Plasmonics

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-02154-8

RESEARCH

Metallic Nanodisk‑in‑Elliptical Nanohole Array Based Fiber Tip

for Enhanced Plasmonic Refractometric Sensing
Zhenshi Chen1 · Xincheng Huang1 · Hui Zhang2

Received: 30 October 2023 / Accepted: 30 November 2023

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

Abstract
In this work, a high performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensor based on metallic elliptical nanohole and
circular nanodisk binary array has been theoretically designed and investigated. The binary array structure is integrated on
the end facet of optical fiber to excite SPR and generate three optical resonance dips in reflection spectra in the near-infrared
region. The first resonance dip not only fits the characteristics of narrow linewidth, but also has the advantages of high peak-
to-dip signal ratio and sensitivity. When the external environment changes in the refractive index (RI) range of 1.33 ~ 1.40, a
high RI sensitivity of 669 nm/RIU, a narrow FWHM of 5.8 nm, and a high FOM value of 115.3 are yielded simultaneously
for the first dip. Compared to unitary nanostructure arrays, the composite plasmonic structure of nanodisk and elliptical
nanohole array demonstrated here can generate SPR modes with sharper spectral feature which is crucial to high sensitivity
and precision detection technology. These features make our proposed plasmonic fiber tip sensor highly promising in terms
of high-performance biosensing applications.

Keywords Surface plasmon resonance · Lab on fiber · Fiber sensor · Plasmonic nanostructure

Introduction and label-free plasmonic biosensors as a promising and valid

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) supported by metallic
nanostructures can generate highly enhanced local elec-
tromagnetic fields strongly depend on the surrounding
environments, which create a new route for designing high-
sensitivity biosensors. Due to their distinctive capacity in
rapid label-free detection of biochemical substances, SPR
sensors have the potential to become an important tool in
molecular biology and medical diagnostics. Traditional
diagnostic techniques essentially rely on polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) tests [1], which need relatively long time
to identify diagnostic results, thus delay massive detection.
Nanoplasmonic biosensors based on SPR nanostructure
array have been reported for direct detection of live viruses
and cells from biological media in real time [2, 3]. The fast
* Xincheng Huang
huangxincheng@zjhzu.edu.cn
1
School of Electronic Information, Huzhou College,
Huzhou 313000, China
2
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering,
Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006,
China
alternative to conventional diagnostic tools can contribute
to rapid and massive diagnostics for infectious diseases [4].
Furthermore, with advances in nanophotonics and nanofab-
rication technology, “Lab on fiber” (LOF) technologies can
transfer functionalized plasmonic nanostructure onto the
fiber end facet, so as to fulfil the fiber tip SPR sensors for
miniature size, lightweight, easy-to-use, low cost and remote
sensing [5]. This makes them very attractive for the design
of portable devices for point-of-care testing (POCT) applica-
tion. The development of advanced optical fiber tip sensing
probe is expected to directly carry out real-time and in vivo
diagnosis and biomedical detection.
The plasmonic periodic nanostructures, commonly
formed by patterned metallic nanostructure arrays, can sup-
port propagating surface plasmons (PSP) mode and highly
field-enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
mode which largely depends on the shape and size of the
metallic nanostructures [6]. Different plasmonic nanostruc-
ture shapes including triangular gold nanopillars [7], Au
elliptical nanoholes [8], square Au nanopatches or nano-
holes [9], and circular nanodisks [10] have been employed in
sensing applications. These plasmonic nanostructure sensors
show rapid and highly sensitive detection; however, they

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usually have a great limitation: the resonance modes of the
plasmonic nanoarray, especially LSPR modes, are always
accompanied by a relatively wide spectral feature with low
resonance dip contrast ratio because of strong radiative
damping which heavily limits their sensing performance.
Hence, how to suppress the radiative damping is an essential
question in the plasmonic sensing field. Up to now, some
groping strategies are adopted to reduce radiation damping,
such as, asymmetric Fano-type resonance [11], and subradi-
ant plasmon mode excitation [12]. In this work, a circular
nanodisk-in-elliptical nanohole binary array (CNENBA)
supporting different SPR modes with resonantly enhanced
coupling interaction is theoretically proposed to suppress the
radiative damping, and thereby to achieve narrow spectral
width and improved plasmonic sensing performance. This
CNENBA-based plasmonic nanostructure integrated on the
end facet of optical fiber generates three SPR resonance dips
(marked by A, B, and C) in reflection spectra in the near-
infrared wavelength region. Here, the resonance dip A, as a
top surface resonance mode, not only fits the characteristics
of narrow spectral width, but also has the advantages of high
peak-to-dip signal ratio and large sensitivity to the changes
of sensing medium. When the external environment alters in
the refractive index (RI) range of 1.33 ~ 1.40, a high RI sen-
sitivity of 669 nm/RIU, and a much sharper spectral feature,
as narrow as 5.8 nm of full width at half maximum (FWHM)
are obtained for the resonance dip A. The combination of
Fig. 1  a Schematic of the
plasmonic fiber tip sensor with
CNENBA integrated on the (a)
fiber end facet. b The magnified
view for a 3×3 nanostructure
array with structural param-
eters marked. c The reflection
spectrum of CNENBA structure
at ambient RI of 1.33
13
Plasmonics
the narrow linewidth and high RI sensitivity enables dip
A produce a high figure of merit (FOM) value of 115.3,
which is more than 7.1 times larger compared to that of
unitary nanohole arrays. Moreover, the binary array-based
plasmonic structures exhibit strong polarization-dependent
reflection spectrum characteristics. The proposed fiber SPR
sensing structure is promising for developing high perfor-
mance biosensors and optical polarizing devices and thereby
boost their potential applications in biological detection and
medical diagnosis fields.
Structure Design and Numerical Simulations
To improve the sensing performance of an RI sensor, it is
essential to excite a resonance spectrum with narrow spectral
width and large peak or dip contrast ratio, which is possible
to be achieved by exciting the coupled resonance plasmonic
modes in an elaborate binary metallic nanostructure array.
Integrating functionalized plasmonic nanostructure
onto the fiber end facet can fulfil the fiber-tip SPR sen-
sors that are miniature-sized, lightweight, easy-to-use, and
suitable for remote sensing. Figure 1 depicts the structure
schematic diagram of the proposed CNENBA-based fiber
tip sensor. As shown in Fig. 1, the CNENBA structure
is constructed by spatially embedding concentric circular
nanodisks into elliptical nanoholes. The gap between the
Px
(b)
d
D2
D1
Py
y
x
(c)
Plasmonics
elliptical hole and circular disk forms an irregular nanor-
ing which supports different SPR modes excitation and
coupling interaction. This CNENBA nanostructure can
be fabricated onto the fiber end facet by conventional
nanofabrication methods, such as electron-beam lithog-
raphy (EBL) [10], focused-ion beam (FIB) milling [13]
or template transfer method [14] and so on. The fiber tip
SPR sensor integrated with CNENBA-based plasmonic
nanostructure on the end facet generates three plasmonic
resonance dips (marked by A, B, and C) in reflection spec-
tra in the near-infrared wavelength region.
The numerical calculations are performed with finite-
difference time domain (FDTD) method (implemented in a
full-wave simulation software, Lumerical FDTD solutions)
to obtain the reflection spectra and electric field distribution
of the CNENBA structure. In the simulation, an x-polarized
plane light source with electric field amplitude of 1 V/m
perpendicularly illuminates on the CNENBA structure from
the high RI fiber side. Periodic boundary conditions are
applied in X and Y directions, while perfectly matched lay-
ers are used in Z direction. Fine meshes with dx = dy = 1 nm
and dz = 2 nm are used in the narrowest structural region,
and combination of grading mesh and conformal meshing
method offered by the software package is implemented to
ensure the accurate convergence of the numerical results.
The surrounding of the fiber-tip plasmonic structure is
covered with a sensing medium with RI of 1.33, achieving
the matching effect of the aqueous analyte in the practi-
cal detection. Figure 1c exhibits the calculated reflection
spectrum, corresponding to the optimized structure param-
eters as follows: periods Px = 680 nm and Py = 620 nm, disk
diameter d = 90 nm, elliptical nanohole long axis diameter
D1 = 240 nm, short axis diameter D 2 = 120 nm, and the
thickness of Au film H = 80 nm. The geometric parameters
are depicted in Fig. 1b. In the simulation, the light is set to
radiate from the core of the fiber, passes through the nano-
structure where it is partly absorbed, and then reflects back
to the core of the fiber. Through analyzing the reflected
spectrum of light received from fiber end, three resonance
dips with high peak-to-dip signal ratio can be observed at
923 nm, 1002 nm, and 1161 nm indicated by red symbol A,
B, and C respectively, as displayed in Fig. 1c. These three
resonance dips stem from different SPR modes excitation
and coupling interaction that lead to resonantly enhanced
optical transmission and absorption at different resonant
frequency positions. It also can be found in Fig. 1c that the
spectral linewidths of dips A and B are much narrower than
that of dip C (5.8 nm and 11.4 nm vs 124.7 nm). Moreover,
their sharpness is superior to those ever reported plasmonic
nanostructures [7, 8, 10]. These narrow spectral features of
resonance dips play crucial roles on improving the sensing
performance for biosensing applications.
Numerical Results and Discussion
Plasmonic Resonance Mode Analysis
To understand the inherent physical mechanism of these res-
onance dips in detail, we calculated and analyzed the mode
field profiles for the CNENBA-based SPR structure at the
resonance wavelengths. Three pairs of monitor slices are set
at a plane 2 nm away from the top (or bottom) surface of the
CNENBA gold film and the cross section of two unit cells
in x–z plane to record the distributions of the most dominant
electric field component Ez for dips A, B, and C, which are
presented in Fig. 2a–f respectively.
By observing Fig. 2a, b, it can be clearly found that apart
from the coexisted LSPR mode around the annular aperture,
the electric field distribution for dip A (at resonant wave-
length 920 nm) is mainly concentrated at the metal/ambient
medium interface, which has a long exponential decay depth
into the medium side and exhibits the distinct PSP mode
characteristics [15]. This top surface mode extending deep
into the surrounding medium greatly enhances the interac-
tion volume between the ambient medium and optical field,
which can offer larger sensitivity to the RI variation of the
sensing medium. The resonance mode for dip B (at resonant
wavelength 1003 nm) behaves similarly to dip A, as illus-
trated in Fig. 2c, d. The difference is that the electric field for
dip B is excited as a SPR mode at the bottom surface of gold
film and mainly confined at the metal/fiber interface, which
exponentially decays into the high RI fiber substrate side.
For this reason, dip B is insensitive to the external environ-
ment RI variation. In contrast, the electric field distribution
for dip C (at resonant wavelength 1161 nm) represents a
typical LSPR mode, as illustrated in Fig. 2e, f. Due to much
larger radiation damping for LSPR mode compared with that
of strongly coupled SPR modes, the resonance dip C has
much broader linewidth of reflection spectrum than that of
dips A and B, where the strong coupling interaction of coex-
isted PSP and LSP modes leads to the resonantly enhanced
optical transmission and absorption with sharp spectral fea-
ture, as shown in the reflection spectrum in Fig. 1c.
Geometrical Parameter Effect
For further understanding the optical properties of the
proposed CNENBA structure, we calculated and observed
the evolution of SPR reflection spectra with the changes
of geometrical parameters, as depicted in Fig. 3. Here,
the structure parameters, the period in X direction (Px),
CNENBA gold film thickness (H), and the short axis diam-
eter (D2) of the elliptical nanohole, are mainly focused on
for investigating their impacts on the optical spectrum
response. Figure 3a illustrates the role of thickness (H)
13
 Plasmonics

Fig. 2  The z component of electric field E

­ z distributions located at 2 nm distance from the bottom surface of gold film for dip B; b, d, f
different sections in the CNENA system: a, e at 2-nm distance from through the center of binary structure along x–z plane for dips A, B,
the top surface of gold film for dips A and C, respectively; c at the and C

played in the reflection spectra evolution. Clearly, increas-
ing the thickness of gold film (H > 100 nm) would result
in a shallower depth for resonance dips A and B. This is
primarily due to the decoupling of the coexisting resonance
modes at top and bottom surfaces of gold film, which
reduces the dissipation within the film. However, for dips
A and B, if the gold film is too thin (H < 50 nm), the dis-
sipation of SPR modes in the gold film will be reduced due
to the weakened localization of SPR modes. In the case
of dip C, as the thickness of gold film increases, there is
a slight trend towards narrower spectral linewidths. This
is because with the increase of thickness H, the LSPR
mode gradually converts to the cavity mode in annular
aperture well, which mainly localizes in the cavity well
with reduced radiation loss. The resonance dip sharpness
is mainly determined by the spectral linewidth and peak-to-
dip signal ratio. In order to ensure the narrow FWHM and
large contrast ratio of dips A and B, the thickness of gold
film (i.e., H = 80 nm) was chosen as optimal plasmonic
film thickness for further analysis.

Fig. 3  The reflection spectra

evolution with a gold film
thickness increasing from 50 to
170 nm, b period along X direc-
tion Px increasing from 620 to
740 nm, c short axis diameter
D2 of the elliptical hole increas-
ing from 120 to 240 nm. When
one parameter is surveyed,
other unconcerned parameters
are fixed: gold film thick-
ness H = 80 nm, array periods
Px = 680 nm and Py = 620 nm,
nanodisk diameter d = 90 nm,
long axis diameter of elliptical
nanohole D1 = 240 nm and its
short axis diameter D2 = 120 nm

13
Plasmonics
The effect of period in X direction Px on the three reso-
nance dips is shown in Fig. 3b. With the increase of binary
array period Px, the resonance wavelengths of dips A and
B exhibit more remarkable red shift than that of dip C, as
illustrated in Fig. 3b. This provides further evidence that dip
C is associated with the dominant LSPR mode, whereas dips
A and B are relevant to the dominant PSP modes, which are
excited in the binary array by grating effect closely depend-
ing on the structure period Px. The period in Y direction
Py hardly exerts influence on the resonance wavelengths of
dips A and B (its corresponding reflection spectrum evo-
lution is not provided in the figure), evidencing a polari-
zation dependence of this structure. The structural periods
Px = 680 nm and Py = 620 nm are selected for the sharper
spectral feature after taking a comparative analysis in
Fig. 3b. For the theoretical analysis of this rectangle period
lattice, the resonance modes at the metal/dielectric interface
can be given by Bragg’s coupling equation [16]:
2𝜋 2𝜋
√
𝜀 m 𝜀d
���
⃗ ��
⃗
sin 𝜑 ± iGx ± jGy = (1)
𝜆res 𝜆res 𝜀m + 𝜀d
where εm and εd are the dielectric constants of metal and sur-
rounding medium respectively, λres and φ are the respective
resonance dip wavelength and incident angle, and Gx = 2π/Px
and Gy = 2π/Py, are reciprocal lattice constant along the x-
and y-axis respectively. The i and j are integer multiples,
which correspond to the (i, j) diffraction order associated
with the light transmission through the periodic nanohole
array. For normal incidence of x-polarized light, φ is 0.
According to Eq. (1), the resonance wavelengths for dips
A and B are calculated to be 929 nm and 1012 nm, respec-
tively. These theoretically calculated wavelength values
are both in good agreement with the numerical simulation
results in Fig. 1, confirming that dips A and B arise from the
(1, 0) order SPR modes at the metal/ambient medium and
metal/fiber interfaces, respectively.
Moreover, with the increase of the short axis diameter
D2 of the elliptical nanohole, dip C broadens significantly
compared with dips A and B, as shown in Fig. 3c. This phe-
nomenon stems from the weakened coupling interaction
between the different LSPR modes around the irregular
annular aperture and the decrease of the localized electro-
magnetic field intensity with the increase of the aperture gap
width. When the short axis diameter D2 increases to 240 nm,
equaling to the long axis diameter D1, the elliptical nanohole
turns into circular nanohole. By comparing the spectral fea-
tures of the uppermost and nethermost reflection spectrum
curves in Fig. 3c, it obviously indicates that this nanodisk-
in-elliptical nanohole binary array of irregular annular aper-
ture can provides more excellent spectral feature than that
of the nanodisk-in-circular nanohole binary array with equal
annular aperture width. Thus, the short axis diameter D2 of
the elliptical hole is set as 120 nm in the designed structure.
From the above analysis and comparison, the finally opti-
mized geometrical parameters of the design structure are
obtained as below: the gold film thickness H = 80 nm, the
array periods Px = 680 nm and Py = 620 nm, the nanodisk
diameter d = 90 nm, the long axis diameter of elliptical nano-
hole D1 = 240 nm and its short axis diameter D2 = 120 nm.
Herein, it needs to point out that narrower spectral linewidth
for both dips A and B can be obtained by increasing the
nanodisk diameter d. However, considering the feasibility of
the actual fabrication, the diameter d is fixed at a moderate
value of 90 nm in the structural optimization.
RI Sensing Performance
To assess the sensing performance of the proposed SPR
sensor based on CNENBA and compare it with other
reported nanostructures, we quantitatively investigate
and discuss two major parameters: bulk sensitivity (S)
and FOM. Figure 4a provides the reflection spectrum
evolution for the design with the different surrounding
environmental RIs in the range of 1.33–1.40. It can be
obviously seen that the reflection spectra of the two SPR
modes (dips A and B) maintain narrow FWHM and high
contrast ratio in the wide RI range. Comparatively, the
dip C possesses broad FWHM in the whole RI range.
Moreover, three resonant dips A, B and C exhibit red
shift with different magnitude when the RI increases
from 1.33 to 1.40. The difference of resonance wave-
length shift amount means different RI sensitivities. For
describing the sensing sensitivities more intuitively, the
resonant wavelengths are plotted as the functions of sens-
ing RI for dips A, B, and C in Fig. 4b. Linear fittings
are implemented to indicate the change trend of the reso-
nant wavelength with sensing RI. Based on the results
that the linearly dependent coefficients R2 are 0.9999,
0.9996, and 0.9989 for dips A, B, and C, respectively, it
can be verified that there is an excellent linear relation-
ship between the resonant wavelength shifts and sensing
RI. The RI sensitivity of the resonance modes is defined
as the resonance wavelength shift per RI unit (S = Δλ/
Δn). Therefore, the slopes of the fitted lines are the RI
sensitivities for the sensors. Figure 4b shows that the RI
sensitivities of dips A, B, and C are S A = 669 nm/RIU,
SB = 66 nm/RIU, and SC = 526 nm/RIU, respectively. Due
to the fact that the mode field of dip B mainly distributes
on the high RI fiber side, its sensitivity is far less than
that of dip A, whose mode field mostly penetrates into
the sensing medium layer. Another important parameter
for a biochemical sensor is the FOM, which is defined
as FOM = S/FWHM [17], where S is the sensitivity and
FWHM is the spectral linewidth of resonance dips. The
13
 Plasmonics

Fig. 4  a The reflection spectra evolution when the surrounding environmental RI changes from 1.33 to 1.40. b Linear relationships between the
resonance wavelength and the surrounding environmental RIs. The slopes of the fitting lines are the RI sensitivities for dips A, B, and C

above calculated sensitivities and the FWHM referred to
in the inset of Fig. 1 are used to obtain the corresponding
FOM for the three resonance modes. As a result, the FOM
is as high as 115.3 for dip A, while for dip C, the FOM
is only 4.2. The ultra-high FOM of dip A is attributed
to the LSPR mode-coupled PSP modes with resonantly
enhanced interaction, which significantly reduces the
radiation damping and greatly improves the local electric
field strength. Therefore, the designed CNENBA struc-
ture formed by introducing nanodisk into nanohole array
performs makes advances in sensing performance.
Polarization‑Dependent Reflection Property
In the above simulations, the incident light propagating
along the z axis has a linear polarization in the x-axis direc-
tion (parallel with the long axis of the elliptical nanohole).
To investigate the polarization dependency of the proposed
binary array structure, the reflection spectra corresponding
to the polarization angle θ from zero to 90° with a step of
10° are calculated and provided in Fig. 5a. Here, the polari-
zation angle θ is defined as the angle value of the incident
light polarization direction relative to the x axis. As shown

Fig. 5  a The reflection spectra of the CNENBA based fiber tip versus the different polarization direction of the propagating light in fiber. b Polar
graph of the reflectivity variation at resonance wavelengths for dips A, B, and C for a 360° rotation of the polarization direction relative to x axis

13
Plasmonics
in Fig. 5a, the reflection spectra indicate that the reflectance
for the three resonance dips A, B, and C has their minima at
the initial polarization direction (θ = 0°). Then, the reflected
light intensity at the resonance dip position enhances with
the increase of the polarization angle θ. As the polarization
direction rotates to θ = 90°, their maxima approaching to 1
are observed in their reflection spectra. Here, the resonance
wavelengths keep excellent consistency without obvious
shift. When the polarization angle of incident light rotates
one circle (from 0 to 360°) in the x–y plane, the correspond-
ing polar graph of the reflectance versus the polarization
angle is depicted in Fig. 5b. It can be seen that the reflec-
tance minima are observed as the polarization direction is
oriented at 0° or 180° relative to x axis. On the contrary, the
reflectance maxima are obtained at 90° or 270° relative to
x axis. It intuitively exhibits that the polarization direction
which is parallel with the long axis of the binary structure
would lead to severely attenuated optical reflection at three
resonance dips. Furthermore, when the polarization direc-
tion and short axis of the binary structure are parallel, the
original three dips disappear with a shallow dip appear-
ing at the wavelength of 962 nm in the reflection spectra.
This newly emerged resonance dip circled in red in Fig. 5a
arises from a new plasmonic resonance mode excitation in
the short axis direction of the binary structure. The effects
of strong polarization dependence have a promising poten-
tial application for polarized light detection and filters. For
the realization of the polarization sensor, it is sufficient to
measure the intensity of the reflected light after calibration
at certain wavelengths where plasmonic resonance occurs.
Conclusions
In this work, we have numerically investigated the optical
properties of a metallic CNENBA-based fiber SPR structure
for sensing applications. The CNENBA structure composed
of circular nanodisk-in-elliptical nanohole binary array can
be integrated on the end facet of optical fiber to excite SPR
by common nanofabrication technologies. Based on the
FDTD method, the effects of plasmonic modes resonance
interaction and geometrical parameters on the reflection
spectra with RIs in the range of 1.33 to 1.40 are studied in
detail. Three optical resonant dips A, B, and C in reflec-
tion spectra are observed in the near-infrared wavelength
region. Benefiting from the different SPR modes excita-
tion and strong coupling interaction in the proposed binary
array, dip A possesses narrow spectral linewidth and high
peak-to-dip signal ratio and strong near-field electromag-
netic enhancement, which enhances the RI sensitivity and
FOM value of the sensor to 699 nm/RIU and 115.3 ­RIU−1,
respectively, in the near infrared region. In a wide RI range,
dip A shows a good linearity, which is superior to the sensor
based on traditional LSPR modes. Moreover, the CNENBA
structure has strong polarization-sensitive characteristics.
Due to the simple structure of light and signal acquisition,
the CNENBA-based SPR fiber tip sensor is a promising
candidate to develop high-performance optical polarizing
devices or detection tools for remote, real-time and label-
free biochemical and biomedical sensing applications.
Author Contribution Investigation, calculation, writing, C.Z.; data
curation, conceptualization, writing—revision and editing, X.H.;
reviewing, comment and revision, H.Z. All authors read and reviewed
the manuscript.
Funding The authors acknowledge financial support from the Youth
Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (YF-NSFC,
Grant No.62205383) and the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic
Research Foundation (Grant No. 2023A1515011590).
Data Availability All data that support the findings of this study are
included within the article.
Declarations
Ethical Approval Not applicable.
Consent to Participate I am willing to participate in the work presented
in this manuscript.
Consent for Publication The authors have given their consent to pub-
lish this work.
Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests.
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