ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION:

INTRODUCTION:

The problem of environmental pollution is ancient, dating back to the evolution of Homo sapiens.
Human greed and a desire for comfort have led to the reckless exploitation of nature, diminishing its
ability to self-stabilize. The collision between human ambitions and the environment is evident in the
relentless pursuit of limitless enjoyment and technological advancement.

The relationship between humans and the environment has varied over time and place. In India,
some argue that environmental protection began only after the 1972 Stockholm Conference, but this
assertion overlooks India's historical practices. In ancient times, Indians revered nature, worshiping
elements like trees, forests, animals, mountains, and rivers. Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas and
Puranas, emphasized the importance of nature, describing its potential to control climate and
enhance human life.

The Rig Veda highlighted nature's potential, while the Atharva Veda considered trees as abodes of
gods and goddesses. The Yajur Veda emphasized a relationship with nature based on mutual respect,
not dominion. Animals and plants were associated with deities, discouraging their misuse. King
Ashoka and medieval Indian rulers, including the Mughals, implemented laws for ecological
preservation.

BRITISH ARRIVAL:

In 1600, the British arrived in India through the East India Company with the initial goal of trading.
However, they soon realized the vast natural resources in India and changed their strategy to exploit
these resources. India was divided into princely states, making it easy for the British to establish
themselves. They employed the "Divide and Rule" policy, taking advantage of religious and regional
diversity.

By 1860, Britain became a global leader in deforestation, exploiting resources for shipbuilding, iron-
smelting, and agriculture. The British Raj aggressively targeted Indian forests, driven by the demand
for military needs, export trade, and revenue generation. The British government attempted forest
conservation in 1806, but it failed due to corruption.

In the mid-19th century, railway construction intensified deforestation. Lord Dalhousie established
the India Forest Department in 1855, marking a shift in environmental policies. These policies
supported British imperialism by controlling India's natural resources. Forests were viewed as
obstacles to agriculture and revenue, leading to widespread deforestation.

In 1864, the systematic management of Indian forests began with the appointment of Dietrich
Brandis as the first Inspector General of Forest. Forest management shifted from obtaining timber to
protecting and improving forests. The Forest Act of 1865 and its revision in 1878 granted the state
monopoly over forests, leading to reserved forests closed to the public.

The British exploited India's natural resources, leading to widespread deforestation. Environmental
policies were later implemented to support British imperialism, and the Forest Department played a
role in managing and conserving forests.