Grade 8 Science

ANSWER KEY OF THE GRAND REVISION TEST:

MCQS
Section A
Q-1

1. B 11. C
2. A 12. B
3. A 13. A
4. D 14. A
5. A 15. C
6. C 16. C
7. D 17. A
8. D 18. B
9. C 19. D
10. C 20. C

Q2. We see objects the colour they appear to be because in white light they reflect some colours of
light, and absorb all the rest. A blue object will reflect blue light so that the object appears to be blue.
It will absorb all the other colours of light. Objects that appear black absorb all colours of light.

Q3. 1. False

2. False

3. True

4. True

5. False

SECTION B

Q2. I greater (rate of evaporation) OR rate is less in small puddles

iii. T-shirt folded double dries slower OR T-shirt unfolded dries quicker

because smaller/larger surface area for molecules to evaporate

OR water trapped (in the fold) OR more humid in the fold

Q3i. During dialysis, waste substances removed from the blood include:

Urea

Creatinine

Excess electrolytes:

Toxins

ii. Excretion is the process of removing waste or harmful substances from the body.

Q4 .i two atoms per molecule

ii. 7e in the outer shell or level / same number of outer electrons / need to gain one electron

iii. As you move down Group VII (the halogens) from fluorine to iodine, the melting and boiling points
generally increase due to larger atomic sizes, resulting in stronger intermolecular forces.

Q5i. Good conductor (of heat)

ii. Black is a good absorber/bad reflector

Q6. A: Dendrites

B.: Cell Body

C: Myelin Sheath

D: Nucleus

Q7i. A sodium atom becomes a sodium ion by losing one electron, which results in a positively
charged ion due to the excess of protons compared to electrons.

ii. 2, 8, 1

2, 8, 7

Q8i Dispersion of Light

ii. Rainbows are formed when sunlight is refracted, or bent, and then reflected inside water droplets in
the atmosphere. This refraction and reflection cause the light to separate into its various colors,
creating the beautiful arc of colors that we see in the sky after rain.

Q9 i. Sodium and potassium are stored in oil because they react vigorously with oxygen and moisture
in the air, leading to corrosion or combustion. Storing them in oil prevents direct contact with air and
moisture, helping to prevent unintended reactions.

ii. Elements in Group 1 share similar chemical properties because they all have one valence electron,
which influences their reactivity and chemical behavior.

Q10. i Dmitri Mendeleev contributed to the periodic table by arranging elements based on their
atomic mass, predicting the existence and properties of undiscovered elements, and leaving gaps for
unknown elements that were later discovered and confirmed, providing a foundation for the modern
periodic table.

ii. Henry Moseley contributed to the periodic table by arranging elements based on their atomic
number, leading to the modern understanding of the periodic law and the organization of elements by
atomic number rather than atomic mass.

Q11. I Involuntary actions are not consciously controlled, while voluntary actions are consciously
initiated and controlled. Involuntary actions, like reflexes, occur automatically without conscious effort,
while voluntary actions involve conscious intent and decision-making before execution.

ii. Reflexes offer rapid responses to potential threats or dangers without requiring conscious thought.
They help protect the body by allowing quick reactions, and minimizing potential harm or injury in
potentially dangerous situations.

SECTION C

Q-1 a)

● Light rays from the coin travel upwards towards the water's surface.
● As they enter the air, the light rays bend away from the normal due to the difference in density
between water and air.
● This bending of light creates an illusion that the light rays are coming from a point above the
actual position of the coin.
The extent to which the coin appears raised depends on the angle of observation and the difference
in refractive indices of the two mediums. This phenomenon also explains why objects submerged in
water often appear distorted or magnified.

b) Refraction

c) Our brain interprets this information and makes us perceive the coin as being higher than it
actually is.

Q2 Extra information is being shared here You have to decide as per the question,you can add two or
three points to make a proper definition

Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Feature Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

Formation Transfer of electrons between atoms. Sharing of electrons between

atoms.

Atoms Typically involve a metal and a nonmetal. Typically involve nonmetals

involved with similar electronegativities.

Electron Achieve noble gas configurations by Achieve octets by sharing

configurations losing or gaining electrons. electrons.

Bond strength Strong electrostatic forces. Strong, directional forces.

Bond polarity Highly polar, with a complete transfer of Can be nonpolar, polar
electrons. covalent, or highly polar
depending on electronegativity
differences.

Melting and High melting and boiling points due to Lower melting and boiling
boiling points strong electrostatic forces. points than ionic compounds.

Solubility Soluble in polar solvents like water. May or may not be soluble in
water depending on polarity.

Examples NaCl (table salt), MgO (magnesium H2O (water), NH3 (ammonia),
oxide), CaCl2 (calcium chloride) CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Electron One atom completely loses electrons and
sharing/transf becomes a positively charged ion
er (cation). The other atom gains these
electrons and becomes a negatively
charged ion (anion). These oppositely
charged ions attract each other due to
electrostatic forces.
Atoms share one or more pairs
of electrons equally, forming a
strong bond between them.
The shared electrons orbit both
nuclei simultaneously.
Q3a)

Cube A(wood) B(metal) C(plastic)

Density Least Most Most plastics are less dense than

most woods.but it
Depends on the type of plastic
The density of wood can
vary depending on the However, there are some exceptions.
species and the amount of Some high-density plastics, such as
moisture content. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
have densities similar to or even
greater than some softwoods.

Mass Relate this column to

and direct and inverse
volume proportion between mass
and volume

Q3b)

1. Ships:

● Buoyancy: A ship's ability to float relies on the principle of buoyancy, which states that an
object experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the water it displaces. This force is
directly related to the density of the object and the density of the surrounding water.
● Design and construction: Understanding density is crucial for designing and constructing
ships that will remain afloat even when loaded with cargo. Naval architects carefully calculate
the volume and weight of the ship to ensure it displaces enough water to generate sufficient
buoyant force.
● Stability: The density of different parts of the ship also affects its stability. Ballast, a heavy
material placed low in the ship's hull, helps to counterbalance the weight of the cargo and
keep the ship upright.
● Changes in density: Changes in density can significantly impact the functionality of a ship.
For example, saltwater is denser than freshwater, so a ship will displace less water and sit
higher in saltwater than in freshwater. This can affect the ship's stability and draft (the depth to
which the ship sinks into the water).

2. Hot Air Balloons:

● Lift: Hot air balloons rely on the density difference between hot air inside the balloon and the
cooler air surrounding it. Hot air is less dense than cold air, which creates a buoyant force that
lifts the balloon.
● Controlling altitude: The pilot can control the altitude of the balloon by adjusting the
temperature of the air inside the balloon. Increasing the temperature increases the buoyancy
force, causing the balloon to rise. Conversely, decreasing the temperature decreases the
buoyancy force and allows the balloon to descend.
● Material selection: The material used to create the balloon's envelope must be light and
strong enough to withstand the pressure changes as the balloon ascends and descends.
Additionally, the fabric should be impermeable to the heated air inside the balloon.
● Changes in density: Changes in air pressure and temperature can affect the functionality of a
hot air balloon. As the balloon ascends, the air pressure decreases, which reduces the density
difference between the air inside and outside the balloon. This can affect the balloon's lift and
require the pilot to adjust the temperature accordingly.
Q4a)

Imagine a water molecule entering the kidney via the renal artery. It filters into the filtrate, then
voyages through the nephron, where essential nutrients are reabsorbed and water levels are
adjusted.

Imagine a water molecule entering the kidney via the renal artery. It filters into the filtrate, then
voyages through the nephron, where essential nutrients are reabsorbed and water levels are
adjusted.This journey includes the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, Distal
Convoluted Tubule (DCT), and collecting duct, where urine concentration is finalized.Finally, the
water molecule exits through the ureter and bladder, ultimately expelled as urine. This remarkable
journey maintains fluid balance and removes waste.

OR

A Water Molecule's Journey Through the Nephron:

1. Renal Corpuscle (Bowman's Capsule):

● Filtration: Water and small solutes are filtered from blood into the Bowman's capsule.

2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):

● Reabsorption: Essential nutrients like glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed back into the
bloodstream.
● Concentration: Water volume decreases as some water molecules join the reabsorbed

3. Loop of Henle:

● Descending Loop: Water is drawn out of the filtrate and back into the bloodstream through
osmosis, concentrating the remaining solutes.

4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT):

● Fine-tuning: Hormones regulate the reabsorption of sodium and water, further controlling blood
pressure and fluid balance.

5. Collecting Duct:

● Final adjustments: The filtrate's concentration is further adjusted based on the body's needs.
● Merging: Collecting ducts converge to form the renal pelvis.

6. Ureter:

● Propulsion: The ureter propels the filtrate towards the bladder for temporary storage.

7. Bladder:

● Storage: The concentrated filtrate is stored as urine until elimination.

8. Elimination:

● Waste removal: Urine is expelled from the body through the urethra

This journey through the nephron is a testament to the remarkable complexity of the human body and
its ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Q4 b)

Kidney stones, inflammation ,infections ,Kidney transplant etc

Q5 a)

● Identifying element
● Predicting chemical properties
● Predicting physical properties
● Compound formation

Q5 b) Groups and Periods in Predicting the Behavior of Unknown Elements

The periodic table organizes elements into groups (vertical columns) and periods (horizontal rows)
based on their electron configurations and chemical properties. Understanding these groups and
periods is crucial in predicting the behavior of unknown elements found on new planets.

Groups:

● Elements within the same group share similar chemical properties because they have the
same number of valence electrons. These electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom
and are responsible for chemical bonding.
● For example, all elements in group 1, known as the alkali metals, have one valence electron.
This makes them highly reactive and readily lose their valence electron to form ionic bonds
with other elements.
● Similarly, elements in group 7, the halogens, have seven valence electrons. This makes them
highly electronegative and eager to gain an electron to complete their octet and achieve
stability.

Periods:

● Moving across a period, the number of protons in the nucleus increases, leading to a decrease
in atomic radius. This is because the additional protons attract the electrons closer to the
nucleus.
● As the atomic radius decreases, the ionization energy (the energy required to remove an
electron) increases. This is because it becomes more difficult to remove an electron from an
atom with a smaller radius and a stronger attraction to the nucleus.
● Additionally, electronegativity generally increases across a period. This is the ability of an atom
to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. The smaller size and stronger nuclear
pull make the atom more efficient at attracting electrons in a bond.

Examples:

Predicting reactivity: By knowing the group of an unknown element, we can predict how readily it
will react with other elements. For instance, if an element belongs to group 1, we can predict that it
will be highly reactive and readily lose its valence electron to form ionic bonds.
Predicting ionic charge: By knowing the period of an unknown element, we can predict its likely
ionic charge. Elements in the first period typically form cations with a charge of +1, while elements in
the second period can form cations with a charge of +2 or +3.

Predicting formulas of compounds: The periodic table helps us predict the formulas of compounds
formed by combining elements. We can do this by considering the number of valence electrons each
element possesses and how they can be shared or transferred to achieve stable octets.

The periodic table doesn't directly predict the properties of compounds formed by elements.
Additional considerations are needed for predicting compound behaviour. ( a few mentioned
above)

5c) By understanding the significance of groups and periods within the periodic table, we gain a
powerful tool for predicting the behaviour of unknown elements. By analysing their position,
comparing them with known elements, and considering trends in reactivity and properties, we can
make informed predictions about their potential interactions and role in the environment of the new
planet. This knowledge propels scientific exploration and discovery, leading to a deeper
understanding of the universe and its diverse elements.

Q6 a)

Solar cookers are ingenious devices that utilize the sun's thermal energy to cook food. They operate
on the principle of trapping and concentrating sunlight to generate heat for cooking. Here's a
breakdown of how they work:

1. Sunlight strikes the reflective surfaces.

2. The reflective surfaces concentrate the sunlight to a single point known as point of
convergence onto the absorptive materials.
3. The absorptive materials convert the light energy into heat.
4. The heat is trapped inside the cooker by the transparent cover.
5. The food inside the pot absorbs the heat and cooks.

Q 6 b)

Solar cookers harness the sun's energy to cook food using reflective surfaces like mirrors or panels
to concentrate sunlight onto a dark-colored cooking container. This concentrated light is absorbed as
heat and trapped inside the container with a transparent cover and insulation. This combination
allows solar cookers to reach impressive temperatures and cook food efficiently, offering a
sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional cooking methods.