 223: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Chipping Machine – Methods of Test

Blade bevel angle - Angle of the cutting edge of the blade

Chip - Thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm
Chipping machine - Chipper size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is
used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips

PAES 224: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine – Specifications

Blower - Cleaning fan rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer and cleaning
sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
Concave - Concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or threshing rotor,
fitted primarily to enhance threshing
Note in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in whole or in part, it has the
important secondary function of primary separation.
Crop elevator - Auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder
Field efficiency - Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in
percent
Grain elevator - Device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin
Grain loss - Loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the machine
Grain pan - Pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s) for
conveying to grain auger
Grain tank - Bin tank used to hold the threshed grain

Header - feed table portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, cutting, and
picking the crop
Header loss - Grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation
Impurities - All matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds
Reel - Revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the crop being
cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger
Rice combine - Mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking up crop,
threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing harvest
residue onto the ground
Shaker shoe - Shoe oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may also
support the chaffer and the chaffer extension
Straw walker - Assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the remaining
grains from straw
Stripper beater - Rear beater element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear ward
of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw
walker
Threshing cylinder - Threshing drum balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars, beater
bars or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with
a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the crop being
threshed is contained between rotating and stationary elements for less than 360°
Theoretical field capacity - Computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.

VOLUME 5
SECTION A

PAES 141: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications

Weeding efficiency - Weeding index, Percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
Weeder - Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land
Weeds - Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight

Paes 142: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods Of Test

Damaged plants - Plants injured (i.e. Teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may
affect crop growth
Percent damaged plants - Percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation
Weeding efficiency- Weeding index, Percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
Weeder - Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land
Weeds - Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight

PAES 143: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Specifications
Adjusting ring - Metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate
Drum hopper - Part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered
Drum seeder - Planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields
Ground wheel - Part of the seeder which provides traction and activates rotation of the hopper for
seed discharge
Seeding rate - Amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area
Skid - Part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking

PAES 144: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Methods of Test
Effective field capacity - Actual rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at headland,
adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Damaged seed - Seed distinctly injured during operation
Field efficiency - Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
Hopper capacity - Maximum amount of seeds which can be loaded to the hopper
Percent damaged seeds - Percentage of seeds injured during operation
Seeding rate - Amount of seeds planted per unit time or area
Theoretical field capacity - Computed rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area
PAES 145: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Specifications

Application rate - Amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
Delivery tube - Part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field
Furrow closer - Device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow
Furrow opener - Device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer
Granular fertilizer applicator - Device for applying granular fertilizer
Ground wheel - Part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device
Metering device - Mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged

PAES 146: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Methods of Test

Application rate - Amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
Effective field capacity - Actual area covered per unit time
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at headland,
adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Field efficiency - Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
Fuel consumption - Volume of fuel consumed by the engine
Theoretical field capacity - Computed area covered per unit of time

SECTION B
PAES 224: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine – Specifications
Blower cleaning - fan rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer and cleaning
sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
Concave concave - shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or threshing rotor,
fitted primarily to enhance threshing
Crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
Grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin
Grain loss - classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the machine
Grain pan - for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s) for conveying
to grain auger
Grain tank - bin tank used to hold the threshed grain header feed table portion of the combine
comprising the mechanism for gathering, cutting, and picking the crop
Header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation
Impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds
Reel revolving - slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the crop being
cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger
Rice combine - mobile grain-harvesting machine (see Figure 1) for cutting, picking, stripping or
picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and
depositing harvest residue onto the ground
Shaker shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may also support
the chaffer and the chaffer extension
Straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the remaining
grains from straw
Stripper beater - rear beater element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear ward
of concave or concave grates extension or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw
walker
threshing cylinder - threshing drum balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars, beater bars
or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with a
stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the crop being
threshed is contained between rotating and stationary elements for less than 360°
Theoretical field - capacity computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time

PAES 226: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Micromill – Specifications
Bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the
rice grain
Brewer’s rice - “binlid” small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with round
perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
Broken grains - grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of whole grain
Head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the
average length of the whole grain
Household model - type of micromill with milling capacity of 50 kg/h to less than 100 kg/h
Input capacity - weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper, kg/h
Micromill - friction type rice mill performing simultaneous hulling and whitening operations and
having a milling capacity of 50-250 kg/h
Milled - rice grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran
Milling capacity - quantity of palay that the micromill can process per total milling time, kg/h
Milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed
Milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, percent
Paddy – palay, rough rice, unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk enclosing
the grain
Percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling and with
a size of eight-tenth (8/10) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, percent
Rice hull - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty
glumes, floral glumes and awn
Village model - type of micromill with input capacity of 100-250 kg/h
well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may
still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains

PAES 227:2005
Agricultural Machinery – Micromill – Methods of Test
Bran streaks - longitudinal bran layers remaining in the dorsal grooves after milling
Brewer’s rice - “binlid” small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with round
perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
Head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the
average length of the whole grain
Milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed
Output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, kg/h
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and horizontal plane touching
the uppermost part of the micromill
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the
micromill and touching its front and rear extremities
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the micromill,
each plane touching the outermost point of the micromill on its respective side
Overmilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely
removed
Regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater
part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers
may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of the test until the operation is stable
Undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may
still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains
Well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may
still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains
PAES 228:2005
Agricultural Machinery –Fiber Decorticator– Specifications
Fiber - slender and greatly elongated natural filament of fiber plant
Fiber decorticator - decorticator mechanical device used for extracting fibers by crushing, beating
and scraping actions effected by the rotating cylinder with equally spaced blades and breaker or
scraper block
Fiber quality - refers to the physical, chemical and morphological properties of fibers extracted
Fiber recovery - ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh weight of stalks / leaves,
expressed in percent
Input capacity - weight of the raw materials (fresh stalks / leaves) fed to the machine per unit time,
kg/h
Scraper block - breaker block part of the decorticator where raw materials are beaten up and
crushed

PAES 229:2005
Agricultural Machinery – Fiber Decorticator – Methods of Test
Cleaning - the method or extent of extracting (by retting or decorticating) the fiber from the leaves
Color - principal factor which determine the grade of a fiber
Cylinder length - distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis
Cylinder peripheral speed - equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
operating speed
Elongation - elasticity or stretch of a fiber before rupture
Effective allowance - distance between the scraper block/breaker block and blades in order to
separate fiber elements from the non-fiber elements of the plant
Effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder
decorticating elements
Extraction efficiency - ratio of the amount between the total weight of the fiber extracted to the total
amount of fiber content on a dry basis
Extraction loss - difference between the total amount of fiber content and amount of fiber extracted
on a dry
Fiber quality - refers to the physical, chemical and morphological properties of fibers extracted
Fiber recovery - ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh weight of stalks/leaves,
expressed in percent
Grade indicator - of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber
Labor requirement - number of persons needed in the operation of the fiber decorticator
Morphological properties - properties of the fiber which deal with its anatomical characteristics
such as length, diameter, lumen and wall thickness
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the machine
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of
machine and touching its front and rear extremities
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine,
each plane touching the outermost point of the machine on its respective side
Physical properties - inherent strength and behavior of fibers under applied force which determines
the mechanical serviceability or usefulness in commerce such as tensile strength, cleaning and color
Primemover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the decorticating machine
Running -in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Total decorticating input - sum of the weights of collected decorticated fiber and all losses

PAES 230: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Oil Expeller – Specifications
Choke - permit a final adjustment of pressure and capacity in order to correct variations in the raw
material and to secure the lowest possible oil content of the copra meal residue
Copra - dried coconut meat from which oil is extracted
Copra meal - residue collected after extracting oil from milled copra
Crude oil - freshly extracted coconut oil containing moisture, fiber, resins, colors, etc. from copra
Expeller barrel - barrel or cage consists of a heavy cradle-type frame into which flat steel bars are
set edgewise around the periphery, therefore parallel to the worm shaft functioning as a screen
Extraction chamber - part of the oil expeller where the extraction process occurs
Input capacity - weight of input test material per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour
Oil expeller - motor-driven extrusion type machine capable of extracting crude oil from copra for use
in cooking, soapmaking, or as ingredient in other foods such as baked or fried goods
Primemover - electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the oil expeller
Worm shaft - a kind of a screw which has the double task of conveying the raw material through the
pressure chamber formed by the barrel, and at the same time of exerting a pressure on it
 PAES 231: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Oil Expeller – Methods of Test
Desiccators - container where oven-dried samples are cooled without affecting its moisture content
Crude oil production rate - quantity of crude oil that the expeller can extract per unit of time,
expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the oil expeller
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
oil expeller and touching its front and rear extremities
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the oil expeller,
each plane touching the outermost point of the oil expeller on its respective side
Purity - amount of input test material free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Wet copra meal - copra residue that pass through the expeller barrel together with the crude oil but
is filtered by the perforated screen placed at the entrance of the crude oil chute.

VOLUME 6
PAES 421:2009
Farm to Market Roads (Earth, Gravel, Bituminous, Concrete)
Aggregates - granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and
uncrushed stone or light weight materials
Backfill - the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction
Base course – the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that
rests upon the subbase or if no subbase, upon the s rub-grade. Treatment may include application
of chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or any approved method
Borrow- the suitable material used for embankments
Bridge- structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a
highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads; and having
an opening measured along the center of the roadway between faces of abutments, spring lines of
arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches
or more in diameter and that have a clear distance between openings of not less than half of the
smallest pipe diameter
Clearing - removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground
surface
Compaction - application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive
voids. Compaction minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases strength
Course - structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more
Culvert - drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and
beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way
Crushed gravel - product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all
fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture
Drainage - removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other
several structures
Earthwork - operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock
Erosion control - protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent
Excavation - act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
Field density test - determination of the degree of compactness of the soil
Fill - the embankment material placed above natural ground line
Farm to market roads - access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production
areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and
fishermen
Grade - slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground
Gradation - property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups
Gradient - rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage
Grading - preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials
including base and surfacing materials
Grubbing - removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface
Lane roadway - roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular
traffic
Masonry - form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have
been bonded together with mortar to form a structure
One - lane earth road - earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
One - lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
One - lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly marked
lane for vehicular traffic
One - lane concrete road - concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular
traffic
Riprap - quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby
preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure
Road bed - graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for
the pavement structure and shoulder
Roadway - space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of
agricultural products
Road carriageway - travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of
vehicles, exclusive of shoulders
Road carriageway width - lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway
Roadway embankment - raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock
Road shoulder - part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral
support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles
Salvage materials - saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and
intended to be used in other construction
Specifications - written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems,
Standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the requirements for
acceptable completion of the work
Structures - refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission
towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the
work and are classified as structures
Subbase course - refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness
in a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base course
Subgrade (earth road) - roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed
Subgrade (gravel road) - upper portion of material which act as foundation subbase course
Subgrade (bituminous, concrete road) - top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is
placed
Traffic - vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians, vehicles,
animals, etc.
Two-lane earth road - earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
Two-lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
Two-lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked lanes
for vehicular traffic
Two-lane concrete pavement road - concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked
for vehicular traffic
Turn-out section - a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used
for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing
opportunity to following or incoming vehicles.

VOLUME 7
SECTION B

PAES 232:2008
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Washer-Peeler – Specifications

Clean - practically free from dirt, stains, other foreign materials or absence of caked dirt on the
rhizome or between segments of the rhizome and other crops.
Multicrop washer-peeler - machine that peels outer skin, or cleans and removes undesirable debris
of ginger rhizomes, sweet potato, potato, arrow root, radish and carrot.
Prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the multicrop washer-
peeler.
Rhizome - horizontally elongated subterranean stem, which forms roots on the lower side and shoots
on the upper side of the nodes
Effective capacity washing-peeling capacity - the amount of washed and peeled crops per unit
time during the actual washing-peeling operation time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Washing drum - assembly a cylinder encased in a water container and rotating in a horizontal axis
where crops are being loaded for the washing and peeling operation
Water container - a cylindrical container that holds the water and washing drum assembly
Classification
The multicrop washer-peeler shall be classified based on the effective capacity as follows:
Small-scale - Multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of up to 15 kg/h.
Medium-scale - Multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of more than 15 kg/h up to
40 kg/h
Commercial-scale - Multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of more than 40 kg/h
 PAES 233: 2008
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Washer-Peeler–Methods of Test

Freshly harvested - crop condition stored not more than 2 days after harvest
Holding capacity - weight of input test material per batch, expressed in kilogram per batch
Labor requirement - number of persons needed to operate the multicrop washer-peeler
Machine efficiency -quantitative efficiency of the machine in cleaning and peeling crops, expressed
in percent
Mechanically damaged materials - materials that are damaged (i.e. bruises/scratched, broken,
sliced, etc.) as a result of washing and peeling operation, expressed in percent
Operating time- length of time measured from the time the prime mover was started until it was
turned off
Overall height -distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the multicrop washer-peeler
Overall length- distance between the vertical planes at a right angles to the median plane of the
multicrop washer-peeler and touching its front and rear extremities.
Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the multicrop
washerpeeler, each plane touching the outermost point of the multicrop washer-peeler on its
respective sides
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior to the
conduct of test

PAES 234: 2008

Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Juice Extractor – Specifications

Extracting chamber – part of the multicrop juice extractor where juice extraction take place
Extraction efficiency - ratio between the total moisture extracted by the machine to the total initial
moisture content of the crop
Extracting recovery – Total amount of extracted juice collective based on the extraction losses,
expressed in percentage
Meal - residues of the test materials after juice extraction
Moisture content- weight of water in a crop usually expressed in percentage by weight on the wet
basis.
Juice- aqueous liquid expressed or extracted from crops cells or tissues
Multicrop juice extractor – machine capable of extracting the juice of different crops.
 PAES 235: 2008
Agricultural Machinery–Multicrop Juice Extractor–Methods of Test

Extraction loss - difference between the total amount of potential juice content and total amount of
juice recovered
Extraction rate - quantity of juice that the extractor can obtain per unit of time, expressed in kilogram
per hour
Juice quality - refers to the physical and chemical properties of juice extracted
Juice recovery - ratio of the extracted juice and the total weight of the input crop, expressed in
percent
Potential juice content - initial moisture content of the crop
Morphological properties - properties of the test material which deal with its anatomical
characteristics such as length, width and thickness.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior to the
conduct of test

PAES 236:2008
Agricultural Machinery – Crystallizer – Specifications

Burner - main source of heat used in cooking ginger juice

Crystallizer - machine that cooks ginger juice to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
Cooking basin - part of the crystallizer where ginger juice are being loaded for cooking operation
Cooking recovery - ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger tea (instant “salabat”) and
the weight of sugar added to the input ginger juice
Ginger tea (instant “salabat”) - crystallized form of ginger from its juice
Holding capacity - weight of input juice per batch, expressed in kilogram per batch
Liquefied petroleum gas (lpg) - type of fuel used in cooking ginger juice
Paddle - component of the crystallizer that is used in stirring to attain the desired consistency of the
mixture to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
 PAES 237: 2008
Agricultural Machinery – Crystallizer– Methods of Test

Biomass fuel - type of fuel from living organisms such as plants, animals and their by-products
Cooking losses - total percent of ginger tea (instant “salabat”) loss based on the recovered product
Cooking rate - quantity of juice that the crystallizer can cook per unit of time, expressed in kilogram
per hour
Fineness modulus - principal factor which indicates the uniformity of ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
Operating time - length of time measured from the time the burner is turned on until it is turned off
Prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the crystallizer

PAES 238:2008
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Micromill –Specifications

Collecting bin - part of the machine where the ground/milled products are being discharged
Cyclone - part of the machine (usually made of cheesecloth) where the small or powdered solids
are being separated and protected from the air
Flour - finely ground or powdered foodstuffs from grains or other starchy plant foods used mainly in
baking
Food seasoning - an ingredient (as condiment, spice or herb) added to food primarily to enhance
its flavour.
Input capacity - weight of material per unit loading time into the hopper, expressed in kilogram per
hour
Milling chamber - part of the multicrop micromill where milling/grinding takes place
Milling efficiency - ratio between the amount of acceptable ground/milled product and the total
milling recovery, expressed in percentage
Multicrop micromill - machine that grinds dried product meal of various crops into finer particles
suitable for the purpose of food seasoning or as flour
Prime mover electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the multicrop micromill

PAES 239: 2008

Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Micromill – Methods of Test

Fineness - indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant product

Input capacity - weight of input test material per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Input time - time required to empty the hopper from full load per trial
Labor requirement - number of man-day needed in the operation of the multicrop micromill
Milling capacity - total amount of materials milled over the total time the multicrop micromill is in
operation, expressed in kilogram per hour
Milling recovery - ratio between the total amount of ground/milled product recovered and the total
input materials, expressed in percentage
Operating time - actual milling operation of the machine
Quality - refers to the fineness of the ground/milled product
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior to the
conduct of test
Sealed - free of openings that allow the entry or passage of moisture

SECTION E
PAES 501: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Restrainer – Specifications

Counterweight- piece of mass that has a weight almost equal to that the of the entrance gate
attached at one end of the cable that acts as operating lever of the vertical entrance gate.
Counterweight guide- keeps the counterweight in its line of motion
Discharge wall- part of the restrainer which can be tilted on one side, known as dumping side, to
release hog after stunning
Drop floor- flooring of the hog restrainer designed to suspend the hog during disengagement
Drop floor lever- lever used to reset drop floor
Dump lever- opens the dumping side wall of the restrainer to release the hog from the restrainer
Entrance gate- opening that allows livestock access into the restrainer
False floor- solid floor at the bottom of the automatic restrainer for the animals to walk down to the
entrance ramp
Floor lock- keeps the drop floor in its locked position
Hydraulic cylinder- mechanical device used to give a linear force through a linear stroke using the
energy of the hydraulic fluid under pressure
Pneumatic cylinder- mechanical device which produces force, often in combination with movement,
and are powered by compressed gas (typically air)
Restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements of the
animal in upright position prior to stunning
Stroke- length of displacement of the cylinder rod which is equivalent to the length of the rod in the
cylinder in its extended position less the length once retracted
Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding
Stunning- process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding
Manually operated- Type of hog restrainer that has a dump lever.
Semi-automatic- Type of hog restrainer that uses compressed fluid to actuate movements of the
discharge wall by cylinder actuation
Hydraulic type- Makes use of pressurized hydraulic fluid such as oil or water as a source of power
to actuate movements
Pneumatic- Makes use of compressed gas such as air as source of power to actuate movements
Automatic- Type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving, restraining, stunning and
dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area

PAES 502: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Restrainer – Methods of Test

Bore- diameter of the piston inside the cylinder

Bruises- physical damages or wounds on the skin of the test hog caused by the restraining
equipment reed- species of hog used as test material
Dumping angle- optimum angle that the discharge wall can tilt measured from its initial position up
to its dumping position
Dumping position- position of the discharge wall that allows discharge of stunned hog from the
restrainer
Dumping time- time it takes the semi-automatic restrainer to tilt the discharge wall
Girth- measurement around the hog’s body just behind the forelegs that is used to compute for the
estimated weight of the hog in the absence of the scale
Live weight- weight of hog prior to slaughter
Overall height- measurement from the top of the walls of restraining equipment to its base
Overall length- measurement from the gate of the restrainer to the opposite end of the equipment
including all the protruding parts (e.g. dumping lever, etc.)
Overall width- measurement between the side wall of the hog restraining equipment and the
discharge wall in its original position

PAES 503: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment - Hog Electric Stunner – Specifications

Blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue

Conveyor restrainer- type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving, restraining,
stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area
Hot wanding- charging of the electric prods prior to application of stunner
Knurling- a series of small ridges or grooves on the surface or edge of the prods to improve
contact during application of the electric stunner
Prod- tip of the electric stunner to which the revolving spur is attached
Restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements of the
animal in upright position prior to stunning
Revolving spurs- spiked wheel attached to the head-only type electric stunner used to improve
contact with the head of the animal to be stunned
Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding
Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

PAES 504: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Electric Stunner – Methods of Test

Blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue

Stunning effectivity- ratio of the total number of hogs stunned successfully to the total number of
hogs expressed in percent (%)
Stunning performance- ratio of the total number of hogs that did not die immediately after
stunning to the total number of hogs stunned expressed in percent (%)
Vocalization- animal sound such as squealing in pigs

PAES 505: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Scalder – Specifications

Boiler- a vessel to which water, fuel and air are supplied and in which steam is generated
Dehairing machine dehairer- mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible paddles used
in removing hair from animal carcass after scalding
Release cradle- part of the scalder that is used to remove hogs from the scalder
Scalder scalding tank- slaughterhouse equipment that can contain water which is heated to
loosen the animal’s hair from the follicles
Scalding- process of subjecting an animal to heated water to loosen animal’s hair from its follicles
Schedule- refers to the standard wall thickness of the commercially available pipe which is relative
to the applied pressure and material strength
Solenoid valve- an electromechanical valve used to automatically shut off or open steam line in
hog scalder
Thermostat- device used to automatically control and to keep temperature within the required
settings

PAES 506: 2007

 Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Scalder – Methods of Test

Perforation interval- distance measured from the center of one pipe perforation to the center of
the adjacent perforation
Rib interval- distance between the ribs of the release cradle
Release angle- optimum angle that the release cradle can swing

PAES 507: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehairing Machine – Specifications
Carcass - body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.
Dehairing - removal of hair from the skin of an animal after scalding as part of the process of
preparing its meat for food.
Dehairing capability - maximum weight of hog a machine is capable of dehairing per loading,
expressed in kilograms
Dehairing efficiency - ratio of amount of hair removed and the total amount of hair, expressed in
percent
Dehairing machine – dehairer, mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible paddles used
in removing hair from animal carcass after scalding
Dehairing shaft - high-grade solid steel shaft where scraper paddles are rigidly fastened
Dehairing wheel - star wheels, circular bar with radial arms where scraper paddles are attached
Gambrelling table - table used to receive and prepare dehaired carcass before suspending
“j” - bar - ribbed mechanism that resembles a “j”- shaped structure that serves as support of the
carcass during dehairing and also used in unloading dehaired hog
Scalding - subjecting animal into steam or hot water to prepare skin for dehairing
Scraper blade - slightly bent steel material attach to the scraper paddle that is used to directly
remove the hair
Scraper paddle - resilient flexible rectangular block-shaped rubber which serves as a base material
for the scraper blade
Scraper paddle assembly - composed of three (3) or more paddles with blades attached
altogether

PAES 508: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehairing Machine – Methods of Test
Dehairing rate - number of hogs dehaired per unit time, expressed in heads per hour
Dehairing time - actual time of dehairing a single hog, expressed in seconds
Discharge height - measurement of the highest position of the j-bar during loading from the base of
the machine
Effective dehairing height - measurement of the bottom of the j-bar’s holding chamber from the
base of the dehairing machine
Effective dehairing width - actual width of the dehairing mechanism measured from both end sides
of dehairing paddle parallel to the dehairing shaft
Evisceration - removal of the internal organs or entrails of an animal
Gambreling table - table used before suspending the carcass for particular operation
Hair density - number of hair present per unit area, expressed in hair per square centimeter
Live weight - weight of the hog prior to slaughter
Overall height - measurement from the topmost point to the base of the machine
Overall length - measurement from both sides of the dehairing machine parallel to the discharge
side including the protruding parts such as the j-bar lever, motor, etc.
Overall width - measurement of the receiving side of the j-bar to the discharge side in its normal
position
Receiving height - measurement of the maximum height of the j-bar, in receiving position, from the
base of the machine

Paes 509: 2007

Slaughterhouse equipment - splitting saw for hog carcass – specifications

Backbone - Vertebral column of an animal

Blade guard - Safety cover for cutting mechanism

Blade holders - Holding mechanism for hand saw that tightens and keeps the blade in a vertical
position

Blade teeth - Small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw

Cutting blade - Blade of a saw with a small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge

Drive shaft - Mechanism that delivers rotating motion from the motor to the cutting blade

Gripping handle - Part of the machine that provides friction against the hand, reducing the gripping
force needed to achieve a reliable grip

Gullets - Spaces between each segment of the blade to provide cooling and slurry removal

Hanger mounting bracket - Part of the saw used for suspending the entire machine, such that the
hanger mounting bracket is located at the center of gravity of the machine

Main frame - Body of the splitting saw

Percent splitting efficiency - Percent of actual work used during splitting operation

Rotary saw
Circular saw - Machine with rotating circular blade used for cutting material

Splitting rate - Number of hog carcass split per hour, expressed in head/h

Splitting saw - Tool with a metal blade designed to cut the backbone of hog carcass

Tooth pitch - Spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch (tpi)

Paes 510: 2007

Slaughterhouse equipment - splitting saw for hog carcass – methods of test

Blade speed - Linear displacement of the blade’s teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per
second

Bone dust - Particles of bone accumulated during cutting

Cutting depth - Depth of cut by the splitting saw through the backbone, expressed in millimeter

Cutting speed - Speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in seconds

Dimension - The physical measurement of an object as described by its length, width, height and
thickness

Overall length - Measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum extended position from both ends
parallel to the blade and its handle

Overall width - Measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the other side and perpendicular
to its blade including the motor case as in the case of an electric motor type

Percent splitting efficiency - Amount of energy delivered by the splitting saw relative to the total
energy input, expressed in percent

Splitting rate - Number of hogs split per unit time, expressed in heads per hour

Splitting time - Actual time of splitting a single hog, expressed in seconds

Paes 511:2007
Slaughterhouse equipment – overhead rail system for hogs – specifications

Carcass - Body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing

Corbel - Horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that gives support
to the main rail frame

Gambrel - Horizontal supporting bar where carcass is attached through incision in the hind feet
Hog side - Separate half of the split hog
Hog trolley frame - Yolk-like flat steel bar where trolley wheel is mounted

Hoist - Device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope
or chain wraps

Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in
kg

Overhead rail - Suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses

Overhead rail frame - Solid horizontal metal beam where rail track is securely fastened

Rail hanger/bracket - Steel material that supports and holds the rail track suspended from the
overhead rail frame

Rail height - Height of rail measured from top of the rail to the floor

Rail scale - Electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system

Rail spacing - Center to center distance or spacing between railings measured horizontally

Rail switch - Mechanical retracting rail that allows change in direction of trolley

Rail track
Rail - Conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll

Retained rail - Rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further inspection
Shackle chain
Shackle - Solid metal chain used to tie or hold the hog through the feet for lifting

Suspected carcass - Condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be ascertained
and would therefore require further inspection and/or examination

Track size/diameter - Specified dimensions of track rail, expressed in millimeters

Trolley - Suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook used to
carry or transport carcass

Trolley pin - A shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame

Trolley swivel - Circular steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley that allows rotation
of the suspended hogs

Trolley wheel - Circular pulley-like steel material that rolls freely on the rail

Paes 512:2007
Slaughterhouse equipment – overhead rail system for hogs – methods of test

Breed - Species of hog used as test material

Hanger/bracket spacing - Horizontal distance between rail hangers

Live weight - Weight of hog prior to slaughter

Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in
kg

Overall length - Measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail

Radius of curvature
Radius - Distance of a circle or curve to its center

Rail slope - Measurement of upward or downward inclination of the rail track from a reference
horizontal plane

Rail track spacing - Center to center distance or spacing between railings measured horizontally

Paes 513: 2008

Slaughterhouse equipment – stunning box/ knocking pen – specifications

Chin lift - Part of the head gate which positions the head of the animal to facilitate stunning

Discharge gate - Part of the stunning box which opens to release the animal after stunning

Entrance gate - Part of the stunning box where the animal enters

Head gate - Part of the stunning box which secures the head in restraining the animal
Large ruminants - Hoofed animals having rumen as part of their stomachs such as cattle, carabao
and buffalo

Stunning - Process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

Stunning box
Knocking pen - Slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal to facilitate stunning

Tail pusher - Part of the stunning box which pushes the animal forward towards the head gate

Paes 514:2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – stunning box/ knocking pen – methods of test

Live weight - Weight of animal prior to slaughter

Overall height - Measurement from the highest point of the stunning box to its base

Overall length - Measurement from the entrance gate of the stunning box to the opposite end of
the equipment including all the protruding parts (e.g. Chin lift)

Overall width - Measurement between the outer side of the walls of the stunning box

Rotating angle - Angle measured from the restraint’s initial upright position to inverted position

Rotating time - Total time spent to rotate the restraint from its upright position to inverted position

Vocalization - Animal sound such as bellowing in cattle

Paes 515:2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – captive bolt – specifications

Blank cartridge
Powerload - Type of cartridge used in captive bolt that contains gunpowder but without bullet

Bolt - Metal rod that extrudes from the captive bolt

Bullet
Round - Solid projectile made of metal (usually lead) propelled by a firearm or a gun

Captive bolt - Stunner that uses kinetic energy to project bolt into the forehead of the animal
to render it unconscious.

Cartridge - Metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer

Stunning - Process of rendering an animal unconscious

Stunning box
Knocking pen - Slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal to facilitate stunning
 Paes 516: 2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – captive bolt – methods of test

Caliber - Measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the firearm

Extraction length - Total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the captive bolt to the tip
or head of the bolt

Insensibility - State of an animal’s response specifically to pain

Overall length - Total length of the captive bolt measured from the bolt head or tip to the opposite
end of the equipment including all protruding parts

Overall weight - Total weight of the captive bolt assembly excluding the blank cartridge or
powerload and hose

Stunning efficacy - Ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with single application to
the total number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage

Vocalization - Animal sound such as bellowing in cattle

PAES 517: 2008

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Large Ruminants – Specifications
Bleeding - Process of removing the blood from the animal before further handling.
Carcass - Body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.
Carcass side - Separate half of the split carcass.
Corbel - Horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that gives the
support to the main rail frame.
Dehiding - Process of removing the skin of the animal.
Evisceration - Process of removing the internal organs from the carcass.
Hoist - Device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift–wheel.
Large ruminants - Whom animal having rumen as part of its stomach such as cattle, carabao and
buffalo.
Lowerator - Motorized or hydraulic device that allows gradual descent of carcass along the rail.
Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram per linear length.
Overhead rail - Suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses in slaughtering
operation.
Overhead rail frame - Solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail track is securely fastened
through the rail hanger.
Rail hanger bracket - Supports and holds the rail tracks suspended from the overhead rail frame
Rail height - Distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor line.
Rail spacing - Center to center distance space between parallel rail tracks.
Rail switch - Switch mechanism that allows change in direction of trolley.
Rail track rail - Conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll.
Retained carcass rail - Rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further inspection.
Shackle chain shackle - Solid metal chain used to hold and hoist the animal through the hind leg.
Splitting - Cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone.
Spreader - Horizontal supporting bar used for separating the hind legs of hung animal to a
distance suitable for evisceration and splitting processes.
Stopper - Auxiliary part of the overhead rail system used to halt the trolley to slide on the rail tracks
during operations.
Suspected carcass - Condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be ascertained
and would therefore require further inspection and/or examination.
Track scale - Electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system.

Track size track diameter - Specified dimensions of rail track, expressed in millimetres.
Trolley - Suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook used to
carry or transport carcass.
Trolley frame - Flat bar of non-corrosive materials that holds the trolley wheel, swivel and hook
together.
Trolley hook - Round stainless steel bar shaped into hook where the carcass is hung.
Trolley pin - Shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame.
Trolley swivel - Round stainless steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley frame that
allows rotation of the suspended carcass.
Trolley wheel - Steel pulley-like part of the trolley that rolls freely on the rail.
Power Source - Movement of carcass on trolley along the rail shall depend on the power drive.
Manually operated - Slight manually pushing/pulling animal/carcass on the trolley to move on the
overhead rail system.
Semi-mechanized - Mechanized operations are only applied on selected portion of the
slaughtering process (i.e. elevator and lowerator).
Mechanized - Fully-mechanized overhead railing system that operates continuously at a constant
speed of travel.
Number of Tracks - One or two tracks are present in the system.
Monorail Track - Overhead railing that consists of one-rail track.

Double-Rail Track - Two-rail track (normally, I-beam) are provided for two wheel trolley.
Rail Shape - Shapes of rail track shall be based on.
Rectangular Rail - A rail using rectangular bar for its track.
Cylindrical Rail - A rail using tubular or round bar material for its track

PAES 518:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Large Ruminants – Methods of Test
Bending flexural stress - Stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam
supporting the overhead rail system.
Fracture - Deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system.
Hanger/bracket spacing - Horizontal distance between rail hangers.
Live weight - Weight of animal prior to slaughtering.
Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of overhead rail system in one (1) meter distance,
expressed in kilogram.
Overall length - Distance of the entire track.
Sagging - Failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system.
Speed reduction - Ratio of the speed of conveyor without load to the speed of conveyor with load,
expressed in percent.
Rail slope - Ratio of the change in rail height to the change in horizontal distance, expressed in
percent.
Rail spacing - Center to center distance between parallel rail tracks.
Tensile stress - Average normal stress at any point on the cross sectional area of the overhead
rail system.

PAES 519:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehider – Specifications
Air motor assembly - Part of the handheld flayer that contains the air motor which actuates the
movement of the blades by allowing air flow supplied by an air compressor.
Blade assembly - Part of the handheld flayer that is composed mainly by two blades that move in
countermotion.
Dehider - Slaughterhouse equipment used to remove the skin from the body of the animal.
Hide - Skin separated from the animal’s body.
Hide clamp - Part of the roller drum in vertical puller to which the hide is hooked prior to pulling.
Roller drum - Part of the vertical puller which rolls and pulls the hide to separate it from the
carcass.

PAES 520:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehider – Methods of Test
Blade clearance - Distance between two blades in the blade assembly.
Dehiding time - Average time consumed to totally dehide the animal.
Live weight - Weight of animal prior to slaughter.
Overall height - Measurement from highest point of the hide puller to its base.
Overall length - between the longer side of the dehider including all protruding parts.
Overall width - Measurement between the shorter side of the dehider including all protruding
parts.
Role of manufacturer/dealer - The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the
dehider and shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the official testing agency.
Role of the operator - An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to
demonstrate, operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.
Test site conditions - The dehider shall be tested as installed in the slaughterhouse. The site
should have ample provisions for material handling, temporary storage and workspace conforming
to PAES 411.
Test instruments - The suggested list of minimum test instruments needed to carry out the
dehider test is shown in Annex
Test material - Test materials to be used shall have a live weight of not less than 500kg. There
shall be at least three (3) animals for the test trials.
Termination of test for dehider - If during the test, the dehider encounters major component
breakdown or malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.
Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information - This inspection is carried
out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and accessories of the dehider in comparison
with the list of manufacturer’s technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.
Performance test - This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance and safety
features of the equipment.
Measurement of initial data - Initial data, such as weight of the test animal, shall be obtained and
recorded in Annex C before the test operation.

PAES 521:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Splitting Saw for Large Ruminants – Specifications
Backbone - Refers to the vertebral column of an animal.
Blade guard - Safety cover for the blade of the splitting saw.
Blade speed - Linear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per
second.
Blade teeth - Small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw.
Cutting blade - Blade of saw with small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge.
Gripping handle - Part of the machine that provides friction against the hand.
Hanger mounting bracket - Part of the saw located at the center of gravity used for suspending
the entire machine.
Linear speed - Linear displacement of the rotating blade at a given time, expressed in meter per
second.
Main frame - Body of the splitting saw.
Splitting - Cutting or dividing the carcass into equal halves.
Splitting saw - Machine with a metal blade designed to divide carcasses
Pitch - Spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch (TPI)

PAES 522:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Splitting Saw for Large Ruminants – Methods of Test
Blade speed - Linear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per
second.
Bone dust - Particles of bone accumulated during cutting.
Cutting depth - Depth of cut through the backbone, expressed in millimetre.
Overall length - Measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum extended position from both
ends parallel to the blade and its handle.
Overall width - Measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the other side and perpendicular
to its blade including the motor case as in the case of an electric motor type.
Splitting efficiency - Ratio of actual work to the energy consumption, expressed in percent.
Splitting rate - Linear speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in millimeters per
second.
Splitting time - Actual time of splitting a single carcass, expressed in seconds.

PAES 523:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment - Platform – Specifications

Dehiding - Process of removing the skin of animal.

Evisceration - Process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Floor plate - Part of the platform that serves as the flooring for the operator to stand on.
Floor plate height - Distance measured vertically from the floor plate to the finish floor line.
Guard rail - Part of the platform designed to provide safety for the operator.
Hand rail - Part of the guard rail designed to be grasped by the operator when ascending,
descending or moving horizontally.
Platform - Equipment used by the operator to reach the required height to perform slaughtering
process
Platform control switch - Auxiliary part of the mechanical platform that regulates the speed and
controls the vertical – horizontal movement of the platform.
Side travel - Sideward or horizontal movement of the platform.
Splitting - Cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone.

PAES 524:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment - Platform – Methods of Test
Bearing stress - Force per unit area in contact like compressive and tensile stress.
Bending flexural stress - Stress that is caused by the bending moment at a given point in the
beam supporting the platform.
Compressive stress - Force per unit area,that tends to compress or shorten the material.
Dehiding time - Time required to remove the skin of one (1) carcass, expressed in seconds.
Fracture - Defect caused by the bending moment at a given point in the material under stress.
Leveling bubble - Instrument used for checking whether a plane structure is flat and horizontally
levelled.
Splitting time - Time required to split one (1) carcass expressed in seconds.
Tensile stress - Force per unit area that tends to elongate or create tension on the material
submitted to it.

VOLUME 8
 SECTION A
PAES 147:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

Field cultivator - Implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks.
Gauge wheel - Auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of
cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every time you set a
cultivator down.
Ground clearance - Minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element.
Main frame - Part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together.
Primary tillage - Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.
Secondary tillage - Any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are
designed to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted.
Shank - Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam.
Shovel - Spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers.
Spike - Type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration.
Sweep - Type of shovel which is wing-shaped.
Transverse tool bar - Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.

PAES 148:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods Of Test

Draft - Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.
Drawbar power - Power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed.
Effective field capacity - Function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in
hectares per hour.
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Implement - Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
Implement width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement.
Nose angle - Angle formed by the edges of the sweep.
Operating width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the field
cultivator.
Stem angle - Angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively.
Theoretical field capacity - Function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour.
Transport height - Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point.
Transport length - Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point.
Wheel slip - Reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement.

PAES 149:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler– Specifications

Gauge wheel - Auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform operating depth and
for adjusting depth of cut.

Main frame - Part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars together.
Primary tillage - Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.
Ripper point - Tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil.
Shank - Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam.
Soil abrasion - Scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of soil.
Subsoiler - Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame.
Subsoiling - Deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth
and/or water movement.
Transverse tool bar - Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.
Wear shin - Metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the
shank.

PAES 150:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods Of Test

Draft - Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.
Drawbar power - Power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed.
Effective field capacity - Function of field speed, working width and field efficiency expressed in
hectares per hour.
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Implement - Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
Implement width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement.
Operating width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the subsoiler.
Sweep angle - Angle measured from the outer side of the wing in reference to the direction of travel.
Theoretical field capacity - Function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour.
Tip angle - Angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point.

Transport height - Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point.
Transport length - Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point.
Wing lift - Length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle.
Wing lift angle - Angle measured between the two sides of the wing.
Wing width - Distance between the tip of each wing.

PAES 151:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications

Grasping fork - Part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings.
Mechanical rice transplanter - Machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled
and leveled field.
Paddle wheel - Modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field.
Root-washed seedlings - Rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the roots are
washed thoroughly to remove the soil.
Soil-bearing seedlings - Rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is
retained with the roots for transplanting.
Transplanting - Method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are
pulled and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding.
Transplanting arm - Part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting
seedlings into a puddled field.

PAES 152:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods Of Test

Effective field capacity - Function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in
hectares per hour.
Effective working width - Total width per row of transplanting arm.
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Hills - Points in the field where a seedling is transplanted.
Overall length - Measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its
longer side including all protruding parts.
Overall width - Measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its
shorter side including all protruding parts.
Percent damaged hill - Ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting, bending
or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills expressed in percentage.
Percent missing hill - Ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number of hills
expressed in percentage.
Planting efficiency - Ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hill expressed
in percentage.
Rows - Series of hills in a field.
Theoretical field capacity - Function of speed of transplanter and the width of operation expressed
in hectares per hour.
Tray angle - Angle between the bottom of the seedling tray and the horizontal.

PAES 153:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications
Check valve - Valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the
plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke.
Discharge valve - Valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of
the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only.

Hand pump - Water pump powered by the movement of human arms.

Handle - Lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some mechanism
to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the draw pipe.
Outlet - Spout assembly of pump where water comes out.
Plunger , Piston - Part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up
the draw pipe.
Pump head - Pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly.
Pump rod, Plunger rod - Steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within
the cylinder.
Pump stand, Pedestal - Base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw
pipe.
Stroke - Maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved.
Suction inlet - Inlet to which the suction pipe is connected.
Suction pipe - Pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out
to the pump spout during pumping.

PAES 154:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods Of Test

Base plane - Center line of the pump containing the center of the plunger in its highest position.
Discharge rate - Volume of water pumped per unit time.
Friction head - Equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the
pipe and pipe fittings.
Full stroke - Operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its lowest position.
Head - Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid
per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum.
Overall height - Measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the base or pedestal.
Overall length - Measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its longer side including
all protruding parts.
Overall width - Measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its shorter side including
all protruding parts.
Static suction head (h1) - Vertical distance from base plane of the pump to the free level of water
source.
Static discharge head (h2) - Vertical distance from the base plane of the pump to the discharge
water level.

Total static head (hg) - Vertical distance from suction water level to discharge water level, the sum
of the static suction and discharge heads.
Volumetric efficiency - Ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the piston or plunger
displacement in one stroke.
Water power - Theoretical power required for pumping.

PAES 155:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications

Cut-off valve - Valve used to stop the flow of fluid.

Mist - Fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air.
Mist blower - Equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist.
Wand - Part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower.

PAES 156:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods Of Test

Blower range - Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.
Number median diameter - Diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets
into two equal halves.
Volume median diameter - Diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets
into two equal halves.
 PAES 157:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO – SPECIFICATIONS

Cut-off valve - Valve used to stop the flow of fluid.

Lance - Metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer.
Power sprayer for mango - Equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray
fertilizer or pesticide to a certain height.

Nozzle - Tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out.
Pressure relief valve - Component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure.
Runoff - Overflow of water from the nozzle.

PAES 158:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO – METHODS OF TEST

Mean diameter - Average diameter of droplets.

Number median diameter - Diameter which divides the number of droplets into two equal halves.
Sprayer range - Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.
Volume median diameter - Diameter divides the volume of spray into two equal halves.

PAES 159:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUGARCANE PLANTER – SPECIFICATIONS

Drawbar - Bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached

Feeder - Person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
Feeding shank - Component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it
into the furrow.
Gauge wheel - Auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform depth of
furrows.
Main frame - Part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels
together.
Shank - Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard.
Sugarcane billet - Sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material.
Sugarcane planter - Agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets.
 PAES 160:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUGARCANE PLANTER – METHODS OF TEST

Draft - Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.
Drawbar power - Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters.
Effective field capacity - Actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time.
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Implement - Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
Implement width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement.
Operating width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended function.
Percent cutting - Ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number of stalks in the reservoir
expressed in percentage.
Percent damaged stalk eyes - Ratio of the number of billets with damaged stalk eyes to the total
number of billets dropped expressed in percentage.
Plant distance - Distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in a row.
Transport height - Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point.
Transport length - Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point.
Wheel slip - Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement.

PAES 161:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL AUGER – SPECIFICATIONS
Auger head
Drill bit
Boring part of the soil auger.

Extension rod - Accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool.
Soil auger - Tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and analysis or for
digging post holes by means of a rotating helical flighting.

PAES 162:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL AUGER – METHODS OF TEST

Boring depth -Maximum depth that the soil auger can reach.
Boring efficiency - Ratio between the actual boring time and the theoretical boring time expressed
in percent.
Minor diameter, d -For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root
of an external thread.
Overall length -Measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil auger to its opposite end
along its longitudinal side.
Overall width - Measurement between the outermost dimensions of the soil auger along its lateral
side.
Pitch, P -Distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis.
Pitch diameter, D -For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the
thread groove equal.
Sampling efficiency -Ratio between the actual volume contained in the auger head and the
theoretical volume that can be contained in the auger head expressed in percent.

PAES 163:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPRING-TOOTH HARROW – SPECIFICATIONS

Field efficiency -Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Harrowing - Operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting.
Lever assembly -Mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition.
Main frame -Part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse toolbars and lever assembly
together.
Runner -Auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to facilitate
easy turning.
Secondary tillage implement -Implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level
and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds.
Spring-tooth harrow -Secondary tillage implement consisting of long and curved teeth made of
spring steel which are fastened on the transverse toolbars with the other end pointed to give good
soil penetration.
Tooth, Tine -Part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation.

Transverse tool bar -Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.

PAES 164:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPRING-TOOTH HARROW – METHODS OF TEST

Draft -Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.
Drawbar power -Power requirement of an implement being towed.
Effective field capacity -Actual rate of being able to work a given area per unit of time.
Field efficiency -Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Implement -Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
Implement width -Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement.
Operating width -Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost teeth of the spring-tooth
harrow.
Transport height -Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point.
Transport length -Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point.
Wheel slip -Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the implement attached.

PAES 165:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULE APPLICATOR– SPECIFICATIONS
Agitator-Part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous stirring or
rotation.
Granule -Generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm.
Granule applicator -Agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field.
Hopper -Part of granule applicator where granules are loaded.
Orifice -Opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through.
Power take-off shaft -External shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to
implements.
Spinner plate Part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules.

PAES 166:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULE APPLICATOR – METHODS OF TEST

Draft -Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.
Drawbar power -Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters.
Effective field capacity -Actual area covered per unit time.
Field efficiency -Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.
Fuel consumption -Volume of fuel consumed by the engine.
Transport height -Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point.
Transport length -Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point.
Wheel slip -Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement.
Width of application -Farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the direction of travel.
 VOLUME 8
SECTION B

PAES 240:2010
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FANS AND BLOWERS – SPECIFICATIONS

Airfoil
Shape of a wing or blade of a propeller, rotor, or turbine or sails as seen in cross section.

Camber
Asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil in cross-section.

Drag, D
Force cause by friction which slows down the movement of an object.

Fan
Blower
Device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating impeller.

Fan/blower guard
Structure mounted on the inlet and/or outlet part of fan/blower for safety purpose.

Angle of attack, α
Angle measured between the air inlet and lower camber of the fan/blower.

Lift, l
Sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction of flow.

Lift-drag ratio
Ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades during operation.

Leading edge, LE
Side of the fan/blower blade where the air comes in contact with at entry.

Trailing edge, TE
Side of the fan/blower blade that is usually pointed and where the deflection of air occurs.

Hub-tip ratio
Ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter.

Rotor
Rotating device with blades projecting from a hub.

Fan/blower wheel
Any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air.

PAES 242:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Furnace – Specifications

Biomass
Organic materials used as renewable source of energy like wood chips, corncobs and rice hulls, etc.

Biomass furnace
Enclosed structure for intense heating by fire using any biomass like woodchips, corncobs and rice
hulls as fuel.

Hearth
Fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the biomass furnace.

Workload
Materials to be processed (i.e. Dried, burned, melted, etc.) Using biomass furnace.
Grate
Framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold biomass fuel in furnace for more efficient
combustion.

PAES 243: 2010

Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Furnace – Methods of Test

Burning efficiency
Ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent.

Furnace efficiency
Ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in biomass furnace, expressed in percent.

Latent heat of vaporization

Heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a
gas without temperature change.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the biomass furnace.
Note: all parts of the biomass furnace projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the biomass furnace
and touching its front and rear extremities.

NOTE: All parts of the biomass furnace, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the
rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it
shall be set at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the biomass furnace on its respective side.

Note: all parts of the biomass furnace projecting side wards are contained between these two
planes.

Sensible heat
Heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature that is not accompanied
by a change of state.

Heating system efficiency

Ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to the furnace, expressed in percent.

PAES 244:2010
 Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Shredder – Specifications

Biomass shredder
Machine used to cut biomass materials into strips.

Chipping section
Part of a shredding machine which is used to cut or sliced twigs or small branches of trees
Into small and uniform sizes called chips.

Note: this is auxiliary component of some biomass shredder.

Biomass
Organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other agricultural applications.

Hopper
Part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded.

Prime mover
Electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder.

Input capacity
Weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Shredding efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded biomass materials, to the total
weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder, expressed in percent.

PAES 245:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Shredder – Methods of Test

Biomass
Organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other agricultural applications.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the biomass shredder.

Note: all parts of the biomass shredder projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the biomass shredder
and touching its front and rear extremities.

NOTE: All parts of the biomass shredder, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the
rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, its
shall be set at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the biomass shredder on its respective side.

NOTE: All parts of the biomass shredder projecting side wards are contained between these two
planes.

Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test
until the operation is stable.

Shredding efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded biomass materials, to the total
weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder, expressed in percent.
Input capacity
Weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Unshredded
Biomass material that is not totally cut into strips.

PAES 246:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Dehusked Corn Dryer – Specifications

Dehusked corn
Ear corn
Corn-on-cob
Unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed mechanically or manually.

Husk
Refers to the leafy outer/protective covering of an ear of corn as it grows on the plant.

Dehusked corn dryer

Device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without husk, generally by forced or natural
convection with or without addition of heat.

Fan
Blower
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of materials to be dried at the
desired air flow rate and pressure.

Moisture gradient
Difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content randomly sampled after drying.

Plenum
Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated air through the
material to be dried.

Safety device
Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the parts and components of the
dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of
malfunction.

PAES 247: 2010

Agricultural Machinery – Dehusked Corn Dryer – Methods of Test

Airflow rate
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of dehusked corn per minute.

Damaged kernels
Corn kernels which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged by insects,
water, fungi and/or any other means.

Drying air temperature

Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the dehusked corn, measured at a number of points
practicably as close to its entry to the drying bed.
Drying capacity
Maximum capacity that the dehusked corn dryer can dry to meet the desired moisture content.

Fuel consumption
Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time, expressed in kg/h.

Heating system efficiency

Product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency; the ratio of heat supplied to the dryer
and the heat available from the fuel used, expressed in percent.

Holding capacity
Load capacity
Weight of dehusked corn required to fill the dryer at the input moisture content.

Moisture reduction rate

Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the dehusked corn to drying time,
expressed in percent per hour.

Static pressure
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform dustribution of air flow through the
dehusked corn mass, expressed in mmH O. 2

PAES 248:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Fruit Dryer – Specifications

Fan
Blower
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of materials to be dried at the
desired air flow rate and pressure.

Fruit
Ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant that are edible, usually sweet and in fleshy form.

Fruit dryer
Device for removing excess moisture from the fruits, generally by forced or natural convection with
or without addition of heat.

Moisture gradient
Difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content randomly sampled after drying.

Plenum
Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated air through the
material to be dried.

Safety device
Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the parts and components of the
dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of
malfunction.

Water activity
Ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure water at the same
temperature.

Note: measure of water available for the growth of microorganism.

 PAES 249:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Fruit Dryer – Methods of Test

Airflow rate
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of fruits per minute.

Drying air temperature

Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the fruit, measured at a number of points as close
as practicable to its entry to the drying bed.

Drying capacity
Maximum capacity that the fruit dryer can removed moisture content per unit time.

Drying efficiency
Heat utilization efficiency
Ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added to
the drying air, expressed in percent.

Drying rate
Amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Drying system efficiency

Ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel expressed in percent.

Fuel consumption
Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time.

Heat utilization
Total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in kJ/kg of water.

Holding capacity
Load capacity
Weight of fruits required to fill the dryer at the initial moisture content.

Moisture reduction rate

Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the fruits, to drying time, expressed in
percent per hour.

Static pressure
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform dustribution of air flow through the
sliced fruits, expressed in mmh o.2

PAES 250:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Coir Decorticator – Specifications

Coconut husk
Fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70% parenchymatous cells.

Coconut coir
Slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk.

Coconut peat
Fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted from the coconut husk.

Coconut coir decorticator

Machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating action to separate coco fiber and
coconut peat from the husk.

Decorticating efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally undecorticated coconut husk to the
total weight of the input coconut husk to the decorticator, expressed in percent.

Coir quality
Refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. Tensile strength, maturity, color, fiber length and
cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted.

Input capacity
Weight of coconut husk fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram per hour.

PAES 251:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Coir Decorticator – Methods of Test

Coconut husk
Fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70% parenchymatous cells.

Coconut coir
Slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk.

Coconut peat
Fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted from the coconut husk.

Coconut coir decorticator

Machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating action to separate coco fiber and
coconut peat from the husk.

Decorticating efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally undecorticated coconut husk to the
total weight of the input coconut husk to the decorticator, expressed in percent.

Input capacity
Weight of coconut coir fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram per hour.

Coir quality
Refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. Tensile strength, maturity, color, fiber length and
cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the decorticator.

Note: all parts of the decorticator projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the decorticator and
touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the decorticator, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall
be set at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the decorticator on its respective side.

Note: all parts of the decorticator projecting sidewards are contained between these two planes.

Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test
until the operation is stable.

Undecorticated
Portion of the coconut husk that is partially crushed and totally crushed.

PAES 252:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coffee Pulper – Specifications

Coffee pulper
Machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry without making any damage to
the parchment coffee.

Coffee cherry
Ripened fruits of coffee shrubs.

Flute
Thread like component of rotating cylinder of the pulping chamber.

Flute inclination
Angle of inclination of the rubber coated flutes.

Input capacity
Weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Output capacity
Weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Pulping
Process of removing and separating the skin and pulp of coffee cherry.

Mucilage
Slimy layer found between the pulp and adhering to the parchment.

Parchment
Endocarp of the coffee cherry, lies between the fleshy part (or pulp) of the cherry and coffee bean.

Parchment coffee
Final output product when the coffee cherry has undergone pulping process.

Main parchment coffee outlet

Part of machine where parchment coffee are collected.

Pulp outlet
Part of machine where pulps are collected.

Pulp
Red or green thin fleshy outer layer of the coffee cherry.

Pulping efficiency
Ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the total coffee cherry input to the
machine, expressed in percentage.

Pulping recovery
Ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main outlet to the total weight of
input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in percentage.

Separation loss
Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp outlet to the total input
weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage.

Unpulped loss
Ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the
pulper, expressed in percentage.

Scattering loss
Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base of coffee pulper to the total
coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage.

Mechanically damaged parchment coffee

Ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to the total weight of sample, expressed in
percentage.

PAES 253:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coffee Pulper – Methods of Test

Mechanically damaged parchment coffee

Ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to the total weight of sample, expressed in
percentage.

Input capacity
Weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Output capacity
Weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time, expressed in
kilogram per hour.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the pulper machine.

Note: all parts of the coffee pulper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the pulper and
touching its front and rear extremities.

Note: all parts of the coffee pulper, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall
be set at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the pulper on its respective side.

Note: all parts of the coffee pulper projecting sidewards are contained between these two planes.

Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test
until the operation is stable.

Separation loss
Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp discharge to the total
input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage.

Pulping efficiency
Ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the total coffee cherry input to the
machine, expressed in percentage.

Pulping recovery
Ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main outlet to the total weight of
input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in percentage.

Unpulped loss
Ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the
pulper, expressed in percentage.
Scattering loss
Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base of coffee pulper to the total
coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage by weight.

Purity
Ratio of the total weight of parchment coffee free of foreign matters to the total weight of sample
expressed in percentage.

PAES 254:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Abaca Stripper – Specifications

Abaca fiber
Long and slender natural filament of abaca plant.

Abaca stalk
Part of abaca plant which consist of several layers of leaf sheath.

Abaca stripper
Mechanical device used for extracting primary fibers by scraping action from blade and stripping
block.

Bacnis method
Method that uses bolo to partially cut (leaving the upper layer 1 mm to 2 mm thick uncut) crosswise
the middle of the inner portion of the leaf sheath to be able to extract the tuxies.

Fiber quality
Refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and texture
(fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted.

Locnit method
Method that uses tuxying knife to thrust one side of the leaf sheath and make a cut between the
upper and the inner portions of the material to be able to extract the tuxies.

Output capacity
Weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time, kg/h.

Parenchymatous material
Soft tissue or non-fibrous material attached to the fiber.

Potential fiber content

Summation of the dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of extracted fiber using manual or mechanical
abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually obtained.

Potential fiber recovery

Ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input abaca tuxies to the abaca
stripper, expressed in percent.

Stripping
Extracting the fiber from abaca tuxies using abaca stripper.

Stripping block
Part of the abaca stripper that provides friction and where raw materials are being locked in position
during fiber extraction.

Stripping efficiency
Ratio of the total dry (moisture content of 14%) weight of the fiber extracted to the potential fiber
content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent.

Stripping knife
Metal plate, non-serrated or serrated, that provides stripping action.

Tuxy
The outer layer of abaca leaf sheath which contains the primary fiber.
Tuxying
Separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at most 1.8 mm of abaca leaf
sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying knife) or bacnis method (using bolo).

PAES 255:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Abaca Stripper – Methods of Test

Stripping efficiency
Ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber extracted to the potential fiber
content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent.

Extraction loss
Difference between the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies and dry weight
(moisture content of 14%) of the actual fiber extracted using abaca stripper, expressed in percent.

Fiber quality
Refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and texture
(fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted.

Grade
Indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber.

Output capacity
Fresh weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time, kg/h.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the stripping machine.

Note: all parts of the abaca stripper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the abaca stripper
and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the stripper, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the stripper on its respective side.

Note: all parts of the stripper projecting sidewards are contained between these two planes.

Potential fiber content

Summation of the weight of extracted fiber using manual or mechanical abaca stripper and
unextracted fiber manually obtained.

Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until
the operation is stable.

Potential fiber recovery

Ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input abaca tuxies to the abaca
stripper, expressed in percent.

PAES 256:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Corn Picker – Specifications

Corn (Zea mays)

Cereal grass belonging to the Poaceae family.

Corn ear
Fruit of the corn plant with husk.

Single-row side-mounted corn picker

Machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking corn.

Snapping rolls
Part of the corn picker that pulls the corn stalk downward thereby, stripping the corn ear during
operation.

Stalk guide rod

Direct the stalks of the corn plant to the snapping rolls.

Stripper plate
Part of the corn picker that prevents the corn stalk from bending and separate the corn ear from the
stalk.

PAES 257:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Corn Picker – Methods of Test

Actual field capacity

Actual rate of being able to harvest corn in a given area per unit of time.
Note: total operating time which includes the time spent for turning at the headland, adjustment,
repair and troubleshooting of the machine.

Corn (zea mays)

Cereal grass belonging to the poaceae family.

Corn ear
Fruit of the corn plant with husk.

Single-row side-mounted corn picker

Machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking corn.

Conveyance efficiency
Measures the ability of the corn picker to deliver the harvested corn ear to the collecting bin.

Field efficiency
Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent.

Picking efficiency
Measures the ability of the corn picker to harvest the corn ear from the corn stalk through snapping
and stripping action.

Potential yield
Maximum yield per unit area.

Theoretical field capacity

Computed rate of harvested corn in a given area per unit time.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the corn picker.

Note: all parts of the corn picker projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the corn picker and
touching its front and rear extremities.

Note: all parts of the corn picker, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the corn picker on its respective side.

Note: all parts of the corn picker projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test
until the operation is stable.

PAES 258:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Feed Mixer – Specifications

Feeds
Meal type, pellets or crumble type of food that are mixed from various raw materials and additive.
Feed mixer
Machine used to mix uniformly the feed ingredients.

Coefficient of variation
Statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients.

Mixing rate
Weight of the feed ingredients fed to the machine per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

PAES 259:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Feed Mixer – Methods of Test

Mixing rate
Weight of feed ingredients fed into the feed mixer per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Note: applicable for feed mixer with continuous input of feed ingredients to the hopper.

Coefficient of variation of salt content

Statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients.

Mean
Mathematical average of the samples taken from the feed mixed.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the feed mixer.

Note: all parts of the feed mixer projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the feed mixer and
touching its front and rear extremities.

Note: all parts of the feed mixer, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.

Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane
touching the outermost point of the feed mixer on its respective side.

Note: all parts of the feed mixer projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

Standard deviation
Statistical measurement of dispersion or variation in distribution of feed ingredients.

Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of the test.

Volume 9
Section A

PAES 525: 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
– Specifications
Bleeding - process of removing the blood from the poultry animal after stunning.
Carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and
removal of head and feet.
Warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal.
Chain - series of two or more connected metal links wherein the trolley is attached to facilitate its
movement in the rail
Chilling - process done by lowering the temperature of the carcasses within 4 °C to 0 °C to reduce
microbial growth to a level that will maximize its shelf life
Corbel - horizontal protruding rectangular block from the columns of the building that gives support
to the main frame
Defeathering
Plucking - process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry animal after scalding to
prepare its meat for food
Evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic cavities
Load capacity - maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram per linear length
Overhead rail system - system that consists of main frame, rail hangers, rails, trolleys, and
shackles which is used to transfer poultry animals or carcasses from one processing stage to
another during dressing/slaughtering
Overhead rail track - welded and suspended rectangular bars or tubular/round bars that serves as
guide for trolley wheels during operation of overhead rail system

Overhead rail frame - solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail track is securely fastened
through the rail hanger
Overhead rail hanger - supports and holds the rail tracks suspended from the overhead rail frame
Overhead shackle - solid metal used to hold and hoist the poultry animals and carcasses through
the legs or head
Overhead trolley - suspended metal assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels used to carry or
transport the shackled poultry animals or carcasses
Poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g. chicken,
geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
Rail height - distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor line
Rail spacing - center to center distance between parallel rail tracks
Scalding - process of subjecting poultry animals into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its
skin prior to defeathering
Sprocket-wheel - wheels with teeth, cogs or sprockets that mesh and engage a chain with
attached trolley passing over it
Stunning - process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious
Track diameter - specified dimensions of rail track (L x W if rectangular or diameter if tubular),
expressed in millimeters
Monorail - Overhead rail system that consists of a single rail track provided for one-wheel trolley.
Rectangular - A rail using rectangular bar for its track.
Cylindrical - A rail using tubular or round bar material for its track.
Double rail - Overhead rail system that consists of two-rail track provided for two wheel trolley.
Single shackling point - Type of shackle wherein the head of the poultry animal or carcass can be
attached to the shackling point.
Two shackling points - Type of shackle wherein two feet of the poultry animal or carcass can be
attached to the shackling point.

PAES 526 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
–
Methods of Test

Flexural stress - stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam supporting the
overhead rail system
Fracture - deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system
Live weight - weight of poultry animal prior to slaughter
Load capacity - maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in kg per
linear meter
Overall length - measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail
Radius - distance from the circumference of a circle to its center
sagging - failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system
shackle spacing - horizontal distance between two shackles

PAES 527 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Stunner– Specifications

Ampere (A) - metric system unit for measuring electric current

Blank cartridge - type of cartridge used in mechanical stunner that contains gunpowder but
without bullet
Bolt - metal rod that extrudes from the cylindrical type of mechanical stunner during stunning
operation
Cartridge - metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer on the pistol type
stunner
conducting shoe - part of the electrode assembly in automatic type stunner that is adapted to
make sliding contact with the electrode raid
Current - flow of electric charge through a conductive medium

Alternating current - movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction form of current in
which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences
Direct current - unidirectional flow of electric charge that are usually produced by sources such as
batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of dynamo type
Electric prods - tips of electrical stunner that can deliver an electric charge to the animal
Electrodes - electrical conductors that are being used in electrical stunner to deliver certain
amount of current during stunning operation
Frequency - frequency of the oscillations of alternating current in an electric power grid transmitted
from a power plant to the end-user
Poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g. Chicken,
geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

Powerload - measurement of the size and amount of powder in a blank cartridge, expressed in
grain
Stunner - device/equipment used to render the poultry animal unconscious before dress/slaughter
Stunning - process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious before they are
dressed/slaughtered
voltage (v) - electromotive force required to move a small electric charge along a path
water vat - part of water-bath stunner where water as conductor of electricity is being contained
and where the poultry animals are being submerged during stunning operation
PAES 528 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Stunner– Methods of Test

Caliber - measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the firearm in a pistol type stunner
Extraction length - total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the stunner to the tip or
head of the bolt
Insensibility - state of an animal’s response specifically to pain

overall weight - total weight of the stunner assembly excluding the blank cartridge or powerload and
hose
Stunning efficacy mechanical - ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with single
application to the total number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage

electrical - ratio of the number of animal stunned successfully within 5 seconds to the total number
of animal stunned, expressed in percentage
Stunner efficiency Mechanical - measures the protrusion length consistency of the stunner’s bolt
with and without load

Electrical - measures the consistency of the range of current delivered by the stunner with and
without load

PAES 529 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Scalder – Specifications
Boiler - closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated

plucker - defeathering machines mechanical assembly equipped with rotating device with attached
rubberized spines that aids in removing the feathers from the poultry animal after scalding

poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g. Chicken, geese,
turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
Scalder
scalding tank - slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific temperature that is
being used to loosen the poultry animal’s feathers from its skin, and for sanitation purpose
scalding - process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin
prior to defeathering

thermostat - device used to automatically control and keep temperature within the required settings

PAES 530 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Scalder – Methods of Test

coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of distribution of temperature in

the scalding tank
scalding capacity - total number of poultry animal that can be scalded per unit time, expressed in
poultry animal per hour
scalding efficacy, % - ratio of total number of sections defeathered properly to the total number of
sections randomly selected for defeathering
scalder efficiency,% - measures the ability of the scalder to maintain consistent and equal
temperature at any point in the scalding tank

PAES 531 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Defeathering Machine – Specifications

carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal
of head and feet
warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal
defeathering
plucking - process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry animal after scalding as part of
preparing its meat for food
defeathering capacity - maximum weight of poultry animals the machine is capable of
defeathering per unit time, expressed in kilograms per hour
defeathering efficacy - measures the quality of the carcass after defeathering, expressed in
percentage base in class
defeathering efficiency - ratio of amount of feathers removed and the total amount of poultry
feathers, expressed in percent
defeathering machine - mechanical assembly equipped with rotating device with attached
rubberized fingers that removes the feathers from the poultry animal after scalding
evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic cavities
feather - one of the light, flat growths forming the plumage of poultry animals, consisting of
numerous slender fibers, forming a vane on either side of partly hollow shaft
poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g. chicken,
geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
rubber fingers - defeathering mechanism made of rubber materials and are being used to pluck
feathers from the poultry animal’s skin during defeathering operation
scalder - slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific temperature that is being
used to loosen and facilitate removal of poultry animal’s feathers from its skin and for partial
sanitation purposes
scalding - process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its
skin prior to defeathering

PAES 532 : 2012

 Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Defeathering Machine – Methods of Test

feather density - number of feathers at a given area, expressed in feathers per square centimeter
defeathering rate - number of poultry animals defeathered at a given time, expressed in poultry
animals per hour
defeathering efficacy - measures the quality of the carcasses after defeathering
defeathering efficiency - ratio of amount of feathers removed and the total amount of poultry
feathers, expressed in percent

PAES 533 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Chilling Tank – Specifications

carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal
of head and feet
warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal
chilling - process done by lowering the temperature of the carcass within 4 °C to 0 °C to reduce
microbial growth to a level that will maximize its shelf life
chilling efficacy - measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the temperature and make the
temperature at any area in carcass equal
chilling tank - equipment used to lower the temperature of the carcass within 4 °C to 0 °C after
dressing/slaughtering
chilling tank efficiency - measures the ability of the chilling tank to maintain consistent and equal
water temperature at any point before and during the chilling
poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g. chicken,
geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
pre-chilling - process of washing, cleaning, and initial lowering of carcass temperature within 16
°C to 12 °C prior to chilling

PAES 534 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Chilling Tank – Methods of Test

chilling efficacy - measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the temperature and make the
temperature at any area in carcasses equal
chilling tank capacity - total number of carcasses that can undergo chilling per unit time,
expressed in carcass per hour
chilling tank efficiency - measures the ability of the chilling tank to maintain consistent and equal
water temperature at any point before and during the chilling
coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of distribution of temperature in
the chilling tank and carcasses
PAES 422-1:2012
Agricultural Structures – Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
(Part 1 – small scale)

CARCASS body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal of
head and feet
COVE concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall
DEFEATHERING PLUCKING process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry animal
after scalding to prepare its meat for food
DRESSING SLAUGHTERING process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding, defeathering,
eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
EVISCERATION process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic cavities
GIBLET edible offals
KILL FLOOR slaughtering area
OFFAL by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of the dressed poultry
POULTRY group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for their eggs, meat and/or
feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks and ostriches)
POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING plant any premises and building established for poultry
dressing/slaughtering which include cut up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and products
for human consumption
SCALDING subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin prior to
defeathering
TRENCH DRAIN trough that collects waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain
opening
VERMIN animal species regarded as pests

PAES 422-2:2012
Agricultural Structures – Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
(Part 2 – large scale)

CARCASS body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal of
head and feet
COVE concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall
DEFEATHERING PLUCKING process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry animal
after scalding to prepare its meat for food
DRESSING SLAUGHTERING process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding, defeathering,
eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
EVISCERATION process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic cavities
GIBLET edible offals
KILL FLOOR slaughtering area
OFFAL by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of the dressed poultry
POULTRY group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for their eggs, meat and/or
feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks and ostriches)
POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING plant any premises and building established for poultry
dressing/slaughtering which include cut up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and products
for human consumption
SCALDING subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin prior to
defeathering
TRENCH DRAIN trough that collects waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain
opening
VERMIN animal species regarded as pests
 Volume 10

Pns/Paes 151:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications

Grasping fork - part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings
Mechanical rice transplanter - machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled
and levelled field
Paddle wheel - modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field
Soil-bearing seedlings - rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is
retained with the roots for transplanting
Transplanting - method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are
pulled and transferred into puddled and levelled fields
Transplanting arm - part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting
seedlings into a puddled field

Pns/Paes 152:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods Of Test

Actual field capacity - actual rate of transplanting in a given area per unit of time
note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.
Effective operating width - total width of the two outermost transplanting arms
Field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity
Hills - points in the field where seedlings are transplanted
Overall length - measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its
longer side including all protruding parts
Overall width - measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its
shorter side including all protruding parts
Percent damaged hills - ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting, bending
or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills; expressed in percent (%)
Percent missing hills - ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number of hills,
expressed in percent (%)
Planting efficiency - ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hills, expressed
in percent (%)
Rows - series of hills in a field
Theoretical field capacity - computed product of the effective operating width and speed of
operation of the mechanical rice transplanter

Pns/Paes 167:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow For Walking Type Agricultural Tractor –Specifications

Concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
Concavity - vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its
concave side is placed on a flat surface
Disc plow - implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or
completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
note: blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the
direction of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.
Frame - structure on which the standards are fitted
Hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source
Side angle / disc angle - horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel
Standard / beam - upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
Tilt angle - angle made by the disc with the vertical line
Width of cut - transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
note: for measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25°. For non-adjustable
plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18° to 20°.

Pns/Paes 168:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow For Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods Of Test

Headland - unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the
Tractor and implement / walking-type agricultural tractor / two-wheel tractor / hand tractor /
pedestrian tractor / power tiller - self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to
pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery

Pns/Paes 169:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow For Walking Type Agricultural Tractor –
Specifications

Field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity
Harrowing - operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting
Main frame - part of the spike tooth harrow that holds the teeth
Secondary tillage implement - implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level
and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
Spike tooth harrow / comb harrow / peg tooth harrow - secondary tillage implement consisting of
long spikes that break the soil clods after plowing
Tooth / tine - part of the implement that engages with the soil during operation
 Pns/Paes 170:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow For Walking Type Agricultural Tractor –
Methods Of Test

Draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement
Drawbar power - power requirement of an implement being towed or pulled
Actual field capacity - function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency, expressed in
hectares per hour
Field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity
Implement - any agricultural tool hitched to the tractor
Implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement
Operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended function
Theoretical field capacity - function of speed and operating width, expressed in hectares per hour
Overall height - height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
Overall length - length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to the
mounting point
Wheel slip - reduction on the distance travelled by the tractor due to the attached implement

Pns/Paes 171:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Precision Seeder – Specifications

Grain seeder / seeder - planting equipment used to mechanically drop seeds in the soil for crop
production
Precision seeder / precision planter - type of planting equipment that accurately drops the seeds
or group of seeds in equidistant spaces along a furrow
Seeding rate - amount of seedsthat can be planted per unit area, expressed in kg/ha

Pns/Paes 172:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Precision Seeder – Methods Of Test

Actual field capacity - actual rate of planting for a given area per unit of time
note: the time includes the time spent for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and
machine downtime
Damaged seed - seed distinctly damaged during operation
Field efficiency - ratio of actual field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
Hopper capacity - maximum allowable amount of seeds (kg) which can be loaded to the hopper
note: shall follow manufacturer’s recommendation
Percent damaged seeds - percentage of seeds damaged during operation
Theoretical field capacity - computed area planted per unit of time

Pns/Paes 201:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – Specifications

Batch type - mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed amount is held in the drying chamber
in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content
Flat bed type - batch type dryer wherein a fixed amount of grain is held stationary in a horizontal
grain holding bin
Recirculating type - batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed amount of grain
during the drying operation
Biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy including but not limited to
agricultural crops, feed and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood residues,
agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non-fossil organic materials.
Broken grains - pieces of grains smaller than three-fourths (3/4) of the average length of the whole
kernel
Continuous flow dryer - dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying chamber
in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated and where the
drying and tempering processes are accomplished in another holding bin or column
Cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
Dehusked corn / ear corn / corn on cob - unshelled fruit of the corn plant where husk has been
removed
Dryer, direct-fired - dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the
product being dried
Dryer, indirect-fired - dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the
products being dried
Drying efficiency / heat utilization efficiency - ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture
in the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air expressed in percent
Dust collection system - device used to accumulate dust ( i.e. Consist of aspiration fan, cyclone,
etc.)
Fan - air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of grains at the desired air
flow rate and pressure
Grain dryer - device for reducing excess moisture from the grain, with or without introduction of heat
Head rice - grain or a piece of a grain with the length equal to or greater than three-fourths (3/4) of
the average length of the whole kernel
Heated-air mechanical grain dryer - device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air
through the grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained
Heating system efficiency - ratio of the amount of heat added in the air to the heat available in the
fuel
Moisture gradient - difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture content
randomly sampled after drying
Plenum - chamber maintained under pressure for uniform distribution of the heated air through the
grain mass
Safety device - any device that is used to avoid human accident related to drying operation and/or
damage to the parts and components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off
the operation of the dryer in case of malfunction
Shelled corn / “maize” / corn grain - corn kernels, mainly of either dent or flint varieties of the plant
zea mays
Tempering bin - chamber wherein the grains are temporarily held after drying chamber or to the
storage bin

Pns/Paes 202:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – Methods Of Test

Airflow rate - volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per second
Burner efficiency - ratio of the heat supplied by the burner, to the heat released by the fuel
Combustion efficiency - ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available from
the fuel
Damaged grains - grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, ground damaged, moldy,
diseased, insect bored, sprouted or distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other
means as seen by the naked eye
Drying air temperature - average temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain, measured
at a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the grain bed
Drying rate - amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Drying system efficiency - ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel
expressed in percent
Foreign matter - all matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones,
lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
Fuel consumption - total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time
Grain holding capacity / load capacity
continuous flow dryer: weight of grain that could be contained in the dryer
batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the input moisture content
Heat utilization - total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in kj/kg
of h2o
Immature grains - kernels, whole or broken, which are light green and chalky with soft texture
Moisture reduction rate / drying rate - average percentage point moisture content removed from
the grain per drying time
Non-renewable energy source - source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as
kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil
Purity - percentage of grains free of foreign matter
Renewable energy source - source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as
biomass and solar energy
Scattered grains - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the drying
operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent
Static pressure - pressure in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform distribution of air flow through
the grain mass, expressed in pascal
Suction system - air movement through the drying chamber wherein air is moved through the
product at a pressure lower that the atmospheric condition, expressed in pascal
Tempering - temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the moisture content
in the center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize
 Pns/Paes 204:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Specifications

Axial flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical
manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the
feeding and discharge outlets
Blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the weight of
the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Broken grain - grains that were broken (partially or fully) as a result of threshing operation
Chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber
Compact thresher - small sized thresher
Concave grate / concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on
which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants
Cracked grains - grainswhich show signs of fissures, fractures or splinters
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the
total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
Hold-on thresher - type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the threshing
chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held during the threshing operation
Mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the paddy from the panicles
note: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
Moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain, expressed as percentage of the total weight of
the sample (dry basis)
note: it is calculated as:
Moisture content (mc), % d.b. =mo-m1m1× 100
Where:
mo is the initial mass in grams of the test portion
m1 is the mass in grams of the dry test portion
Palay / paddy / rice / rough rice - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the hull/husk
Peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the periphery
of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements
Purity - ratio of the weight of clean grains to the total weight of unclean grains sample, expressed in
percent
Rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or
attached to the concave grate
Rated engine speed - engine speed, indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft,
as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous load
Scattering loss - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during threshing
operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Separation loss - ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber with the straw,
to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity of 0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr
Straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle
Threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of mature,
immature, and damaged grains
Threshing unit / threshing chamber - part of the thresher where the grains are detached and
separated from the panicles
Threshing cylinder / threshing drum - part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is
equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery
Threshing efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the total
grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg tooth, wire-loop and rasp-
bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
Threshing recovery - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain outlet, to
the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating
cylinder and stationary concave, and the threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the
threshing chamber tangentially
Throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into the
machine
Total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss during
threshing
Unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants fed into
the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Wire-loop cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are attached
on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the threshing concave

Pns/paes 205:2015
Agricultural machinery – mechanical rice thresher – methods of test

Actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit time
Clean threshed grain - threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other
impurities
Concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave component
Concave grate / concave component - an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which
the threshing elements rub, shear and/or impact the cut plants
Corrected capacity - the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content (wet
basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity
Cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis
Cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
operating speed, expressed in m/s
Effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder
threshing elements
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to
the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
Lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion of the
threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles
Primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the thresher
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test
Threshing output - the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet
Total grain input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing losses
Upper concave - semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing cylinder with
louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw

Pns/Paes 206:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Specifications

Bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the
rice grain
Broken grains - pieces of grains smaller than three-fourths (3/4) of the average length of the
unbroken kernels
Brown rice / dehulled rice / cargo rice / dehusked rice - rice kernels from which only the hull has
been removed and with the bran layer still intact
Coefficient of hulling - ratio of the dehulled grains to the total amount of grain input, expressed in
percent
Coefficient of wholeness - ratio of the whole brown rice to the total amount of dehulled grains,
expressed in percent
Head rice - grain or a piece of a grain with its length equal to or greater than three-fourths (3/4) of
the average length of the whole kernels
Huller / husker / dehuller - component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma) from
the grains
Hulling efficiency - product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of grains,
expressed in percent
Input capacity - weight of paddy per unit loading time into the huller, expressed in metric tons per
hour
Milled rice / white rice - grains obtained after the removal of hull, bran and germ
Milling capacity - quantity of paddy that the rice mill can process to a specified quality per total
milling time,expressed in metric tons per hour
Milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed as a result
of whitening
Milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of paddy, expressed in percent
Milling recovery index - ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling recovery
obtained from the laboratory test mill
Multi-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening/polishing machines
Paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which means, grain with the glumes
enclosing the kernel
Percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains with a size ofthree-fourths (3/4) or more of the whole
grain to the total weight of milled rice, expressed in percent
Percent head rice index - ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent
head rice obtained from the laboratory test mill
Polisher - device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining bran on the milled rice and produces a
glossy appearance
Rice hull / rice husk - outer most rough covering of the paddy grain (palea and lemma) consisting
of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn
Rice mill - machine used to remove the hull and bran of the paddy to produce milled rice and consists
mainly of hulling and whitening assembly
Cone “cono” type - type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical cone
whitener
Rubber roll type - type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or combination of
other types of whitener
Centrifugal type - type of a huller with rotating blades and utilizes pressure such as coriolis’ force,
frictional force from the blades, or impact force at collision with the blades and the peripheral surface
Single-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs only one whitening machine
Well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may
still be present on less than 20% of the sample grains
Whitener - component of a rice mill that removes the bran in the brown rice
Abrasive type - type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with abrasive
material such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated steel housing
Friction type - type of whitening machine consisting of a ridged cylinder enclosed in a perforated
steel housing

Pns/Paes 207:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Methods Of Test

Brewers rice / “binlid” / chips - small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having
round perforations of 1.4mm in diameter
Destoner - auxiliary device used to separate stones from the paddy and/or brown rice
Output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in metric tons per hour
Over milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely
removed (0%)
Paddy grader - auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness
Paddy separator - auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice
Polisher / pearler - auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on the milled
rice and gives it a glossy appearance
Pre-cleaner - auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy before milling
Regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater
part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers
may still be present on 21% to 40% of the sample grains
Undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may
still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains
Well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may
still be present on 1% to 20% of the sample grains

Pns/Paes 212:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Specifications
Actual field capacity - actual rate of reaping the rice crop in a given area per unit of time
note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.
Conveying loss - grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the side of the
reaper during operation
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
Header loss / shattering loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting
operation
Journal bearing - bearing that is used to reduce the friction in supported radial loads
Reciprocating cutter knife - cutting mechanism consisting of fixed lower knife and reciprocating
upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive
Rice reaper - machine that cuts and lays stalks of rice crop uniformly on one side
Rotary knife - cutting mechanism consisting of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade which
rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame
Shear pin - pin designed to shear in case of mechanical overload during operation to prevent
damage to major parts
Theoretical field capacity - computed rate of reaping paddy in a given area per unit of time

Pns/Paes 213:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Methods Of Test

Cutting width - distance between two outermost divider tips

Lodging angle - degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the imaginary
line where the stalk lodges
Potential yield - maximum yield per unit area
Pre-harvest loss - losses that occur prior to reaping due to maturity of paddy and natural causes
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the reaper
note: all parts of the reaper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
reaper and touching its front and rear extremities
note: all parts of the reaper, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
are contained between these two planes. When an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be
set at minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the reaper, each
plane touching the outermost point of the reaper on its respective side
note: all parts of the reaper projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test

Pns/Paes 224:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester – Specifications
Actual field capacity - ratio of the area covered per unit of time
Blower / cleaning fan - rotary device which produces a flow of air across the chaffer and cleaning
sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
Concave - concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or threshing rotor,
fitted primarily to enhance threshing
note: in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in whole or in part, it has
the important secondary function of primary separation.
Crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
(%)
Grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin
Grain loss - loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the machine
Grain pan - pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s) for
conveying to grain auger
Grain tank / bin - tank used to hold the threshed grain
Header / feed table - portion of the rice combine harvester comprising the mechanism for gathering,
cutting, and picking the crop
Header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation
Impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds
Oscillating screen - cleaning mechanism that oscillates at 300 to 400 times per minute in a plane
that is parallel to the screen
Reel - revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the crop being
cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger
Rice combine harvester - mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking
up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper or bag and
depositing harvest residue onto the ground
Shaker shoe / shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may also
support the chaffer and the chaffer extension
Straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the remaining
grains from straw
Stripper beater / rear beater - element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear
ward of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on
straw walker
Threshing cylinder / threshing drum - balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars, beater
bars or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with
a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the crop being
threshed is contained between rotating and stationary elements for less than 360°
Theoretical field capacity - computed rate of harvesting in a given area per unit of time

Pns/Paes 225:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester – Methods Of Test

Broken grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of harvesting
and threshing operation
Cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
Cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
operating speed, expressed in m/s
Grain quality - quality of threshed grain determined in terms of percent whole grain
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the rice combine harvester
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester projecting upwards are contained between these
two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
rice combine harvester and touching its front and rear extremities
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester, in particular, components projecting at the front
and at the rear are contained between these two planes. When an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the rice combine
harvester; each plane touching the outermost point of the harvester on its respective side
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester projecting laterally are contained between these
two planes.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Separation loss / blower loss - grains that come out of the threshing chamber or the blower outlet
with the straw which is also the outlet of the blower
Throughput capacity - weight of the cleaned grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit of
time
Uncut loss - grains from the panicles that were not cut or were missed by the harvesting process
Unthreshed loss - grains left in the panicles of the plant fed into the threshing chamber

Pns/Paes 260:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Paddy Seed Cleaner– Specifications

Aspirator - unit used to remove light foreign matter by drawing air through the seed mass
Blower - device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating impeller
Clean seeds - good seeds and damaged seeds without foreign matter
Cleaning loss - ratio of the sum of the weight of seeds blown and scattered, to the weight of the
total unclean seeds input in the cleaner, expressed in percent
Cleaning recovery - ratio of the weight of the clean seeds collected at the output chute, to the total
weight of the seeds input in the cleaner multiplied by the initial purity, expressed in percent
Damaged seeds - seeds that are damaged by mechanical means, heat, water, and/or insect
Foreign matter - all matters other than paddy seeds such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones,
lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw and other grains like weed seeds and other crop seeds
including unfilled grains
Good seeds - clean seeds that are viable for germination
Hopper - part of the cleaner where the seeds to be cleaned are loaded
Input capacity - weight of seeds per unit loading time into the hopper, expressed in kilograms per
hour
Moisture content - amount of water in the seeds, expressed as percentage
Oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small
particles
Output chute - part of the cleaner where the clean seeds are collected
Paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which means, grain with the glumes
enclosing the kernel
Paddy seed cleaner - machine that is used to remove foreign matter from the seed mass
Winnower - machine that mechanically separates foreign matter through the use of a blower

Pns/Paes 261:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Paddy Seed Cleaner – Methods Of Test

Blower loss - ratio of the weight of clean seeds blownand mixed with the impurities in the fan outlet
to the weight of seeds input, expressed in percent
Feed rate - weight of unclean seeds fed into the cleaner per unit of time
Paddy seeds output - sum of the weight of collected clean paddy seeds in the outlets
Primemover - electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the paddy seed cleaner
Purity - ratio of the weight of clean seeds, to the total weight of unclean seed samples, expressed
in percent
Scattering loss - ratio of the weight of clean seeds that are displaced from the machine during
cleaning operation to the weight of seeds input, expressed in percent

Pns/Paes 262:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Multipurpose Thresher – Specifications

Axial flow - throw-in type of thresher/sheller which allows the cut plants to move in a helical manner
around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the feeding and
discharge outlets
Blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan or weight of corn
kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent
Broken grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of threshing
operation
Chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber
Closed-frame cylinder - type of shelling/threshing cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate or
formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous cylinder
note: the shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of a cylinder or at the
longitudinal bars.
Compact thresher - small sized thresher
Concave grate / concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on
which the threshing/shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants or the corn ear
Corn ear - pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays l., enclosed with a leaf-like protective
covering known as husk
Corn cob - part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached
Corn husker-sheller - machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and clean
the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation
Corn sheller - machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs
Cracked kernels / cracked grains - kernels or grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or
splinters
Cylinder-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such
as knife bar or pegtooth
note: the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.
Disc-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
note: the disc rotates along horizontal axis.
Ear corn / dehusked corn / corn-in-cob - unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been
removed mechanically or manually
Efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains and shelled kernels collected at all outlets, to
the total grain input in the machine, expressed in percent
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the
total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
Hopper-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber by gravity
Kernel - dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn
Kernel-ear corn ratio - ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the weight of
the ear corn
Mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the paddy from the panicles
Mechanically damaged kernels - kernels that were broken during the operation
Moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain or in the kernel expressed as percentage of the
total weight of the sample, wet basis
Multipurpose thresher - machine that could perform paddy threshing, corn husking and corn
shelling operations
Net cracked kernel - difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and after the
shelling operation
Open-frame cylinder - type of threshing/shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached
to the equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically
Palay / paddy / rice / rough rice - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the hull/husk
Peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the periphery
of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements
Purity - ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels or clean grains/paddy, to the total weight of unclean
corn kernels or grains/paddy sample, expressed in percent
Rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or
attached to the concave grate
Rated engine speed - engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft as
specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous load
Scattering loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels or grains that fell out from the machine during
shelling/threshing operation to the weight of the total corn kernel or grains input of the
sheller/thresher, expressed in percent
Shelling cylinder / threshing cylinder / shelling drum / threshing drum - part of the unit that
rotates about an axis and it is equipped with pegs on its periphery
Shelling unit / threshing unit / shelling chamber / threshing chamber - part of the unit where the
kernels and grains are detached and separated from the corn cobs and panicles
Shelled kernels - whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after shelling
Separation loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels or grains that come out of the shelling/threshing
chamber with the cobs at the cob outlet or out of the threshing chamber with the straw, to the weight
of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Sifter / cleaning mechanism component sifter - wire mesh or perforated metal sheet that rotates
or moves back-and-forth and allow smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger particles
to remain on top
Standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity of 0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr
note: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
Straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle
Recovery - ratio of the weight of the shelled corn or grains collected from the main outlet, to the total
weight of the corn kernel or grains input in the machine, expressed in percent
Table-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber with the
application of external force
Threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of mature,
immature, and damaged grains
Threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg tooth, wire-loop and rasp-
bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
Through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating
cylinder and stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the
threshing chamber tangentially
Throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into the
machine
Total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss during
threshing
Unshelled kernels - kernels that remain in the cob after shelling
Unshelled loss / unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels/grains that remained in the
cobs of the corn/panicles of the plants fed into the chamber, to the weight of the total corn kernel
input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Whole kernels - unbroken kernels after shelling

Pns/Paes 263:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Multipurpose Thresher – Methods Of Test

Actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit time
Clean threshed grain / clean shelled kernel - threshed grain or shelled kernel with 100% purity
exclusive of the empty grains and other impurities
Concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing/shelling elements and concave
component
Concave grate / concave component - an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which
the threshing/shelling elements rub, shear and/or impact the cut plants
Corrected capacity - the corrected capacity : at 20% grain moisture content (wet basis), grain-straw
ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity for thresher and 20% grain moisture content (wet basis) and 100%
purity for sheller-husker
Cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis
Cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
operating speed, expressed in m/s
Effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder
threshing/shelling elements
Feed rate - weight of unshelled corn or unthreshed paddy fed into the thresher/sheller per unit of
time
Foreign matters - all matters other than corn kernels or grains such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and other crop seeds
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to
the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
Lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion of the
threshing/shelling chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles or the kernels to
separate from the cob
Oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small
particles
Output capacity - weight of threshed/shelled kernel collected per unit of time
Primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the machine
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Threshing/shelling output - the weight of the threshed grains or shelled kernels collected at the
main outlet
Total losses - sum of blower, separation, unthreshed/unshelled and scattering losses, expressed in
percent by weight
Total grain input / total kernel input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains or shelled
kernels and all threshing/shelling losses
Upper concave - a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing/shelling cylinder
with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw

Pns/Paes 264:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Husk Fed Heating System – Specifications

Ash - inorganic, non-combustible residue left after complete combustion of a material

Ash arrester - component that reduces the fly-ash blown into the surroundings
Ash discharging mechanism - component that removes the ash from the combustion chamber
Biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy including but not limited to
agricultural crops, feed and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood residues,
agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non-fossil organic materials
Blower - a power driven device used to supply appropriate volume of air to the chamber for efficient
combustion
Chimney - a refractory or metallic stack for moving waste gases from the heating system to the
atmosphere
Combustion chamber - compartment where the rice husk is being burned
Direct-fired furnace - a type of furnace where the flue gas and other by-products of combustion
goes into the dryer
Flue gas - waste gases that have passed through the chimney and heat recovery equipment
Grate - framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold rice husk in furnace for more efficient
combustion
Hearth - fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the furnace
Heat exchanger - device used to transfer heat from one fluid stream to another without intermixing
Indirect-fired furnace - a type of furnace that uses a heat exchanger to prevent flue gas and other
by products of combustion to enter the drying chamber with the drying air
Rice husk / rice hull - outermost rough covering of the paddy grain (palea and lemma) consisting
of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn
Rice husk fed heating system - interconnected components for intense heating using rice husk
Workload - materials to be burned using rice husk fed furnace

Pns/Paes 265:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Husk Fed Heating System – Methods Of Test

Burning efficiency - ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent
Furnace efficiency - ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in furnace, expressed in percent
Furnace heat capacity / actual heat supplied by the furnace - ratio of the product of the change
in enthalpy and air flow rate, to the specific volume of fresh air
Heating system efficiency - ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to the furnace,
expressed in percent
Latent heat of vaporization - heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order
to convert the material into a gas without temperature change
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the furnace.
note: all parts of the furnace projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
furnace and touching its front and rear extremities.
note: all parts of the furnace, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall
be set at minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine,
each plane touching the outermost point of the furnace on its respective side.
note: all parts of the furnace projecting side wards are contained between these two planes.
Sensible heat - heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature that is not
accompanied by a change of state

Pns/Paes 419:2015
 Agricultural Structures – Warehouse For Bag Type Storage Of Grains

Aeration - moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates between 0.05 – 2.28 cubic meter
per minute per ton for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality
Bag type storage - storing of paddy, milled rice, corn, and other grains in bags usually made of jute,
polyethylene, and other packaging materials.
Dunnage / pallet / “tarima” - wooden or plastic (food grade) frames used on concrete floors for
stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor
Fumigation - process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes
Moisture content - amount of water in the grains, expressed as percentage
Paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which means, grain with the glumes
enclosing the kernel
Warehouse - building used for storing paddy, milled rice and other grains in bags

VOLUME 11

PNS/BAFS/PAES 216:2017
General Irrigation Terminologies

Access areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks,
playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes
Active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal
water level
Actual crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration equal to or smaller than predicted crop
evapotranspiration as affected by the level of available soil water, salinity, field size or other causes
Afflux elevation - rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level which result
after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced
Algal bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water
Application efficiency - ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the
root zone to the average depth of irrigation water applied
Aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to be
economically developed for pumping artificially developed well
Area - cross-sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow
Basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and provides an
undirected flow of water onto the field
Basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a gap in the
perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil or the excess is
drained off
Bearing capacity -maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which
should not produce shear failure in the soil
Border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where the water
flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth
Border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation stream
from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip
Channel bed slope - inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom
Confined aquifer - groundwater that is confined by relatively impermeable layer
Contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water that make
the water less desirable or unfit for intended use
Conveyance efficiency - ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to that
released at the project’s headwork
Conveyance loss - loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and percolation
Critical depth - depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no other
backwater forces are involved
Crop coefficient - ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to its potential evapotranspiration
Crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration of a disease-free crop growing in a large field
(one or more ha) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and achieving
full production potential of that crop under the given growing environment; includes water loss
through transpiration by the vegetation, and vaporation from the soil surface and wet leaves
Cropping pattern - sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular field or fields
Crop water requirements - amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum of
evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage and percolation losses
Dam - any barrier constructed to store water
Dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest
Dead storage - volume below the intake structure; sediment volume based on 25 years of
accumulation in the reservoir
Depth - depth of water in the channel cross-section
Designed height - actual height of the embankment after settlemen
Design irrigable area - maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering the extent
of arable lands and the available water supply
Distribution uniformity - numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural irrigation
systems
Diversion dam - structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water level and divert
the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity
Diversion water requirement - the total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake, or reservoir,
or removed from the ground in order to irrigate a crop
Drip irrigation - trickle irrigation involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20
liters/hour) from the emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in
which the roots grow is wetted

Drop - in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a lower level,
duly dissipating the excess energy resulting from the drop in elevation
Effective rainfall - amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop for
growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and interception
Effective rooting depth - soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts most of the
water needed for evapotranspiration
Effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing
Effluent - discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or
wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial and
recreational facilities
Effluent standard - any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations or
any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person or
point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land
Elevated flume - water conveying conduit or trough which is supported on abutments by piers
Emitter spacing - spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line
Emitters - applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to disspate pressure
and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary
significantly because of minor differences in pressure
Energy grade line - specific energy line grade line of the water surface profile plus the velocity head
in open channels
Equipment crossing - provision for passing of equipment and small machinery
Evapotranspiration - combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated from the soil,
water, and plant surfaces.
Farm ditch - channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field
Filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine
materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping
Finished height - height of the embankment to be attained during construction
Farm water requirement - amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and losses less
the effective rainfall
Freeboard - additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent overtopping by wave
action or other causes
Furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop
Furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels as it moves
down the slope of the field
Head ditch - supply ditchsmall channel along one part of a field that is used for distributing water in
surface irrigation
Homogeneous embankment - dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive
for slope protection
Hydraulic depth - ratio of flow area to the wetted top width
Hydraulic grade line - hydraulic gradient profile of the free water surface
Hydraulic jump - occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity strikes water of
sufficient depth
Hydraulic radius - cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter
Hydrologic frequency analysis - estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given
event by determining the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic data
Inside slope - slope of the upstream face of the embankment
Invert - inside bottom or sill of t the conduit
Inverted siphon - closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running
condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local
depressions
Irrigation period - time required to cover an area with one application of water
Karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble
bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite
Land preparation water requirement - amount of water required in lowland rice production which
includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking
Land soaking water requirement - amount of water required in lowland rice production which is a
function of the initial soil moisture and the physical properties of the soil
Lateral spacing - spacing between irrigation laterals
Leaching - deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts or
nutrients
Lined channel - lined canal canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for channel
stabilization and/or reduced seepage
Loading limit - allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater generator is
permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.
Manifold - portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals
Manufacturer’s coefficient of variation - measure of the variability of discharge of a random
sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any
field operations or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a sample of 50
emitters under a set pressure at 200 0c
Natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way
Normal depth - constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a uniform flow
condition
Normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam
or reservoir without flow in the spillway
Open channel flow - water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is exposed to
the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially
full flow conditions
Optimal emitter spacing - drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from
field tests
Outside slope - slope at the downstream face of the embankment
Pan coefficient - ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water loss by evaporation from an
open water surface of a pan
Pan evaporation - rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan
Percolation - vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by soil structure, texture,
bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and concentration
Permeability test - method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit
cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient
Pollutant - any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or indirectly
alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land resource so as to affect or tend
to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or potentially hazardous to health, or
imparts objectionable odor, temperature change or physical, chemical or biological change to any
segment of the water body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or quality
standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction prescribed in these
guidelines
Pond - sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage and
percolation will be measures
Potential irrigable area - area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to availability of
water, suitable soils, and topography of land
Reference crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is
a hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, a fixed surface resistance of 70
s/m and an albedo of 0.23
Reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff
Residual moisture content - moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which
describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply has been cut-offrestricted
areas areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians and other similar areas
Re-use - taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in another
process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture
Road crossing - conveys canal water under roads or railroads
Shallow tube well - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15
m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps are set above the water
level
Seismicity – occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region
Seepage - water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as open ditches,
canals, natural channels, and waterway
Seepage line - phreatic line
Line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs
Setback distance - distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or area of
concern that is sensitive to contamination
Side slope - ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall
Slope of the energy grade line - slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open
channels
Slope of the hydraulic grade line - slope of the free water surface
Spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the active
storage space of the reservoir
Sprinkler irrigation - method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where water is
distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so
that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground
Sprinkler spacing - distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral
Storage capacity – total capacity at normal water surface elevation
Storage ratio - ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for embankment
construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of reservoir
Structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock
Surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. Either the
entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of
land (borders)
Top width - width of the channel cross-section at the free surface
Unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone of
saturation
Uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% pasing to that at 10% passing
Uniform flow - occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity
through a reach of channel
Unimodal rainfall pattern - rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200 mm/month, five
dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of 100mm-200mm/month and total
annual rainfall above 1500 mm.
Unlined channels - unlined canal
Canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the bed are used to form the
embankment
Upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water
Waste - any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and household activities
that is devoid of usage and discarded
Wastewater - waste in liquid state containing pollutants
Water balance - accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and outflows, such as
evaporation, seepage and percolation
Watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir
Water right - privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water
Well log - record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness, degree
ofconsolidation and other aquifer physical characteristics
Well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high
mountain barriers
Wetted diameter - diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at a given
pressure and no wind
Wetted perimeter - portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing water
Wetted widths - width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their optimal
spacing along a single lateral line
Zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more
pervious materials

PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017
Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements
Actual crop evapotranspiration
Eta - Ratio of evapotranspiration equal or similar than predicted ETcrop as affected by the level of
available soil water, salinity, field size or other causes
Application effeciency
Ea
Ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the root zone to the average
depth of irrigation water applied
Conveyance effeciency
Ec
Ratio between water received at the inlet for the block of fields to that released at the project's
headwork

Crop coefficient
KC
Ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to it's potential evapotranspiration
Crop evapotranspiration - Rate of evapotranspiration of a desease-free crop growing in a large
field ( one or more ha ) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and
achieving full production potential of that crop under given growing environment; include water loss
through transpiration by the vegetation l, and vaporation from the soil surface and wet leaves
Cropping pattern - Sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular field, or
fields
Crop water requirement
CWR
Amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum of evapotranspiration or consumptive
use plus seepage and percolation losses
Diversion water requirement
DWR
The total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake, or reservoir, or removed from the ground in
order to irrigate a crop
Effective rainfall
ER
Amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop for growth and
development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and interception
Effective rooting depth
Soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts most of the water needed for
evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration
Combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated from the soil, water, and plant
surfaces.
Farm water requirement
FWR
Amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and losses less the effective rainfall
Hydrologic frequency analysis
Estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given event by determining the frequency
curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic data

Land preparation water requirement

LPWR
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes water losses through
evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking
Land soaking water requirement
LSR
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which is a function of the initial soil moisture
and the physical properties of the soil
Pan coefficient
Ratio between reference evapotranspiration ( ETo ) and water losses by evaporation from an open
water surface of the pan
Pan evaporation
Rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan
Percolation
Vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by the soil structure, texture, bulk
density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and concentration
Reference crop evapotranspiration
ETo
Rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is hypothetical reference crop with an
assumed crop height of 0.2 m, fixed surface resistance of 70s/m and an albedo of 0.23
Residual moisture content
Moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water deliver which describes the extent of water
depletion from the soil when the water supply ha been cut-off
Seepage
Water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as open ditches, canals, natural
channels, and waterway

PNS/BAFS/PAES 218:2017
Open Channels Design Of Main Canals, Laterals And Farm Ditches
Area – cross sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Channel bed slope – inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom.
Depth – depth of water in the channel cross section.
Energy grade line – specific energy line, grade line of the water surface profile plus the velocity
head in open channels.
Freeboard – vertical distance from the top of the channel to the water surface at the design condition.
Hydraulic depth – ratio flow area to the wetted top width.
Hydraulic grade line – hydraulic gradient profile of the water surface.
Hydraulic radius – cross sectional area flow divided by the wetted perimeter.
Lined channel – lined canal, canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for channel
stabilization and/or reduced seepage.
Normal depth – constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a uniform flow
condition.
Open channel flow – water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is exposed to
the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially
full flow conditions.
Slope of the hydraulic grade line – slope of the free water surface.
Slope of the energy grade line – slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open
channels.
Side slope – ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall.
Top width – width of the channel cross section at the free surface.
Uniform flow – occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity
through a reach of channel.
Unlined channels – unlined canal, canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated
from the bed are used to form the embankment.
Wetted perimeter – portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing water.
 PNS/BAFS/PAES 219:2017
Conveyance Systems – Performance Evaluation of Open Channels –Determination of
Seepage and Percolation by Ponding Method

Farm ditch - channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field
Percolation - downward movement of water below ground surface
Pond - sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage and
percolation will be measured
Seepage - lateral movement of water below ground surface

PNS/BAFS/PAES 220:2017
Conveyance Systems – Performance Evaluation of Open Channels – Determination of
Conveyance Loss by Inflow-Outflow Method

Conveyance loss - loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and percolation.

Water balance - accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and outflows, such as evaporation,
seepage and percolation.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017
Design of Canal Structures – Road Crossing, Drop, Siphon and Elevated Flume

Critical depth - depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no other
backwater
Forces areinvolved
Drop - in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a lower level,duly
dissipating the excess energy resulting fromthe drop in elevation
Elevated flume -water conveying conduitor trough which is supported on a but ments bypiers
Equipment crossing - provision for passing of equipment and small machinery
Invert - inside bottom or sill of t the conduit
Inverted siphon - closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running
condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local
depressions
Road crossing - conveys canal water under roads or railroads

PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017
Design of Basin, Border and Furrow Irrigation Systems
Basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and provides an
undirected flow of water onto the field

Basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a gap in the
perimeter dike or adjacent ditch
Border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where the water
flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth.

Border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation stream
from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip.
Furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop
Furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels as it moves
down the slope of the field
Head ditch - supply ditch, small channel along one part of a field that is used for distributing water
in surface irrigation
Surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. Either the
entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of
land (borders)

PNS/BAFS/PAES 223:2017
Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System –Part A: Sprinkler Irrigation

Average pressure - average sprinkler pressure of a lateral

Design pressure - pressure required to overcome the elevation difference between the water source
and the sprinkler nozzle, to counteract friction losses and to provide
Adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water distribution
Distribution uniformity - numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural irrigation
systems
Irrigation period - time required to cover an area with one application of water
Sprinkler irrigation - method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where water is
distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air
Through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground
Sprinkler spacing - distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral
Wetted diameter - diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at agiven
pressure and no wind

PNS/BAFS/PAES 224: 2017

Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation

Drip Irrigation Trickle Irrigation - involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 L/h)
from the emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots
grow is wetted

Emitters - applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate pressure
and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary
significantly because of minor differences in pressure

Emitter Spacing - spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line

Lateral Spacing - spacing between irrigation laterals

Leaching - deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts
or nutrients

Manifold - portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals

Manufacturer’s Coefficient of Variation Cv - measure of the variability of discharge of a

random sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer
and before any field operations or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test
of a sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 20 C 0

Optimal Emitter Spacing - drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from
field tests

Wetted Widths - width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their
optimal spacing along a single lateral line

PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System
Active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal
water level

Dam - any barrier constructed to store water

Dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

Dead storage - volume below the intake structure computed

Filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine
materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping

Homogeneous embankment -
Dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope protection

Karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble
bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

Natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way

Normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam
or reservoir without flow in the spillway

Reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff

Seepage line - phreatic line

Line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

Spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the active
storage space of the reservoir

Storage capacity - total capacity at normal water surface elevation

Structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock

Upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

Watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir

Water right - privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

Well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high
mountain barriers

Zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more
pervious materials

PNS/BAFS/PAES 226:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Farm Reservoir

Designed Height - actual height of the embankment after settlement

Finished Height - height of the embankment to be attained during construction

Freeboard - additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent overtopping by
wave action or other causes
Inside Slope - slope of the upstream face of the embankment

Outside Slope - slope at the downstream face of the embankment

Storage Ratio - ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for embankment
construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of reservoir

Unimodal Rainfall Pattern - Rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200 mm/month,
five dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of 100mm200mm/month and
total annual rainfall above 1500 mm.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 227:2017
Design of a Small Reservoir Irrigation System

Bearing capacity - maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which
should not produce shear failure in the soil

Design irrigable area - maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering the extent
of arable lands and the available water supply

Permeability test - method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a
Unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient

Potential irrigable area - area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to availability of
water, suitable soils, and topography of land

Seismicity - occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region

PNS/BAFS/PAES 228:2017
Design of a Rockfill Dam

Piping - Internal erosion induced by regressive erosion of particles from downstream and along the
upstream line towards an outside environment

Rockfill Dam - Dam that relies on rock, either dumped in lifts or compacted in layers, as a major
structural element where an imprevious membrane is used as the water barrier and can placed
either within the embankment or on the upstream slope.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 229:2017
Design of a Diversion Dam

Afflux elevation - rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level which result
after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced

Diversion dam - structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water level and divert
the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity.

Hydraulic jump - occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity strikes water of
sufficient depth
 PNS/BAFS/PAES 230:2017
Design of a Check Dam

Check Dam - Small barrier built across the direction of water flow on shallow rivers and streams
intended to convey runoff during peak flow and to slow and hold surface water long enough for the
water to deposit sediment is carrying; facilities irrigation by using the upstream bay of the dam as
pump sump.
Gabion - Stones wrapped in wire fence meshes for added stability and strength.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 231:2017
Groundwater Irrigation – Shallow Tubewell

Aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to be
economically developed for pumping with a well
Confined aquifer - aquifer where groundwater is confined or overlain by a relatively impermeable
layer
Effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing
Pumping test - pumping of water from a fully developed well at a controlled rate and observing, with
respect to time, the drawdown in two or more observation wells, in order to determine the aquifer
hydrologic properties.
Shallow tubewell - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15
m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface with the use of suction lift pumps
Unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone of
saturation
Uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% passing to that at 10% passing
Well log - a record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness, lithology
and other aquifer physical characteristics

PNS/BAFS/PAES 232:2017
Wastewater Re-use for Irrigation

Access Areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks,
playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes

Algal Bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water

Contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water that
make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use

Effluent - Discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or
wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial
and recreational facilities
Effluent Standard - Any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations or
any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person
or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land

Loading Limit - Allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater generator
is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.

Pollutant - Any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or indirectly
alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land resource so as to affect or
tend to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or potentially hazardous to
health, or imparts objectionable odor, temperature change or physical, chemical or biological
change to any segment of the water body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or
concentrations or quality standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or
restriction prescribed in these guidelines

Restricted Areas - Areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians and
other similar areas

Re-use - Taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in another
process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture

Setback Distance - Distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or area of
concern that is sensitive to contamination

Waste - Any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and household
activities that is devoid of usage and discarded

Wastewater - Waste in liquid state containing pollutants