Chapter Goals * Learn about the organization and the functions of the human skeletal system, * Learn about the different types of muscles and discover the functions of the human muscular system. é * Explain how the skeletal system and the muscular system work together to allow body movement. the skeletal system and the muscular system work fogether fo ollow this hiker climb the mountain.Support and Movement A hiker puts a lot of effort into climbing a mountain. He uses his legs to walk over the rough rocks. He holds poles in his hands for extra support while climbing steep slopes. He carries a backpack that contains water, snacks, and a first-aid kit. He continuously takes deep breaths while climbing, All of the hikers movements are possible due to interactions between the different body systems: the skeletal system gives the body its basic tramework, and the muscular system makes it possible for the body to move. Sur nd MowePe eee SAC Key Terms cartilage ejoint osteoporosis dislocation — ligament —_ esprain, deep breath, and prepare your legs to pedal. Al the starting whistle, your boxly begins to move. Have you ever wondered how different systems of | At the start of a bike race, you grip the handles with your hands, take a your body respond and allow you to move and race? Organization of the Human Body (Gercing By Al living things are made up of cells. Most human cells have the same parts, but each one becomes specialized into certain functions. Similar 1. Describe the specialized cells are grouped together to form tissues. Tissues work cellular organization | together inside an organ, and organs cooperate to perform specific of the human body. | functions in an organ system. Organ systems are arranged into a whole organism Cheekpoint What are the five levels of cellular organization of the human body? Figure 1 Levets of collar ‘organization of the human body ore cals, tissues organs, organ systems, and organisms. cell {nerve cell) ue (nervous tissue) Organ system Organism (nervous system) (human body) Two or more organ systems work together to meet the needs of an organism. For example, the bones of the skeletal system and the muscles of the muscular system work together to support and allow the movement of the human body. 4. | Hoan BoyAll the organ systems in the body work together to. Homeostasis is the tendency toward keeping the in| human body. Most reactions that take place insi occur within certain conditions, such as specific ter glucose range. Body systems maintain homeost conditions stable, even with changing extemal con when you feel too warm, you sweat. Sweating hel heat and cool down, On the other hand, when you shivers to produce heat and increase your body ter Table 1: Some intemal conditions that should be m: the human body aintain homeostasis. ternal balance of the le the human body perature and blood isis and keep these itions. For example, s your body release are cold, your body perature. jntained constant in __Temperature 37°C (98.67) Blood glucose 70 - 10 mg/dl. Blood pH_ 7.35 - 7.45 Checkpoint Why is it important for the human by homeostasis? dy to maintain Organization of the Skeletal System A building should have a rigid framework to suppor Much like the framework of a building, the skeletal body. Also, the skeletal system is involved in prote allowing body movement, storing minerals, and pi The skeletal system is made up of bones and their tissues, including cartilage and ligaments. Bones are hard. Cartilage is more flexible than ei bone and covers articular surfaces where bones connect. together. Bones and cartilage contain living Spine: cells, proteins, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Proteins give bones flexibility while minerals give them strength and hardness. Ligaments are strong elastic tissues that connect bones to other bones. Pelvis Two divisions of the skeleton are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, Lit and give it shape. system supports the ting internal organs, ducing blood cells. sociated connective Sill Clavicle Humerus 2. Deseribe the human skeleton and identify some ofits main functions. Figure 2 the humon skeleton has 296 bones ‘of many shapes an ‘iferent sees. aroper 1sSoppert end Movamart | 56 Verlebra (upper view] Cs Vertetsra [side view) Spinal cord Verlebeoe Fgute 3 Organization cf the human spine: Vertebrae are slacked bove each other in he human spine in a way ‘hat allows the protection cf the spinal cord ond the suppot ofthe skull cond ribs Figure 4 The lwo ports ‘ol the human skeletons The axle skeletons shown ined and the ‘appendiculer skeleton inbue. | Homan Boo The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton forms an axis, that runs from the head down to the hips, around which movements such as sitting, twisting, and standing are possible. It includes the skull, spine, and ribs. The axial skeleton supports the body and protects the internal organs. The skull protects the brain. Bones in the skull do not move. The connection between the skull and the spine allows the head to move left, right, up, and down. The spine protects the spinal cord. In an adult human, the spine is composed of twenty-six vertebrae, which are small cylindrical bones with a central hole through which the spinal cord passes. The ribs protect the lungs, heart, and other organs in the chest. The human body has twelve pairs of ribs that are articulated to the spine on the back. Ten of these pairs also connect to the sternum, or the breast bone, in the front, The remaining two pairs are called floating ribs, as they do not connect to the sternum at the front. Checkpoint What are three parts of the axial skeleton and what is the function of each? The Appendicular Skeleton The second division of the skeleton is, the appendicular skeleton. It works with muscles to allow movement. The long bones of the appendicular skeleton are involved in producing new blood cells. The appendicular skeleton includes different bones such as the shoulders, arms, legs, and pelvis bones. These bones are also attached to the axial skeleton. Checkpoint What is one function of the appendicular skeleton? skull protects the brain. Humerus sternum supports orm movernent kbs protec! the heer onal iungs. elvis supports hip movement. Femur Spine (vertebrae) supporsieg poteets the movernent Spel cord. coceyx BB Appencicular skeleton TB deci stetetonVerifying the Presence of Calcium in the Bgnes of Vertebrates Materials one chicken bone, one small beef bone, two cups, vinegar, water Procedure 1, Place the chicken bone in one cup. 2, Place the beef bone in the second cup. 3. Pour enough vinegar into each cup to cover {he bones. 4. Leave the cups undisturbed for two days 5. Remove the bones from the vinegar. 6. Rinse each bone thoroughly with water, 7. Examine each bone carefully. Draw Conclusions 1. Observe What happened to each bone after|two days? 2, Identify What substance was removed fromthe bones? 3. Identify What substance remained in the bones? 4. Interpret What is the importance of the substance that was removed from the bones in this experiment? Types of Bone Tissue Bones are made of both hard and soit tissues. They are stronger and harder than cartilage because they contain les proteins and more calcium, Bones store calcium and release it into] the ‘ody needs, Checkpoint What substances does a bone contain? vhen the Compact Bone The outer layer of most bones|is macle of compact bone tissue. Compact bone is hard and dense. This tissue gives bones, strength, Although compact hone is hard, itis living, Blood vessels j through the compact bone layer and supply the bohe with nutrients Spongy Bone Spongy bone tissue is found insi¢le the compact bone layer, I contains many spaces that make it lightweight, yet strong. In the center of long, bones, such as the ones in the arms and legs, is a large cavity: This cavity and the spaces in the spongy tissue in these bones are filed with marrow of two pes, yelon’ and 16 fellow marrow stores, iat-while re TnattOe procices alike new blood cells for Me body, New blood cells pass from the marrow into the blood through bload vessels in the bone. cae 3. Identify two types of bone tissue in the human body. Chopter 1: Support ond Movernent | 7Spongy bone is ightweight because iti filed with spaces. Red marrow ills the cavity in the center of the bone ond ‘the spaces in sponay bone. Compact bone surrounds spongy bone and makes a bone hard and strong. Yellow marrow stores tat, Blood vessels carry nutrients fo | the bone and remove waste. New blood cells leave the | martow in blood vessels. b does eg eerncenat serene, \ ond manrow. Carfilage covers: rtilage protects | ste Seer tai At-Home / activity Cartilage is_a strong, flexible tissue that covers and protects the ends of the bones. It is softer and smoother Ran bones, as it contains Obtain a cooked crores aid (owe nea “It does not contain blood vessels. Cartilage chicken wing. also holds open the trachea, forms the outer part of the ear, and gives Remove the meat | shape to some parts of the body such as the tip of the nose. from the bones. — the oe Checkpoint Why is cartilage important in the human skeleton? at the ends o the bones. Move | Bone formation, also called osteogenesis, begins before birth and the bones back. | continues through adulthood. The skeleton is made mostly of cartilage and forth and before birth. The bones of infants and children are softer than those of observe their adults. While growing, most of the cartilage cells in the skeleton are movement. How | teplaced by bone cells in a process called ossification. Bone growth does cartilage takes place at the ends of bones, in growth plates made up of cartilage. make movement | During ossification, calcium is deposited in the protein matrix of the caer? cartilage. With more calcium, the cartilage becomes stiffer and harder, and progressively transforms into bone. However, not all cartilage is transformed into bone in adults. Joints of the Skeleton The human skeleton is divided into several parts connected at joints. A Gerning Fon joint, or an articulation, is the location at which bones come together For example, joints can be found between the bones of the leg and the 4. Identify and pelvis, and the bones of the arm and the describe different chest too. types of joints. Fixed joint Some joints are immovable, or fixed. Bones that come together at these joints do not move against each other. Bones Movable the skull and in the pelvis are held Jaw Figure 6 The upper joints in the seul ore immovable. The joint at the end of the lower jaw is Ine only movable joint in the sku | Human BodyOther joints are movable. Movable joints are joints where bones shift against each other to allow a large range of movements in the human body. Bones at movabl are_held together| with ligaments, and covered with cartilage To reduce friction-Four-types of movable joints found in the human body are hinge joints, ball joints, and gliding joints. Checkpoint What are four types of movable joints? Hinge Joint, 4 hinge joint is found between two jor more bones where ‘examples of hinge joints._ Ball-and-Socket Joint A ball-and-socket join} is found between a bone with a spherical head, like a ball, and another with a cup-like cavity, like a socket. The spherical head of one bonp fits into the cavity of the other. This type of movable joint allows the greatest range of circular motion in all directions. The shoulder and the hip are examples of ball- and-socket joints. | {t_A pivot joint is found between two bones that rotate around each other. This type of joint allows only a rotational movement, limited at two ends. One example of a pivot jointis the neck: the pivot jointbetween the skull and the spine allows you to turn your head! left and right Gliding Joint A gliding joint, also called a planar joint, is found between bones that meet and move at flat surfaces| They allow the bones to slide past one another in any direction in the same plane of the joint. The glidi in your ankle and wrist allow them to bend and flex and perform some side-to-side movements. - Checkpoint Which type of movable joint allows the greatest range of motion? | | Figure 7 Movabis joints (Fe found in he knee (a {and the shoulder fb). bones move only forward and backward. The elbow and the knee are | Chapter J: Support and Movement | 9Figure 8 oferent types of movable jointsin the human body allow Gifrent movernonts (Learning 5. List some ways ta lower the risk of osteoporosis and identify some common injuries of the skeletal system, Figure 9 Normal, healthy hip bone {0} contains more minerals than osteoporotic hip bone The bss of minerals enlorges spaces inside the bone fssue, ing to less dense ond more fragie bones. 10 | Human Body The pivot joint at the neck aliows the player fo move his head to the sides 10 find his teammates, The baland-socket joint at the shoulder ‘allows the player to raise his hand when playing defense, The gliding joint al the wrist allows bones to side one helps the player The hinge joint at dribble the ball the knee helps the player move his leg back and forth fo guard the other, player, Disorders of the Skeletal System Osteoporosis Osteoporosisisa progressive bone disorder, characterized by a decrease in bone mass and mineral density. Throughout life, human, bone tissue undergoes remodeling, where old bone tissue is partially broken down and replaced by newly formed bone tissue. In childhood, the rate of bone formation is greater than the rate of bone breakdown. ‘As humans age, the rate of bone formation progressively becomes lower than the rate of bone breakdown. Bones begin to lose minerals and their mineral density decreases, This condition causes bones to become weaker and easily breakable. In osteoporotic bones, the spaces become larger, leacling to less dense bones which are more susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis can affect all humans and is common among women over ity, It has been shown that regular exercise and a calcium-rich diet during teenage years help minimize the risk of osteoporosis. Also, bones store calcium and release it in the body according to the availability of vitamin D. Vitamin D can be obtained irom the daily diet, or by moderate exposure to sunlight, Checkpoint What causes osteoporosis in adults? (o) he Normal bone OsteoporosisCommon Injuries of the Skeletal System Some of the common injuries of the skeletal syste’ are fractures, dislocations, and sprains. A fracture ie bone, A bane fracture can be th atic injury-tike when most of the body weight falls suddenly on only a few bones Gf a Medical condition that weakens the bones| such as osteoporosis or bone cancer. A disloc; is an injury to a joint in which the ends of bones are-forced to move from. their normat-positions. At example is shoulder dislocation, when the humer scapula, The dislocated bone can be put back in vhen ligaments in the joints stretch too far and t occurs mainly in the ankle and wrist, and causes Checkpoint What are three common injuries th skeleton? Scapula Humerus Notmal shoulder Dislocated shoulder Figure 10 shoulder Jus separates from the | Have 1 lace. A sprain occurs rar. This type of injury welling, t affect the human Trends th Science Humans have always suffered from injuries in tht One way to diagnose bone injuries and visu: dislocations is X-ray imaging. X-rays are a form waves. A photographic film is placed below examined, and then X-rays are sent through the on the photographic film as white areas. Dur lead aprons are placed on uninjured parts of t unnecessary exposure to harmful radiation. using X-rays? l* + What wo injuries does the x eel Define What is a vertebra? Recall What are the two divisions of the skeleton and what are their functions? Identify What two types of bone tissue are found in human bones? Explain How does the compact bone give a bone its strength? ‘Compare and Contrast How are the movements supported by a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint similar? How are they different? © What are two skeletal system injuries that can be visualized ir skeletal system. lize fractures and f electromagnetic the surface to be ly. Bones appear ing X-ray imaging, e body to reduce jing? show? Classify The joints of the leg allow three different types of movement. Try moving the parts of your own leg at the hip, then the knee, and finally the ankle. What type of movement is done by each of these three joints? . Analyze Suppose you tripped while playing soccer, and, as you tried to hold your body upright, you fell. Most of your weight fell suddenly on your arm. What might happen to bones in your arm? Cropter Supper nd Movenere |