LN 4-1 Koko Martono, FMIPA - ITB MBM – 034

Limit Function
y x2 - 4
f (x) = x + 2, x ≠ 2 Analyzing limit for f ( x) = x - 2 , x ≠ 2
How f (x) behave when x near 2 and x ≠ 2?
f (x)
4
f (x) x 1.8 1.9 1.99 1.999 → 2 ← 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.2
f (x) 3.8 3.9 3.99 3.999 → 4 ← 4.001 4.01 4.1 4.2

If x → 2, then f (x) → 4
−2 −1 0 1→ 2 ← 3 4 x
x2 - 4
x2 - 4 Notation: lim f ( x) = lim x - 2 = lim ( x + 2) = 4.
f ( x) = x - 2 = x + 2, x π 2 xÆ2 xÆ2 xÆ2

Limit If the functional value f (x) is close to the single real number L when-
ever x is close to c, but not equal to c (on either side of c), we write
f ( x) Æ L as x Æ c or lim f ( x ) = L .
xÆc
One-sided Limit
If f (x) is close to the single real number K whenever x is close to c, but to
the left of c, on the real number line, we write lim- f ( x) = L and we call
xÆc
L the limit from the left (or left-hand limit) of f whenever x close to c.
If f (x) is close to the single real number K whenever x is close to c, but to
the right of c, on the real number line, we write lim+ f ( x) = L and we call
xÆc
L the limit from the right (or right-hand limit) of f whenever x close to c.
For a limit exist, the limit from the left and the limit from the right must be
exist and be equal.
 LN 4- 2
MBM035
The Derivative

Properties of Limits
Basic Properties: lim k = k for any constant k and lim x = c .
xÆc xÆc
Concepts Properties:
Let f and g be two functions such that lim f ( x) = L and lim g ( x) = M .
xÆc xÆc
1. lim ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) = L + M = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) .
xÆc xÆc xÆc
2. lim ( f ( x) - g ( x) ) = L - M = lim f ( x) - lim g ( x) .
xÆc xÆc xÆc
3. lim k f ( x) = k L = k lim f ( x) , for any constant k.
xÆc xÆc

4. lim ( f ( x) ◊ g ( x) ) = L ◊ M = ( lim f ( x)) ◊ ( lim g ( x)) .

xÆc xÆc xÆc
lim f ( x )
f ( x) L x Æ c
5. lim = = if M ≠ 0.
x Æ c g ( x) M lim g ( x )
xÆc

6. lim n f ( x) = n L = n lim f ( x) , L ≥ 0 for n even.

xÆc xÆc
Practical Properties:
7. If f any polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) = f (c ) .
xÆc
8. If r any rational function with non zero denominator at x = c, then
lim r ( x) = r (c) .
xÆc

Example 4.1
( )
1. lim x 2 + 5 x = lim x 2 + lim 5 x = ( lim x)( lim x) + 5( lim x)
x Æ -2 x Æ -2 x Æ -2 x Æ -2 x Æ -2 x Æ -2
= (−2)(−2) + 5(−2) = 4 − 10 = −6.

( )
2. lim x 2 + 5 x = ( -2) 2 + 5( -2) = 4 - 10 = -6 .
x Æ -2

3. lim 2x2 + 3 = lim (2 x 2 + 3) = 2( -1) 2 + 3 = 5 .

x Æ -1 x Æ -1
2x 2◊3 6 3
4. lim 3 x + 1 = 3 ◊ 3 + 1 = 10 = 5 .
xÆ3

x2 - 4 ( x - 2)( x + 2)
5. lim x - 2 = lim x-2
= lim ( x + 2) = 4 .
xÆ2 xÆ2 xÆ2
 LN 4- 3
MBM036
The Derivative

Ï x, x ≥ 0
Example 4.2 If f ( x) = | x | = Ì , then
Ó - x, x < 0
y

lim f ( x) = lim+ | x | = lim+ x = 0

f ( x) = | x | x Æ 0+ xÆ0 xÆ0
and
lim f ( x) = lim- | x | = lim- ( - x) = 0 .
y = -x y=x x Æ 0- xÆ0 xÆ0

0 x Since lim+ f ( x) = lim- f ( x) = 0 , then

xÆ0 xÆ0
lim f ( x) exist and lim f ( x) = 0 .
xÆ0 xÆ0

x Ï 1, x > 0
Example 4.3 If f ( x) = =Ì , then
y
| x | Ó -1, x < 0
x x
lim f ( x) = lim+ | x | = lim+ x = lim+ 1 = 1
x 1 y =1 x Æ 0+ xÆ0 xÆ0 xÆ0
f ( x) =
|x| and
0 x x x
lim- f ( x) = lim- | x | = lim- - x = lim- ( -1) = -1 .
y = -1 -1 xÆ0 xÆ0 xÆ0 xÆ0

Since lim+ f ( x) π lim- f ( x) , then lim f ( x)

xÆ0 xÆ0 xÆ0
does not exist.

Example 4.4
Analyzing Limit Graphically
y
From the graph of function f, we have
4 lim f ( x) = 2 , but f (−2) = 4 ≠ lim f ( x) .
x Æ -2 x Æ -2
This limit exists but not equal to the value of
2
function f at −2.
−4 −2 0 3 x lim f ( x) = -3 = f (3) , but lim+ f ( x) = 4 π f (3)
x Æ 3- xÆ3
Since left-hand limit not equal to right-hand limit,
−3
then this limit does not exist.
lim f ( x) = 1 = f ( -4)
x Æ -4
This limit exists and equal to the value of
function f at −4.
 LN 4- 4
MBM037
The Derivative

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

Problems (a) Find lim Ê + 2 ˆ , if it exists.

x-2 x-3
x Æ 3 Ë 2x + 3 x - 9¯
x | x - 3|
(b) Graph the function g(x) = x-3
and find lim g ( x) , if it exists.
xÆ3

Solution

x
 LN 4- 5
MBM038
The Derivative

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

ÏÔ-3m + x, x £ 2 1
Problems Let function f is defined by f (x) = Ì 2 where m is a constant.
ÔÓ 3m - x , x > 2
(a) Graph the function f for m = 0 and find lim- f ( x) and lim+ f ( x) .
xÆ2 xÆ2
(b) Graph the function f for m = 1 and find lim- f ( x) and lim+ f ( x) .
xÆ2 xÆ2
(c) Find m so that lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) .
xÆ2 xÆ2

Solution
y Graph of (a) y Graph of (b) y Graph of (c)

0 x 0 x 0 x
 LN 4- 6
MBM039
The Derivative

Continuity
A function f is continuous at the point x = c if lim f ( x) = f (c) .
xÆc
A function f is continuous on the open interval (a,b) if f is continuous at
each point on the interval.
A function f is continuous on the right at the point x = c if lim+ f ( x) = f (c)
xÆc
and continuous on the left at x = c if lim- f ( x) = f (c) .
xÆc
A function is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] if it is continuous on
open interval (a,b) and is continuous on the right at a and continuous on
the left at b.

y Example 4.5 Let function f be defined by

2
f (x) = x − 2x + 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
5
and their graph on the left figure.
The function f continuous on interval [0,3] since its
continuous on interval (0,3), continuous on the right
3 at 0, and continuous on the left at 3.
Function f continuous on the right at 0 since
−1 0 1 2 3 4 x
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ ( x 2 - 2 x + 2) = 2 = f (0) ,
xÆ0 xÆ0
and continuous on the left at 3 since
f (x) = x2 − 2x + 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
lim- f ( x) = lim- ( x 2 - 2 x + 2) = 5 = f (3) .
xÆ3 xÆ3

Example 4.6
x2 - 4
The function f ( x) = x - 2 , x π 2 is discontinuous at 2 because f (2) not defined.
In this case, if we defined f (2) = 4, then function f continuous at 2 and over \ .
ÏÔ | x - 2 | , x π 2
The function f ( x) = Ì x - 2 is discontinuous at 2 because lim f ( x) does
ÔÓ 0 , x = 2 xÆ2

not exist. In this case lim- f ( x) π lim+ f ( x) . (Verify!)

xÆ2 xÆ2
 LN 4- 7
MBM040
The Derivative

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

The Greatest Integer Function

y
The greatest integer function, which notated by a x b, is defined as
5
a x b = greatest integer ≤ x. For example, a 3.6 b = greatest integer
4
3 ≤ −3.6 = −4, a 2 b = 2, a 2.5 b = 2. From the definition, we have
2
1
a x b = −2 for −2 ≤ x < −1, a x b = 1 for 1 ≤ x < 2,

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x a x b = −1 for −1 ≤ x < −0, a x b = 2 for 2 ≤ x < 3,

−1
axb = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 1, ………and so on………
−2
f (x) = a x b The graph of f (x) = a x b is shown on the left figure.

Problems Postal rates First-class postage in this year was $0.34 for the first ounce (or any
fraction thereof) and $0.21 for each additional ounce (or fraction thereof). Write a piecewise
definition of the first-class postage P(x) for letter weighing x ounces. Graph P(x) as a function of
x for 0 < x ≤ 5. Is P(x) continuous at x = 4.5 and at x = 4? Explain your answers.

Solution

0 x
 LN 4- 8
MBM041
The Derivative

The Derivative

Average rate of change For the function y = f (x), the average rate of
f (a + h) - f (a ) f (a + h) - f (a)
change from x = a to x = a + h is (a + h) - a
= h
, h π 0.

Instantaneous rate of change For the function y = f (x), the instantaneous

f (a + h) - f (a )
rate of change at x = a is lim h
, if the limit exists.
hÆ0

Slope of a graph For y = f (x), the slope of the graph at the point (a , f (a))
f ( a + h) - f ( a )
is lim h
, if the limit exists. The slope of the graph is also the
hÆ0
slope of the tangent line at the point (a,f (a)).
The derivative For y = f (x), we define the derivative of f at x, denoted by
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ′(x), to be f ′(x) = lim h
, if the limit exists. The function f is
hÆ0
said differentiable over open interval (a, b) if f ′(x) exists for each x in (a, b).
Interpretations of the derivative The derivative of a function f is a new
function f ′. The domain of f ′ is subset of the domain of f. The derivative
has various applications and interpretations.
1. Slope of the tangent line For each x in the domain of function f ′ the
slope of tangent line to the graph of f at the point (x,f (x)) is f ′(x).
2. Instantaneous rate of change For each x in the domain of function f ′
the instantaneous rate of change of y = f (x) is f ′(x).
3. Velocity If f (x) is the position of a moving object at time x, then v =
f ′(x) is the velocity of the object at that time.

Example 4.7 If f ( x) = x , then the derivative of f at x is

f ( x + h) - f ( x ) x+h - x x+h - x x+h + x
f ¢( x) = lim = lim = lim ◊
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h hÆ0 h x+h + x
x+h-x 1 1
= lim = lim = , x π 0.
h Æ 0 h( x + h + x) hÆ0 x + h + x 2 x
 LN 4- 9
MBM042
The Derivative
y
y = f (x)
Equation
Equation of of tangent line For
tangent line For yy == ff((xx),), the
the equation
equation of
of
secant line
tangent
tangent line
line at point ((xx11,,yy11)) on
at point on the
the graph
graph of function ff is
of function is
tangent y = f (x1) + f ′(x1)(x − x1).
line
y1 (x1,y1)
Illustration 4.8 If f (x) = 4x − x2, the point (1,3) lies on
0 x1 x the graph of f since f (1) = 4 ◊ 1 - 12 = 3 . We will to find the
equation of tangent line at (1,3) with the above formula.
Slope of tangent line at x1 = 1 is
f (1 + h) - f (1) 4(1 + h) - (1 + h) 2 - 3 2h - h 2
f ¢(1) = lim = lim = lim = lim (2 - h) = 2.
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h hÆ0 h hÆ0

The equation of tangent line at point (1,3) is y = 3 + 2(x − 1) = 2x + 1.

R(x)
Example 4.9 Revenue Analysis
5000 (400,4800) The revenue (in dollars) from the sale of x plastic
4000 planter boxes is given by
2
3000
3000 R(x) = 20x − 0.02x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1000,
300 which is graphed in the left figure.
2000
(100,1800) (a) What is the change in revenue if production is
1000 changed from 100 to 400 planters?
(b) What is the average change in revenue for this
0 100 400 600 800 1000 x change in production?
(c) Find R′(x) and instantaneous rate of change of revenue at a sale of 100 plastic
planters. Write a brief verbal interpretation of these results.

Solution
(a) The change in revenue is given by
(
R(400) - R(100) = 20(400) - 0,02(400) 2 - 20(100) - 0,02(100) 2 = $3,000 )
(b) The average change in revenue for this change in production is
R (400) - R (100) 3,000
400 - 100
= 300 = $10

(c) R′(x) = 20 − 0.04x. (Show the details by limit process!)

Instantaneous rate of change of revenue at a the sale of 100 plastic planters is
R′(100) = 20 − 0.04⋅100 = 20 − 4 = 16. At a sale of 100 plastic planters, the
revenue is $1800 and is increasing at the rate $16 per plastic planter boxes.
 LN 4- 10
MBM043
The Derivative

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

Problems (a) If f ( x) = x3 - 3 x 2 - 2 , find the derivative of f at x by definition.

1
(b) If f ( x) = x + x , find the derivative of f at x by definition.

Solution
(a)

(b)
 LN 4- 11
MBM044
The Derivative

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

Problems Medicine The body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit of a patient t hours after
4
being given a fever-reducing drug is given by F (t ) = 98 + t + 1 . (a) Find F ′(t) by process limit,
(b) Find F(3) and F ′(3). Write a brief verbal interpretation of these results.

Solution
 LN 4- 12
MBM045
The Derivative

Exercise 4
1. Sketch a possible graph of a function that satisfies conditions: f (−2) = 2,
lim - f ( x) = 1 , and lim + f ( x) = 2 .
x Æ -2 x Æ -2

( 1
2. Find lim x + 2 + 2
xÆ2 x -4
x-2
)
, if it exist.

Ï1 + mx, x £ 1
3. Let f be defined by f ( x) = Ì where m is a constant.
Ó4 - mx, x > 1
(a) Graph f for m = 1 and find lim- f ( x) and lim+ f ( x)
x Æ1 x Æ1
(b) Graph f for m = 2 and find lim- f ( x) and lim+ f ( x)
x Æ1 x Æ1
(c) Find m so that lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) .
x Æ1 x Æ1

( a + h )3 - a3
4. Find lim h
if a is a real constant.
hÆ0

x +1
5. Determine where the function f ( x) = ( x - 1)( x + 4) is continuous.

x2 - 1
6. Locate all points of discontinuity of the function f ( x) = | x | - 1 .

7. If f (x) = x − 4x, (a) find f ′(x) by limit process.

2

(b) find the slope of the tangent lines to f at x = −2, −1, and 1.
(c) graph f, and sketch the tangent lines at x = −2, −1, and 1.
(d) find the tangent line to graph of f at point (5,5).
8. Revenue The revenue in dollars from the sale of x car seats for infants is given
by R( x) = 60 x - 0.025 x 2 , 0 £ x £ 2400 .
(a) Find the average change in revenue if production is changed from 1,000 to
1,050 car seats.
(b) Find R′(x) by limit process.
(c) Find the revenue and the instantaneous rate of change of revenue at a
production level of 1,000 car seats and write a brief verbal interpretation
of these results.

Math Quote The whole is more than the sum of it parts.

Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)